Outcomes following out-of-hours cholecystectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Background Cholecystectomy is one of the most commonly performed abdominal operations. Demands on acute operating theatre availability have led to out-of-hours (evenings, nights, or weekend) cholecystectomy being performed, although it is not known whether outcomes differ between out-of-hours and in-hours (daytime on weekdays) cholecystectomy. Objective This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare outcomes following out-of-hours versus in-hours urgent cholecystectomy. Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE and Scopus databases were systematically searched from inception to December 2020 for studies comparing outcomes from out-of-hours and in-hours urgent cholecystectomy in adults. The outcomes of interest were rates of bile leakage, bile duct injury (BDI), overall post-operative complications, conversion to open cholecystectomy, specific intra- and post-operative complications, length of stay (LOS), readmission and mortality. Sensitivity analysis of adjusted multivariate results was also performed. Results In total, 194,135 urgent cholecystectomies (30,001 out-of-hours; 164,134 in-hours) from 11 studies were included. Most studies were of high (64%) or medium (18%) quality. There were no differences between out-of-hours and in-hours cholecystectomy for rates of bile leakage, BDI, overall post-operative complications, conversion to open cholecystectomy, operative duration, readmission, mortality, and post-operative LOS. Higher rates of post-operative sepsis (odds ratio (OR) 1.58, 95% CI: 1.04-2.41; p=0.03) and pneumonia (OR 1.55, 95% CI: 1.06-2.26; p=0.02) were observed following out-of-hours cholecystectomy on univariate meta-analysis but not on adjusted multivariate meta-analysis. Conclusions There was no increased risk or difference in specific complications associated with out-of-hours compared with in-hours urgent cholecystectomy.