Urban Green Waste Delignification by Pleurotus florida (White Oyster) Production: A Pilot Scale Study

Urban Green Waste Delignification by Pleurotus florida (White Oyster) Production: A Pilot Scale Study | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Urban Green Waste Delignification by Pleurotus florida (White Oyster) Production: A Pilot Scale Study Nomore Rukara, SHALINI GUPTA This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6673748/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Present research work embraces mycology expertise for lignocellulosic green waste valorisation and management. Meticulous experimental cultivation of Pleurotus florida species mushroom on five soaked and autoclaved, axenic lignocellulosic urban green waste substrates, was conducted in triplicates. The research findings indicate substantial variability in substrate characteristics, specifically carbon, nitrate, and lignin contents, that exert control over mushroom growth dynamics yields and nutritional outcomes. Substrate carbon content was maximum in Duranta erecta (43±0.11%) followed by mixed substrate (35±0.12%), Triticum aestivum (34±0.12%), Zoysia japonica (28±0.15%) and lastly Plumeria obtusa (28±0.38%). Nitrate content was at peak in Zoysia japonica (196.96±1.48mg/L) followed by Mixed substrate (175.06±1.21mg/L), Duranta erecta (170.67±1.13mg/L), Triticum aestivum (168.94±0.97mg/L), and lastly Plumeria obtusa (164.14±1.23mg/L). The most lignified substrate was Duranta erecta (34.78±0.23%), followed by Triticum aestivum (30.8±0.2%), mixed substrate (27.08±0.93%), Plumeria obtusa (24.43±0.28%) and lastly Zoysia japonica (21.15±0.2%). Biological efficiency varied significantly (P<0.05) across substrates, being at peak on mixed substrate (75%), followed by Duranta erecta (67.67%), Plumeria obtusa (58.33%), Triticum aestivum (45.67%) and lastly Zoysia japonica (39%). There was a positive correlation between substrate lignin content and both mycelium colonization rate and biological efficiency. Highest delignification was witnessed on mixed substrate (36%), followed by Duranta erecta (18%), Zoysia japonica (13%), Triticum aestivum (11%) and lastly Plumeria obtuse . Study concludes that mushroom cultivation serves as a viable and effective biotechnological approach for lignocellulosic urban green waste biodegradation, carbon cycling, and enhancing food and nutrition security. P. florida Mycology Urban Zone Green Waste Delignification Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 1. Introduction Indian equatorial thermal constancy proffers an opulent milieu for vigorous proliferation and ornamental verdancy of terrestrial tropical ecosystem flora [ 1 ]. Moreover, when designing urban greening species collections, botanical specialists meticulously select fast growing ornamental plants which exhibits high photosynthetic alacrity and remarkable phenotypic adaptability [ 2 ]. Such species assemblages beget prodigious conversion of solar radiation into floriferous splendour and lush foliage. Consequently, boulevard arboriculture, parkland silviculture, and ornamental horticulture lignocellulosic green waste generation rate surpasses it’s intrinsic natural putrefaction capacity. Green waste accumulation induced rambunctious urban vermination, proliferates hazmat zoonotic contacts [ 3 ]. An upsurge of zoonotic and new infectious diseases has been observed since the onset of the new millennium [ 4 ]. Green waste accumulation potentially increases zoonosis and parasitosis risk, as it nourishes and shelters synanthropic vertebrates and arthropods (which are potential pathogen hosts and virus reservoirs) [ 3 ] Click or tap here to enter text.. Green waste dumps, therefore, becomes a cogent human-animal interface in the urban ecosystem [ 5 ] Click or tap here to enter text.. Consequently, it is critical to coin-up and implement a comprehensive, efficient, and sustainable green waste management strategy. Such an approach is crucial for upholding public health, promoting environmental sustainability, and supporting socio-economic development [ 6 ]. The current tempo of urban green waste management strategies renders the notion of sustainability questionable. Most of lignocellulosic urban green waste disposed through open burning which pollutes and stymie air quality management efforts [ 7 ]. Such unorthodox green waste disposal method (open burning) is under reported [ 8 ], yet it emits significant measures of carcinogenic, teratogenic and toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [ 9 ], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) [ 10 ] Accordingly, this study implores for sustainable, multi-faceted lignocellulosic green waste management praxis, promoting green waste conversion into wealth [ 11 ], through mushroom production [ 12 ] Click or tap here to enter text., thus roping in mycological expertise to green waste management. The crux of the matter is capitalizing on strong saprophytic ligninolytic enzymatic mycelium secretions to degrade recalcitrant lignocellulosic green waste [ 13 ]. Such waste valorization aligns with bioeconomy creation and promotes the transition to the circular economy [ 14 ]. There is need for embracing productive, self-sufficient, ecofriendly and sustainable green waste management strategies [ 15 ]. Therefore, mushroom cultivation on lignocellulosic green waste emerges as one of such valuable ideas [ 16 ], as it degrades lignocellulosic green waste into manure efficiently, while producing protein rich food [ 17 ]. It also serves as a pre-runner to biogas production and vermicomposting [ 14 ] thereby maximizing biomass resource utilisation [ 18 ] (Pawar & Kakde, 2021). Mycologists have long broadened the scope of mushroom beyond food value of mushroom when the dimension of ethnomycology was pursued [ 19 ]. Such a productive waste management strategy economic growth can save third word urban local governments from the prevailing budgetary constraints which impedes service delivery [ 20 ]. Thence, there is need for urban green waste valorisation through mushroom production, for which proper implementation saves municipalities and panchayats from financially drowning [ 21 ]. Present research work aims to assess the pragmatism of harnessing mushroom production for sustainable green waste management, economic growth and nutritional enhancement through mushroom production on lignocellulosic urban green waste. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Substrate Collection Green waste from NFSU Gandhinagar campus was collected, segregating the waste by species and was shredded to a smaller size. The green waste was air dried (as shown in fig 1 a,b below) for three weeks before the subsequent substrate preparation processes. Mushroom substrates were made from four ornamental angiosperms Duranta erecta (hedge) , Plumeria obtusa (frangipani tree) leaves) , Zoysia japonica (lawn) trimming. Whilst Triticum aestivum as conventional biomass was collected from Kranti Research Center, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The fifth substrate, mixed substrate was made by mixing equal portions of biomass from three urban green waste species. 2.2 Mushroom Cultivation Mushroom Cultivation was performed in Kranti Research Center, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Overnight soaking and thermal sterilization (autoclaving) method [22] was used for the preparation of axenic substrates. 5 types of substrates were prepared, out of which 4 are of urban green waste origin and one was Triticum aestivum straw (the conventional agricultural biomass). Pleurotus florida (White Oyster) spawn imported from Canada at Research Centre. Spawning was done using solid spawn inoculation, at the rate of 5% of dry weight of substrate. Inoculated substrate was incubated in a thermocol box at 27˚C, to facilitate mycelium colonization as shown below fig 2, 3, 4, 5. Mycelium colonization time was observed and recorded for each sample. After full mycelium colonization, 5 days mycelium consolidation time was allowed, before bag opening for mushroom fruiting. Whole bag opening procedure was followed for basidiocarp production. After bag opening the mycelium colonized substrate was placed in a 1.2m X 0.5m X 1.6m mushroom fruiting chamber, in which temperature, humidity and CO 2 concentration were kept optimal using air conditioner, humidifier and ventilation fans (inlet and extraction fans) (table 1). Table 1 Extrinsic environmental parameters which were maintained during mushroom cultivation. Extrinsic Parameters During Mycelium colonization During Fruiting Humidity 76% ± 8.5% 77% ± 6% CO 2 concentration 1422 ± 140 ppb 506 ± 22 ppb Temperature 27˚C ± 2˚C 23˚C ± 3˚C Three flashes of mushroom basidiocarp were harvested, weighed and preserved through oven drying at 60˚C for 24 hours. Then the dried mushroom was ground to a powder using an electric grinder for further analysis. 2.3 Substrate Characterization For substrate characterization elemental composition was assessed by XRF and carbon, nitrate , lignin content was also estimated simultaneously using respective methods given below. 2.4 Organic Carbon and Nitrate Nitrogen conten estimation Substrate carbon content before and after mushroom cultivation was estimated using the chromic wet acid oxidation method. Nitrate Nitrogen was estimated using Phenol disulphonic method. The experiment was done in triplicate for each substrate. Variation in carbon, and Nitrate content among the substrates was authenticated by single factor one way ANOVA. 2.5 Lignin Content Estimation Lignin content estimation was done using the klason mathod [23]. Acid insoluble lignin content for each sample was then calculated using the formular below. Paired two samples t-test was performed to ascetain the significance of lignin content variation before and after mushroom cultivation, whereas lignin content variation among substates species was authenticated by single factor one way ANOVA. For each substrate delignification was calculated and expressed as a percentage using the formular below: Qualitatively lignin estimation among substrates was determined by FTIR showed characterstic peak observed in varied ranges such as Aromatic C=C stretching : around 1600 cm⁻¹, C-H stretching : around 2900-3000 cm⁻¹, O-H stretching : around 3400 cm⁻¹, C-O stretching : around 1260 cm⁻¹ and 1030 cm⁻¹. 2.6 Nutritional value estimation of P. florida Total lipid content percentage was estimated by Folch method. Carbohydrate content estimation by the Anthrone sulfuric acid method [24]. Mushroom protein content variation was estimated using the Lowry method [25]. Ash content was estimated using dry combustion method, [26]. The experiment was done in tripplicates and single factor one way ANOVA was used to ascertain significance of the differences in all values among mushroom samples harvested from the different substrates. 2.7 P. florida Biological efficiency on various substrates Biological efficiency (the ratio of Pleurotus florida sporephore/ basidiocarp fresh weight as to substrate dry weight, was calculated and expressed as a percentage using the equation given below. The weight of the three flashes which were harvested were added up to makeup the total fresh weight of mushroom from each substrate sample. Each substrate had three replications. 3. Results 3.1 Substrate elemental chemical composition XRF data reveals notable major and minor elemental concentration differences among substrates (table 2). Calcium (Ca) is markedly high in Plumeria and Mixed substrates. Potassium (K) and Sulfur (S) are prevalent among the five experimental substrates, Phosphorus (P) levels remain moderate, Zoysia shows elevated Iron (Fe). Silicon (Si) varies significantly (P<0.05) among substrates. Negligible concentrations of trace elements (Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)) were detected. These elemental profiles collectively indicate substrate suitability and safety for cultivation. Low levels of toxic heavy metals like Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) minimize mushroom contamination risks. Enriching components such as Calcium, Potassium, and Sulphur, Silicon enhances substrate structural integrity. Table 2 . Elemental chemical composition of experimental substrates Analyte % concentration in Duranta % concentration in Triticum % concentration in Zoysia % concentration in Plumeria % concentration in Mixed Ca 41.914 10.279 25.846 82.298 69.934 K 39.93 36.612 21.335 6.19 1.205 Cl 13.363 19.45 - - 0.961 S 1.599 1.513 3.372 1.268 2.388 P 1.142 0.843 3.044 0.058 0.892 Fe 1.075 1.375 11.288 3.386 5.395 Mn 0.214 0.174 0.383 0.398 0.384 Cu 0.145 0.081 0.346 0.249 0.117 Sr 0.098 0.022 0.121 0.528 0.236 Zn 0.089 0.044 0.113 0.132 0.115 Br 0.032 0.012 0.055 0.042 0.023 Ni 0.024 - 0.024 0.005 0.017 Cr - 0.043 0.09 0.061 0.083 Ti - 0.307 1.653 0.444 0.812 Si - 29.224 30.756 4.904 19.267 Ba 0.376 - - - 0.142 Os - 0.01 - 0.037 0.028 Rb - 0.008 0.024 - 0.012 Zr - 0.003 0.034 - 0.015 Pb - - 0.07 - 0.021 Ag - - 0.043 - 0.002 V - - 0.058 - 0.023 Al - - 1.343 - 0.491 3.2 Substrate Carbon and Nitrate content Substrate carbon content was significantly different among substrates (P<0.05) highest Duranta erecta (43%), followed by Mixed substrate (34%), Triticum aestivum (34%), Plumeria obtusa (29%) and lastly Zoysia japonica (27%) (fig 6 below). Statistically significant (P < 0.05) variation in substrate carbon content signifies inherent biological. High carbon content of Duranta erecta at 43%, suggests a notably greater carbon fixation capacity. On the other hand, mixed substrate and Triticum aestivum exhibit fair carbon contents of 34%. Mixed substrate resulting in an intermediate carbon content indicative of fused biomass traits. Relatively lower carbon contents in Plumeria obtusa (29%) and Zoysia japonica (27%). Nitrate nitrogen content was significantly different among substrates (P<0.05) with the highest nitrate content being in Zoysia japonica 196.96mg/L, mixed substrate 175mg/L, Duranta erecta 170.67mg/L, Triticum aestivum 168.94mg/L, and lastly Plumeria obtusa 164.14mg/L as shown on fig 6 below. 3.3 Lignin estimation in substrate Considering the chemical structure and multiple functional groups, lignin content was estimation by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy considering 5 five peaks; around 1000nm and 1200nm ether group, around 1600nm aromatic C=C group, around 2900nm methoxyl group, and around 3400nm hydroxyl group. All the five peaks proved Duranta erecta to be more lignified, followed by Triticum aestivum straw, Plumeria obtusa and lastly Zoysia japonica trimmings as shown by the FTIR spectra in fig 8 below. Substrate lignin content was significantly different among substrates. The most lignified substrate is Duranta erecta (34.78%), followed by Triticum aestivum (30.8%), mixed substrate (27.08%), Plumeria obtusa (24.43%), and Zoysia japonica (21.15%) (fig 7, 8 below). 3.4 Mushroom production and its analysis 3.4.1 Mycelium colonization time Mycelium colonization time was significantly different among substrates (P˂0.05) (table 3) shortest on Plumeria obtusa (frangipani) leaves (21 days), followed by Triticum aestivum (wheat) straw (21.3 days), mixed substrate (22.3days), Duranta erecta (golden dewdrop) (23 days) and lastly Zoysia japonica (lawn) trimmings (32.3days). Table 3. Mycelium growth time factors (value indicate the average of triplicate samples with standard deviation) Substrate Spawning rate Colonization time (days) Primordial initiation time Total crop duration (days) No of flashes Mixed 5% 22.3 ± 1.15 11.33 ± 3.2 54.33 ± 2.51 3 Duranta 5% 23.0 ± 0.0 8 ± 2 51.67 ± 2.52 3 Plumeria 5% 21.0 ± 1.0 12 ± 2 54.67 ± 1.15 3 Triticum 5% 21.33 ± 0.58 9.66 ± 0.58 57.33 ± 3.51 3 Zoysia 5% 32.33 ± 8.32 15.0±1.0 60.0 ± 3.0 3 3.4.2 Pleurotus florida Productivity and Biological Efficiency Three basidiocarp flashes were harvested from each substrate sample and the yields were as presented in table 5 below. Pleurotus florida productivity revealed distinct yield patterns across substrates and flushes. The mixed substrate consistently outperformed other substrates, achieving the highest total yield of 150g and a biological efficiency (BE) of 75%. Yield peaked in the first flush, gradually declining through the second and third, reflecting typical nutrient depletion dynamics, thereby concurring with the trending patterns in literature. Duranta erecta followed, with a total yield of 135.34g and biological efficiency of 67.67%, showing a similar decreasing trend but maintaining relatively higher productivity in the second flush compared to others. Plumeria obtusa exhibited moderate yield (116 g) and biological efficiency (58.33%), with improved performance in later flushes, unlike Triticum aestivum and Zoysia japonica , which recorded lower yields and efficiencies overall. Biological efficiency varied significantly (P<0.05) across substrates. The mixed substrate exhibited the highest biological efficiency at 75%, indicating a higher propensity of synergistic interactions among substrate intrinsic factors (Latif et al., 2023) which likely optimizes nutrient availability thereby promoting mycelium hyphae growth and mushroom fruiting (Karpagavalli et al., 2024). Among single species-based substrates, Duranta erecta demonstrated superior performance with a biological efficiency of 67.67%, surpassing Plumeria obtusa which recorded 58.33%. This suggests that, Duranta erecta’s chemical composition, lignin content and physical structure is more supportive to Pleurotus florida mycelium hyphae growth and basidiocarp fruiting. Conversely, Triticum aestivum straw and Zoysia japonica trimmings showed lower biological efficiencies at 45.67% and 39%, respectively. These reduced values could be attributed to less favourable substrate intrinsic parameter (nutrient content and textural properties) that limit mycelial hyphae apical cells penetration (during growth) and nutrient absorption. Overall, these results highlight the critical role substrate choice plays in maximizing Pleurotus florida productivity. Utilizing mixed substrates can significantly enhance Pleurotus florida ’s biological efficiency and yield, making it advantageous for commercial cultivation to optimize production, viability and profitability. Duranta erecta or a combination of other woody substrates are recommended for higher productivity. Further research on substrate combinations is warranted, while using lignocellulosic urban green waste supports sustainable, environmentally friendly mushroom farming. There was a positive correlation (r=0.617) between lignin content and biological efficiency (fig 9). Based on the aforementioned yields and biological efficiency (table 4) of Pleurotus florida on different urban green waste-based substrates. There was a statistically significant variation (P<0.05) in nitrate nitrogen content among substrates, indicating a clear gradient in nutrient availability. There is no correlation (r=0.3) between nitrate concentration and biological efficiency. A strong positive corelation (r=0.72) between substrate nitrates concentration and mushroom protein content found (fig 10 below). Table 4 Mycelium yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus florida (value indicate the average of triplicate samples with standard deviation) Substrate Yield First flash yield (grams) Second flash yield (grams) Third flash yield (grams) Total yield per sample (grams) Biological efficiency % Duranta erecta 54±8.08g 46.1±6.16g 35.32±12.62g 135.34±17.75g 67.67±8.9% Plumeria obtuse 32.68±7.06g 37.13±3.48g 46.2±3.06g 116±5.86g 58.33±2.91% Triticum aestivum 21.34±0.68g 46±3.22g 23.64±2.9g 91±0.58g 45.67±0.3% Zoysia japonica 25±3.79g 25±4.93g 28±10.15g 78±13.11g 39±6.56% Mixed substrate 66.59±14.53g 42.1±4.04g 41.32±19.01g 150±7.02g 75±3.51% 3.4.3 Nutritional composition of Pleurotus florida mushroom cultured on different substrates Protein and carbohydrate content significantly varied among substrates (P0.05) in lipid content in mushroom from different substrates (table 5, 6). Table 5 Pleurotus florida nutritional content (value indicate the average of triplicate samples with standard deviation) Substate Protein content % Carbohydrates content % Lipids content % Ash content % Metabolizable energy (Kcal/100g) Mixed 15.37±1.86 16.20±1.75 7.103±2.06 7 105.3605 Duranta 14.93±1.84 11.77±1.11 4.53±0.71 14 95.02513 Plumeria 10.34±1.86 14.40±0.72 5.15±1.11 7 88.87462 Triticum 13.01±1.86 22.17±1.98 4.96±0.64 6 128.0597 Zoysia 17.14±1.9 13.44±1.20 7.35±1.48 8 109.3496 Table 6. Mineral content of Pleurotus florida mushroom from different substrates Mineral element Mixed substrate (%) Duranta erecta (%) Plumeria obtuse (%) Triticum aestivum (%) Zoysia japonica (%) Potassium 72.742 77.785 70.588 74.669 71.128 Phosphate 11.013 10.996 11.87 10.125 11.06 Calcium 10.103 6.532 12.923 8.234 11.516 Sulphur 4.34 3.445 2.999 4.503 4.368 Iron 1.01 0.592 0.774 1.416 0.921 Zinc 0.376 0.361 0.405 0.69 0.532 Copper 0.258 0.152 0.192 0.176 0.312 Manganese 0.111 0.113 0.131 0.179 0.118 3.5 Delignification of Lignocellulosic waste by Mushroom Duranta erecta substrate spectra flaunted a noticeable decrease peak height around 1000nm, 1200nm, 1600nm and 3300nm, after mushroom cultivation (fig 11). Suggesting a considerable delignification i.e degradation of ether (C-O-C), aromatic (C=C), hydroxyl (OH) functional groups respectively. A small variation on the same functional groups was observed before and after cultivation as shown in Zoysia japonica see fig 12 below. Accurately assessing delignification in Triticum aestivum and Plumeria obtusa proved to be an exceptionally challenging endeavour due to the complexity and indistinct nature of the spectral data obtained (fig 13, 14). The spectral profiles were convoluted and lacked clarity, rendering precise analysis unattainable by conventional methods. Consequently, the irregular and ambiguous spectral signals impeded reliable quantification and understanding of the lignin degradation processes. Therefore, overcoming the spectral complications remains essential for advancing the study of delignification mechanisms in Triticum aestivum and Plumeria obtusa . Pleurotus florida induced substrate delignification, and the findings were as shown in fig 15 below. Substrate delignification was significantly different among substrates (P<0.05). Highest delignification was witnessed on mixed substrate (36%), followed by Duranta erecta (18%), Zoysia japonica (13%), Triticum aestivum (11%) and lastly Plumeria obtusa 4%. As shown on the graph above, this research found a decrease in substrate carbon content across all substrate with the highest decrease in carbon content being in Zoysia japonica followed by Duranta , mixed, Triticum and lastly Plumeria . There was a moderate positive correlation between substrate % carbon loss and % delignification (r = 0.59) (fig16) below. 4. Discussion During elemental analysis of selected substrates, Calcium (Ca) is markedly high in Plumeria and Mixed substrates, essential for basidiomycetes cell wall stability [27]. Potassium (K) and Sulfur (S) are prevalent among the five experimental substrates, supporting metabolic functions [28]. Phosphorus (P) levels remain moderate, contributing to energy transfer within mushrooms. Zoysia shows elevated Iron (Fe), which can enhance enzymatic activity but requires monitoring due to potential oxidative effects. Silicon (Si) varies significantly (P<0.05) among substrates, its presence improves substrate structure and water retention. Negligible concentrations of trace elements (Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)) were detected. These were within safe limits, supporting mushroom growth without toxicity concerns. Low levels of toxic heavy metals like Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) minimize mushroom contamination risks, guaranteeing environmental and consumer safety. Enriching components such as Calcium, Potassium, and Sulphur enhance mushroom nutrition and substrate stability. Conclusively, the XRF spectroscopy findings confirm that the five experimental substrates provide a balanced elemental chemical profile conducive to healthy mushroom growth and pose minimal toxicity concerns. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) variation in substrate carbon content signifies inherent biological or physiological distinctions among the biomass source species [29]. High carbon content of Duranta erecta at 43%, suggests a notably greater carbon fixation capacity, as compared to the other substrates studied. Such a high carbon content echoes structural tissue complexity with higher lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. On the other hand, mixed substrate and Triticum aestivum exhibit fair carbon contents of 34%. For Triticum aestivum (wheat), this aligns with its known biomass composition [30], balancing carbon allocation between structural carbohydrates and metabolic compounds. The higher nitrate content of Zoysia japonica renders it a more nitrogen-rich environment conducive to fungal metabolism and growth, which is critical for mushroom mycelial development and fruiting body formation. However, if nitrates content exceeds the optimum level it inhibits basidiocarp formation and reduces the yield [31]. Relatively lower nitrate nitrogen in Duranta erecta trimmings, Triticum aestivum straw, and Plumeria obtusa leaves based substrates suggests limited nitrogen availability, but not necessarily below the optimum range for production of Pleurotus florida . These nitrate content variations potentially affect mushroom yield and quality due to suboptimal nutrient supply [32]. Lignin is a three-dimensional amorphous, branched complex organic polymer of phenyl-propane units heterogeneously bonded by several inter-linkage components [33]. Lignin content comparison at one wavelength impossible when using FTIR [34]. Substrate lignin content has been proved as paramount parameter, transcending other factors regulating mycelium colonization rate [35]. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.534) between mycelium colonization time and lignin content, which proves mycelium colonization rate to be higher on more lignified substrates. This resonates well with the findings from [36]. Densely lignified substrates were proved to promote two-dimensional (surface) mycelium growth in Ganoderma lucidum [56] (Yang et al., 2024) and Trametes versicolor [37] , whereas less lignified substrate allows easy three-dimensional spreading of the mycelium [36]. Higher substrate lignin content induced faster pace of two-dimensional mycelium growth enhances three-dimensional mycelium colonization rate as well, as mycelial hyphae will penetrate the substrate from a larger surface area. Mycelium colonization rate is hinged on substrate nutrient availability and accessibility, hyphae extension, and branching at the substrate tips [38], all of which are depended on lignin content and complexity. As proven by [39] increasing lignin content increases rate of mycelium growth up until a certain optimum level is reached. In ligninolytic fungal species, higher substrate lignin content stimulates the secretion of lignin-degrading auxiliary enzymes and lignin-modifying enzymes [40]. Subsequently, these ligninolytic enzymes catalyse saprophytic nutrition, promotes mycelium growth [41] and basidiocarp production [40]. This research found that the higher the lignin content the higher the rate of mycelium colonisation. But it was limited to a comparison of the rate of mycelium colonization among substrates of various lignin content without a closer look on the optimum lignin content which gives the best results. Therefore, further studies to detect the optimum lignin content for shortening mycelium colonization time for Pleurotus florida mushroom is crucial, for closing the knowledge gap. The Supremes of mixed substrate echoes earlier research findings which backs the notion of optimal conditions proffered by mixtures [42]. These patterns demonstrate that substrate composition profoundly determines not only total production but also yield distribution across flushes. When conjugating the findings of this study with literature proves that, different substrates provide varying nutrient profiles [43] and physical conditions [44], impacting mycelium growth and fruiting [45]. Overall, the data reinforce lignin’s critical role but also highlight the complexity of optimizing biological efficiency. Fungal enzyme (lignin peroxidase) oxidizes both phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic nuclei by electron displacement, which bares phenoxy radicals and cation-radicals [46]. Cation-radicals then spontaneously react with water, other nucleophiles and molecular oxygen [47]. The resultant enzymatic combustion cleaves C-C and C-O linkages, depolymerize and opens aromatic rings, from which a numerous aromatic and aliphatic products are formed. Vanillin, syringaldehyde, and guaiacol are part of the aromatic products of fungal lignin degradation [48]. Resultantly, some of the functional groups present in lignin remains even after delignification. Therefore, slight variations were observed in FTIR-ATR spectroscopy spectra. Therefore, most studies on lignin content and biomass delignification authenticate FTIR-ATR spectroscopy data by information from other analysis techniques such SEM EDX. A positive correlation between delignification and biological efficiency (r = 0.647) as shown on the graph below. Which resonates well with other scholars, who found strong positive correlation between delignification and biological efficiency Pleurotus on wheat straw [49] on oil palm empty fruit bunch [50] and Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom cultivated on bean straw, corn silage and wheat straw [51]. The higher the biological efficiency the higher the delignification of substrate. Substrate carbon loss occurs through methene production and saprophytic foraging of Pleurotus florida mycelium [52]. Conclusion This study concludes and confirms that mushroom cultivation serves as a lucrative and effective biotechnological approach for lignocellulosic urban green waste biodegradation, carbon cycling, and enhancing food and nutrition security. The integration of mycology with urban green waste management turns service delivery into a profitable entrepreneurship and presents a promising avenue for sustainable food production, smart cities, circular economy initiatives. Further research is needed to identify the optimal lignin concentration in substrates that maximizes mycelium colonization rate and mushroom yield. Controlled studies varying lignin levels could clarify the threshold beyond which lignin benefits plateau or decline. Given the superior performance of mixed green waste substrates in yield and biological efficiency, scaling up their use in commercial and community-level mushroom farming is advised. This approach could amplify economic returns while promoting effective biodegradation of diverse waste streams. Embedding mushroom cultivation into urban green waste management infrastructures can reduce urban green waste repletion and urban vermination. It also reduces landfill volumes, accelerate lignocellulosic urban green waste recycling, and generate nutritious food, contributing to urban sustainability goals, Smart city mission. Broadening the scope of urban green waste to include varied lignocellulosic biomasses beyond those species studied here could identify new substrates suitable for different species of edible mushroom species, thereby supporting food and nutrition security across both urban peri-urban and rural contexts. Declarations Acknowledgement The authors are thankful to National Forensic Science University for the laboratory and instrumental facility. The authors wish to thank Kranti Mushroom Farm, Gandhinagar, Gujarat for his essential support throughout the research process. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the research conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, analysis, and result interpretation were performed by Nomore Rukara, and Shalini Gupta. The manuscript was written by Nomore Rukara and correction, finalization of manuscript was done by Shalini Gupta. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript. Data Availability All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this manuscript. Ethics Approval No ethical approval required. Consent to Participate Not applicable. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Competing Interests The authors declare no competing interests. Funding No funding is available. References Matsuo, T., Poorter, L., van der Sande, M. T., Mohammed Abdul, S., Koyiba, D. W., Opoku, J., de Wit, B., Kuzee, T., & Amissah, L. (2025). Drivers of biomass stocks and productivity of tropical secondary forests. Ecology , 106 (1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4488 Khosravi Mashizi, A., Sharafatmandrad, M., & Alizadeh, R. (2024). Exploring plant diversity and aesthetic service of mountain and plain landscapes in semiarid ecosystems. Journal for Nature Conservation , 82 , 126740. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNC.2024.126740 Sangkachai, N., Gummow, B., Hayakijkosol, O., Suwanpakdee, S., & Wiratsudakul, A. (2024). A review of risk factors at the human-animal-environmental interface of garbage dumps that are driving current and emerging zoonotic diseases. One Health , 19 , 100915. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ONEHLT.2024.100915 Mphasa, M., Ormsby, M. J., Mwapasa, T., Nambala, P., Chidziwisano, K., Morse, T., Feasey, N., & Quilliam, R. S. (2025). Urban waste piles are reservoirs for human pathogenic bacteria with high levels of multidrug resistance against last resort antibiotics: A comprehensive temporal and geographic field analysis. Journal of Hazardous Materials , 484 , 136639. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2024.136639 Othman, N. M. I., Shamsuddin, A. S., Abu Sari, N., Sapak, Z., Mustaffha, S., Syed Ismail, S. N., & Saili, A. R. (2024). Types and factors of waste accumulation. Advances in Energy from Waste , 43–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13847-8.00002-6 Thanvisitthpon, N., Kallawicha, K., & Chao, H. J. (2024). Effects of urbanization and industrialization on air quality. Health and Environmental Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: Volume 1: Air Pollution, Human Health, and the Environment , 1 , 231–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16088-2.00003-X Gutberlet, J., & Bramryd, T. (2025). Reimagining urban waste management: Addressing social, climate, and resource challenges in modern cities. Cities , 156 , 105553. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2024.105553 Prakash, J., Choudhary, S., Raliya, R., Chadha, T. S., Fang, J., & Biswas, P. (2021). Real-time source apportionment of fine particle inorganic and organic constituents at an urban site in Delhi city: An IoT-based approach. Atmospheric Pollution Research , 12 (11), 101206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APR.2021.101206 Sawyer, W.E., Sylva, L., Aigberua, A.O., Akram, M. (2024). Call to Action for a Sustainable Air Pollution-Free World. In: Ogwu, M.C., Izah, S.C. (eds) Sustainable Strategies for Air Pollution Mitigation. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 133. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2024_1123 Mohankumar, T. et al. (2024). Source and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Ambient Air and Its Human Health Implications. In: Gautam, S., Kumar, R.P., Samuel, C. (eds) Aerosol Optical Depth and Precipitation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55836-8_5 Priya, K., Rani, J., & Gwal, S. (2025). Transforming agricultural residues to value-added products: waste to wealth. Sustainable Management of Agro-Food Waste: Fundamental Aspects and Practical Applications , 69–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23679-2.00006-9 Koul, B., Yakoob, M., & Shah, M. P. (2022). Agricultural waste management strategies for environmental sustainability. Environmental Research , 206 , 112285. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2021.112285 Shinde, R., Shahi, D. K., Mahapatra, P., Naik, S. K., Thombare, N., & Singh, A. K. (2022). Potential of lignocellulose degrading microorganisms for agricultural residue decomposition in soil: A review. Journal of Environmental Management , 320 , 115843. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2022.115843 Grimm, D., & Wösten, H. A. B. (2018). Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy. In Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology (Vol. 102, Issue 18). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9226-8 Hajam, Y. A., Kumar, R., & Kumar, A. (2023). Environmental waste management strategies and vermi transformation for sustainable development. Environmental Challenges , 13 , 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVC.2023.100747 Pérez-Chávez, A. M., Mayer, L., & Albertó, E. (2019). Mushroom cultivation and biogas production: A sustainable reuse of organic resources. Energy for Sustainable Development , 50 , 50–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2019.03.002 Viriato, V., Carvalho, S. A. D. de, Santoro, B. de L., & Bonfim, F. P. G. (2024). A Business Model for Circular Bioeconomy: Edible Mushroom Production and Its Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Recycling , 9 (4). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9040068 Pawar, J., & Kakde, U. (2021). International Journal of Botany Studies www.botanyjournals.com Mushroom cultivation on agricultural wastes for environmental sustainability and food security . https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.505.0 Nosheen, S., Ajmal, I., & Song, Y. (2021). Microbes as biofertilizers, a potential approach for sustainable crop production. In Sustainability (Switzerland) (Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 1–20). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041868 [20] Liu, L., & Zhao, S. (2025). Local government debt, financing constraints and firms’ green total factor productivity. International Review of Financial Analysis , 97 , 103874. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IRFA.2024.103874 Zhou, M., Jiang, K., & Chen, Z. (2023). The side effects of local government debt: Evidence from urban investment bonds and corporate pollution in China. Journal of Environmental Management , 344 , 118739. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2023.118739 Chen, F., Grimm, A., Eilertsen, L., Martín, C., Arshadi, M., & Xiong, S. (2021). Integrated production of edible mushroom (Auricularia auricular-judae), fermentable sugar and solid biofuel. Renewable Energy , 170 , 172–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2021.01.124 Bajpai, P. (2018). Pulp Bleaching. Biermann’s Handbook of Pulp and Paper , 465–491. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814240-0.00019-7 Hodge, J.E. and Hofreiter, B.T. (1962) Determination of reducing sugars and carbohydrates. In: Whistler, R.L. and Wolfrom, M.L., Eds., Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 380-394. Kumar Maurya, A., & John, V. (2022). Nutritional Estimation of Edible Mushroom (Pleurotus sp.) . https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366175799 Raghuramulu, N., Madhuvan, N.K. and Kalyanasundharam, S. (2003) A Manual of Laboratory Techniques. National Institute of Nutrition KMR, Hyderabad, 319-320 Freitas, V. V., Borges, L. L. R., Vidigal, M. C. T. R., dos Santos, M. H., & Stringheta, P. C. (2024). Coffee: A comprehensive overview of origin, market, and the quality process. Trends in Food Science & Technology , 146 , 104411. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TIFS.2024.104411 Sangeeta, Sharma, D., Ramniwas, S., Mugabi, R., Uddin, J., & Nayik, G. A. (2024). Revolutionizing Mushroom processing: Innovative techniques and technologies. Food Chemistry: X , 23 , 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOCHX.2024.101774 [29] Hu, C., Sun, B., Liu, M., Yu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, L. (2022) Fecal transplantation from young zebrafish donors efficiently ameliorates the lipid metabolism disorder of aged recipients exposed to perfluoro butane sulfonate. The Science of the total environment. 823:153758. Azizi, Se., Dalli, M., Idrissi Yahyaoui, M. et al. Unraveling the phytochemical complexity and antimicrobial potency of introduced versus native Argania spinosa trees in Eastern Morocco. Chem. Pap. 78 , 9223–9234 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03739-1 Siti Maryam Salamah Ab Rhaman, Laila Naher; Evaluating carbon, nitrogen and heavy metal content in different agriculture biomass for mushroom substrate. AIP Conf. Proc. 9 June 2022; 2454 (1): 020023. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0078403 Han J, Feng J, Kang J, Chen JM, Du XY, Ding SY, Liang L, Wang W. Fast growth of single-crystal covalent organic frameworks for laboratory x-ray diffraction. Science. 2024 Mar;383(6686):1014-1019. doi: 10.1126/science.adk8680. Epub 2024 Feb 29. Erratum in: Science. 2024 Apr 5;384(6691):eadp4377. doi: 10.1126/science.adp4377. PMID: 38422145. Nabipour, H., & Hu, Y. (2022). Introduction to flame retardants for polymeric materials. Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Technology for Polymeric Materials , 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90771-2.00018-3 Zhang, L., Larsson, A., Moldin, A., & Edlund, U. (2022). Comparison of lignin distribution, structure, and morphology in wheat straw and wood. Industrial Crops and Products , 187 , 115432. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2022.115432 Suwannarach, N., Kumla, J., Zhao, Y., & Kakumyan, P. (2022). Impact of Cultivation Substrate and Microbial Community on Improving Mushroom Productivity: A Review. In Biology (Vol. 11, Issue 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11040569 Yang, J., Cen, C., Wang, Z., & Jian, M. (2024). Impacts of spatiotemporal urban expansion on the species richness and functional traits of adults and sapling woody trees and shrubs of urban remnant forest patches. Ecological Indicators , 166 , 112498. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2024.112498 Desisa, B., Muleta, D., Jida, M., Dejene, T., Goshu, A., Negi, T., & Martin-Pinto, P. (2024). Improvement of nutritional composition of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) using formulated substrates of plant and animal origins. Future Foods , 9 , 100302. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUFO.2024.100302 Napitupulu, T. P. (2025). Agricultural relevance of fungal mycelial growth-promoting bacteria: Mutual interaction and application. Microbiological Research , 290 , 127978. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICRES.2024.127978 Wu, Y., Li, D., Hu, Y., Li, H., Ramstein, G. P., Zhou, S., Zhang, X., Bao, Z., Zhang, Y., Song, B., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Y., Gagnon, E., Särkinen, T., Knapp, S., Zhang, C., Städler, T., Buckler, E. S., & Huang, S. (2023). Phylogenomic discovery of deleterious mutations facilitates hybrid potato breeding. Cell , 186 (11), 2313-2328.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2023.04.008 Knežević, A., Milovanović, I., Stajić, M., Lončar, N., Brčeski, I., Vukojević, J., & Ćilerdžić, J. (2013). Lignin degradation by selected fungal species. Bioresource Technology , 138 , 117–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.03.182 Elsacker, E., Vandelook, S., Van Wylick, A., Ruytinx, J., De Laet, L., & Peeters, E. (2020). A comprehensive framework for the production of mycelium-based lignocellulosic composites. Science of The Total Environment , 725 , 138431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.13843 Latif, N., Rafeeq, R., Safdar, N., Younas, K., Gardezi, M. A., & Ahmad, S. (2023). Unraveling the Nexus: The impact of economic globalization on the environment in Asian economies. Research in Globalization , 7 , 100169. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESGLO.2023.100169 Koutrotsios, G., Tagkouli, D., Bekiaris, G., Kaliora, A., Tsiaka, T., Tsiantas, K., Chatzipavlidis, I., Zoumpoulakis, P., Kalogeropoulos, N., & Zervakis, G. I. (2022). Enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushrooms through the exploitation of winery and olive mill wastes. Food Chemistry , 370 , 131022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2021.131022 Karpagavalli, S., Manisha, R., Mageshwari, S., & Sowbharnika, M. (2024). Influence of growth substrates on bioactive compounds and yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida). Scientia Horticulturae , 329 , 112959. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2024.112959 Kumar, V., Chhetri, A. Evaluation of five different species of Pleurotus for their yield potential and growth parameters under Tripura’s conditions of North East India. Indian Phytopathology 77 , 1103–1107 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-024-00802-5 Esakkimuthu, E. S., Ponnuchamy, V., Mikuljan, M., Schwarzkopf, M., & DeVallance, D. (2024). Fungal enzyme degradation of lignin-PLA composites: Insights from experiments and molecular docking simulations. Heliyon , 10 (1), e23838. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E23838 Gupta, A., Tiwari, A., Ghosh, P., Arora, K., & Sharma, S. (2023). Enhanced lignin degradation of paddy straw and pine needle biomass by combinatorial approach of chemical treatment and fungal enzymes for pulp making. Bioresource Technology , 368 , 128314. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.128314 Luo, J., Molbay, M., Chen, Y., Horvath, I., Kadletz, K., Kick, B., Zhao, S., Al-Maskari, R., Singh, I., Ali, M., Bhatia, H. S., Minde, D. P., Negwer, M., Hoeher, L., Calandra, G. M., Groschup, B., Su, J., Kimna, C., Rong, Z., … Erturk, A. (2025). Nanocarrier imaging at single-cell resolution across entire mouse bodies with deep learning. Nature Biotechnology . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02528-1 Niu, D., Zuo, S., Ren, J., Li, C., Zheng, M., Jiang, D., & Xu, C. (2020). Effect of wheat straw types on biological delignification and in vitro rumen degradability of wheat straws during treatment with Irpex lacteus. Animal Feed Science and Technology , 267 , 114558. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2020.114558 Dimawarnita, F., Perwitasari, U., Marsudi, S., Faramitha, Y., & Suharyanto. (2022). The Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and Biodelignification Process During Planting Cycle. Agrivita , 44 (1), 165–177. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v44i1.2311 Öztürk, C., & Atila, F. (2021). Changes in lignocellulosic fractions of growing substrates during the cultivation of Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom and its effects on mushroom productivity. Scientia Horticulturae , 288 , 110403. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2021.110403 Rahman, T., Nehar, L., Prodhan, Y., Shahed, S., Hasib, S. Al, Rahman, M. S., & Tuly, S. S. (2025). Enhancing solar still performance using external condensers and floating fins: A comparative study. Cleaner Chemical Engineering , 11 , 100167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLCE.2025.100167 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6673748","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":468375390,"identity":"dbd255b7-443f-4654-bc1e-ec05b6d6a3d3","order_by":0,"name":"Nomore Rukara","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National Forensic Sciences University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nomore","middleName":"","lastName":"Rukara","suffix":""},{"id":468375391,"identity":"ef65c102-4af9-4ad8-9ff8-41751ee64733","order_by":1,"name":"SHALINI GUPTA","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6441-5876","institution":"National Forensic Sciences University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"SHALINI","middleName":"","lastName":"GUPTA","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-05-15 14:51:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6673748/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6673748/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":84331135,"identity":"c9d184a5-9d19-47d1-93cc-91744f3f2d1c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 16:02:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":394416,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(a) Zoysia japonica trimmings being air dried (b) Duranta erecta substrate being air dried\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/980432a60d9cdfe2a41cb4a9.png"},{"id":84331152,"identity":"309055ab-b455-4c20-8fd5-43c85b29ea95","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 16:02:11","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":692740,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea) Duranta erecta being dried b) Shredding c) Substrate hydration by soaking in water over night\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/5a8415fbb4a4e507773571b6.png"},{"id":84330678,"identity":"c28b0806-f9e5-4d09-8072-bb149cfe8210","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":521537,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed) Inoculated substrate incubation e) full colonized substrate d) fully colonized substrate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/4a78e5607318b03f76acc584.png"},{"id":84331145,"identity":"9a1c7b21-2126-4ccd-9412-b07ad0bcca25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 16:02:11","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":417220,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eg) Mushroom fruiting chamber h) Substrates arrangement under control condition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/c087689a4fedb6c237d34df0.png"},{"id":84331142,"identity":"15ae13b2-6aba-42db-9108-1635c2e1f375","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 16:02:10","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":585633,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ej) Pin head formation, h) P. florida mushroom on Duranta erecta substrate\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/af70d27b711059889af22c30.png"},{"id":84330650,"identity":"4ade0068-1cbc-44bd-a340-7d18cdeca7c4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:08","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":59419,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate a. Carbon and b. Nitrate content (Data presented are the mean of triplicates with standard error (5%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/41fc501d8c89bc3008eee5da.png"},{"id":84331901,"identity":"d593f8cb-942c-4237-8518-b60ba2119480","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 16:10:11","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24850,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage Substrate lignin content Data presented are the mean of triplicates with standard error (5%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/bda5e3b23e1c4101b8390bab.png"},{"id":84330680,"identity":"2ec73ad3-e854-4308-a7ac-f2f0929687f3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":172877,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR-ATR Spectroscopy spectra for the substrate lignin content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/cf9954440f458644148949c7.png"},{"id":84330704,"identity":"f2e458da-a360-4061-a2a9-ecb8a9fa44ca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:12","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":31946,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorrelation between mycelium colonization time and lignin content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/f1e54f65c5834d5345f21279.png"},{"id":84331155,"identity":"6ca08afd-62b8-4320-8abd-42958b553c72","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 16:02:12","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":79239,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea. Correlation between biological efficiency and nitrates content b. mushroom protein content and substrate nitrates content, c. biological efficiency and substrate lignin content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/079124ca12925a3e421477eb.png"},{"id":84330689,"identity":"999ed9d8-cb63-49a0-ba7e-a51e5fcc5048","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:11","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":139315,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR-ATR spectroscopy spectra showing Duranta erecta lignin content before and after mushroom cultivation.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/e6dd7fd6fbcd9fd7cb6917ba.png"},{"id":84330654,"identity":"225e7908-fbc1-4248-b1d7-036be039cfa2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:09","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":147897,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR-ATR spectroscopy spectra showing Zoysia japonica lignin content before and after mushroom cultivation.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/e477ddbcd23f8c1de1fa711f.png"},{"id":84330664,"identity":"f77a44d4-dceb-4542-9bc0-3d62e0795dc4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:09","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":166164,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR-ATR spectroscopy showing Triticum aestivum lignin content before and after mushroom cultivation.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/71188d7169bde865085233ab.png"},{"id":84330665,"identity":"425cab27-da4e-4af3-ac21-1ebcdcb54b57","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:10","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":117920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFTIR-ATR spectroscopy showing Plumeria obtusa lignin content before and after mushroom cultivation.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/0eef04f1eca844e5f8c670ae.png"},{"id":84330662,"identity":"6da33422-3ab7-4c54-b1ea-9e3d8d2788e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:09","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":63921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA. Substrate lignin content before and after mushroom cultivation B. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePercentage delignification of substrate (Data presented are the mean of triplicates with standard error (5%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/3b1b03dec5064e4269a5f642.png"},{"id":84330663,"identity":"a78c9105-aeeb-4ade-87ed-72ee81a0b6cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-10 15:54:09","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"Figure 16","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":124642,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea. A contrast of substrate carbon content before and after mushroom cultivation b. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate % carbon lossc. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecorrelation between Substrate % delignification \u0026amp; % carbon loss\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ed. \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ecorrelation between % substrate delignification and biological efficiency\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Data presented are the mean of triplicates with standard error (5%))\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/9d8a691f59c59323e848e3e4.png"},{"id":85626552,"identity":"8a301b5f-b685-4570-8feb-c1c0e4dcb816","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-29 23:35:53","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":6624505,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6673748/v1/12d0ffff-47ba-4ef4-899b-92a05d21e114.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Urban Green Waste Delignification by Pleurotus florida (White Oyster) Production: A Pilot Scale Study","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eIndian equatorial thermal constancy proffers an opulent milieu for vigorous proliferation and ornamental verdancy of terrestrial tropical ecosystem flora [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, when designing urban greening species collections, botanical specialists meticulously select fast growing ornamental plants which exhibits high photosynthetic alacrity and remarkable phenotypic adaptability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. Such species assemblages beget prodigious conversion of solar radiation into floriferous splendour and lush foliage. Consequently, boulevard arboriculture, parkland silviculture, and ornamental horticulture lignocellulosic green waste generation rate surpasses it\u0026rsquo;s intrinsic natural putrefaction capacity. Green waste accumulation induced rambunctious urban vermination, proliferates hazmat zoonotic contacts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. An upsurge of zoonotic and new infectious diseases has been observed since the onset of the new millennium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Green waste accumulation potentially increases zoonosis and parasitosis risk, as it nourishes and shelters synanthropic vertebrates and arthropods (which are potential pathogen hosts and virus reservoirs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e] Click or tap here to enter text.. Green waste dumps, therefore, becomes a cogent human-animal interface in the urban ecosystem [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e] Click or tap here to enter text.. Consequently, it is critical to coin-up and implement a comprehensive, efficient, and sustainable green waste management strategy. Such an approach is crucial for upholding public health, promoting environmental sustainability, and supporting socio-economic development [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The current tempo of urban green waste management strategies renders the notion of sustainability questionable. Most of lignocellulosic urban green waste disposed through open burning which pollutes and stymie air quality management efforts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Such unorthodox green waste disposal method (open burning) is under reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e], yet it emits significant measures of carcinogenic, teratogenic and toxic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e], polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/F) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccordingly, this study implores for sustainable, multi-faceted lignocellulosic green waste management praxis, promoting green waste conversion into wealth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e], through mushroom production [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e] Click or tap here to enter text., thus roping in mycological expertise to green waste management. The crux of the matter is capitalizing on strong saprophytic ligninolytic enzymatic mycelium secretions to degrade recalcitrant lignocellulosic green waste [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Such waste valorization aligns with bioeconomy creation and promotes the transition to the circular economy [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e]. There is need for embracing productive, self-sufficient, ecofriendly and sustainable green waste management strategies [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, mushroom cultivation on lignocellulosic green waste emerges as one of such valuable ideas [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e], as it degrades lignocellulosic green waste into manure efficiently, while producing protein rich food [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e]. It also serves as a pre-runner to biogas production and vermicomposting [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e] thereby maximizing biomass resource utilisation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e] (Pawar \u0026amp; Kakde, 2021). Mycologists have long broadened the scope of mushroom beyond food value of mushroom when the dimension of ethnomycology was pursued [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. Such a productive waste management strategy economic growth can save third word urban local governments from the prevailing budgetary constraints which impedes service delivery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Thence, there is need for urban green waste valorisation through mushroom production, for which proper implementation saves municipalities and panchayats from financially drowning [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. Present research work aims to assess the pragmatism of harnessing mushroom production for sustainable green waste management, economic growth and nutritional enhancement through mushroom production on lignocellulosic urban green waste.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and Methods","content":"\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.1 Substrate Collection\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreen waste from NFSU Gandhinagar campus was collected, segregating the waste by species and was shredded to a smaller size. The green waste was air dried (as shown in fig 1 a,b below) for three weeks before the subsequent substrate preparation processes. Mushroom substrates were made from four ornamental angiosperms \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(hedge)\u003cem\u003e, Plumeria obtusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(frangipani tree) leaves)\u003cem\u003e,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (lawn) trimming. Whilst \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eas conventional biomass was collected from Kranti Research Center, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. The fifth substrate, mixed substrate was made by mixing equal portions of biomass from three urban green waste species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.2 Mushroom Cultivation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Mushroom Cultivation was performed in Kranti Research Center, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. Overnight soaking and thermal sterilization (autoclaving) method [22] was used for the preparation of axenic substrates. 5 types of substrates were prepared, out of which 4 are of urban green waste origin and one was \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e straw (the conventional agricultural biomass). \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e (White Oyster) spawn imported from Canada at Research Centre. Spawning was done using solid spawn inoculation, at the rate of 5% of dry weight of substrate. Inoculated substrate was incubated in a thermocol box at 27˚C, to facilitate mycelium colonization as shown below fig 2, 3, 4, 5. Mycelium colonization time was observed and recorded for each sample. After full mycelium colonization, 5 days mycelium consolidation time was allowed, before bag opening for mushroom fruiting.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhole bag opening procedure was followed for basidiocarp production. After bag opening the mycelium colonized substrate was placed in a 1.2m X 0.5m X 1.6m mushroom fruiting chamber, in which temperature, humidity and CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration were kept optimal using air conditioner, humidifier and ventilation fans (inlet and extraction fans) (table 1).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;Extrinsic environmental parameters which were maintained during mushroom cultivation.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExtrinsic Parameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuring Mycelium colonization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDuring Fruiting\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHumidity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76% \u0026plusmn; 8.5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77% \u0026plusmn; 6%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003econcentration\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1422 \u0026plusmn; 140 ppb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e506 \u0026plusmn; 22 ppb\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 200px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 225px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27˚C \u0026plusmn; 2˚C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 176px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23˚C \u0026plusmn; 3˚C\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree flashes of mushroom basidiocarp were harvested, weighed and preserved through oven drying at 60˚C for 24 hours. Then the dried mushroom was ground to a powder using an electric grinder for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.3 Substrate Characterization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor substrate characterization elemental composition was assessed by XRF and carbon, nitrate , lignin content was also estimated simultaneously using respective methods given below.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cspan id=\"_Toc197571839\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.4 Organic Carbon and Nitrate Nitrogen conten estimation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubstrate carbon content before and after mushroom cultivation was estimated using the chromic wet acid oxidation method. Nitrate Nitrogen was estimated using Phenol disulphonic method. The experiment was done in triplicate for each substrate. Variation in carbon, and Nitrate content among the substrates was authenticated by single factor one way ANOVA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.5 Lignin Content Estimation\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLignin content estimation was done using the klason mathod [23]. Acid insoluble lignin content for each sample was then calculated using the formular below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 774px; height: 56.8864px;\" width=\"774\" height=\"56.8864\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePaired two samples t-test was performed to ascetain the significance of lignin content variation before and after mushroom cultivation, whereas lignin content variation among substates species was authenticated by single factor one way ANOVA. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFor each substrate delignification was calculated and expressed as a percentage using the formular below:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 671px; height: 66.401px;\" width=\"671\" height=\"66.401\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQualitatively lignin estimation among substrates was determined by FTIR showed characterstic \u0026nbsp;peak observed in varied ranges such as Aromatic C=C stretching\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003earound\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e1600 cm⁻\u0026sup1;,\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eC-H stretching\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003earound\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e2900-3000 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, O-H stretching\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003earound\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e3400 cm⁻\u0026sup1;, C-O stretching\u003cstrong\u003e:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003earound\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e1260 cm⁻\u0026sup1;\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eand\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e1030 cm⁻\u0026sup1;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2.6 Nutritional value estimation of\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eP. florida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal lipid content percentage was estimated by Folch method. Carbohydrate content estimation by the Anthrone sulfuric acid method [24]. Mushroom protein content variation was estimated using the Lowry method [25]. Ash content was estimated using dry combustion method, [26]. The experiment was done in tripplicates and single factor one way ANOVA was used to ascertain significance of the differences in all values among mushroom samples harvested from the different substrates. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc197571844\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e2.7 P. florida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Biological efficiency on various substrates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBiological efficiency (the ratio of \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e sporephore/ basidiocarp fresh weight as to substrate dry weight, was calculated and expressed as a percentage using the equation given below. The weight of the three flashes which were harvested were added up to makeup the total fresh weight of mushroom from each substrate sample. Each substrate had three replications.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\" style=\"width: 566px; height: 57.2945px;\" width=\"566\" height=\"57.2945\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.1 Substrate elemental chemical composition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eXRF data reveals notable major and minor elemental concentration differences among substrates (table 2). Calcium (Ca) is markedly high in Plumeria and Mixed substrates. Potassium (K) and Sulfur (S) are prevalent among the five experimental substrates, Phosphorus (P) levels remain moderate, Zoysia shows elevated Iron (Fe). Silicon (Si) varies significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) among substrates. Negligible concentrations of trace elements (Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)) were detected. These elemental profiles collectively indicate substrate suitability and safety for cultivation. Low levels of toxic heavy metals like Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) minimize mushroom contamination risks. Enriching components such as Calcium, Potassium, and Sulphur, Silicon enhances substrate structural integrity.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e. Elemental chemical composition of experimental substrates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnalyte\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e% concentration in \u003cem\u003eDuranta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e% concentration in \u003cem\u003eTriticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e% concentration in \u003cem\u003eZoysia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e% concentration in \u003cem\u003ePlumeria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e% concentration in Mixed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCa \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.914\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.279\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.846\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.298\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.934\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.612\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.335\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.205\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCl \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.363\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.961\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.599\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.372\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.268\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.388\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.843\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.892\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFe \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.075\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.375\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.288\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.386\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.395\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMn \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.214\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.383\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.398\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.384\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCu \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.145\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.081\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.346\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.249\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.117\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSr \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.098\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.528\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.236\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZn \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.089\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.044\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.132\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.115\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBr \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.032\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.055\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.042\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNi \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.061\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.083\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.307\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.653\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.812\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSi\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.756\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.904\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.267\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBa \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOs\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.008\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.024\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZr\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.003\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.034\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePb\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.043\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.002\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.058\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAl\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 93px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.343\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.2 Substrate Carbon and Nitrate content\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSubstrate carbon content was significantly different among substrates (P\u0026lt;0.05) highest \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (43%), followed by Mixed substrate (34%), \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (34%), \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e (29%) and lastly \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (27%) (fig 6 below). Statistically significant (P \u0026lt; 0.05) variation in substrate carbon content signifies inherent biological. High carbon content of \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e at 43%, suggests a notably greater carbon fixation capacity. On the other hand, mixed substrate and \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e exhibit fair carbon contents of 34%. Mixed substrate resulting in an intermediate carbon content indicative of fused biomass traits. Relatively lower carbon contents in \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e (29%) and \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (27%). \u0026nbsp;Nitrate nitrogen content was significantly different among substrates (P\u0026lt;0.05) with the highest nitrate content being in \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e 196.96mg/L, mixed substrate 175mg/L, \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e170.67mg/L, \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e 168.94mg/L, and lastly \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e 164.14mg/L as shown on\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003efig 6 below.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.3 Lignin estimation in substrate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConsidering the chemical structure and multiple functional groups, lignin content was estimation by FTIR-ATR spectroscopy considering 5 five peaks; around 1000nm and 1200nm ether group, around 1600nm aromatic C=C group, around 2900nm methoxyl group, and around 3400nm hydroxyl group. All the five peaks proved \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e to be more lignified, followed by \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e straw, \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e and lastly \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e trimmings as shown by the FTIR spectra in fig 8 below. Substrate lignin content was significantly different among substrates. The most lignified substrate is \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (34.78%), followed by \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (30.8%), mixed substrate (27.08%), \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e (24.43%), and \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (21.15%) (fig 7, 8 below).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4 Mushroom production and its analysis\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.1 Mycelium colonization time\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMycelium colonization time was significantly different among substrates (P˂0.05) (table 3) shortest on \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e (frangipani) leaves (21 days), followed by \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (wheat) straw (21.3 days), mixed substrate (22.3days), \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (golden dewdrop) (23 days) and lastly \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (lawn) trimmings (32.3days).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 3. Mycelium growth time factors (value indicate the average of triplicate samples with standard deviation)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSpawning rate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eColonization time (days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrimordial initiation time \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal crop duration (days)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo of flashes\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.3 \u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.33 \u0026plusmn; 3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.33 \u0026plusmn; 2.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuranta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0 \u0026plusmn; 0.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8 \u0026plusmn; 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.67 \u0026plusmn; 2.52\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlumeria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.0 \u0026plusmn; 1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12 \u0026plusmn; 2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.67 \u0026plusmn; 1.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.33 \u0026plusmn; 0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.66 \u0026plusmn; 0.58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e57.33 \u0026plusmn; 3.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eZoysia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.33 \u0026plusmn; 8.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026plusmn;1.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.0 \u0026plusmn; 3.0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc197571853\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e3.4.2 Pleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Productivity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;and Biological Efficiency\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThree basidiocarp flashes were harvested from each substrate sample and the yields were as presented in table 5 below. \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e productivity revealed distinct yield patterns across substrates and flushes. The mixed substrate consistently outperformed other substrates, achieving the highest total yield of 150g and a biological efficiency (BE) of 75%. \u0026nbsp; Yield peaked in the first flush, gradually declining through the second and third, reflecting typical nutrient depletion dynamics, thereby concurring with the trending patterns in literature. \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003efollowed, with a total yield of 135.34g and biological efficiency of 67.67%, showing a similar decreasing trend but maintaining relatively higher productivity in the second flush compared to others. \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e exhibited moderate yield (116 g) and biological efficiency (58.33%), with improved performance in later flushes, unlike \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e, which recorded lower yields and efficiencies overall.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBiological efficiency varied significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) across substrates. The mixed substrate exhibited the highest biological efficiency at 75%, indicating a higher propensity of synergistic interactions among substrate intrinsic factors (Latif et al., 2023) which likely optimizes nutrient availability thereby promoting mycelium hyphae growth and mushroom fruiting (Karpagavalli et al., 2024). Among single species-based substrates, \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e demonstrated superior performance with a biological efficiency of 67.67%, surpassing \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e which recorded 58.33%. This suggests that, \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u0026rsquo;s\u003c/em\u003e chemical composition, lignin content and physical structure is more supportive to \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e mycelium hyphae growth and basidiocarp fruiting. Conversely, \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e straw and \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e trimmings showed lower biological efficiencies at 45.67% and 39%, respectively. These reduced values could be attributed to less favourable substrate intrinsic parameter (nutrient content and textural properties) that limit mycelial hyphae apical cells penetration (during growth) and nutrient absorption. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOverall, these results highlight the critical role substrate choice plays in maximizing \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e productivity. Utilizing mixed substrates can significantly enhance \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e\u0026rsquo;s biological efficiency and yield, making it advantageous for commercial cultivation to optimize production, viability and profitability. Duranta erecta or a combination of other woody substrates are recommended for higher productivity. Further research on substrate combinations is warranted, while using lignocellulosic urban green waste supports sustainable, environmentally friendly mushroom farming.\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003eThere was a positive correlation (r=0.617) between lignin content and biological efficiency (fig 9). Based on the aforementioned yields and biological efficiency (table 4) of \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eon different urban green waste-based substrates.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThere was a statistically significant variation (P\u0026lt;0.05) in nitrate nitrogen content among substrates, indicating a clear gradient in nutrient availability. There is no correlation (r=0.3) between nitrate concentration and biological efficiency. \u0026nbsp;A strong positive corelation (r=0.72) between substrate nitrates concentration and mushroom protein content found (fig 10 below).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 4 Mycelium yield and biological efficiency of Pleurotus florida (value indicate the average of triplicate samples with standard deviation)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstrate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"5\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 513px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYield\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFirst flash yield (grams)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSecond flash yield (grams)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThird flash yield (grams)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal yield per sample (grams)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBiological efficiency %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54\u0026plusmn;8.08g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.1\u0026plusmn;6.16g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.32\u0026plusmn;12.62g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e135.34\u0026plusmn;17.75g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.67\u0026plusmn;8.9%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtuse\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.68\u0026plusmn;7.06g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e37.13\u0026plusmn;3.48g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46.2\u0026plusmn;3.06g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e116\u0026plusmn;5.86g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.33\u0026plusmn;2.91%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.34\u0026plusmn;0.68g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u0026plusmn;3.22g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.64\u0026plusmn;2.9g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91\u0026plusmn;0.58g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.67\u0026plusmn;0.3%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026plusmn;3.79g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25\u0026plusmn;4.93g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28\u0026plusmn;10.15g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u0026plusmn;13.11g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39\u0026plusmn;6.56%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 88px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed substrate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.59\u0026plusmn;14.53g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 95px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e42.1\u0026plusmn;4.04g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 103px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.32\u0026plusmn;19.01g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u0026plusmn;7.02g\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75\u0026plusmn;3.51%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.4.3 Nutritional composition of \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e mushroom cultured on different substrates\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eProtein and carbohydrate content significantly varied among substrates (P\u0026lt;0.05). There was no significant variation (P\u0026gt;0.05) in lipid content in mushroom from different substrates (table 5, 6).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 5 Pleurotus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;florida nutritional content (value indicate the average of triplicate samples with standard deviation)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"609\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSubstate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProtein content %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCarbohydrates content %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLipids content %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAsh content %\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMetabolizable energy (Kcal/100g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.37\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.20\u0026plusmn;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.103\u0026plusmn;2.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e105.3605\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuranta\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.93\u0026plusmn;1.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.77\u0026plusmn;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.53\u0026plusmn;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.02513\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlumeria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.34\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.40\u0026plusmn;0.72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.15\u0026plusmn;1.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e88.87462\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.01\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.17\u0026plusmn;1.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.96\u0026plusmn;0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e128.0597\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 81px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eZoysia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.14\u0026plusmn;1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 118px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.44\u0026plusmn;1.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 101px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.35\u0026plusmn;1.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 96px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 111px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e109.3496\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTable 6. Mineral content of Pleurotus florida mushroom from different substrates \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"604\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMineral element\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMixed substrate (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtuse (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePotassium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.742\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.785\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.588\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.669\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.128\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhosphate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.013\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.996\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.125\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCalcium\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.103\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.923\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.234\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.516\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSulphur\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.445\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.999\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.503\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.368\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eIron\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.592\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.774\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.416\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.921\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZinc\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.376\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.361\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.405\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.532\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCopper\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.258\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.152\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.192\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.312\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 113px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eManganese\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 104px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.111\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 94px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.113\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 85px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.131\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 106px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.179\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 102px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp id=\"_Toc197571856\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e3.5 Delignification of Lignocellulosic waste by Mushroom\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eDuranta\u003c/em\u003e \u003cem\u003eerecta\u003c/em\u003e substrate spectra flaunted a noticeable decrease peak height around 1000nm, 1200nm, 1600nm and 3300nm, after mushroom cultivation (fig 11). Suggesting a considerable delignification i.e degradation of ether (C-O-C), aromatic (C=C), hydroxyl (OH) functional groups respectively. A small variation on the same functional groups was observed before and after cultivation as shown in \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e see fig 12 below. Accurately assessing delignification in \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e proved to be an exceptionally challenging endeavour due to the complexity and indistinct nature of the spectral data obtained (fig 13, 14). The spectral profiles were convoluted and lacked clarity, rendering precise analysis unattainable by conventional methods. Consequently, the irregular and ambiguous spectral signals impeded reliable quantification and understanding of the lignin degradation processes. Therefore, overcoming the spectral complications remains essential for advancing the study of delignification mechanisms in \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e. \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e induced substrate delignification, and the findings were as shown in fig 15 below. Substrate delignification was significantly different among substrates (P\u0026lt;0.05). Highest delignification was witnessed on mixed substrate (36%), followed by \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (18%), \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (13%), \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (11%) and lastly \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e 4%. As shown on the graph above, this research found a decrease in substrate carbon content across all substrate with the highest decrease in carbon content being in \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e followed by \u003cem\u003eDuranta\u003c/em\u003e, mixed, \u003cem\u003eTriticum\u003c/em\u003e and lastly \u003cem\u003ePlumeria\u003c/em\u003e. There was a moderate positive correlation between substrate % carbon loss and % delignification (r = 0.59) (fig16) below.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4. Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDuring elemental analysis of selected substrates, Calcium (Ca) is markedly high in Plumeria and Mixed substrates, essential for basidiomycetes cell wall stability [27]. Potassium (K) and Sulfur (S) are prevalent among the five experimental substrates, supporting metabolic functions [28]. Phosphorus (P) levels remain moderate, contributing to energy transfer within mushrooms. Zoysia shows elevated Iron (Fe), which can enhance enzymatic activity but requires monitoring due to potential oxidative effects. Silicon (Si) varies significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) among substrates, its presence improves substrate structure and water retention. Negligible concentrations of trace elements (Manganese (Mn), Copper (Cu), and Zinc (Zn)) were detected. These were within safe limits, supporting mushroom growth without toxicity concerns. Low levels of toxic heavy metals like Lead (Pb), Chromium (Cr), and Nickel (Ni) minimize mushroom contamination risks, guaranteeing environmental and consumer safety. Enriching components such as Calcium, Potassium, and Sulphur enhance mushroom nutrition and substrate stability. Conclusively, the XRF spectroscopy findings confirm that the five experimental substrates provide a balanced elemental chemical profile conducive to healthy mushroom growth and pose minimal toxicity concerns.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistically significant (P \u0026lt; 0.05) variation in substrate carbon content signifies inherent biological or physiological distinctions among the biomass source species [29]. High carbon content of \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e at 43%, suggests a notably greater carbon fixation capacity, as compared to the other substrates studied. Such a high carbon content echoes structural tissue complexity with higher lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. On the other hand, mixed substrate and \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e exhibit fair carbon contents of 34%. For \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (wheat), this aligns with its known biomass composition [30], balancing carbon allocation between structural carbohydrates and metabolic compounds. The higher nitrate content of \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e renders it a more nitrogen-rich environment conducive to fungal metabolism and growth, which is critical for mushroom mycelial development and fruiting body formation. However, if nitrates content exceeds the optimum level it inhibits basidiocarp formation and reduces the yield [31]. Relatively lower nitrate nitrogen in \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003etrimmings, \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003estraw, and \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eleaves based substrates suggests limited nitrogen availability, but not necessarily below the optimum range for production of \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e. These nitrate content variations potentially affect mushroom yield and quality due to suboptimal nutrient supply [32].\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLignin is a three-dimensional amorphous, branched complex organic polymer of phenyl-propane units heterogeneously bonded by several inter-linkage components [33]. Lignin content comparison at one wavelength impossible when using FTIR [34]. Substrate lignin content has been proved as paramount parameter, transcending other factors regulating mycelium colonization rate [35]. There was a moderate negative correlation (r = -0.534) between mycelium colonization time and lignin content, which proves mycelium colonization rate to be higher on more lignified substrates. This resonates well with the findings from [36]. \u0026nbsp;Densely lignified substrates were proved to promote two-dimensional (surface) mycelium growth in \u003cem\u003eGanoderma lucidum [56]\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(Yang et al., 2024) and \u003cem\u003eTrametes versicolor [37]\u003c/em\u003e, whereas less lignified substrate allows easy three-dimensional spreading of the mycelium [36].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHigher substrate lignin content induced faster pace of two-dimensional mycelium growth enhances three-dimensional mycelium colonization rate as well, as mycelial hyphae will penetrate the substrate from a larger surface area. Mycelium colonization rate is hinged on substrate nutrient availability and accessibility, hyphae extension, and branching at the substrate tips [38], all of which are depended on lignin content and complexity. As proven by \u0026nbsp;[39] increasing lignin content increases rate of mycelium growth up until a certain optimum level is reached. In ligninolytic fungal species, higher substrate lignin content stimulates the secretion of lignin-degrading auxiliary enzymes and lignin-modifying enzymes [40]. \u0026nbsp; Subsequently, these ligninolytic enzymes catalyse saprophytic nutrition, promotes mycelium growth [41] and basidiocarp production [40]. This research found that the higher the lignin content the higher the rate of mycelium colonisation. But it was limited to a comparison of the rate of mycelium colonization among substrates of various lignin content without a closer look on the optimum lignin content which gives the best results. Therefore, further studies to detect the optimum lignin content for shortening mycelium colonization time for \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e mushroom is crucial, for closing the knowledge gap.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Supremes of mixed substrate echoes earlier research findings which backs the notion of optimal conditions proffered by mixtures [42]. These patterns demonstrate that substrate composition profoundly determines not only total production but also yield distribution across flushes. When conjugating the findings of this study with literature proves that, different substrates provide varying nutrient profiles [43] and physical conditions [44], impacting mycelium growth and fruiting [45]. Overall, the data reinforce lignin’s critical role but also highlight the complexity of optimizing biological efficiency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFungal enzyme (lignin peroxidase) oxidizes both phenolic and non-phenolic aromatic nuclei by electron displacement, which bares phenoxy radicals and cation-radicals [46]. Cation-radicals then spontaneously react with water, other nucleophiles and molecular oxygen [47]. The resultant enzymatic combustion cleaves C-C and C-O linkages, depolymerize and opens aromatic rings, from which a numerous aromatic and aliphatic products are formed. Vanillin, syringaldehyde, and guaiacol are part of the aromatic products of fungal lignin degradation [48]. Resultantly, some of the functional groups present in lignin remains even after delignification. Therefore, slight variations were observed in FTIR-ATR spectroscopy spectra. Therefore, most studies on lignin content and biomass delignification authenticate FTIR-ATR spectroscopy data by information from other analysis techniques such SEM EDX.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA positive correlation between delignification and biological efficiency (r = 0.647) as shown on the graph below. Which resonates well with other scholars, who found strong positive correlation between delignification and biological efficiency \u003cem\u003ePleurotus\u003c/em\u003e on wheat straw [49] on oil palm empty fruit bunch [50] and \u003cem\u003eHypsizygus ulmarius\u003c/em\u003e mushroom cultivated on bean straw, corn silage and wheat straw [51]. The higher the biological efficiency the higher the delignification of substrate. Substrate carbon loss occurs through methene production and saprophytic foraging of \u003cem\u003ePleurotus florida\u003c/em\u003e mycelium [52].\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\n"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study concludes and confirms that mushroom cultivation serves as a lucrative and effective biotechnological approach for lignocellulosic urban green waste biodegradation, carbon cycling, and enhancing food and nutrition security. The integration of mycology with urban green waste management turns service delivery into a profitable entrepreneurship and presents a promising avenue for sustainable food production, smart cities, circular economy initiatives. Further research is needed to identify the optimal lignin concentration in substrates that maximizes mycelium colonization rate and mushroom yield. Controlled studies varying lignin levels could clarify the threshold beyond which lignin benefits plateau or decline. Given the superior performance of mixed green waste substrates in yield and biological efficiency, scaling up their use in commercial and community-level mushroom farming is advised. This approach could amplify economic returns while promoting effective biodegradation of diverse waste streams. Embedding mushroom cultivation into urban green waste management infrastructures can reduce urban green waste repletion and urban vermination. It also reduces landfill volumes, accelerate lignocellulosic urban green waste recycling, and generate nutritious food, contributing to urban sustainability goals, Smart city mission. Broadening the scope of urban green waste to include varied lignocellulosic biomasses beyond those species studied here could identify new substrates suitable for different species of edible mushroom species, thereby supporting food and nutrition security across both urban peri-urban and rural contexts.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgement\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are thankful to National Forensic Science University for the laboratory and instrumental facility. \u0026nbsp;The authors wish to thank Kranti Mushroom Farm, Gandhinagar, Gujarat for his essential support throughout the research process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e All authors contributed to the research conception and design. Material preparation, data collection, analysis, and result interpretation were performed by Nomore Rukara, and Shalini Gupta. The manuscript was written by Nomore Rukara and correction, finalization of manuscript was done by Shalini Gupta. Both the authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics Approval\u003c/strong\u003e No ethical approval required.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e Not applicable.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e No funding is available.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatsuo, T., Poorter, L., van der Sande, M. T., Mohammed Abdul, S., Koyiba, D. W., Opoku, J., de Wit, B., Kuzee, T., \u0026amp; Amissah, L. (2025). Drivers of biomass stocks and productivity of tropical secondary forests. \u003cem\u003eEcology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e106\u003c/em\u003e(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4488\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhosravi Mashizi, A., Sharafatmandrad, M., \u0026amp; Alizadeh, R. (2024). Exploring plant diversity and aesthetic service of mountain and plain landscapes in semiarid ecosystems. \u003cem\u003eJournal for Nature Conservation\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e82\u003c/em\u003e, 126740. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JNC.2024.126740\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSangkachai, N., Gummow, B., Hayakijkosol, O., Suwanpakdee, S., \u0026amp; Wiratsudakul, A. (2024). A review of risk factors at the human-animal-environmental interface of garbage dumps that are driving current and emerging zoonotic diseases. \u003cem\u003eOne Health\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e19\u003c/em\u003e, 100915. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ONEHLT.2024.100915 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMphasa, M., Ormsby, M. J., Mwapasa, T., Nambala, P., Chidziwisano, K., Morse, T., Feasey, N., \u0026amp; Quilliam, R. S. (2025). Urban waste piles are reservoirs for human pathogenic bacteria with high levels of multidrug resistance against last resort antibiotics: A comprehensive temporal and geographic field analysis. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Hazardous Materials\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e484\u003c/em\u003e, 136639. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JHAZMAT.2024.136639 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOthman, N. M. I., Shamsuddin, A. S., Abu Sari, N., Sapak, Z., Mustaffha, S., Syed Ismail, S. N., \u0026amp; Saili, A. R. (2024). Types and factors of waste accumulation. \u003cem\u003eAdvances in Energy from Waste\u003c/em\u003e, 43\u0026ndash;80. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13847-8.00002-6\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eThanvisitthpon, N., Kallawicha, K., \u0026amp; Chao, H. J. (2024). Effects of urbanization and industrialization on air quality. \u003cem\u003eHealth and Environmental Effects of Ambient Air Pollution: Volume 1: Air Pollution, Human Health, and the Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e, 231\u0026ndash;255. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-16088-2.00003-X \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGutberlet, J., \u0026amp; Bramryd, T. (2025). Reimagining urban waste management: Addressing social, climate, and resource challenges in modern cities. \u003cem\u003eCities\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e156\u003c/em\u003e, 105553. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CITIES.2024.105553\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrakash, J., Choudhary, S., Raliya, R., Chadha, T. S., Fang, J., \u0026amp; Biswas, P. (2021). Real-time source apportionment of fine particle inorganic and organic constituents at an urban site in Delhi city: An IoT-based approach. \u003cem\u003eAtmospheric Pollution Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e12\u003c/em\u003e(11), 101206. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.APR.2021.101206 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSawyer, W.E., Sylva, L., Aigberua, A.O., Akram, M. (2024). Call to Action for a Sustainable Air Pollution-Free World. In: Ogwu, M.C., Izah, S.C. (eds) Sustainable Strategies for Air Pollution Mitigation. The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry, vol 133. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/698_2024_1123 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMohankumar, T. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e (2024). Source and Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Ambient Air and Its Human Health Implications. In: Gautam, S., Kumar, R.P., Samuel, C. (eds) Aerosol Optical Depth and Precipitation. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-55836-8_5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePriya, K., Rani, J., \u0026amp; Gwal, S. (2025). Transforming agricultural residues to value-added products: waste to wealth. \u003cem\u003eSustainable Management of Agro-Food Waste: Fundamental Aspects and Practical Applications\u003c/em\u003e, 69\u0026ndash;85. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-23679-2.00006-9\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoul, B., Yakoob, M., \u0026amp; Shah, M. P. (2022). Agricultural waste management strategies for environmental sustainability. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e206\u003c/em\u003e, 112285. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2021.112285\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eShinde, R., Shahi, D. K., Mahapatra, P., Naik, S. K., Thombare, N., \u0026amp; Singh, A. K. (2022). Potential of lignocellulose degrading microorganisms for agricultural residue decomposition in soil: A review. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e320\u003c/em\u003e, 115843. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2022.115843 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGrimm, D., \u0026amp; W\u0026ouml;sten, H. A. B. (2018). Mushroom cultivation in the circular economy. In \u003cem\u003eApplied Microbiology and Biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 102, Issue 18). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-9226-8 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHajam, Y. A., Kumar, R., \u0026amp; Kumar, A. (2023). Environmental waste management strategies and vermi transformation for sustainable development. \u003cem\u003eEnvironmental Challenges\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e13\u003c/em\u003e, 100747. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVC.2023.100747 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eP\u0026eacute;rez-Ch\u0026aacute;vez, A. M., Mayer, L., \u0026amp; Albert\u0026oacute;, E. (2019). Mushroom cultivation and biogas production: A sustainable reuse of organic resources. \u003cem\u003eEnergy for Sustainable Development\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e50\u003c/em\u003e, 50\u0026ndash;60. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ESD.2019.03.002 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eViriato, V., Carvalho, S. A. D. de, Santoro, B. de L., \u0026amp; Bonfim, F. P. G. (2024). A Business Model for Circular Bioeconomy: Edible Mushroom Production and Its Alignment with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). \u003cem\u003eRecycling\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/recycling9040068\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePawar, J., \u0026amp; Kakde, U. (2021). \u003cem\u003eInternational Journal of Botany Studies www.botanyjournals.com Mushroom cultivation on agricultural wastes for environmental sustainability and food security\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2016.505.0\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNosheen, S., Ajmal, I., \u0026amp; Song, Y. (2021). Microbes as biofertilizers, a potential approach for sustainable crop production. In \u003cem\u003eSustainability (Switzerland)\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 13, Issue 4, pp. 1\u0026ndash;20). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041868 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[20] Liu, L., \u0026amp; Zhao, S. (2025). Local government debt, financing constraints and firms\u0026rsquo; green total factor productivity. \u003cem\u003eInternational Review of Financial Analysis\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e97\u003c/em\u003e, 103874. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.IRFA.2024.103874 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhou, M., Jiang, K., \u0026amp; Chen, Z. (2023). The side effects of local government debt: Evidence from urban investment bonds and corporate pollution in China. \u003cem\u003eJournal of Environmental Management\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e344\u003c/em\u003e, 118739. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JENVMAN.2023.118739\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eChen, F., Grimm, A., Eilertsen, L., Mart\u0026iacute;n, C., Arshadi, M., \u0026amp; Xiong, S. (2021). Integrated production of edible mushroom (Auricularia auricular-judae), fermentable sugar and solid biofuel. \u003cem\u003eRenewable Energy\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e170\u003c/em\u003e, 172\u0026ndash;180. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RENENE.2021.01.124\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBajpai, P. (2018). Pulp Bleaching. \u003cem\u003eBiermann\u0026rsquo;s Handbook of Pulp and Paper\u003c/em\u003e, 465\u0026ndash;491. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-814240-0.00019-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHodge, J.E. and Hofreiter, B.T. (1962) Determination of reducing sugars and carbohydrates. In: Whistler, R.L. and Wolfrom, M.L., Eds., Methods in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Academic Press, New York, 380-394.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar Maurya, A., \u0026amp; John, V. (2022). \u003cem\u003eNutritional Estimation of Edible Mushroom (Pleurotus sp.)\u003c/em\u003e. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/366175799\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRaghuramulu, N., Madhuvan, N.K. and Kalyanasundharam, S. (2003) A Manual of Laboratory Techniques. National Institute of Nutrition KMR, Hyderabad, 319-320\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFreitas, V. V., Borges, L. L. R., Vidigal, M. C. T. R., dos Santos, M. H., \u0026amp; Stringheta, P. C. (2024). Coffee: A comprehensive overview of origin, market, and the quality process. \u003cem\u003eTrends in Food Science \u0026amp; Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e146\u003c/em\u003e, 104411. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TIFS.2024.104411\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSangeeta, Sharma, D., Ramniwas, S., Mugabi, R., Uddin, J., \u0026amp; Nayik, G. A. (2024). Revolutionizing Mushroom processing: Innovative techniques and technologies. \u003cem\u003eFood Chemistry: X\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e23\u003c/em\u003e, 101774. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOCHX.2024.101774\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e[29] Hu, C., Sun, B., Liu, M., Yu, J., Zhou, X., Chen, L. (2022) Fecal transplantation from young zebrafish donors efficiently ameliorates the lipid metabolism disorder of aged recipients exposed to perfluoro butane sulfonate. The Science of the total environment. 823:153758. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAzizi, Se., Dalli, M., Idrissi Yahyaoui, M. \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e Unraveling the phytochemical complexity and antimicrobial potency of introduced versus native \u003cem\u003eArgania spinosa\u003c/em\u003e trees in Eastern Morocco. \u003cem\u003eChem. Pap.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e78\u003c/strong\u003e, 9223\u0026ndash;9234 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11696-024-03739-1 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSiti Maryam Salamah Ab Rhaman, Laila Naher; Evaluating carbon, nitrogen and heavy metal content in different agriculture biomass for mushroom substrate. \u003cem\u003eAIP Conf. Proc.\u003c/em\u003e 9 June 2022; 2454 (1): 020023. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0078403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eHan J, Feng J, Kang J, Chen JM, Du XY, Ding SY, Liang L, Wang W. Fast growth of single-crystal covalent organic frameworks for laboratory x-ray diffraction. Science. 2024 Mar;383(6686):1014-1019. doi: 10.1126/science.adk8680. Epub 2024 Feb 29. Erratum in: Science. 2024 Apr 5;384(6691):eadp4377. doi: 10.1126/science.adp4377. PMID: 38422145.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNabipour, H., \u0026amp; Hu, Y. (2022). Introduction to flame retardants for polymeric materials. \u003cem\u003eBio-Based Flame-Retardant Technology for Polymeric Materials\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;27. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-90771-2.00018-3\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, L., Larsson, A., Moldin, A., \u0026amp; Edlund, U. (2022). Comparison of lignin distribution, structure, and morphology in wheat straw and wood. \u003cem\u003eIndustrial Crops and Products\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e187\u003c/em\u003e, 115432. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.INDCROP.2022.115432 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSuwannarach, N., Kumla, J., Zhao, Y., \u0026amp; Kakumyan, P. (2022). Impact of Cultivation Substrate and Microbial Community on Improving Mushroom Productivity: A Review. In \u003cem\u003eBiology\u003c/em\u003e (Vol. 11, Issue 4). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology11040569 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eYang, J., Cen, C., Wang, Z., \u0026amp; Jian, M. (2024). Impacts of spatiotemporal urban expansion on the species richness and functional traits of adults and sapling woody trees and shrubs of urban remnant forest patches. \u003cem\u003eEcological Indicators\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e166\u003c/em\u003e, 112498. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ECOLIND.2024.112498 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDesisa, B., Muleta, D., Jida, M., Dejene, T., Goshu, A., Negi, T., \u0026amp; Martin-Pinto, P. (2024). Improvement of nutritional composition of shiitake mushroom (Lentinula edodes) using formulated substrates of plant and animal origins. \u003cem\u003eFuture Foods\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e, 100302. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUFO.2024.100302 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNapitupulu, T. P. (2025). Agricultural relevance of fungal mycelial growth-promoting bacteria: Mutual interaction and application. \u003cem\u003eMicrobiological Research\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e290\u003c/em\u003e, 127978. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MICRES.2024.127978 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWu, Y., Li, D., Hu, Y., Li, H., Ramstein, G. P., Zhou, S., Zhang, X., Bao, Z., Zhang, Y., Song, B., Zhou, Y., Zhou, Y., Gagnon, E., S\u0026auml;rkinen, T., Knapp, S., Zhang, C., St\u0026auml;dler, T., Buckler, E. S., \u0026amp; Huang, S. (2023). Phylogenomic discovery of deleterious mutations facilitates hybrid potato breeding. \u003cem\u003eCell\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e186\u003c/em\u003e(11), 2313-2328.e15. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CELL.2023.04.008 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKnežević, A., Milovanović, I., Stajić, M., Lončar, N., Brčeski, I., Vukojević, J., \u0026amp; Ćilerdžić, J. (2013). Lignin degradation by selected fungal species. \u003cem\u003eBioresource Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e138\u003c/em\u003e, 117\u0026ndash;123. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2013.03.182\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eElsacker, E., Vandelook, S., Van Wylick, A., Ruytinx, J., De Laet, L., \u0026amp; Peeters, E. (2020). A comprehensive framework for the production of mycelium-based lignocellulosic composites. \u003cem\u003eScience of The Total Environment\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e725\u003c/em\u003e, 138431. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCITOTENV.2020.13843 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLatif, N., Rafeeq, R., Safdar, N., Younas, K., Gardezi, M. A., \u0026amp; Ahmad, S. (2023). Unraveling the Nexus: The impact of economic globalization on the environment in Asian economies. \u003cem\u003eResearch in Globalization\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e7\u003c/em\u003e, 100169. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESGLO.2023.100169\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKoutrotsios, G., Tagkouli, D., Bekiaris, G., Kaliora, A., Tsiaka, T., Tsiantas, K., Chatzipavlidis, I., Zoumpoulakis, P., Kalogeropoulos, N., \u0026amp; Zervakis, G. I. (2022). Enhancing the nutritional and functional properties of Pleurotus citrinopileatus mushrooms through the exploitation of winery and olive mill wastes. \u003cem\u003eFood Chemistry\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e370\u003c/em\u003e, 131022. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FOODCHEM.2021.131022 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKarpagavalli, S., Manisha, R., Mageshwari, S., \u0026amp; Sowbharnika, M. (2024). Influence of growth substrates on bioactive compounds and yield of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus florida). \u003cem\u003eScientia Horticulturae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e329\u003c/em\u003e, 112959. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2024.112959 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKumar, V., Chhetri, A. Evaluation of five different species of \u003cem\u003ePleurotus\u003c/em\u003e for their yield potential and growth parameters under Tripura\u0026rsquo;s conditions of North East India. \u003cem\u003eIndian Phytopathology\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e77\u003c/strong\u003e, 1103\u0026ndash;1107 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42360-024-00802-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEsakkimuthu, E. S., Ponnuchamy, V., Mikuljan, M., Schwarzkopf, M., \u0026amp; DeVallance, D. (2024). Fungal enzyme degradation of lignin-PLA composites: Insights from experiments and molecular docking simulations. \u003cem\u003eHeliyon\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e(1), e23838. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HELIYON.2023.E23838 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGupta, A., Tiwari, A., Ghosh, P., Arora, K., \u0026amp; Sharma, S. (2023). Enhanced lignin degradation of paddy straw and pine needle biomass by combinatorial approach of chemical treatment and fungal enzymes for pulp making. \u003cem\u003eBioresource Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e368\u003c/em\u003e, 128314. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.BIORTECH.2022.128314\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLuo, J., Molbay, M., Chen, Y., Horvath, I., Kadletz, K., Kick, B., Zhao, S., Al-Maskari, R., Singh, I., Ali, M., Bhatia, H. S., Minde, D. P., Negwer, M., Hoeher, L., Calandra, G. M., Groschup, B., Su, J., Kimna, C., Rong, Z., \u0026hellip; Erturk, A. (2025). Nanocarrier imaging at single-cell resolution across entire mouse bodies with deep learning. \u003cem\u003eNature Biotechnology\u003c/em\u003e. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41587-024-02528-1 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNiu, D., Zuo, S., Ren, J., Li, C., Zheng, M., Jiang, D., \u0026amp; Xu, C. (2020). Effect of wheat straw types on biological delignification and in vitro rumen degradability of wheat straws during treatment with Irpex lacteus. \u003cem\u003eAnimal Feed Science and Technology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e267\u003c/em\u003e, 114558. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ANIFEEDSCI.2020.114558\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDimawarnita, F., Perwitasari, U., Marsudi, S., Faramitha, Y., \u0026amp; Suharyanto. (2022). The Utilization of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Growth of Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) and Biodelignification Process During Planting Cycle. \u003cem\u003eAgrivita\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e44\u003c/em\u003e(1), 165\u0026ndash;177. https://doi.org/10.17503/agrivita.v44i1.2311\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u0026Ouml;zt\u0026uuml;rk, C., \u0026amp; Atila, F. (2021). Changes in lignocellulosic fractions of growing substrates during the cultivation of Hypsizygus ulmarius mushroom and its effects on mushroom productivity. \u003cem\u003eScientia Horticulturae\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e288\u003c/em\u003e, 110403. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.SCIENTA.2021.110403\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRahman, T., Nehar, L., Prodhan, Y., Shahed, S., Hasib, S. Al, Rahman, M. S., \u0026amp; Tuly, S. S. (2025). Enhancing solar still performance using external condensers and floating fins: A comparative study. \u003cem\u003eCleaner Chemical Engineering\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e11\u003c/em\u003e, 100167. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.CLCE.2025.100167 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e "}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"P. florida, Mycology, Urban Zone, Green Waste, Delignification","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6673748/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6673748/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003ePresent research work embraces mycology expertise for lignocellulosic green waste valorisation and management. Meticulous experimental cultivation of\u003cem\u003e Pleurotus florida \u003c/em\u003especies mushroom on five soaked and autoclaved, axenic lignocellulosic urban green waste substrates, was conducted in triplicates. The research findings indicate substantial variability in substrate characteristics, specifically carbon, nitrate, and lignin contents, that exert control over mushroom growth dynamics yields and nutritional outcomes. Substrate carbon content was maximum in \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (43±0.11%) followed by mixed substrate (35±0.12%), \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (34±0.12%), \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (28±0.15%) and lastly \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e (28±0.38%). Nitrate content was at peak in \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e(196.96±1.48mg/L) followed by Mixed substrate (175.06±1.21mg/L), \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (170.67±1.13mg/L), \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (168.94±0.97mg/L), and lastly Plumeria obtusa (164.14±1.23mg/L). The most lignified substrate was \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (34.78±0.23%), followed by \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (30.8±0.2%), mixed substrate (27.08±0.93%), Plumeria obtusa (24.43±0.28%) and lastly \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (21.15±0.2%). Biological efficiency varied significantly (P\u0026lt;0.05) across substrates, being at peak on mixed substrate (75%), followed by \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (67.67%), \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtusa\u003c/em\u003e (58.33%), \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (45.67%) and lastly \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (39%). There was a positive correlation between substrate lignin content and both mycelium colonization rate and biological efficiency. Highest delignification was witnessed on mixed substrate (36%), followed by \u003cem\u003eDuranta erecta\u003c/em\u003e (18%), \u003cem\u003eZoysia japonica\u003c/em\u003e (13%), \u003cem\u003eTriticum aestivum\u003c/em\u003e (11%) and lastly \u003cem\u003ePlumeria obtuse\u003c/em\u003e. Study concludes that mushroom cultivation serves as a viable and effective biotechnological approach for lignocellulosic urban green waste biodegradation, carbon cycling, and enhancing food and nutrition security.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Urban Green Waste Delignification by Pleurotus florida (White Oyster) Production: A Pilot Scale Study","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-10 15:53:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6673748/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ddc438d0-a2ae-4347-a5d9-85fa05ae0cfa","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 10th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-06-29T23:27:43+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-10 15:53:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6673748","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6673748","identity":"rs-6673748","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}