Is the distribution of the Acorn Woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus flavigula) associated with oaks and granaries? A local study in an urban area in northern South America

ABSTRACT Abiotic and biotic factors are known to be key in limiting the geographical distribution of species. However, our understanding on the influence of habitat heterogeneity on ecological interactions and behavior in tropical animals is limited. We studied groups of Acorn Woodpeckers ( Melanerpes formicivorus flavigula ) in urban and rural areas in northern South America to understand how habitat and resource requirements (food storage structures) influences patterns of distribution across the Aburrá Valley, in the northern area of the Central Andes of Colombia. Using focal observations of 10 different groups over nearly a two-year period, we estimated territory size, habitat use, and described the use and presence of granaries. We found that territory size, tree diversity, and the use of granaries varied among groups. Accordingly, Acorn Woodpeckers use a wide variety of tree species to make cavities, to feed and to build granaries for social interactions. Our study supports the hypothesis that Acorn Woodpeckers do not rely on the Colombian Oak ( Quercus humboldtii Bonpl.) for feeding, nesting or foraging in the Aburrá Valley, and that the construction of granaries to store food is present in urban populations, despite the lack of strong seasonal changes in tropical areas. We suggest that the distribution of the Acorn Woodpecker in our study area is strongly associated with one particular species of tree, Albizia carbonaria Britton, and the behavior of granaries construction might be hardwired in this species for the maintenance and cohesion of family groups.