Refining Pre-Seismic Thermal Anomaly Detection from MODIS Data with Standard Deviation Thresholds and RETIRA Model

Refining Pre-Seismic Thermal Anomaly Detection from MODIS Data with Standard Deviation Thresholds and RETIRA Model | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Refining Pre-Seismic Thermal Anomaly Detection from MODIS Data with Standard Deviation Thresholds and RETIRA Model Pisanu Wongpornchai, Chanida Suwanprasit This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4464692/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Earthquakes arise from tectonic plate movements and seismic waves, profoundly affecting populations and infrastructure. Remote sensing technologies are invaluable for investigating these phenomena by monitoring the earth surface processes. This study examines pre-seismic thermal anomalies preceding a 4.9 Mw earthquake on February 20, 2019, in Wang Nuea district, Lampang province, Thailand. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and applied standard deviation thresholds along with the Robust Estimator of Thermal Infrared Anomalies (RETIRA) index were integrated. Anomalies were categorized based on standard deviation thresholds: normal (≤ 1.0 S.D.), moderate (1.5 S.D.), significant (2.0 S.D.), high (2.5 S.D.), and extreme (≥ 3.0 S.D.). Our findings revealed significant temperature increases near fault lines and lineament structures over the eight days before the earthquake, normalizing post-event. The average temperature elevation was 2.968°C above the pixel-wise mean temperature. A targeted survey of 13 locations identified that 23.08% were along faults or lineaments, 69.23% were devoid of such features, and 7.69% yielded indeterminate results. Non-fault areas, typically dynamic farmlands, were also associated with thermal anomalies. These insights underscore the utility of remote sensing in earthquake studies and its potential to enhance disaster readiness and mitigation efforts. Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Physical sciences/Astronomy and planetary science/Planetary science/Seismology Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Seismology Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Imaging techniques Earthquake Pre-seismic thermal anomaly Robust estimator of thermal infrared anomalies (RETIRA) index Standard deviation thresholds Background noise removal MODIS LST Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4464692","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":310658872,"identity":"57e0b27a-2dd0-4007-8b3b-61821a529be3","order_by":0,"name":"Pisanu Wongpornchai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Chiang Mai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pisanu","middleName":"","lastName":"Wongpornchai","suffix":""},{"id":310658873,"identity":"d5321501-4e26-4818-827e-338cb98c9492","order_by":1,"name":"Chanida Suwanprasit","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Chiang Mai University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Chanida","middleName":"","lastName":"Suwanprasit","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-23 06:36:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4464692/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4464692/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":64785804,"identity":"e55bc3e8-d1e1-4351-9e36-8a7974c19fd7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-09-18 19:15:01","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1439569,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript23May24SRJSubmit.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4464692/v1_covered_2acdea32-66e6-4fd3-b8ca-8b308a9504df.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Refining Pre-Seismic Thermal Anomaly Detection from MODIS Data with Standard Deviation Thresholds and RETIRA Model","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Earthquake, Pre-seismic thermal anomaly, Robust estimator of thermal infrared anomalies (RETIRA) index, Standard deviation thresholds, Background noise removal, MODIS LST","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4464692/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4464692/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eEarthquakes arise from tectonic plate movements and seismic waves, profoundly affecting populations and infrastructure. Remote sensing technologies are invaluable for investigating these phenomena by monitoring the earth surface processes. This study examines pre-seismic thermal anomalies preceding a 4.9 Mw earthquake on February 20, 2019, in Wang Nuea district, Lampang province, Thailand. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and applied standard deviation thresholds along with the Robust Estimator of Thermal Infrared Anomalies (RETIRA) index were integrated. Anomalies were categorized based on standard deviation thresholds: normal (\u0026le;\u0026thinsp;1.0 S.D.), moderate (1.5 S.D.), significant (2.0 S.D.), high (2.5 S.D.), and extreme (\u0026ge;\u0026thinsp;3.0 S.D.). Our findings revealed significant temperature increases near fault lines and lineament structures over the eight days before the earthquake, normalizing post-event. The average temperature elevation was 2.968\u0026deg;C above the pixel-wise mean temperature. A targeted survey of 13 locations identified that 23.08% were along faults or lineaments, 69.23% were devoid of such features, and 7.69% yielded indeterminate results. Non-fault areas, typically dynamic farmlands, were also associated with thermal anomalies. These insights underscore the utility of remote sensing in earthquake studies and its potential to enhance disaster readiness and mitigation efforts.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Refining Pre-Seismic Thermal Anomaly Detection from MODIS Data with Standard Deviation Thresholds and RETIRA Model","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-06 07:39:21","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4464692/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"6f4a783f-89e9-4eea-8415-c942799bc997","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 6th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":32830789,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards"},{"id":32830790,"name":"Physical sciences/Astronomy and planetary science/Planetary science/Seismology"},{"id":32830791,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences/Seismology"},{"id":32830792,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Techniques and instrumentation/Imaging techniques"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-09-18T19:04:45+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-06 07:39:21","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4464692","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4464692","identity":"rs-4464692","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}