Variations in the light interception and associated physiological traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum grown under different Agroforestry system

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Ramah, P. Hemalatha, P. Radha, M. Tilak, P. Boominathan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3939665/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Light interception is major factor for characterizing the resource capture and use efficiency of cropping systems under intercrops. Agroforestry system is land use practices that combine agricultural crops and trees in different ways and has shown to benefits agriculture and forestry. The choice crop in agroforestry depends on light availability penetrated through trees which would alter the physiological processes inturn to yield. The experiment was conducted out with cowpea followed by fodder sorghum as intercrops under four agroforestry systems viz., Khaya senegalenesis, Melia dubia, Dalbergia sissoo and Casuarina equisetifolia and measured the light interception, gas exchange parameters and yield traits. Light interception ratio of cowpea under Dalbergia sissoo were observed maximum with 76 % and minimum of 58 % in Khaya senegalenesis @ 60 days after sowing. In case of gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of cowpea and fodder sorghum were found significantly higher under Dalbergia sissoo compared to other agroforestry systems. The yield traits for cowpea and fodder sorghum were recorded higher in open space followed by Dalbergia sissoo while lower yield was noticed in cowpea under Khaya senegalenesis and Casuarina equisetifolia in case of fodder sorghum . The yield reductions in cowpea and fodder sorghum under Dalbergia sissoo were 19 % and 31% compared to open conditions indicating the differential response of C 3 and C 4 crops towards intercepted light. Microclimatic variables mainly altered due to influence of canopy structure that was reflected in reduction in temperature especially under Khaya senegalenesis. In conclusion, cowpea was found to be better intercrop mainly under Melia dubia based on gas exchange and yield parameters. Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Exploring the nature of interactions between trees and crops is of major importance in determining approaches to improve crop management under Agroforestry system. Agroforestry system is assimilated land use practices of agricultural crops and trees in different ways and has shown multidimensional benefits in the field of agriculture and forestry related resources (Hildreth, 2008 ). The system is a concrete way of enhancing the capability and productivity of land in terms of crop, forage, soil fertility, biomass, fruits, medicinal as well environmental values and timber production (Meijer et al., 2015 ; Nair and Toth 2016 ). Agroforestry is potential option not only for improving the economic status of farming community and also for mitigating the effect of global warming. In deeply shaded understories, plant carbon gain can be improved mostly by capturing more light and efficient light harvesting is of paramount importance for plants growing in competition in dense stands under natural conditions (Valladares and Niinemets 2008 ). At ecosystem scale, positive relationships between canopy productivity and the amount of intercepted light have often been observed (Lagergren et al., 2005 ) further demonstrating that light is the major driver of productivity. The incident quantum flux density declines exponentially with increasing canopy leaf area index and there are always extensive light gradients from the top to the bottom of plant canopies. The percentage of above canopy light reaching through the tree foliage to the herb and moss layer on the forest floor is often less than 1% in tropical rainforests and less than 2–5% in moderately humid temperate deciduous forests. The crop component in agroforestry system generally performs better if it has higher shade requirements or early in agroforestry establishment as competition for light is one of the predominant yields limiting factors (Burgess et. al., 2022 ). In case of annual intercropping, combining architectural traits can aid resource capture in agroforestry systems. This is particularly the case for root systems, whereby resource use and more complete soil exploitation can be achieved through root stratification of tree and crop roots (Bayala and Prieto, 2020 ; Borden et al., 2017 ). Light is major deciding factor for the growth and yield of intercrops when nutrients and water are not limiting. In agroforestry, tree with different canopy architecture affect the light availability to the crops grown below the trees as intercrops. Light extinction through crowns of canopy trees determines light availability at lower levels within forests. The choice intercrop is based on availability of light which depends on canopy architecture of trees and compatibility in terms of nutrient uptake, rooting depth and other associated factors. It is therefore important to select the intercrop which has potential to adopt to light intensity penetrated through different canopy architecture. Intercropping with leguminous crops is promoted as a sustainable practice, enhancing agricultural productivity and providing nutritional food sources to rural communities. Cowpea was selected for this study since it is a legume that helps to improve soil fertility by fixing nitrogen biologically, high nutrient availability by reducing soil pH and consequently, the improved nutrient acquisition by the plants leading to higher yield and quality (Mousavi and Eskandari, 2011 ). In addition to leguminous crop like cowpea, optimization of the forest related resources in order to satisfy the demand of growing livestock population would be one of the sound alternatives (Barsila et al., 2013 ). Limited information is available on modality of silvipastoral system mainly in case of tree fodder integration (Devkota, 2000 ), and scientific information with respect to the physiological adaptations particularly to that for trees and associated understorey forage crops. Despite the qualitative understanding of species and life form changes in plant canopies, physiological traits limiting the acclimation to low light in shade intolerant species in forest and herb communities are still not entirely understood (Kothari and Schweiger, 2022 ). Therefore, the suitability of intercrops is depending on efficiency with which the crops alter the physiological traits to adopt different light environment including gas exchange parameters. With this back ground, the study was formulated with the objective to study influence of the of different agroforestry systems on light interception, gas exchange parameter and yield traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum grown as intercrop and to understand how light energy derived from different canopy architecture is utilised in terms of altering physiological traits under changing light intensity penetrated under different agroforestry systems. Materials and methods The experiment was carried out during July, 2019 to August, 2021 at forest college and research institute, Mettupalayam utilizing the existing nine years old four agroforestry systems viz., Khaya senegalenesis, Melia dubia, Dalbergia sissoo and Casuarina equisetifolia. As intercrops, cowpea variety CO-7 followed by fodder sorghum variety CO-31 were grown and seeds were sourced from Department of pulses and Department of forages, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore respectively and management practices were followed as per recommended practice. The experiment was carried out in RBD design with three replications for each treatment and statistically analyzed (Gomez and Gomez, 1984) Measurement of light associated traits Light integrated meter with quantum, pyrano and photometric sensors (Model LI-1500) was used to quantify the light interception of intercrops using following formula. Measurement of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance Leaf gas exchange measurements were performed using portable photosynthesis system (PPS) (Model LI-6400 of LICOR inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) equipped with a halogen lamp (6400-02B LED) positioned on the cuvette. Totally, three measurements were taken in the same leaf. Leaves were inserted in a 3 cm 2 leaf chamber and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and relative humidity were set at 1500 μmol of photons m -2 s -1 and 50-55 per cent respectively. CO 2 concentration maintained at 390 ppm by using 12g CO 2 cylinder. The measurements at specified growth stages were recorded in the fully expanded leaf of plants between 9.30 am to 11.00 am to avoid effects of photo-inhibition Measurement of Yield and yield attributing traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum At physiological maturity, plant above ground parts was picked from each replication under both control and treatments. The important components contributing to the yield were recorded at harvest for fodder sorghum and cowpea. Results and Discussion Variability in light associated traits under different agroforestry systems Agroforestry includes the incorporation of trees with livestock and/or crops in different spatial arrangements. Growing crops in the interspaces of tree rows is attractive since it permits harvesting of intermediary products which fetches short-term profitability while maintaining the planted trees and enables efficient utilization of the land. Agroforestry is the important land use system which integrates trees, crops that is scientifically sound, ecologically desirable, practically feasible and socially acceptable to farmers. The choice of crops mainly depends on light availability below the canopy of trees which in turn depends leaf area, and leaf angle or the canopy architecture. The light requirement varied with crops depends on many light responsive photochemical and biochemical reactions and processes that would reflect on the growth and yield of crops. Therefore, the studly aimed to quantify the light available to crops grown under different agroforestry system to understand whether light penetrated per se is sufficient to meet the crop requirements in terms of maintaining photosynthetic rate, growth and yield traits. We have quantified the light availability to crops using light integrated meters equipped with three sensors for measuring photosynthetically active radiation, total radiation and photometric measurements and compared with light availability under open condition. As expected, open space showed higher light associated traits viz., photosynthetically active radiation, total radiation and photometric measurements which were measured by about 1648 µmole m − 2 sec − 1 , 937 Watts m − 2 and 83838 lux respectively. A significant (p = 0.05) difference was observed between different agroforestry systems, among which Dalbergia sissoo recorded maximum photosynthetically active radiation (681 µmole m − 2 sec − 1 ), total radiation (260 watts m − 2 ) and photometric measurements (35576 lux), whereas minimum photosynthetically active radiation of 347 µmole m − 2 sec − 1 was observed in Khaya senegalenesis. In case of Casuarina equisetifolia , a minimum total radiation of 119 watts m − 2 and photometric measurements of 2317 lux were also observed. The result indicated that the availability of light including PAR was higher under Dalbergia sissoo followed by Melia dubia , which is three times less than the open condition and further this has been validated with cowpea and fodder sorghum to understand whether available light is sufficient to trigger the physiological process including photosynthesis and yield components. Measurement of gas exchange parameters and light interception of cowpea and fodder sorghum under different agroforestry systems When annual and perennial crops are grown on the same unit of land, they will influence the growth and development of each other and affects the overall performance than when these are grown as sole crops. Understanding the interactions between different components of these agroforestry practices is necessary to increase productivity, minimize the negative interactions and develop successful agroforestry practices specific to the respective agro-climatic region. Developing suitable tree-crop combinations and assessing productivity is the major field to be considered in agroforestry (Jincy et al., 2022 ). One of major interactions is the light interceptions by the crops grown under tree crops. The availability of light varied from different agroforestry system depending on leaf area index and canopy architecture and therefore, light interception by the canopy of cowpea and fodder sorghum was measured to understand how intercepted light influence the gas exchange parameters and yield components. Light interception ratio of Dalbergia sissoo were also observed maximum with 73% and 76% and minimum light interception ratio of 53% and 58% were noted in Khaya senegalenesis @ 40 and 60 DAS, respectively. In addition, it was found that cowpea and fodder sorghum grown in open intercepted higher light than crops grown as intercrop. Kermah et al., ( 2017 ) reported that sole legumes intercepted more PAR than intercrops whilst intercrops intercepted more PAR than sole maize as this was more evident after silking when maize leaves started senescing. As both the crops are not of senescing type, we could not observe differential response in our study. In case of gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of cowpea were found significantly higher under Dalbergia sissoo with 19.43 µmole CO 2 m − 2 sec − 1 and 0.09 cm 2 sec − 1 respectively compared to agroforestry systems. It is established fact that C 3 crops requires less light than C 4 crops. In this study, both the crops responded linearly with light availability for photosynthetic rate indicating that crops have not reached the light saturation and available light may be just sufficient to drive the photosynthesis. The cowpea showed 9.21% increase in photosynthetic rate under Dalbergia sissoo based agroforestry system that received higher light whereas the fodder sorghum showed 14.28% increase over the Dalbergia sissoo indicating the light requirement for the fodder sorghum has not attained the peak may be because of fact that C 4 crops require more sunlight than C 3 crops (Li et al. , 2021). Singh et al. ( 2019 ) observed that with the advancement in height and crown expansion of trees, the shading effects on the crop had increased, which in turn affected the photosynthetic efficiency of the crop resulting in lower vegetative growth and lesser grain yield as compared to the sole crop. Influence of different agroforestry systems on yield of cowpea and fodder sorghum The different agroforestry system allows varying quantity of light intensity and impact physiological and biochemical process that would alter the yield parameters. Among different agroforestry systems, yield parameters like number of pods per plant (30.10) and yield (1150 kg/ha) were recorded higher in open space followed by Dalbergia sissoo with number of pods per plant by 29.33 and 923.33 kg/ha of yield. The minimum number of pods per plant (21.90) and yield (776.67 kg/ha) were noticed in Casuarina equisetifolia while compared to other agroforestry systems. Similarly, a different agroforestry system showed significant impact on yield of fodder sorghum. The highest yield was recorded in open space were 28.5 t/ha and 124.6 t/ha and lowest yield was observed in Khaya senegalenesis (5.6 t/ha and 35.5 t/ha), during single cut and four cuts respectively. The yield reduction in cowpea and fodder sorghum under intercrop system compared to sole crop or open system is evident that ranges from 13 to 25 percent which was mainly due to light interception is more in early growing season (Gebru et al. , 2015). Similar reduction in yield was observed in cowpea which might be due to competition of crops under the tree canopy for light, water and nutrients (Ajaykumar et al. , 2021) Several studies indicate a higher water use from the tree layer compared to monocropping systems thus future provision of water or susceptibility to drought stress must be considered prior to promoting tree species diversity (Yang et al., 2021 ; Zhang et al., 2016 ). For example, conversion of forest land to silvipasture through tree thinning will be affected differently than the conversion of monoculture to multiple cropping. Coble et al. ( 2020 ) found that conversion of forest to silvopasture in north-eastern USA led to a 35% reduction in transpiration rates, which accounted for a greater overall water saving despite an increase in soil evaporation. Conclusion Identification suitable intercrop in agroforestry depends on available light under the canopy of trees grown and efficacy of intercrop to utilize the available light. In the aspect, present study has led to few findings which can be used to understand the physiological process altered due to intercepted light under agroforestry system. Cowpea and fodder sorghum showed higher light associated traits under Dalbergia sissoo system including photosynthetically active radiation, total Radiation, photometric measurements followed by Melia dubia and cowpea is the found to be suitable intercrop under different agroforestry system mainly under Dalbergia sissoo and Melia dubia as evidenced from gas exchange and yield parameters. The lowest yield in cowpea was recorded in casuarina in spite of receiving higher radiation compared to Khaya which could be attributed to allelopathic effect of casuarina species. Further studies on nutrient status and microbiome of soil due to cowpea followed by fodder sorghum would strengthen the concept and the information on available light under different agroforestry system can be used to identify the crops suitable for intercrop. Although yield reduction was observed compared to pure crop, it would be profitable avenue considering soil health and additional revenue from the intercrop. 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Light associated traits under different agroforestry system Agroforestry systems Parameters Photosynthetically Active Radiation (µmole m -2 sec -1 ) Total Radiation (Watts m -2 ) Photometric measurements (Lux) T 1 - Open space 1648±40.36 937±22.95 83838±2053.6 T 2 - Khaya senegalenesis 347±8.49 150±3.67 19705±482.6 T 3 - Melia dubia 560±13.71 220±5.38 31898±781.3 T 4 - Dalbergia sissoo 681±16.68 260±6.36 35576±871.4 T 5 - Casuarina equisetifolia 439±10.75 119±2.91 2317±56.75 Mean 735.2 337.6 38839.1 SEd 12.2 5.04 977.82 CD (P=0.05) 25.9 10.6 2072.9 Table 2: Gas exchange parameters and light interception of cowpea under different agroforestry system Agroforestry systems Light Interception ratio @ 40 DAS (%) Light Interception ratio @ 60 DAS (%) Photosynthetic rate (µ mole CO 2 m -2 sec -1 ) Stomatal conductance (cm 2 sec -1 ) T 1 - Open space 76.6±1.87 79.5±1.94 21.22±0.52 0.12±0.0029 T 2 - Khaya senegalenesis 53.2±1.30 58.8±1.44 16.56±0.40 0.05±0.0012 T 3 - Melia dubia 71.6±1.75 73.5±1.80 17.63±0.43 0.07±0.0017 T 4 - Dalbergia sissoo 73.4±1.79 76.5±1.87 19.43±0.47 0.09±0.0022 T 5 - Casuarina equisetifolia 66.2±1.62 68.5±1.67 16.03±0.39 0.05±0.0012 Mean 65.75 68.75 17.41 0.07 SEd 0.25 0.22 0.20 0.36 CD (P=0.05) 1.56 1.87 0.50 0.89 Table 3: Gas exchange parameters and light interception of fodder sorghum under different agroforestry system Agroforestry systems Light Interception ratio @ 30 DAS (%) Light Interception ratio @ 60 DAS (%) Photosynthetic rate (µ mole CO 2 m -2 sec -1 ) Stomatal conductance (cm 2 sec -1 ) T 1 - Open space 74.2±1.81 76.3±1.86 40.25±0.98 2.12±0.051 T 2 - Khaya senegalenesis 49.5±1.21 49.5±1.21 29.35±0.71 0.96±0.023 T 3 - Melia dubia 67.5±1.65 67.5±1.65 33.15±0.81 1.52±0.037 T 4 - Dalbergia sissoo 71.2±1.74 72.6±1.77 35.22±0.86 1.65±0.040 T 5 - Casuarina equisetifolia 59.2±1.45 59.4±1.45 30.45±0.74 1.11±0.027 Mean 61.50 61.50 32.04 1.31 SEd 1.22 1.22 0.42 0.22 CD (P=0.05) 2.56 2.56 0.85 0.51 Table 4: Yield and yield contributing traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum Agroforestry systems Cowpea Fodder sorghum No. of pods per plant Yield (kg/ha) Yield (t/ha) (Single cut) Yield (t/ha) (4 cuts) T 1 - Open space 30.1±0.73 1150.0±28.16 28.5±0.69 124.6±3.052 T 2 - Khaya senegalenesis 23.0±0.56 823.3±20.16 5.6±0.14 35.5±0.86 T 3 - Melia dubia 26.67±0.65 865.0±21.18 17.5±0.43 75.8±1.85 T 4 - Dalbergia sissoo 29.33±0.71 923.3±22.61 19.6±0.48 84.5±2.07 T 5 - Casuarina equisetifolia 21.9±0.54 776.6±19.02 16.2±0.39 67.7±1.66 Mean 26.20 907.67 17.48 77.62 SEd 0.23 5.22 0.86 3.84 CD (P=0.05) 0.85 11.51 1.56 7.76 Table 5. Microclimatic variables of Cowpea and fodder sorghum under different agroforestry systems S.No. Agroforestry systems Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity % Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity % Cowpea Fodder sorghum T1- Open space 34.6 76 33.1 72 T2- Khaya senegalenesis 32.8 79 31.2 73 T3- Melia dubia 33.1 78 31.6 73 T4- Dalbergia sissoo 33.3 77 31.8 72 T5- Casuarina equisetifolia 33.8 76 32.8 72 S.Ed 0.15 0.24 0.12 0.21 CD 0.11 0.31 0.23 0.41 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files 20210823093913.jpg 20210823094218.jpg Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Boominathan","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA9ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAxCRAGMwVMAlJAhqkYBoOWNApBYGmBbGNgOcKuHAnL356IaHO+zqzNnPHmAunPcnj39GAuOHHwwWebi0WPYcS7uReCZZwrInL4F55jaDYokbCcySPQwSxTgddiPH7EZiG7OEwYEcA2bebQaJDTcSGKSBLk1swK+lXsLg/BugljkGifOBtvwmQsthCSADqKXBIHHDjQQ2vLZA/NJ2XHLDjTcGh2ccM07ceOZhm2WPAW4twBA7dvNnWzW/wfkcw8cFNXKJ844nH77xo6IOpxYUcBhCMTYg4osQYCZS3SgYBaNgFIwwAABOgFhrHoQwCQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tamil Nadu Agricultural University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"P.","middleName":"","lastName":"Boominathan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-02-08 10:49:34","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3939665/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3939665/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":51078363,"identity":"fcd8db9a-02ac-4b5e-b2fd-66917a33923b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-13 18:53:04","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11256,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight interception of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVigna ungiculata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e under different agroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space; T\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis; \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia; \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3939665/v1/24451abe699e7d11a8baa5e7.png"},{"id":51078362,"identity":"e19ea183-63ba-4d0f-8bc3-e30919b36f3a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-13 18:53:03","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":11926,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight interception of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e under different agroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space; T\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis; \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia; \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3939665/v1/fdf1f388ae54d67c92b009d2.png"},{"id":51078365,"identity":"e513ea5b-799c-4a27-8e04-334729969103","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-13 18:53:04","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14844,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of light interception on Gas exchange parameters in \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVigna ungiculata\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e and \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/em\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e under different agroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space; T\u003csub\u003e2 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis; \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia; \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo \u003c/em\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5 \u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3939665/v1/00625e1b8d1a0047d297f856.png"},{"id":51442281,"identity":"63acbfde-4bd0-4347-a956-0515fd991f84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-21 17:51:15","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":686674,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3939665/v1/4d878c88-90e3-46cf-bb2d-e5f0fd9bb0b4.pdf"},{"id":51078366,"identity":"785eb04d-602c-4666-b562-0c8e0a77cd16","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-13 18:53:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1366723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20210823093913.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3939665/v1/e9f92fa41892cca6a515e980.jpg"},{"id":51078364,"identity":"41cd02e8-a856-43b4-8e23-5308dd4326a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-02-13 18:53:04","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1287147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"20210823094218.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3939665/v1/a6f7b810e0fe35a07f655250.jpg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Variations in the light interception and associated physiological traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum grown under different Agroforestry system","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eExploring the nature of interactions between trees and crops is of major importance in determining approaches to improve crop management under Agroforestry system. Agroforestry system is assimilated land use practices of agricultural crops and trees in different ways and has shown multidimensional benefits in the field of agriculture and forestry related resources (Hildreth, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). The system is a concrete way of enhancing the capability and productivity of land in terms of crop, forage, soil fertility, biomass, fruits, medicinal as well environmental values and timber production (Meijer et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Nair and Toth \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Agroforestry is potential option not only for improving the economic status of farming community and also for mitigating the effect of global warming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn deeply shaded understories, plant carbon gain can be improved mostly by capturing more light and efficient light harvesting is of paramount importance for plants growing in competition in dense stands under natural conditions (Valladares and Niinemets \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). At ecosystem scale, positive relationships between canopy productivity and the amount of intercepted light have often been observed (Lagergren et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) further demonstrating that light is the major driver of productivity. The incident quantum flux density declines exponentially with increasing canopy leaf area index and there are always extensive light gradients from the top to the bottom of plant canopies. The percentage of above canopy light reaching through the tree foliage to the herb and moss layer on the forest floor is often less than 1% in tropical rainforests and less than 2\u0026ndash;5% in moderately humid temperate deciduous forests.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe crop component in agroforestry system generally performs better if it has higher shade requirements or early in agroforestry establishment as competition for light is one of the predominant yields limiting factors (Burgess et. al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). In case of annual intercropping, combining architectural traits can aid resource capture in agroforestry systems. This is particularly the case for root systems, whereby resource use and more complete soil exploitation can be achieved through root stratification of tree and crop roots (Bayala and Prieto, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Borden et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Light is major deciding factor for the growth and yield of intercrops when nutrients and water are not limiting. In agroforestry, tree with different canopy architecture affect the light availability to the crops grown below the trees as intercrops. Light extinction through crowns of canopy trees determines light availability at lower levels within forests. The choice intercrop is based on availability of light which depends on canopy architecture of trees and compatibility in terms of nutrient uptake, rooting depth and other associated factors. It is therefore important to select the intercrop which has potential to adopt to light intensity penetrated through different canopy architecture.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntercropping with leguminous crops is promoted as a sustainable practice, enhancing agricultural productivity and providing nutritional food sources to rural communities. Cowpea was selected for this study since it is a legume that helps to improve soil fertility by fixing nitrogen biologically, high nutrient availability by reducing soil pH and consequently, the improved nutrient acquisition by the plants leading to higher yield and quality (Mousavi and Eskandari, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). In addition to leguminous crop like cowpea, optimization of the forest related resources in order to satisfy the demand of growing livestock population would be one of the sound alternatives (Barsila et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Limited information is available on modality of silvipastoral system mainly in case of tree fodder integration (Devkota, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), and scientific information with respect to the physiological adaptations particularly to that for trees and associated understorey forage crops.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDespite the qualitative understanding of species and life form changes in plant canopies, physiological traits limiting the acclimation to low light in shade intolerant species in forest and herb communities are still not entirely understood (Kothari and Schweiger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the suitability of intercrops is depending on efficiency with which the crops alter the physiological traits to adopt different light environment including gas exchange parameters. With this back ground, the study was formulated with the objective to study influence of the of different agroforestry systems on light interception, gas exchange parameter and yield traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum grown as intercrop and to understand how light energy derived from different canopy architecture is utilised in terms of altering physiological traits under changing light intensity penetrated under different agroforestry systems.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was carried out during July, 2019 to August, 2021 at forest college and research institute, Mettupalayam utilizing the existing nine years old four agroforestry systems viz., \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis, Melia dubia, Dalbergia sissoo and Casuarina equisetifolia.\u003c/em\u003e As intercrops, cowpea variety CO-7 followed by fodder sorghum variety CO-31 were grown and seeds were sourced from Department of pulses and Department of forages, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore respectively and management practices were followed as per recommended practice. The experiment was carried out in RBD design with three replications for each treatment and statistically analyzed (Gomez and Gomez, 1984)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of light associated traits\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLight integrated meter with quantum, pyrano and photometric sensors (Model LI-1500) was used to quantify the light interception of intercrops using following formula.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cimg 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0Ela0mg80OClw9A2guLmzZt7//qv/2oDYgHwXBCDdjhc+ezZoeuWYb7EiM+spcbPY2kyHBRF0pLGqI8MutGGBgYDcth4mD8xUAF1/9e//tXO3BxRj+oORrfsd8zo8NVG4lwK/DyWJsMrdJKWtDfeeKN32WWXpdH+NmzY0Pvnf/7nNOIjt/p88MEHvU8//bT3l7/8pfXbYo0XI3AyEufU1FRaf/zxxxft6JZdQON/5cqVaXnPnj02hDuAK1APPfRQeg/cdNNNvTPOOKN39NFHp1sv+TFyMOLlUuTnsTQZdugkLXk8r/LEE0+k51L49herV69OQ2fHjw5rftCg++Mf/9hbsWKFnbk54mcluHUvt2XLloE/1q2Fx3Ni/NA5t8qGdevW9davX7/k3xN+HkvjZ4dOkiRJkjrKZ+gkSZIkqaPs0EmSJElSR9mhkyRJkqSOskMnSZIkSR1lh06SJEmSOsoOnSRJkiR1lB066QjGjzwvW7Ys/TbYUsFvHPEbZ/x471L0/fffp+N26qmnprJ2AXkmv2eddVYT0i4vH7+z1k9b3MVWR7y/KDvvNaZbb7015XFYlIFtLr744iZESxm/Ucex9ngfMMpnAhbj++Xrr79O/5P43yRNgh06SeqQ5557rvfss8/2pqenm5ClhfK9+uqrQ5WvLe4rr7yyaOqIxvntt9/e27VrV2/v3r3ph7+feuqplMdh0DjduXNn2kZLH+fLe++9d9gPjh/pRvlM+Pzzzxfd+4UOKe938hQ/pC6NHT8sLklzMdNIbZYWt927d6dpIY2ah1rdEsbH90KXZVK2bduWyjfMedUWd7HU0fLly/dv2rSpWRtsptOXylSiLGvXrm3WtJTt2bPH410Y5TMBi7H+yA/5kibBK3SS5oRvHx955JFmbXF74IEHmqWFM0oeulS34/RP//RPzdJgo8Sdb1wt4Bv5Y445pgkZjKsR+/bta9Z0JDrzzDObJYXF/D6XFgM7dJJmjQ4Hzyl04TYSnqlY6NuYRslDl+pWdb/88kuzNBxut9u4cWOzJknScOzQSUcoOgy1gSPKh7cZ0IE4DOZAB4PtQLxzzjmn98knn6T1GPAhT4srFNdcc83B11hmu1Dmgfjsg7iEsZ4jPnmL9IjLlIsBBfKH51mPZyrOO++8tC2vRzp5eoH85K/1E/mizogbg7JEXaEtDzXD1G0YVGcYdBzasF0+uEAcq0gjykc5ouyUu0S++w1SwPaRLnOegWkzStw2+SAltWM1SJkH1vPt49zhOINOGutMbUjj2muvTcsRv1999atvzKWMxKuVsZSfD0xzfX+H2r7LvOfnFK+xTHzKmuc19pdPuTy89v7KDSov8s+fMl+8VlMeq1pd98N+OL5xTpRTpJfnjbqnLGyTHweWy8+KvF7i3I4pXivDw7jOgdm8z2vimERdUe95+SL/MeXHIj+X8vBBaUrzorn1UtIRhmcSVq9ene7pj+eMeH6HZxR47ofw7du3p3Ve37BhQ/UZhrbnAngOZGpqav+OHTvSOnPiEcZ+kOeBZfbBvuJ5ifIZCJ5FWrduXdqeifV83+yD1wkr88k64fkzVdPT0wf3z3Yl0svz24ZtqTPKjLa6quWhn7a6jXSGqbNhjkMN20X9kibL7Jd9RR0TVgsnL6FMp0T+qbuokygHU1l/o8SNOoq4gXOaYx7HKvJWO/41bMvEuYPIA2FlfbLvWt7a9ItPeBwHykDcOHfHWUbKwLbUdZQnP94hys2+wDzyGIgTeWR50LkK4jP1q1/2FXkijaiXKCdT1CHbsF/Cauc867wWddVmmPLmnz/khf0SxsR5y1TuP9IhfVA/xCvT7od4lI06K8sbyrxFveX7js+GWM8/H6PcYB+xbX7uEc4+CQ+kNeo5QJxh3+dtammTP/ISaXDMI79x/PMy5+d7iOMahkkzRJ1Jk+CZJR3B+CfEP5j8nzLiHw//4HOElf8k2/5JEV7+840GVzQYEHko/3nW0uWffJkn/pnmKAvblftuK2vErzV2yVOe1zZsn9cL/+TLMLTloU1b3UY6ecMCtfiElXVROw5tiEe9542TKF8ZTmOI8LLcqIVHY7asj2iQ5vkeJS5qdU2+84ZiiAZc2QArRZrR2QhteWA/tfA2/eITXtZ3Lf44ysj2pBNiP/n5VjvXYh850iNsmPd3xB2mfuNcK+skOiV5GaJOmErR0Rlk2PJGXRE/r8MoW35cogx5uVDrLLYpO2GI8hKe12XkLa+byE9skx9j5PU8qDzod1yHOQdGfZ+3IW5Zf2xbhkX95edA5KHML9i+rIdh0kStvNK4eMulpFaXXnpps3TIMM+AcRsN8Wb+gTUhB5x00klpzhDUpUsuuaRZOlx+68qKFSt69913X7rFJdx4443N0uyce+65KZ8vvfTSr26f4hbJq666qllrNzU11Vu1alWz1usdd9xxzdJkXXfddc3S4eI2ptkch5qzzz77sIEaonxl+CmnnNIsDeexxx5LdccxyJ1//vnN0iGjxG0TPxVQpkG6GHRuP/PMM72ZRvyvynnHHXek+aQHsCnrO3z22WfN0tzLSBm4zS4/h0lrpr3Qe/LJJ5uQA8eausj1O++HeX+PUr8Rp6wTPrNIg2dPP/rooxRGvu6+++4UVt72+Oc//7m3fv36Zq3dqOVds2ZN9fUPP/ywWTowAA7KzxjKNKy//e1vaZ4PGsJ+I42///3vaZ6jLiJvcZ68/fbbqX4uv/zytB4o90xnKr027E9ttBnmHBjH+7wN58+VV17ZrB1wwgknpDmf/4Hznzzw+Z//r+HzlPrIj+uwaUqTZodO0th9+eWXab5y5cqDzxww3XLLLSn8q6++SvNRMUIkz5Wddtpp6RkG/tnefPPNzauzd++996b5o48+muag4XfRRRf1bbQFyvPggw+mZbbjGYqFFINxTOo4jAOdZ44lz8eUTjzxxGbpgFHi9kODjIZpXhdM0fD65ptv0ryGbaenp6vnA4285cuXp7QX4tmZn376qVmaWxnJO9uefPLJTUg7Ond//etf0zLb0Qge5sueNuOs36uvvjrNo7ODG264IaUR73VwXr311lvVL65K4y4v4phQvly5PozvvvuuWTrcUUcd1Sz199prr6X50Ucfnea56DAP+wXQbI3rfV5D2pw/fPbl7ws+GwNxwk033ZTi09ENPAuY/78ZNU1pkuzQSRq7b7/9Ns337t2bvtkvp9l2JGhE7d69O12pY+AIOnYMKDBXfBsc38jGP+Dnn39+qG/uA//syRc/CsyPWi8GkzoO41C7ctBmlLj9cGy5ylKrC6b8ClRp0IiVo1xVmaS5lHFUdGxofPNFC++V8krwKCZdv3QU+fyg0xhX6bjixNWnYY2zvCAvcxV54HMnx5ddfKbVrujW5F8KlObrJwPG9T6vibR37NhRfV8w5R3puGoaXwBQn7y38vocNU1pkuzQSRq7+N2tuOVpnOh80RHZvn17Wr/sssvG0qmL34fjKh3/uNnHMN/cgxHO7rnnnt67776bGszDNqImbZLHoYuOPfbYdAUgv41qVB9//HGzVPeb3/ymWVoY4yjjO++80yy1o1PEKJ68b3bt2jX0e2WQcdZv3Foc4tbNaKRziydX7oYxqfLOFZ81dEr5Mio+B8kr58Djjz+e1kfxxRdfNEu/1uXOSVyp/OCDD9J8EMq6bt261OmmI8+Vuuuvv7559YBR05QmyQ6dpLH73e9+l+Y8n1IT35DPBd+204HCbBouJdKLq3R06vhnPgzKwjYPP/zwounIhfk4DrN1+umnpzm3rQ3qfIwSt58LLrggzdueBepXH3yRELf9cXtgiXxx/ix0o3euZQT1HFeqc1yFBq/xEwu8R3jfjMM46zd+mL28qse2dH5opPMlDPsbJr1JlBfxTN5cv5C6//77U95uv/32dMsfz6Fx1WiUTmc8Bxafqbmff/45zcfxHFs/43qf1/DZzPHmNtda2rX3xW233ZbmL7zwQqrTCy+8MK2H2aQpTYodOkljFbel0PjiHx0Np/yfHf/k4lbAUZWNKfYz29ueag3WO++8M83poA37zX2tLMM2Rmp56GfU+OM6DsOWZxTcAhfH7k9/+lOah2hAhlHi9hMNMp55ic5JoH4GPafDYBIot+W4cEUkrvKOC/U+at3PtYxxCyIdhPJ8iY5W261xcz1PZlO/tX1yvnO+1Dpr8QwU7/H/+I//SMuDTKq88axfOdDTKOkSl99He+ihh9JdBdzmx7N+/Tpz0eHNcYthdE7Kz5nXX389fY7UOrP5+4+8xG3co35WYVzv8zbkn8489ZXnj/M6niHM5bfi81x07fnOUdOUJmbmzS/pCDXTaEvDKM804pqQA8NXz/wTS+EMvxwYGpwwpnyYcLYljOGbGe6ZCcSZaSCk15jP/KNO6a5effjvdUUe8iGi8zzkw3Gzzv5m/oGm9RiGO88n8Qkr9xNDUbM/4teGvyZ+5HVYkQe2I132E2WKsMjfMHnItdXtKHU27HGoyY951DnawvO6GCZ+njfKxPaUkTwSRh6jLKPERdRRfm4jjgET9cD2pFvGq6G+2A/bxr4oD2HsrxTHj/0MqmuQVsSnfJGnqL+yXuNcL9OfaxmjnpnXzpc8DnngXKb8xCOM/Uf9xHEY5lwlfJT6JR4T7w+2ZaKMZT2Voj6IPwziDVte5oSxjzz9qIe8HLwe5WUenxVx3rDPKFubONakS9yYOH+YcoQTl3zX6ifSIi/xOuUhH2VacU5GvtmW9Cl35IdwRNlH/bxiu0Hv85rIG1Nezry+mUiTdfbHNjVxPNteHzbNvLyURxo3O3TSESr+AeX/iPjnWQuPhkA+EQb+YfKPKhofOf6hxT9iXqehkjdOyjSZ2vIA9pP/82Q9Gg2IfeVTLl4v85GjETHqP1waKqSb1wH7Yr1sfAyTh1Cr2yhXPtXqLD8Wg45DDdvX0hwlnHy1hYcyb8TndcrNccjzOWzcfF8x5Thn2IZw5qQzLPZB/bH/ftvn+46JvA8S9UVcyhvr+URY1EM+5eZSRs67aIQz1c4X6jvqIF6PvPJ+YD22z6fauZrXy7D1C17n8yDPK8vUWz+8J9nHKIYpb+2Y1MrLFKK8ER5px/mdd0hqeD3yVZuon355K3He5J+x/eqTemTfTNFZYz+UIdLO9xfToHNglM+EUhyTfMrPn7K+B50vxKc++hmU5qDySuOwjD8zJ5ckaQaj2DGISO32GkmLB8+LzTSM0yAlo+A2OZ6PimcGu45baeM3KfPfuePWSm6h5Fbycfy8i6TFyw6dJDV4Tojhv8c5tLukyZhNh47nnPh9yYX8yY5xojPHj4G3PTPHgCv/93//Z4dOWuIcFEXSES1/kJ3fnouhzSUtXqMOHBLxGf1z3IPXLBQG3mDAjn4Y0CR+U03S0mWHTtIRiwbR1NRU+kFwRjFbtWrVgg87L2mw+FkGrrQN6tyddtppveOPPz6NRPjyyy9XR2vsIn4Hbfny5em3OLlSx+ig/GYa09atW9NnGlfmvH1cWvrs0Ek6YtEgokMHhhB/8MEH07KkxYuOGT/LgOnp6dRZoxPTJn6Pji9rRn3ebjGjPPycw4YNG3pvvfVWqhN+/JwfwOb5OcrKT5dIWvp8hk6SJEmSOsordJIkSZLUUXboJEmSJKmj7NBJkiRJUkfZoZMkSZKkjrJDJ0mSJEkdZYdOkiRJkjrKDp0kSZIkdZQdOkmSJEnqKDt0kiRJktRRdugkSZIkqaPs0EmSJElSR9mhkyRJkqSOskMnSZIkSR1lh06SJEmSOsoOnSRJkiR1lB06SZIkSeooO3SSJEmS1FF26CRJkiSpo+zQSZIkSVJH2aGTJEmSpI6yQ1fx9NNP95YtW9Z74403mpDRfP/99ymNU089tff+++83oeND+qR91llnNSEahvUmSZKkpWbJduguvvji1CkrJ8In7bnnnus9++yzvenp6SZEkiRJmoytW7dW271M+cWFQa8P8uKLLw51wYLX+QKd9Inf7yLJKHHVYv8SNtOh2r98+fL9FHPt2rVpfb5s2bIl7Xf37t1NSH/EGzbuuOzdu3f/tm3bmrWlhfqXJEk6UuzZs2f/unXrUvuTafXq1amtV6Ltx+vEHbZtTNobNmw4mHa/Nuv27dtTnGhjEpd1wkujxFW7JX3L5SmnnNI7++yz0/L111+f1herBx54oFmaP1xJ3LdvX7O2dHBr5SOPPNKsSZIkLX1nnnlmuoI20/FK6213ir377rspDnGHbRuT9pNPPnkw7Ta0wW699dYU7+abb05h5557blon/Ouvv05hGCWu+jtinqE78cQTm6XFh5P2zTffbNbmB2/ijRs3NmtLBx8O3Fb7448/NiGSJElHDjpeq1evTm2hf/u3f2tCD+DWzBUrVqQ4s3HyySc3S3VcLGC/l19+eRNywHXXXZfCeT2MElf9OShKgQ5BvwFN8vt8a1PN559/fvCZPtJlPRD+1FNPpeXzzjsvxeHN1g95oBOYPw9Y5rvfPkn/2muvTct06oiTpwXisF1sT9o5OoRsQzzSJg4fEPl+yMc111yT0mBiOX89cK901ClpbN68OZUn8A0NYbyG+DAiPvUQcYl3zjnn9D755JO0HvuN41irt1xZZtbzfKBMI88LeZQkSVpoL730Um/58uVpHm042m4vv/xy7/7770/rk0D6OOGEE9I8cOUN5CeMElcDNLdeLlk8O0cxh30+jXt4uee4tk3c1xvPZ7Eez+iV9/rGM3Skt2HDhhQ37lkmT7lRnrfjHuZNmzb9Kp0838PssyxLjm25r5r7rpmiDkkLO3bsOHiPNnnh9TIO9UHdRJnIN68Tlt+vTTzyzeuIspE+2D7CYn/kj3znz0fmIi+5tnoL5IEp8hb1Rljcf16mwTL5J49R91FeSZKkhUR7jbYJU7TLas/UjWJQmzX2VxOvRR5Giav+7NBVtJ2sNNp5M+QiLp2MXFt4rbMx6M1RQ/yyYxLp0NHI1fbJvghjmxzh5RueZeLmZY/t87iRf9YJL9MmH4RH5y3ileWOzlHEw9TUVArLO850vtie8DyNWnkD4W31Vj4YzLEjvCwHYew3jx/1UcYtxb6GnSRJkmYr2jJMebtqtqIdU7bdEG2htvZLvEa8UeJqMG+5HAG38sUgK+H3v/99mrc9uMl9wDW1Ww/H5ZJLLmmWDhe3HvbzxBNP9C666KLecccd14T00vJMBybdz1ymcffddx+MG5fIX3nllRT3qquuSuth165dvR9++CE9WAviIbYLM523NM+fK+QWSHDbZuBB3pkPqrS8c+fONJ+NZ555Jt1rXj4YfMcdd6R5bYAVzoPag8TvvPNOs1R311138ck19CRJkjRb3F5JGw7/8z//k+ZaeuzQjeirr75qlg537LHHNkvD+eWXX5qlxYVOK/csx/NnMdFBw3fffZfm/bz66qtpPmjkJDq1pFvuK+6Z/uabb9K8n+i8fvrpp2k+KvIwPT19WAc2kP+2jqwkSdJi99///d8HL0Y89NBDtmeWKDt0I1i3bl1q/OdX437++ec0v+KKK9K86yjfpk2bqleLmPIrZHNFPXJlrLYfptmOwDSKQR3r8orsXDGIStmB7TctBnz41/IW/xRqr1FOtJU31F4bZttBeYoBgfIpBrKZy7aTKg9qr8W2kyrPoG1rr42jPP22nWR5+m07qfKg9lpsO6nyDNq29to4ytNv20mWp9+2kyoPaq/FtpMqz6Bta6+Nozz9tp1kefptO6nyoPZabNsvT4sJg6DwhTd3SNG2wx/+8IdfDfg2LuUdV22IN0pcDfYPzVxDuOeee3pvvfVWGuXwL3/5Swq77777UqdknB2dhcQVKcr44IMPNiGzx4dxvzciVzW5rZIPltoVslEMuho4yMcff9ws1f3mN79pluaGWy6ZuuSoo47qrV27tlk7hHDUXjvppJMOzmuvh9luOyhPq1atSvNchM1l20mVB/22nVR5Bm07qfL023aS5em37aTKg37bTqo8g7adVHn6bTvJ8vTbdlLlQb9tJ1WeQdtOqjz9tp1kefptO6nyoN+2/fK0WHAH0mOPPZY6c/j3f//31L7jTix+yoDO3iTw2AwXB8q2XVwMicdqMEpcDbB/iZt5Qw71UGWMzoh+D3wSL0Z4ZGAMHjbNBxAJbWnU8tNvf22IT1q5UfbJMmFsk4uy1R6cnXnTHUyjbXtEPsoBYUBdxcAmMZJkXve5fACUKEMpRnAaJi4IL+uN40h4rcwM0DLzgdKsHVBLI+qjDJckSZpPtGdou5TtGtZpqzDl7aZRDGqzxmjgtM9y0V7LB+4bJa7685bLGfw+xz/+4z82a+34NoNvPJjP1F0a4IPbAud6danUNsDKJPHtCFPcOnrBBRccvN0BvMaVydNPP70JOWDfvn3N0iExGAq/r5d/A0Qa3JIQtzFeeOGFaX7LLbf86nfu2Fftx+BJI/f666+nq4qRVs2g+mRgF5R5YDu+yXrggQeaEEmSpMWLdtKNN97Ye/755w8OQhdY37ZtW1qmnTWJAfpuuOGG1C6jfZaL9hqvh1HiaoAD/bqliStKMydEay+f1/mmgTi5uEpVXmHi2w7isk1MfMPBtxSklYs08v1ydYo0CM+vSpEGYWzDtxKk20/+DUu+31H2yXaE8Rr5z8vKcqTPFaq44pV/m0MeY/uy7IjX+6WBKHukRTzquKz72J4yxv7iCl/5zU7kP45P7LOt3qgj8kh41BGvE8b+cpEGeczTiLxQhtoVW0mSpEmJO6Ci3VtrmyFvdxG37UpbDfuI9li/tmrsI9pf0UaK9dwocdVuyXbo4oQbZso7D+VrpBPi0nDbFCdf7bW4JS+f8jdD5Je89OsQ5B2lmGppt4Xn5Ym0CCsvy/NafCjQsck7TbW6rX0g8KaMziTzsuMVCM/j1T4kYp8cg7Z8BT7ESId4kVZbvQXqnLqPtGv5qKVB2LD1IUmSNAnDtEVqcZgIH6TWBmJqk7ftaK/1axeNEld1y/gzU4EaArcgfvjhh+m35xi+/9tvv21e6fU+++yz9LApt2Fq/LhVkwFUPF0lSZKkQ+zQDYn7jDdu3HhwtKAaOh39Xtfs2aGTJEmSfs1BUYb08MMP/2pAjhwdvjVr1jRrGrd+dS9JkiQdqbxCN6TNmzenX9ifmprq3XTTTb0zzjijd/TRR6dbL997770UZz5+CPtIRGd55cqVaXnPnj2/GrVJkiRJOlLZoRsBQ/AzDCy3/oV169b11q9f37v00kubEI3T1q1b062uuS1btnTux7klSZKkSbBDJ0mSJEkd5TN0kiRJktRRdugkSZIkqaPs0EmSJElSR9mhkyRJkqSOskMnSZIkSR1lh06SJEmSOsoOnSRJkiR1lB06SZIkSeooO3SSJEmS1FF26CRJkiSpo+zQSZIkSVJH2aGTJEmSpI6yQydJkiRJHWWHTpIkSZI6yg6dJEmSJHWUHTpJkiRJ6ig7dJIkSZLUUXboJEmSJKmj7NBJkiRJUkfZoZMkSZKkjrJDJ0mSJEkdZYdOktTqmmuu6a1YsaL39ddfNyGjef/993u33npr7+KLL25Cxuvpp5/uLVu2rPfGG280Id33/fff90499dTeWWed1YRM3kLs88UXX0znxdatW5sQSdJs2KGTpCWMDhUdntrEa5NE+jt37uw99dRTTYh0AJ251157rffmm282IZKk2Vq2f0azLElaojZv3tx76KGH0vL27dvTlbf5Qudx7dq1vV27djUh/XHF5q677mrW5kd0bs8999w0X6y6ks9SLd+EnXfeeb0tW7bM+/GWpKXEK3SSdAS45JJL0nxqampeO3Oj4ta/Rx55pFmbPw888ECztLh1JZ+lruZbkrrADp0kHUF4TmqxojPHM1U//vhjEzI/eMavC7f+dSWfpa7mW5K6wg6dJKmKgVC4VZNBUWoYkIQOYvlsHlPbICjcTkl6xCHtwL7OOeec3ieffJLWI524Va+GDmDkIY9X5psBUyKf5IvtAuvxjB+3/xEnH6SDuHRIIs8MGpLvq8zD559/ntIkLmGs54hP3ng98lPWFemUA8m05TPSydMLpJO/1k9tn8gHLom6IC3qg9cGact3adi02TaOJXPqfli1Y1nupzye5blTHk/U0mXb3FzrUZL64hk6SdLStnv3bp6X3r927dompL+9e/fu37Jly/7ly5en7Uq8RjjpYtu2bWmdaXp6OoWF2O+mTZv2b9++PW2zevXqw7YPxCN8GOyzTKfMN/tjndc3bNiQwljPlWUJpEX6EX/Pnj37p6amUlyWkeeBZfZBOlEfZX1TB+vWrUtpM7FOvEC6EVZuW8sndR37J93Sjh07Up7ZV5u2fbItaRLO65SNMCbql6lfuqGtflkfJW3i5HUX5wp1PQj1RJqkEduzzPbMIw55JV7ki30QFnVc5ovlQefIuOpRktrYoZOkI0A0nstOwiDRaM7R+CSs7EBEXDpROcJotEYDF5GfaAiH2v76aessRDo0mnOElXXQlgbhZVzSI25e9tiexnquVhbqocwTHYLSKPmMuiyPB8jTMB0e1PYZaROedzra8lIzKN+Uf1DaLNc6U8QjfBDyT0erFJ2vfF9lRy9Ep478BZbLOqudI1HWudSjJLXxlktJ0ki+/PLLNP/tb3+b5mHNmjVp/u2336Z57uyzz+6deeaZzdohn332WbM0GZdeemmzdMiwz3MxOMuVV17ZrB1wwgknpPlLL72U5rkYeKaU337HLXb33Xdfuu0u3Hjjjc3S7DBy5ExHIeWp/L1Abne86qqrmrXZ49ged9xxzdohH374YbM0e1dffXU17S+++KJZ6vWeeOKJ3kUXXXRYPJZnOnPpmcvyFsccdcIxn+lgNSGHxGAtpB9OPvnkNL/uuuvSPPznf/5nmr/88stpjlHPkUnWo6Qjlx06SdKsfPPNN83S4Y455phmabCffvqpWVpc6ATQUbjlllvSs04xrVy5solxIM6o6EDwnOBpp5128Hmqm2++uXl19u699940f/TRR9McPJtVdoK6ZN++fc1SL9UZHaT8WDDFADrfffddmte8/fbbaV47L08//fQ0r3W+SvHlQDznOalzRJJGZYdOkjQSrghxZeStt95qQg6IBviFF16Y5l3297//Pc137NjBPZPV6ZRTTklxRsFPRuzevTtdqdu4cWPq2DHwxlxxTKamptIVuehEPP/8873169en5a6bnp7ubdq0qXocmPr9FEfeMSzVrhoPa1LniCSNyg6dJGlkTz75ZGpkx0iVjP5HZ4JG91JoxB511FFp/sEHH6T5ONH5+uqrr9IPvOOyyy4bS6cubh/kKh2dOvZRu+W0i2pfIIyq3+29dIaHFXEneY5I0ijs0EmSDuI2vfz5rjZcEdmwYUPv008/TbeZ/cu//Evv7rvv7j344INNjG7jyg2dCG7Fq9XHOIaapw7ffffdtPz444+n+VyQXlylo1NXe2asq7h1lFsdaz8bQOe13zN0PF+IWocwji3pD1LGnY9zRJKGYYdOkpTQKH3ttdeGeuaK39E6//zze7t27Uq3lnE16K677mpeHZ+FeAYp9kkHiauQ/H5Yng86FdTTbJS3BtIpiA7HqGp1c+edd6Y5nbobbrghLS82szmmV1xxRZpfcMEFh3XeOGc5F+NZuJqoY553KztZ8XzdHXfckea5n3/+uVk6IOLmg6VM4hyRpFHZoZOkI8DOnTvTnNH+alcTuOWPRikN5kA8OmrIG8I0XOkwPPbYY2lgj5hIg8Z2nn5cUfn4448Pa/DGCIakn8eP2zVJj32yXT9xG90LL7yQ5sjznd/KmF/dyZdPOumkNGekQ+K/8soraf3+++/vrV69Ol0Z4soX9cOPRlNH99xzT4qDyEPUMfI85KM1cjWHDkjUBfXFMbn99tvTOiJvhOd11pbPHCNactWIDswot7627TPy/s477xx2nKLMw4xS2pbvUdKm48QVYTpl/EA5x4Hjcfzxx/euv/76gV9CbNmyJdULdR8dQuasb9u2rVpXjEZaxuWWYm6ZDcOeI+OoR0lqtV+StGTF718NO/Hjym3b5b+/Fb/JVZtmGs7pN+fiN7byKX63qwwP7H+mYZzSyPdXU6ZBurV8E96WlxB54rfHyt86i98lY+K3xfLf04vwfGrLAyhbXnes579LV8sn6YW2fObIY/lbgP207TP2VYaXYUyDlPkeNu2ot0BeOTd4jXrM624Qjht1E2m3bR/1QV45Piwzz8+X3KBzZJz1KEk1y/gz8yEiSdLQuIJ2xhln9I4++uh09SEfSZDf6ZppAPsM0QI59dRTex999FFnf65goXFuMwLpTKfrsKtxkrRYeculJGkkdNTowDGCIg1efkeN5+di4rk6LQyOTZd/e06SNDo7dJKkkfAsUT88I3Xbbbc1a5q0/Jk3fnuuNsCHhtfvd+skaTGyQydJGgm3Uz700ENpAAhuT2PACKann346hR1zzDHeqjZPGMyE48EPlTMYx6pVq/wx6zlgwBIGrkE+mI0kLWY+QydJGgmN3ueeey49K8fofmAEQUYi5PZLhonX/ODqHLdY/vDDD+l3ACfx0xFHCr6UYATN3Nq1a72FWNKiZ4dOkiRJkjrKWy4lSZIkqaPs0EmSJElSR9mhkyRJkqSOskMnSZIkSR1lh06SJEmSOsoOnSRJkiR1lB06SZIkSeooO3SSJEmS1FF26CRJkiSpo+zQSZIkSVJH2aGTJEmSpI6yQydJkiRJHWWHTpIkSZI6yg6dJEmSJHWUHTpJkiRJ6ig7dJIkSZLUUXboJEmSJKmj7NBJkiRJUkfZoZMkSZKkjrJDJ0mSJEkdZYdOkiRJkjrKDp0kSZIkdZQdOkmSJEnqKDt0kiRJktRRdugkSZIkqaPs0EmSJElSR9mhkyRJkqSOskMnSZIkSR1lh06SJEmSOsoOnSRJkiR1lB06SZIkSeooO3SSJEmS1FF26CRJkiSpo+zQSZIkSVIn9Xr/H0qIjmJxo//tAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC\"\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eLeaf gas exchange measurements were performed using portable photosynthesis system (PPS) (Model LI-6400 of LICOR inc., Lincoln, Nebraska, USA) equipped with a halogen lamp (6400-02B LED) positioned on the cuvette. Totally, three measurements were taken in the same leaf. Leaves were inserted in a 3 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e leaf chamber and Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and relative humidity were set at 1500 \u0026mu;mol of photons m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e s\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 50-55 per cent respectively. CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e concentration maintained at 390 ppm by using 12g CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e cylinder. \u0026nbsp;The measurements at specified growth stages were recorded in the fully expanded leaf of plants between 9.30 am to 11.00 am to avoid effects of photo-inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMeasurement of Yield and yield attributing traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAt physiological maturity, plant above ground parts was picked from each replication under both control and treatments. The important components contributing to the yield were recorded at harvest for fodder sorghum and cowpea.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eVariability in light associated traits under different agroforestry systems\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAgroforestry includes the incorporation of trees with livestock and/or crops in different spatial arrangements. Growing crops in the interspaces of tree rows is attractive since it permits harvesting of intermediary products which fetches short-term profitability while maintaining the planted trees and enables efficient utilization of the land. Agroforestry is the important land use system which integrates trees, crops that is scientifically sound, ecologically desirable, practically feasible and socially acceptable to farmers. The choice of crops mainly depends on light availability below the canopy of trees which in turn depends leaf area, and leaf angle or the canopy architecture. The light requirement varied with crops depends on many light responsive photochemical and biochemical reactions and processes that would reflect on the growth and yield of crops. Therefore, the studly aimed to quantify the light available to crops grown under different agroforestry system to understand whether light penetrated per se is sufficient to meet the crop requirements in terms of maintaining photosynthetic rate, growth and yield traits. We have quantified the light availability to crops using light integrated meters equipped with three sensors for measuring photosynthetically active radiation, total radiation and photometric measurements and compared with light availability under open condition. As expected, open space showed higher light associated traits viz., photosynthetically active radiation, total radiation and photometric measurements which were measured by about 1648 \u0026micro;mole m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e sec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 937 Watts m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and 83838 lux respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA significant (p\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) difference was observed between different agroforestry systems, among which \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e recorded maximum photosynthetically active radiation (681 \u0026micro;mole m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e sec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), total radiation (260 watts m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e) and photometric measurements (35576 lux), whereas minimum photosynthetically active radiation of 347 \u0026micro;mole m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e sec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was observed in \u003cem\u003eKhaya\u003c/em\u003e senegalenesis. In case of \u003cem\u003eCasuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e, a minimum total radiation of 119 watts m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003e and photometric measurements of 2317 lux were also observed. The result indicated that the availability of light including PAR was higher under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e followed by \u003cem\u003eMelia dubia\u003c/em\u003e, which is three times less than the open condition and further this has been validated with cowpea and fodder sorghum to understand whether available light is sufficient to trigger the physiological process including photosynthesis and yield components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eMeasurement of gas exchange parameters and light interception of cowpea and fodder sorghum under different agroforestry systems\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhen annual and perennial crops are grown on the same unit of land, they will influence the growth and development of each other and affects the overall performance than when these are grown as sole crops. Understanding the interactions between different components of these agroforestry practices is necessary to increase productivity, minimize the negative interactions and develop successful agroforestry practices specific to the respective agro-climatic region. Developing suitable tree-crop combinations and assessing productivity is the major field to be considered in agroforestry (Jincy et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne of major interactions is the light interceptions by the crops grown under tree crops. The availability of light varied from different agroforestry system depending on leaf area index and canopy architecture and therefore, light interception by the canopy of cowpea and fodder sorghum was measured to understand how intercepted light influence the gas exchange parameters and yield components. Light interception ratio of \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e were also observed maximum with 73% and 76% and minimum light interception ratio of 53% and 58% were noted in \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e @ 40 and 60 DAS, respectively. In addition, it was found that cowpea and fodder sorghum grown in open intercepted higher light than crops grown as intercrop. Kermah et al., (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) reported that sole legumes intercepted more PAR than intercrops whilst intercrops intercepted more PAR than sole maize as this was more evident after silking when maize leaves started senescing. As both the crops are not of senescing type, we could not observe differential response in our study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn case of gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of cowpea were found significantly higher under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e with 19.43 \u0026micro;mole CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;2\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.09 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively compared to agroforestry systems. It is established fact that C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e crops requires less light than C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e crops. In this study, both the crops responded linearly with light availability for photosynthetic rate indicating that crops have not reached the light saturation and available light may be just sufficient to drive the photosynthesis. The cowpea showed 9.21% increase in photosynthetic rate under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e based agroforestry system that received higher light whereas the fodder sorghum showed 14.28% increase over the \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e indicating the light requirement for the fodder sorghum has not attained the peak may be because of fact that C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e crops require more sunlight than C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e crops (Li \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021). Singh et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e) observed that with the advancement in height and crown expansion of trees, the shading effects on the crop had increased, which in turn affected the photosynthetic efficiency of the crop resulting in lower vegetative growth and lesser grain yield as compared to the sole crop.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInfluence of different agroforestry systems on yield of cowpea and fodder sorghum\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe different agroforestry system allows varying quantity of light intensity and impact physiological and biochemical process that would alter the yield parameters. Among different agroforestry systems, yield parameters like number of pods per plant (30.10) and yield (1150 kg/ha) were recorded higher in open space followed by \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e with number of pods per plant by 29.33 and 923.33 kg/ha of yield. The minimum number of pods per plant (21.90) and yield (776.67 kg/ha) were noticed in \u003cem\u003eCasuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e while compared to other agroforestry systems. Similarly, a different agroforestry system showed significant impact on yield of fodder sorghum. The highest yield was recorded in open space were 28.5 t/ha and 124.6 t/ha and lowest yield was observed in \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e (5.6 t/ha and 35.5 t/ha), during single cut and four cuts respectively. The yield reduction in cowpea and fodder sorghum under intercrop system compared to sole crop or open system is evident that ranges from 13 to 25 percent which was mainly due to light interception is more in early growing season (Gebru \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2015). Similar reduction in yield was observed in cowpea which might be due to competition of crops under the tree canopy for light, water and nutrients (Ajaykumar \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2021)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies indicate a higher water use from the tree layer compared to monocropping systems thus future provision of water or susceptibility to drought stress must be considered prior to promoting tree species diversity (Yang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). For example, conversion of forest land to silvipasture through tree thinning will be affected differently than the conversion of monoculture to multiple cropping. Coble et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) found that conversion of forest to silvopasture in north-eastern USA led to a 35% reduction in transpiration rates, which accounted for a greater overall water saving despite an increase in soil evaporation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIdentification suitable intercrop in agroforestry depends on available light under the canopy of trees grown and efficacy of intercrop to utilize the available light. In the aspect, present study has led to few findings which can be used to understand the physiological process altered due to intercepted light under agroforestry system. Cowpea and fodder sorghum showed higher light associated traits under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e system including photosynthetically active radiation, total Radiation, photometric measurements followed by \u003cem\u003eMelia dubia\u003c/em\u003e and cowpea is the found to be suitable intercrop under different agroforestry system mainly under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eMelia dubia as\u003c/em\u003e evidenced from gas exchange and yield parameters. The lowest yield in cowpea was recorded in casuarina in spite of receiving higher radiation compared to Khaya which could be attributed to allelopathic effect of casuarina species. Further studies on nutrient status and microbiome of soil due to cowpea followed by fodder sorghum would strengthen the concept and the information on available light under different agroforestry system can be used to identify the crops suitable for intercrop. Although yield reduction was observed compared to pure crop, it would be profitable avenue considering soil health and additional revenue from the intercrop.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eP.B, K.R, P.H are involved in the planning and execution of the project while P.R and M.T are resposible for lab analysis and manuscript preparation of the study\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAjaykumar, R., Prabakaran, P., \u0026amp; Sivasabari, K. (2022). Growth and yield performance of black gram (\u003cem\u003eVigna mungo\u003c/em\u003e L.) under malabar neem (\u003cem\u003eMelia dubia\u003c/em\u003e) plantations in western zone of Tamil Nadu. Legume Research-An International Journal, \u003cem\u003e45\u003c/em\u003e(2), 182\u0026ndash;188.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBarsila, S. R., Devkota, N. 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Soil and Tillage Research, \u003cem\u003e156\u003c/em\u003e, 173\u0026ndash;181.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight associated traits under different agroforestry system\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"615\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"67.8048780487805%\" colspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParameters\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"34.05275779376499%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotosynthetically Active Radiation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u0026micro;mole m\u003csup\u003e-2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"37.88968824940048%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal Radiation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Watts m\u003csup\u003e-2\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.057553956834532%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotometric measurements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Lux)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1648\u0026plusmn;40.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e937\u0026plusmn;22.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e83838\u0026plusmn;2053.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e347\u0026plusmn;8.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e150\u0026plusmn;3.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19705\u0026plusmn;482.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e560\u0026plusmn;13.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e220\u0026plusmn;5.38\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31898\u0026plusmn;781.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e681\u0026plusmn;16.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e260\u0026plusmn;6.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35576\u0026plusmn;871.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439\u0026plusmn;10.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e119\u0026plusmn;2.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2317\u0026plusmn;56.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e735.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e337.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38839.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e977.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.19512195121951%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD (P=0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"23.089430894308943%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"25.691056910569106%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.024390243902438%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2072.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2: Gas exchange parameters and light interception of cowpea under different agroforestry system\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"675\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight Interception ratio @ 40 DAS (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight Interception ratio @ 60 DAS (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotosynthetic rate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u0026micro; mole CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003em\u003csup\u003e-2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStomatal conductance (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.6\u0026plusmn;1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.5\u0026plusmn;1.94\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.22\u0026plusmn;0.52\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u0026plusmn;0.0029\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.2\u0026plusmn;1.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.8\u0026plusmn;1.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.56\u0026plusmn;0.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026plusmn;0.0012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.6\u0026plusmn;1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.5\u0026plusmn;1.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.63\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u0026plusmn;0.0017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.4\u0026plusmn;1.79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.5\u0026plusmn;1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.43\u0026plusmn;0.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.09\u0026plusmn;0.0022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.2\u0026plusmn;1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.5\u0026plusmn;1.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.03\u0026plusmn;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.05\u0026plusmn;0.0012\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.142011834319526%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD (P=0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"17.011834319526628%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.562130177514792%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3: Gas exchange parameters and light interception of fodder sorghum under different agroforestry system\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"675\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight Interception ratio @ 30 DAS (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLight Interception ratio @ 60 DAS (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePhotosynthetic rate (\u0026micro; mole CO\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003em\u003csup\u003e-2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStomatal conductance (cm\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003esec\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.2\u0026plusmn;1.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.3\u0026plusmn;1.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e40.25\u0026plusmn;0.98\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.12\u0026plusmn;0.051\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5\u0026plusmn;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.5\u0026plusmn;1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.35\u0026plusmn;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.96\u0026plusmn;0.023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5\u0026plusmn;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.5\u0026plusmn;1.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.15\u0026plusmn;0.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u0026plusmn;0.037\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.2\u0026plusmn;1.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.6\u0026plusmn;1.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.22\u0026plusmn;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.65\u0026plusmn;0.040\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.2\u0026plusmn;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.4\u0026plusmn;1.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.45\u0026plusmn;0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u0026plusmn;0.027\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"30.17751479289941%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD (P=0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"16.86390532544379%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"18.63905325443787%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.674556213017752%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.644970414201184%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4: Yield and yield contributing traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"Left\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"622\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.511254019292604%\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"36.01286173633441%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCowpea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.47588424437299%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFodder sorghum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"20.235294117647058%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo. of pods\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eper plant\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"32.470588235294116%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYield\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(kg/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"28.235294117647058%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYield\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(t/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(Single cut)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.058823529411764%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eYield (t/ha)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(4 cuts)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e - Open space\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026plusmn;0.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1150.0\u0026plusmn;28.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e28.5\u0026plusmn;0.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e124.6\u0026plusmn;3.052\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Khaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.0\u0026plusmn;0.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e823.3\u0026plusmn;20.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026plusmn;0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35.5\u0026plusmn;0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e3\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Melia dubia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.67\u0026plusmn;0.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e865.0\u0026plusmn;21.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.5\u0026plusmn;0.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e75.8\u0026plusmn;1.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e4\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Dalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.33\u0026plusmn;0.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e923.3\u0026plusmn;22.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.6\u0026plusmn;0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e84.5\u0026plusmn;2.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT\u003csub\u003e5\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e- Casuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.9\u0026plusmn;0.54\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e776.6\u0026plusmn;19.02\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.2\u0026plusmn;0.39\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.7\u0026plusmn;1.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMean\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e907.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSEd\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"31.561996779388085%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD (P=0.05)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.848631239935587%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"22.22222222222222%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;11.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"19.32367149758454%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"13.043478260869565%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5. Microclimatic variables of Cowpea and fodder sorghum under different agroforestry systems\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"595\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.No.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAgroforestry systems\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemperature\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u0026ordm;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Humidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.30976430976431%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTemperature\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e(\u0026ordm;C)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelative Humidity\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e%\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"26.262626262626263%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCowpea\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"29.46127946127946%\" colspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFodder sorghum\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"1\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;T1- Open space\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e34.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.30976430976431%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"2\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT2- \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.30976430976431%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"3\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT3- \u003cem\u003eMelia dubia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.30976430976431%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"4\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT4- \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.30976430976431%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"8.922558922558922%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003col start=\"5\" type=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003cli\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003c/ol\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"35.35353535353536%\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eT5- \u003cem\u003eCasuarina equisetifolia\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.11111111111111%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.30976430976431%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e32.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.151515151515152%\" valign=\"bottom\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.36974789915966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eS.Ed\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.126050420168067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.126050420168067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"44.36974789915966%\" colspan=\"2\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"11.092436974789916%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.126050420168067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"14.285714285714286%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd width=\"15.126050420168067%\" valign=\"top\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3939665/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3939665/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eLight interception is major factor for characterizing the resource capture and use efficiency of cropping systems under intercrops. Agroforestry system is land use practices that combine agricultural crops and trees in different ways and has shown to benefits agriculture and forestry. The choice crop in agroforestry depends on light availability penetrated through trees which would alter the physiological processes inturn to yield. The experiment was conducted out with cowpea followed by fodder sorghum as intercrops under four agroforestry systems viz., \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis, Melia dubia, Dalbergia sissoo and Casuarina equisetifolia \u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;and measured the light interception, gas exchange parameters and yield traits. Light interception ratio of cowpea under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e were observed maximum with 76 % and minimum of 58 % in \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e @ 60 days after sowing. In case of gas exchange parameters, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance of cowpea and fodder sorghum were found significantly higher under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo \u003c/em\u003ecompared to other agroforestry systems. The yield traits for cowpea and fodder sorghum were recorded higher in open space followed by \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo \u003c/em\u003ewhile lower yield was noticed in cowpea under \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCasuarina equisetifolia \u003c/em\u003ein case of fodder sorghum\u003cem\u003e.\u003c/em\u003e The yield reductions in cowpea and fodder sorghum under \u003cem\u003eDalbergia sissoo\u003c/em\u003e were 19 % and 31% compared to open conditions indicating the differential response of C\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e and C\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e crops towards intercepted light. Microclimatic variables mainly altered due to influence of canopy structure that was reflected in reduction in temperature especially under \u003cem\u003eKhaya senegalenesis. \u003c/em\u003eIn conclusion, cowpea was found to be better intercrop mainly under Melia dubia based on gas exchange and yield parameters.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Variations in the light interception and associated physiological traits of cowpea and fodder sorghum grown under different Agroforestry system","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-02-13 18:52:58","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3939665/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3f1a9dc5-cc78-4ad6-b8a7-fd6f26edeb2d","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 13th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-02-21T17:51:06+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-02-13 18:52:58","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3939665","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3939665","identity":"rs-3939665","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"-HB7Z8yhvgn0wM9Nzuekk","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}