Development of the Japanese Version of the Other as Shamer Scale using Item Response Theory

Development of the Japanese Version of the Other as Shamer Scale using Item Response Theory | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research note Development of the Japanese Version of the Other as Shamer Scale using Item Response Theory Yoichi Hiramatsu, Kenichi Asano, Yasuhiro Kotera, Toshihiko Sensui, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.2.23693/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Apr, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Research Notes → Version 2 posted 1 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Objective; ResultsExternal shame is reflective of a person’s anxiety that he or she might be rejected by others. The Other As Shamer Scale (OAS) is a scale for assessing external shame. The Japanese version of OAS was developed, and its reliability and validity were examined using Item Response Theory (IRT). Results; A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (N=199). Exploratory factor analysis of the results indicated a significantly high factor loading on the first factor, which was identical to the original version of the scale, as well as high internal consistency. Moreover, results confirmed that each item had adequate discrimination and information levels, suggesting that external shame could be discriminated with high accuracy with a wide range between relatively low and relatively high external shame groups. These results suggested that this scale could be used for screening external shame as a stress factor and for assessing intervention effects. Psychology School Counseling Shame External Shame Item Response Theory. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Introduction Shame can be a social event (e.g., being judged and shamed in the eyes of others) or a private feeling linked to our judgments of our feelings, ability to fantasize, and characteristics. Shame can guide behavior, influence feelings about ourselves, and shape our sense of self-identity and feelings about our social acceptability and desirability [1–3]. Correlations have been found between shame and many psychiatric symptoms, such as borderline personality disorders [4], eating disorders [5, 6], anxiety [7], depression [3, 8, 9], and paranoia [10], among others. Therefore, shame is an essential factor related to mental health. According to Gilbert [11], two types of shame exist. One is “internal shame,” which is related to the internal dynamics of the self and how the self judges and feels about itself [11]. Internal shame relates to the tendency to attend to negative aspects of the self and to maintain global self-judgments of the self as bad, inferior, and flawed [1–3]. The other type is “external shame,” which is associated with the following tendencies: being worried that others would see the self as uninteresting or boring and, thus, the self would be rejected or excluded from valuable relationships [11]. External shame has been defined as shame that arises primarily from the process of being shamed by others, which is the source of this type of shame [1, 11]. External shame is caused by the consciousness of others, that is, the concept that the self is negatively evaluated by others, which is correlated with depression [12], one’s body image related to eating disorders [6], and one’s self-image related to social anxiety disorders [13]. However, in Japan, no standardized scales exist to measure external shame. Moreover, the suggestion has been made that most stress response scales in Japan were developed based on classical test theory [14]. Classical test theory has a significant problem that survey results are highly affected by the characteristics and quality of the sample because statistics are defined based on the population [14]. Item response theory (IRT) is a paradigm for solving this problem. Different from the reliability coefficient that previously assessed the mean accuracy of an entire scale, IRT measurement accuracy is expressed as a function of characteristic values on a continuous scale that indicates latent traits (θ) and a point at which a measurement value with high accuracy is indicated about the entire test as well as being based on each item. Therefore, the appropriateness of each item can be judged from the perspective of the measurement purpose of the test [15]. Moreover, the practical utility of the scale can be examined from diverse perspectives. Based on this information, this study aims to explore the development of the Japanese version of the OAS to assess trait shame—especially external shame. The reliability and validity of the OAS were also examined, and its measurement accuracy was examined using the IRT. Methods Participants Responses were collected from university students (N = 205). Most of the students were majoring in psychology, and some were majoring in another course of study. Data on 199 participants were used for the analysis after excluding six participants who did not respond to all or a part of the questions. Among the 199 participants, 130 (65%) were women, and two had an unknown gender. The age range of the participants was 18 to 36 years (M = 19.68; SD = 1.62). Measures Japanese version of Other as Shamer Scale (OAS) OAS is a self-report instrument composed of 18 items that assess external shame (Goss, Gilbert & Allan, 1994) [16]. Respondents were asked to indicate the frequency of their feelings and experiences related to each item on a five-point scale ranging from 0 ( Never ) to 4 ( Almost Always ). After receiving approval of the original authors, two experts, including the author, translated the original version of the scale into Japanese. Two native English speakers from Crimson Interactive Japan Co., Ltd. conducted the back translation, and the translated sentences were compared with the original English, which indicated differences in the meaning of certain items. Therefore, the Japanese translation was revised, and the back-translation was repeated, which confirmed no differences in the meaning between the original and the translated versions of the scale. The English version of the scale resulting from the back translation was sent to the two original authors, one of whom pointed out differences in the meaning of specific items. After several discussions with the authors, the Japanese version of the scale was revised according to the advice of the original authors, who indicated sufficient consistency of the scale. Finally, the Japanese version of the OAS was developed. Japanese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) Construct validity of the Japanese version of the OAS was examined based on the correlation with depressive tendencies using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) developed by Beck et al. [17]. The Japanese version of BDI-II was developed by Kojima et al. [18] and demonstrates a high degree of validity and reliability as an assessment scale of depression. As previously described, previous studies have repeatedly demonstrated correlations between the OAS and depressive symptoms. Allan et al. [19] examined correlations between external shame and depressive tendencies based on correlations between OAS and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which indicated a high positive correlation (r = .58 to .73). This study was also expected to demonstrate a correlation between OAS and BDI-II, similar to Allan et al. [19]. Procedures A survey was conducted at three universities in Japan during December 2019. Participants for the present study were university students taking a psychology course. Because the survey was conducted in a psychology classroom, some students were majoring in other subjects. The survey conducted anonymously for ethical reasons. Written explanations were provided in advance to participants to describe the purpose of the survey, the protection of their personal information, and the voluntary nature of their participation. Participants’ response to the survey was regarded as their consent for participation. This study was conducted after obtaining the approval of the ethics committee of Chiba University (No. 3441). Data analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 26. The Graded Response Model (GRM), which is applicable to multi-item tests, was employed in the IRT analysis because OAS uses a five-point scale. EasyEstGRM [20] was used for the calculation. We used D = –1.7 as the scale factor for calculating the discrimination parameters. Results First, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the principal factor method, which indicates that the contribution of the first factor was 52.86% (eigenvalue = 9.72), the second factor was 6.78% (eigenvalue = 1.22), and the third factor was 5.73% (eigenvalue = 1.03). These results confirmed that that scale had a one-factor structure based on the high contribution ratio of the first factor and the differences in eigenvalues. Moreover, as a measure of reliability, Cronbach’s α, which was .942, indicated a significantly high internal consistency that was identical to the original version of the scale. Next, the construct validity of the scale was examined through a correlation analysis between OAS and BDI-II, which indicated a high positive correlation (r = .57, p < .001) similar to Allan et al. [19]. When conducting the IRT analysis, point-biserial correlation coefficients were calculated, and a one-factor factor analysis was conducted using polychoric correlation coefficients. The results indicated a range of point-biserial correlation coefficients from .53 to .84, which suggests a strong positive correlation. Moreover, the results of the one-factor factor analysis using polychoric correlation coefficients indicated that the eigenvalue of the first factor was 10.53, of the second factor was 1.26, and of the third factor was 1.06. The differences in the eigenvalues suggested a one-factor structure for the scale. Table 1 provides the results of calculating the discrimination and difficulty parameters of each item using GRM. Figure 1 shows the category response curve of each item, and Figure 2 shows the test information curve of the entire scale. The mean discrimination parameter is observed to be 1.3 (.70~2.0) with no extreme dispersion, although Item 4 (.70) and Item 11 (.73) had relatively low values compared with the other items. These results indicated that each item had middle or very high discrimination. The difficulty parameters did not show a significant deviation; b1: –.52～–.3.3, ｂ2: .73～–1.6, b3: 2.1～–.65, and b4: 3.0～.71. Moreover, only b1 of Item 11 was relatively high, at –3.3, suggesting a strong tendency to respond when the item was applicable. The test information curve expresses a trapezoid shape confirming that the amount of information was relatively high for the range of latent trait values from –1.8 (error=.29) to 2.4 (error=.28), shifting toward the X-axis in a positive direction. The maximum value of the test information was 27.6 (error = .19), which was achieved when the latent trait value was 1.1. Discussion The results of the IRT analysis that examined the measurement accuracy of the scale indicated that the discrimination parameter of each item was included in the range from.70 to 2.0, or no extreme dispersion. However, Item 4 (.70) and Item 11 (.73) had relatively low values compared with the other items. According to the discrimination parameter criteria of Baker [21], Items 4 and 11 could be included in the “middle level,” and the other items could be included in “high” or “very high” levels. Therefore, the discrimination ability of the scale was considered to have reached a sufficiently adequate level. In the original version of the scale, the contribution of Item 11 was also relatively low. Additionally, the difficulty parameters of Items 4 and 11 shifted toward the X-axis in a negative direction relative to the other items, suggesting that the participants tended to score high on these items. Item 4 consisted of the statement, “I feel insecure about other’s opinions of me,” which was different from the other items because this item does not inquire into others’ negative evaluations. Although Item 4 is related to external shame, it might include a broader meaning of the word shame. Arimitsu [22] suggested that the functions of the sense of guilt and shame between Japanese and European or American people reflected no fundamental differences. In contrast, Matsui et al. [23] suggested that Japanese junior and senior high school students had a higher “sense of shame about conformity with others,” that is, concern about being different from others, relative to Turkish junior and senior high school students. Cultural differences might have affected the responses to Item 4. Conclusions This study indicated that each item of the Japanese version of the OAS has appropriate discrimination ability and information and could discriminate at high accuracy external shame in the range from relatively low to moderately high. Therefore, using this scale as a screening test of external shame is possible, as is examining the effects of interventions for depression, among other disorders. Limitations A limitation of the present study is that the test–retest reliability was not investigated. One suggestion is that future studies should examine the test–retest reliability of the scale to confirm its stability. Additionally, the construct validity of the scale was not sufficiently examined in this study. In this study, we conducted a survey with a relatively small number of students at three universities. A larger, randomized survey is required in future studies. In addition, only the gender, age, and major of a participant were obtained; collecting background information such as economic status in greater detail is necessary. The results of this study should be interpreted with caution considering the lack of information on participants’ economic status. Previous studies indicated correlations between external shame and depression, as well as various factors that aggravate mental health, such as “anger.” Future research should investigate whether the same correlations can be observed in the Japanese version of the OAS. Abbreviations OAS: Other as Shamer Scale IRT: Item Response Theory BDI-Ⅱ: Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ GRM: Graded Response Model Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the ethics committee at the Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Reference Number: 3441). Written explanations were provided to participants in advance on the purpose of the survey, the protection of their personal information, and the voluntary nature of participation. Participants’ response to the survey was regarded as giving consent for participation. Consent to publish Not applicable. Availability of data and materials The datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K14412. Authors’ Contributions YH designed and managed the study, performed the statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. KA supervised the overall implementation of the study. ES supervised the ethics approval and consent to participate. YK supported the translation of the OAS. JB and KG checked the back-translation of the scale and confirmed the consistency of the scale. KA, TS, and AE conducted the survey. Acknowledgments The back-translation of the Japanese version of the OAS was provided by Crimson Interactive Japan Co. Editorial support included statistical writing provided by TEXT. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing. References Gilbert, P: What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert, & B. Andrews (Eds), Shame: Interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology and culture (pp. 3–36). New York: Oxford University Press.1998. Tangney J., & Dearing R: Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press. 2002. Matos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J: Shame as a traumatic memory. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2010, 17(4), 299–312. Rüsch, N., Lieb, K., Göttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., Jacob, G.A., Corrigan, P. W., & Bohus M: Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007, 164, 500-508. Frank E. S: Shame and guilt in eating disorders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1991, 61(2), 303-306. Duarte, C., & Pinto-gouveia, J: The impact of early shame memories in Binge Eating Disorder : The mediator effect of current body image shame and cognitive fusion. Psychiatry Research. 2017, 258(June), 511–517. Tangney, J., Wagner, P., & Gramzow, R: Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992, 101(3), 469–478. Alexander, B., Brewin, C., Vearnals, S., Wolff, G., & Leff, J: An investigation of shame and guilt in a depressed sample. British Journal of Medical Psychology.1999, 72, 323-339. Cheung, M., Gilbert, P., & Irons, C: An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality and Individual Differences. 2004, 36, 1143- 1153. Pinto-Gouveia, J., Matos, M., Castilho, P., & Xavier, A: Differences between Depression and Paranoia: The Role of Emotional Memories, Shame and Subordination. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2014, 21(1), 49–61. Gilbert, P: Evolution, social roles and the differences in shame and guilt. Social Research. 2003, 70(4), 1205-1230. Matos, M., & Pinto-Gouveia, J: Shamed by a parent or by others: The role of attachment in shame memories relation to depression. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 2014, 14(2), 217–244. Matos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., & Gilbert, P: The effect of shame and shame memories on paranoid ideation and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2013, 20(4), 334–349. Tanaka, K: An analysis of the stress reaction scale for workers by utilizing Item Response Theory. departmental bulletin paper of Osakakeizaidaigaku. 2012,63(3),137-150. Sakai, W., Noguchi, H: Comparison of Tests of Mental Health for Student Counseling: Formation of a Common Measure. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology. 2015,63,111―120. Goss, K., Gildert, P., & Allan, S: Pergamon An exploration of shame measure-I : The Other As Shamer scale. Journal of Personality. 1994, 17(5), 713–717. Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K: The Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. 1996. Kojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., & Tokudome, S: Cross- cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Research. 2002, 110(3), 291–299. Allan, S., Gilbert, P., & Goss, K: An exploration of shame measures: II. Psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences. 1994, 17, 719-722. Kumagai, R: Development of IRT analysis programs for beginners: EasyEstimation series. Japanese journal for research on testing. 2009，5, 107–118. Baker, F: The basics of Item Response Theory. ERIC clearinghouse on assessment and evaluation. Maryland: University of Maryland College Park. 2001. Arimitsu, K: The Relationship of Guilt and Shame to Mental Health. The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology. 2001, 14, 24–31. Matsui, H., Nakamura, M., Horiuchi, K., Ishii T: Shame, a cross cultural and intergenerational study. The journal of Kawamura Gakuen Woman's University. 2007, 18(1) 109-122. Table Due to technical limitations, table 1 is only available as a download in the supplemental files section. Supplementary Files Table.PNG Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 05 Apr, 2020 Read the published version in BMC Research Notes → Version 2 posted Submission checks completed at journal 08 Mar, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-14259","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research note","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":399516,"identity":"726cca96-b1a1-4931-a8fe-eaed61cca719","order_by":1,"name":"Yoichi 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Shame can guide behavior, influence feelings about ourselves, and shape our sense of self-identity and feelings about our social acceptability and desirability [1\u0026ndash;3].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrelations have been found between shame and many psychiatric symptoms, such as borderline personality disorders [4], eating disorders [5, 6], anxiety [7], depression [3, 8, 9], and paranoia [10], among others. Therefore, shame is an essential factor related to mental health.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Gilbert [11], two types of shame exist. One is \u0026ldquo;internal shame,\u0026rdquo; which is related to the internal dynamics of the self and how the self judges and feels about itself [11]. Internal shame relates to the tendency to attend to negative aspects of the self and to maintain global self-judgments of the self as bad, inferior, and flawed [1\u0026ndash;3]. The other type is \u0026ldquo;external shame,\u0026rdquo; which is associated with the following tendencies: being worried that others would see the self as uninteresting or boring and, thus, the self would be rejected or excluded from valuable relationships [11]. External shame has been defined as shame that arises primarily from the process of being shamed by others, which is the source of this type of shame [1, 11].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExternal shame is caused by the consciousness of others, that is, the concept that the self is negatively evaluated by others, which is correlated with depression [12], one\u0026rsquo;s body image related to eating disorders [6], and one\u0026rsquo;s self-image related to social anxiety disorders [13]. However, in Japan, no standardized scales exist to measure external shame.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, the suggestion has been made that most stress response scales in Japan were developed based on classical test theory [14]. Classical test theory has a significant problem that survey results are highly affected by the characteristics and quality of the sample because statistics are defined based on the population [14]. Item response theory (IRT) is a paradigm for solving this problem. Different from the reliability coefficient that previously assessed the mean accuracy of an entire scale, IRT measurement accuracy is expressed as a function of characteristic values on a continuous scale that indicates latent traits (\u0026theta;) and a point at which a measurement value with high accuracy is indicated about the entire test as well as being based on each item. Therefore, the appropriateness of each item can be judged from the perspective of the measurement purpose of the test [15]. Moreover, the practical utility of the scale can be examined from diverse perspectives.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on this information, this study aims to explore the development of the Japanese version of the OAS to assess trait shame\u0026mdash;especially external shame. The reliability and validity of the OAS were also examined, and its measurement accuracy was examined using the IRT.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipants\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eResponses were collected from university students (N = 205). Most of the students were majoring in psychology, and some were majoring in another course of study. Data on 199 participants were used for the analysis after excluding six participants who did not respond to all or a part of the questions. Among the 199 participants, 130 (65%) were women, and two had an unknown gender. The age range of the participants was 18 to 36 years (M = 19.68; SD = 1.62).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJapanese version of Other as Shamer Scale (OAS)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOAS is a self-report instrument composed of 18 items that assess external shame (Goss, Gilbert \u0026amp; Allan, 1994) [16]. Respondents were asked to indicate the frequency of their feelings and experiences related to each item on a five-point scale ranging from 0 (\u003cem\u003eNever\u003c/em\u003e) to 4 (\u003cem\u003eAlmost Always\u003c/em\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter receiving approval of the original authors, two experts, including the author, translated the original version of the scale into Japanese. Two native English speakers from Crimson Interactive Japan Co., Ltd. conducted the back translation, and the translated sentences were compared with the original English, which indicated differences in the meaning of certain items. Therefore, the Japanese translation was revised, and the back-translation was repeated, which confirmed no differences in the meaning between the original and the translated versions of the scale. The English version of the scale resulting from the back translation was sent to the two original authors, one of whom pointed out differences in the meaning of specific items. After several discussions with the authors, the Japanese version of the scale was revised according to the advice of the original authors, who indicated sufficient consistency of the scale. Finally, the Japanese version of the OAS was developed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJapanese version of Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConstruct validity of the Japanese version of the OAS was examined based on the correlation with depressive tendencies using the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) developed by Beck et al. [17]. The Japanese version of BDI-II was developed by Kojima et al. [18] and demonstrates a high degree of validity and reliability as an assessment scale of depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs previously described, previous studies have repeatedly demonstrated correlations between the OAS and depressive symptoms. Allan et al. [19] examined correlations between external shame and depressive tendencies based on correlations between OAS and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), which indicated a high positive correlation (r = .58 to .73). This study was also expected to demonstrate a correlation between OAS and BDI-II, similar to Allan et al. [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedures\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA survey was conducted at three universities in Japan during December 2019. Participants for the present study were university students taking a psychology course. Because the survey was conducted in a psychology classroom, some students were majoring in other subjects. The survey conducted anonymously for ethical reasons. Written explanations were provided in advance to participants to describe the purpose of the survey, the protection of their personal information, and the voluntary nature of their participation. Participants\u0026rsquo; response to the survey was regarded as their consent for participation. This study was conducted after obtaining the approval of the ethics committee of Chiba University (No. 3441).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData analysis was conducted using SPSS Statistics 26. The Graded Response Model (GRM), which is applicable to multi-item tests, was employed in the IRT analysis because OAS uses a five-point scale. EasyEstGRM [20] was used for the calculation. We used D = \u0026ndash;1.7 as the scale factor for calculating the discrimination parameters.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eFirst, confirmatory factor analysis was conducted using the principal factor method, which indicates that the contribution of the first factor was 52.86% (eigenvalue = 9.72), the second factor was 6.78% (eigenvalue = 1.22), and the third factor was 5.73% (eigenvalue = 1.03). These results confirmed that that scale had a one-factor structure based on the high contribution ratio of the first factor and the differences in eigenvalues. Moreover, as a measure of reliability, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s \u0026alpha;, which was .942, indicated a significantly high internal consistency that was identical to the original version of the scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNext, the construct validity of the scale was examined through a correlation analysis between OAS and BDI-II, which indicated a high positive correlation (r = .57, p \u0026lt; .001) similar to Allan et al. [19].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen conducting the IRT analysis, point-biserial correlation coefficients were calculated, and a one-factor factor analysis was conducted using polychoric correlation coefficients. The results indicated a range of point-biserial correlation coefficients from .53 to .84, which suggests a strong positive correlation. Moreover, the results of the one-factor factor analysis using polychoric correlation coefficients indicated that the eigenvalue of the first factor was 10.53, of the second factor was 1.26, and of the third factor was 1.06. The differences in the eigenvalues suggested a one-factor structure for the scale.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTable 1 provides the results of calculating the discrimination and difficulty parameters of each item using GRM. Figure 1 shows the category response curve of each item, and Figure 2 shows the test information curve of the entire scale. The mean discrimination parameter is observed to be 1.3 (.70~2.0) with no extreme dispersion, although Item 4 (.70) and Item 11 (.73) had relatively low values compared with the other items. These results indicated that each item had middle or very high discrimination. The difficulty parameters did not show a significant deviation; b1: \u0026ndash;.52～\u0026ndash;.3.3, ｂ2: .73～\u0026ndash;1.6, b3: 2.1～\u0026ndash;.65, and b4: 3.0～.71. Moreover, only b1 of Item 11 was relatively high, at \u0026ndash;3.3, suggesting a strong tendency to respond when the item was applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe test information curve expresses a trapezoid shape confirming that the amount of information was relatively high for the range of latent trait values from \u0026ndash;1.8 (error=.29) to 2.4 (error=.28), shifting toward the X-axis in a positive direction. The maximum value of the test information was 27.6 (error = .19), which was achieved when the latent trait value was 1.1.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe results of the IRT analysis that examined the measurement accuracy of the scale indicated that the discrimination parameter of each item was included in the range from.70 to 2.0, or no extreme dispersion. However, Item 4 (.70) and Item 11 (.73) had relatively low values compared with the other items. According to the discrimination parameter criteria of Baker [21], Items 4 and 11 could be included in the \u0026ldquo;middle level,\u0026rdquo; and the other items could be included in \u0026ldquo;high\u0026rdquo; or \u0026ldquo;very high\u0026rdquo; levels. Therefore, the discrimination ability of the scale was considered to have reached a sufficiently adequate level. In the original version of the scale, the contribution of Item 11 was also relatively low. Additionally, the difficulty parameters of Items 4 and 11 shifted toward the X-axis in a negative direction relative to the other items, suggesting that the participants tended to score high on these items. Item 4 consisted of the statement, \u0026ldquo;I feel insecure about other\u0026rsquo;s opinions of me,\u0026rdquo; which was different from the other items because this item does not inquire into others\u0026rsquo; negative evaluations. Although Item 4 is related to external shame, it might include a broader meaning of the word shame. Arimitsu [22] suggested that the functions of the sense of guilt and shame between Japanese and European or American people reflected no fundamental differences. In contrast, Matsui et al. [23] suggested that Japanese junior and senior high school students had a higher \u0026ldquo;sense of shame about conformity with others,\u0026rdquo; that is, concern about being different from others, relative to Turkish junior and senior high school students. Cultural differences might have affected the responses to Item 4.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; This study indicated that each item of the Japanese version of the OAS has appropriate discrimination ability and information and could discriminate at high accuracy external shame in the range from relatively low to moderately high. Therefore, using this scale as a screening test of external shame is possible, as is examining the effects of interventions for depression, among other disorders.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Limitations","content":"\u003cp\u003eA limitation of the present study is that the test\u0026ndash;retest reliability was not investigated. One suggestion is that future studies should examine the test\u0026ndash;retest reliability of the scale to confirm its stability. Additionally, the construct validity of the scale was not sufficiently examined in this study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, we conducted a survey with a relatively small number of students at three universities. A larger, randomized survey is required in future studies. In addition, only the gender, age, and major of a participant were obtained; collecting background information such as economic status in greater detail is necessary. The results of this study should be interpreted with caution considering the lack of information on participants\u0026rsquo; economic status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrevious studies indicated correlations between external shame and depression, as well as various factors that aggravate mental health, such as \u0026ldquo;anger.\u0026rdquo; Future research should investigate whether the same correlations can be observed in the Japanese version of the OAS.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eOAS: Other as Shamer Scale\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIRT: Item Response Theory\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBDI-Ⅱ: Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGRM: Graded Response Model\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the ethics committee at the Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine (Reference Number: 3441). Written explanations were provided to participants in advance on the purpose of the survey, the protection of their personal information, and the voluntary nature of participation. Participants\u0026rsquo; response to the survey was regarded as giving consent for participation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to publish\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was supported by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP19K14412.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; Contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eYH designed and managed the study, performed the statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. KA supervised the overall implementation of the study. ES supervised the ethics approval and consent to participate. YK supported the translation of the OAS. JB and KG checked the back-translation of the scale and confirmed the consistency of the scale. KA, TS, and AE conducted the survey.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe back-translation of the Japanese version of the OAS was provided by Crimson Interactive Japan Co. Editorial support included statistical writing provided by TEXT. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGilbert, P: What is shame? Some core issues and controversies. In P. Gilbert, \u0026amp; B. Andrews (Eds), Shame: Interpersonal behaviour, psychopathology and culture (pp. 3\u0026ndash;36). New York: Oxford University Press.1998.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTangney J., \u0026amp; Dearing R: Shame and guilt. New York: Guilford Press. 2002.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatos, M., \u0026amp; Pinto-Gouveia, J: Shame as a traumatic memory. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2010, 17(4), 299\u0026ndash;312.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eR\u0026uuml;sch, N., Lieb, K., G\u0026ouml;ttler, I., Hermann, C., Schramm, E., Richter, H., Jacob, G.A., Corrigan, P. W., \u0026amp; Bohus M: Shame and implicit self-concept in women with borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2007, 164, 500-508.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFrank E. S: Shame and guilt in eating disorders. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 1991, 61(2), 303-306.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDuarte, C., \u0026amp; Pinto-gouveia, J: The impact of early shame memories in Binge Eating Disorder : The mediator effect of current body image shame and cognitive fusion. Psychiatry Research. 2017, 258(June), 511\u0026ndash;517.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTangney, J., Wagner, P., \u0026amp; Gramzow, R: Proneness to shame, proneness to guilt and psychopathology. Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 1992, 101(3), 469\u0026ndash;478.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAlexander, B., Brewin, C., Vearnals, S., Wolff, G., \u0026amp; Leff, J: An investigation of shame and guilt in a depressed sample. British Journal of Medical Psychology.1999, 72, 323-339.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eCheung, M., Gilbert, P., \u0026amp; Irons, C: An exploration of shame, social rank and rumination in relation to depression. Personality and Individual Differences. 2004, 36, 1143- 1153.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePinto-Gouveia, J., Matos, M., Castilho, P., \u0026amp; Xavier, A: Differences between Depression and Paranoia: The Role of Emotional Memories, Shame and Subordination. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2014, 21(1), 49\u0026ndash;61.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGilbert, P: Evolution, social roles and the differences in shame and guilt. Social Research. 2003, 70(4), 1205-1230.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatos, M., \u0026amp; Pinto-Gouveia, J: Shamed by a parent or by others: The role of attachment in shame memories relation to depression. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy. 2014, 14(2), 217\u0026ndash;244.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatos, M., Pinto-Gouveia, J., \u0026amp; Gilbert, P: The effect of shame and shame memories on paranoid ideation and social anxiety. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 2013, 20(4), 334\u0026ndash;349.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTanaka, K: An analysis of the stress reaction scale for workers by utilizing Item Response Theory. departmental bulletin paper of Osakakeizaidaigaku. 2012,63(3),137-150.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSakai, W., Noguchi, H: Comparison of Tests of Mental Health for Student Counseling: Formation of a Common Measure. Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology. 2015,63,111―120.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGoss, K., Gildert, P., \u0026amp; Allan, S: Pergamon An exploration of shame measure-I : The Other As Shamer scale. Journal of Personality. 1994, 17(5), 713\u0026ndash;717.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBeck, A. T., Steer, R. A., \u0026amp; Brown, G. K: The Beck Depression Inventory (2nd ed.). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. 1996.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKojima, M., Furukawa, T. A., Takahashi, H., Kawai, M., Nagaya, T., \u0026amp; Tokudome, S: Cross- cultural validation of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Japan. Psychiatry Research. 2002, 110(3), 291\u0026ndash;299.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAllan, S., Gilbert, P., \u0026amp; Goss, K: An exploration of shame measures: II. Psychopathology. Personality and Individual Differences. 1994, 17, 719-722.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumagai, R: Development of IRT analysis programs for beginners: EasyEstimation series. Japanese journal for research on testing. 2009，5, 107\u0026ndash;118. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBaker, F: The basics of Item Response Theory. ERIC clearinghouse on assessment and evaluation. Maryland: University of Maryland College Park. 2001.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eArimitsu, K: The Relationship of Guilt and Shame to Mental Health. The Japanese Journal of Health Psychology. 2001, 14, 24\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatsui, H., Nakamura, M., Horiuchi, K., Ishii T: Shame, a cross cultural and intergenerational study. The journal of Kawamura Gakuen Woman's University. 2007, 18(1) 109-122.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Table","content":"\u003cp\u003eDue to technical limitations, table 1 is only available as a download in the supplemental files section.\u003c/P\u003e "}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Shame, External Shame, Item Response Theory.","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.2.23693/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.2.23693/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Objective; ResultsExternal shame is reflective of a person’s anxiety that he or she might be rejected by others. The Other As Shamer Scale (OAS) is a scale for assessing external shame. The Japanese version of OAS was developed, and its reliability and validity were examined using Item Response Theory (IRT).\nResults; A questionnaire survey was conducted with university students (N=199). Exploratory factor analysis of the results indicated a significantly high factor loading on the first factor, which was identical to the original version of the scale, as well as high internal consistency. Moreover, results confirmed that each item had adequate discrimination and information levels, suggesting that external shame could be discriminated with high accuracy with a wide range between relatively low and relatively high external shame groups. These results suggested that this scale could be used for screening external shame as a stress factor and for assessing intervention effects.","manuscriptTitle":"Development of the Japanese Version of the Other as Shamer Scale using Item Response Theory","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2020-03-13 17:48:41","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.23693/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-03-08T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2020-02-17 19:41:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.2.23693/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-02-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-02-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-02-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-02-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-02-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-02-14T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2020-02-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-02-13T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-research-notes","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"resn","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Research Notes](http://bmcresnotes.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/resn/default.aspx","title":"BMC Research Notes","twitterHandle":"@BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"909d9a49-a840-4e0d-b3bf-a9c85e601287","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 13th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":59537,"name":"Psychology"},{"id":59538,"name":"School Counseling"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-07-27T21:09:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-14259","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05027-z","journal":{"identity":"bmc-research-notes","isVorOnly":false,"title":"BMC Research Notes"},"publishedOn":"2020-04-05 21:09:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 5th, 2020"},"versionCreatedAt":"2020-03-13 17:48:41","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1186/s13104-020-05027-z","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-020-05027-z","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-14259","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"identity":"rs-14259","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"7rjqhiLT3MXkJMwkYKINL","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}