Statistical Correlation Between Celestial Body Rotation Rate and Companion Abundance and Its Scientific Implications

Statistical Correlation Between Celestial Body Rotation Rate and Companion Abundance and Its Scientific Implications | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Statistical Correlation Between Celestial Body Rotation Rate and Companion Abundance and Its Scientific Implications Donghui Wang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9144918/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper investigates the statistical correlation between rotation rate and satellite abundance based on grouped statistics of solar system bodies, introducing mass as a control variable. The sample is divided into two groups: a full sample including asteroids and dwarf planets (13 bodies), and a planetary sample retaining only the eight major planets (8 planets). Within each sample, bodies are divided into fast-rotating and slow-rotating groups according to their rotation rates, and the rotation rate ratios, mass ratios, and satellite abundance ratios between the two groups are calculated. The statistical results show: · · In the full sample, the fast-rotating group has a rotation rate 101 times that of the slow-rotating group, a satellite abundance 56 times that of the slow-rotating group, and a mass 524 times that of the slow-rotating group. · In the planetary sample, the fast-rotating group has a rotation rate 39.0 times that of the slow-rotating group, a satellite abundance rising to 95 times that of the slow-rotating group, and a mass dropping to 225 times that of the slow-rotating group. Two core observational facts: First, rotation rate and satellite abundance show a significant positive correlation within both samples, and APOGEE survey data independently corroborate that fast-rotating stars have a higher occurrence rate of companions [2]. Second, when transitioning from the full sample to the planetary sample, the mass ratio decreases from 524 to 225 times (a 43% reduction), while the satellite abundance ratio increases from 56 to 95 times (a 70% increase). This inverse variation presents a significant contradiction to the expectations of classical Hill sphere theory, pointing to a core scientific question: Is the contribution of mass to satellite abundance overestimated, while the contribution of rotation is underestimated? General relativity's frame-dragging effect has confirmed that rotation possesses a dynamical contribution, but its weak-field predictions are far too small to explain the above statistics. Based on this tension, this paper proposes the heuristic concept of "coupling gravity" – which aims to describe the possibility that "the contribution of rotation to spacetime curvature may be comparable in weight to that of mass" – and designs a Cavendish torsion balance experiment for systematic exploration. This experiment has dual value: if a signal is detected, it would indicate an unknown amplification mechanism for rotation's contribution to spacetime curvature; if only an upper limit is obtained, it would point the way for future experiments with higher speeds and larger masses. Business and commerce/Information systems and information technology Social science/Science technology and society methods: statistical planets and satellites: formation planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability stars: rotation gravitation Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 02 May, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Apr, 2026 Reviewers agreed at journal 09 Apr, 2026 Reviewers invited by journal 29 Mar, 2026 Editor invited by journal 23 Mar, 2026 Editor assigned by journal 20 Mar, 2026 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Mar, 2026 First submitted to journal 17 Mar, 2026 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9144918","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":614361920,"identity":"f7ce9089-42d6-428e-956e-6ed79c11a37a","order_by":0,"name":"Donghui Wang","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNv7+7x8+GEjwsDEzJD5IqKghrIVP4oAZ44wKGzl+9obHBg/OHCOsRY4hwYyZ50yasWTPwWeSD1uYiXAYw4G0hzPbDiduuJGcVpHYwMbA396dgF8Lc8Nxg49gLWlpNxJ3yDBInDm7gYAtBxskIbbkALWcYWMwkMglpCWZQZoXrCX/W0FiGzMxWtLYpCHeP5DGQJwWiTPMhtBATpZIOHOMh6Bf5Pt7GB/AovLjj4oaOf72XvxaMAAPacpHwSgYBaNgFGAFAAE2T2rih5RzAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Donghui","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-17 06:38:47","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9144918/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9144918/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105882751,"identity":"1193a8d2-b347-4d26-89f1-76df4c5f3b59","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-01 06:58:17","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":244429,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"StatisticalCorrelationBetweenCelestialBodyRotationRateand1.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9144918/v1_covered_707b3898-f390-40c6-b1d0-8cb0a8640426.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Statistical Correlation Between Celestial Body Rotation Rate and Companion Abundance and Its Scientific Implications","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"methods: statistical, planets and satellites: formation, planets and satellites: dynamical evolution and stability, stars: rotation, gravitation","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9144918/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9144918/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper investigates the statistical correlation between rotation rate and satellite abundance based on grouped statistics of solar system bodies, introducing mass as a control variable. The sample is divided into two groups: a full sample including asteroids and dwarf planets (13 bodies), and a planetary sample retaining only the eight major planets (8 planets). Within each sample, bodies are divided into fast-rotating and slow-rotating groups according to their rotation rates, and the rotation rate ratios, mass ratios, and satellite abundance ratios between the two groups are calculated. The statistical results show: ·\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e· In the full sample, the fast-rotating group has a rotation rate 101 times that of the slow-rotating group, a satellite abundance 56 times that of the slow-rotating group, and a mass 524 times that of the slow-rotating group. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;· In the planetary sample, the fast-rotating group has a rotation rate 39.0 times that of the slow-rotating group, a satellite abundance rising to 95 times that of the slow-rotating group, and a mass dropping to 225 times that of the slow-rotating group. \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTwo core observational facts:\u0026nbsp;First, rotation rate and satellite abundance show a significant positive correlation within both samples, and APOGEE survey data independently corroborate that fast-rotating stars have a higher occurrence rate of companions [2]. Second, when transitioning from the full sample to the planetary sample, the mass ratio decreases from 524 to 225 times (a 43% reduction), while the satellite abundance ratio\u0026nbsp;increases\u0026nbsp;from 56 to 95 times (a 70% increase). This inverse variation presents a significant contradiction to the expectations of classical Hill sphere theory, pointing to a core scientific question:\u0026nbsp;Is the contribution of mass to satellite abundance overestimated, while the contribution of rotation is underestimated?\u0026nbsp;General relativity's frame-dragging effect has confirmed that rotation possesses a dynamical contribution, but its weak-field predictions are far too small to explain the above statistics. Based on this tension, this paper proposes the heuristic concept of \"coupling gravity\" – which aims to describe the possibility that \"the contribution of rotation to spacetime curvature may be comparable in weight to that of mass\" – and designs a Cavendish torsion balance experiment for systematic exploration. This experiment has\u0026nbsp;dual value: if a signal is detected, it would indicate an unknown amplification mechanism for rotation's contribution to spacetime curvature; if only an upper limit is obtained, it would point the way for future experiments with higher speeds and larger masses.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Statistical Correlation Between Celestial Body Rotation Rate and Companion Abundance and Its Scientific Implications","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-01 06:57:46","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9144918/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T09:41:25+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"279610343143623306603545066626582097596","date":"2026-04-11T11:03:20+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"144005096056179775045308993050313225804","date":"2026-04-09T07:03:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-30T03:41:36+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2026-03-23T18:28:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T06:59:43+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-20T06:59:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2026-03-17T06:31:17+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"66c8978a-77ad-4184-b688-e8bbc08146cb","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 1st, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-02T09:41:25+00:00","index":48,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":65372100,"name":"Business and commerce/Information systems and information technology"},{"id":65372101,"name":"Social science/Science technology and society"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-01T06:57:46+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-01 06:57:46","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9144918","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9144918","identity":"rs-9144918","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}