A pH-dependent cluster of charges in a conserved cryptic pocket on flaviviral envelopes

ABSTRACT Flaviviruses are enveloped viruses which include numerous human pathogens of escalating global health concern that are predominantly transmitted by mosquitoes and ticks. Some, such as dengue virus, exhibit the phenomenon of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of disease, making traditional vaccine-based routes of fighting viral infections problematic. The pH-dependent conformational change of the envelope (E) protein required for fusion between the viral and endosomal membranes is an attractive point of inhibition by antivirals as it also has the potential to diminish the effects of ADE. Here, we systematically examined six flaviviruses by employing large-scale molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a ∼400,000 atom raft system that represents a substantial portion of the curved flaviviral envelope. We utilised a benzene-mapping approach over a total of 14 μs of sampling time, leading to discovery of shared hotspots and elucidation of the dynamic behaviour of conserved cryptic sites. A cryptic pocket previously shown to bind a detergent molecule exhibited significant strain-specific characteristics. An alternative conserved cryptic site located at the E protein domain interfaces showed a more consistent dynamic behaviour across flaviviruses and contains a buried, conserved cluster of ionisable residues that includes His144, previously implicated in the pH-dependent conformational switch required for fusion. The dynamics of the cluster were further explored in extensive constant-pH simulations and revealed cluster and domain-interface disruption under low pH conditions. Based on this, we propose a cluster-dependent mechanism that addresses inconsistencies in the histidine-switch hypothesis and highlights the role of cluster protonation in orchestrating the domain dissociation pivotal for the formation of the fusogenic trimer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT