Cellulose Nanoparticles as Controlled Release Nanocarriers for Urea

Cellulose Nanoparticles as Controlled Release Nanocarriers for Urea | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Cellulose Nanoparticles as Controlled Release Nanocarriers for Urea Kimberly Wei Wei Tay, Suk Fun Chin, Mohd Effendi Wasli This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5373182/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Purpose Conventional fertilization raises several environmental issues. Utilizing cellulose from paper waste presents a promising opportunity to create biodegradable cellulose nanoparticles, which can serve as controlled-release nanocarriers for urea, contributing to sustainable agriculture. Methods Cellulose nanoparticles of various mean particle sizes were synthesized from cellulose fibers derived from paper wastes by using the nanoprecipitation method. The fertilizer release characteristics of cellulose nanoparticles were evaluated using urea as the model fertilizer at room temperature. The release kinetic profiles of urea from cellulose nanoparticles were analyzed in both soil and water environments. Results The loading capacity of urea into cellulose nanoparticles was profoundly affected by factors such as mean particle sizes and the conditions of the release media. The highest loading capacity is found in cellulose nanoparticles of 30.54 nm with 173.85 mg/g. The urea loading capacity can be enhanced by optimizing the synthesis conditions of cellulose nanoparticles including cellulose concentrations, the addition of Tween 80 and the volume of precipitating medium. The urea release kinetics from cellulose nanoparticles can be adjusted by using cellulose nanoparticles with varying average particle sizes. Conclusion Optimized cellulose nanoparticles made from cellulose derived from paper waste have the potential to serve as cost-effective controlled-release fertilizer nanocarriers. Graphical Abstract Paper wastes cellulose nanoparticles mean particle sizes loading capacity control-release urea Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Waste and Biomass Valorization → Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 24 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 23 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 02 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 01 Nov, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5373182","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":381852036,"identity":"37e1b323-a693-4ad5-87ae-35ba6cc2ce7b","order_by":0,"name":"Kimberly Wei Wei Tay","email":"","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-1112-5361","institution":"FRST: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kimberly","middleName":"Wei Wei","lastName":"Tay","suffix":""},{"id":381852037,"identity":"8d01892e-ed06-478c-aa1a-f9a0e8de5ed9","order_by":1,"name":"Suk Fun Chin","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtklEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDAC5gNsDAkMNkAG0VrYEkBa0kjVwsBwmAR3ybcxP3vwcMf5xO3s3IkffzBsS2wgpMXgGJu5QeKZ24k7m3k3S/Mw3CZCi3wPm0Ri2+3EDYd5N0gzEKNFvo0HpOUcSMvmnz+I0cJwDKzlAEjLNgniHHaMzQyoJdkYpMWax+C2MREOY34m+bPNTnbD+bObb/6ouC1L2GFoljI4kqqFgcGeZB2jYBSMglEw7AEAwcQ+wqBYgQQAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"FRST: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Suk","middleName":"Fun","lastName":"Chin","suffix":""},{"id":381852038,"identity":"97c6f75f-96d2-4fc4-9391-dac150e8282c","order_by":2,"name":"Mohd Effendi Wasli","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"FRST: Universiti Malaysia Sarawak Fakulti Sains dan Teknologi Sumber","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mohd","middleName":"Effendi","lastName":"Wasli","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-11-01 12:10:33","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5373182/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5373182/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s12649-025-03014-8","type":"published","date":"2025-03-29T15:57:53+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79617611,"identity":"4cc4ac3e-4774-41a8-b78e-ab5147b92402","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 20:18:41","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2574898,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cor1Nov24KimberlyManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5373182/v1_covered_a015519f-0073-454f-bd91-830a09a8877d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Cellulose Nanoparticles as Controlled Release Nanocarriers for Urea","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"waste-and-biomass-valorization","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"wave","sideBox":"Learn more about [Waste and Biomass Valorization](http://link.springer.com/journal/12649)","snPcode":"12649","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/12649/3","title":"Waste and Biomass Valorization","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Paper wastes, cellulose nanoparticles, mean particle sizes, loading capacity, control-release urea","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5373182/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5373182/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003ePurpose\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConventional fertilization raises several environmental issues. Utilizing cellulose from paper waste presents a promising opportunity to create biodegradable cellulose nanoparticles, which can serve as controlled-release nanocarriers for urea, contributing to sustainable agriculture.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eCellulose nanoparticles of various mean particle sizes were synthesized from cellulose fibers derived from paper wastes by using the nanoprecipitation method. The fertilizer release characteristics of cellulose nanoparticles were evaluated using urea as the model fertilizer at room temperature. The release kinetic profiles of urea from cellulose nanoparticles were analyzed in both soil and water environments.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe loading capacity of urea into cellulose nanoparticles was profoundly affected by factors such as mean particle sizes and the conditions of the release media. 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