Trends and Future Projections of Maternal Haemorrhage, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, and Dietary Iron Deficiency in Indonesia (1990-2030): A Global Burden of Disease data-based Analyses

Trends and Future Projections of Maternal Haemorrhage, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, and Dietary Iron Deficiency in Indonesia (1990-2030): A Global Burden of Disease data-based Analyses | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 3 December 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Trends and Future Projections of Maternal Haemorrhage, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, and Dietary Iron Deficiency in Indonesia (1990-2030): A Global Burden of Disease data-based Analyses Authors : Agung Dewanto [email protected] , Rheinhard , Safira Tasya Amelia , Lutfan Lazuardi , and Althaf Setyawan Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176472916.65415568/v1 184 views 95 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Background: Maternal haemorrhage is a leading cause of death, exacerbated by malnutrition and iron deficiency. National data on these conditions in Indonesia are limited. This study examines past trends (1990-2021) and projects future burden (to 2030) of maternal haemorrhage, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM), and iron deficiency among pregnant Indonesian women. Methods: Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 1990-2021 data for women 15-49 were analysed at national and Java-provincial levels. Case counts were estimated via simulations of birth rates, and cubic spline models projected trends to 2030. Results: Analysis of GBD data from 1990 to 2021 revealed marked trends in maternal health indicators among Indonesian pregnant women. Nationally, maternal haemorrhage cases decreased by 47.2% (95% CI: -50.8% to -44.1%), with the most pronounced reductions observed in Central Java (-69.7%) and Banten (-64.1%), and a comparatively modest decline in West Java (-45.5%). In contrast, protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) exhibited an overall increase of 25.2% (95% CI: 24.0%-26.6%), with West Java showing an 80.4% rise, while Yogyakarta demonstrated a significant decline of 27.6%. Dietary iron deficiency, although presenting the highest absolute case numbers, declined consistently by 29.7% (95% CI: -29.9% to -29.5%), with Central Java achieving the largest regional decrease. Projections for 2022-2030 indicate that the downward trends in maternal haemorrhage and dietary iron deficiency are likely to persist, whereas PEM is expected to follow a more variable trajectory. Conclusion: Significant declines in maternal haemorrhage and iron deficiency reflect progress, but rising PEM highlights ongoing nutritional challenges. Targeted nutritional interventions are needed to improve maternal outcomes. Supplementary Material File (agung dewanto - manuscript - ijhmp - r1.docx) Download 512.42 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 03 December 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Keywords dietary iron deficiency global burden disease maternal haemorrhage protein-energy malnutrition Authors Affiliations Agung Dewanto [email protected] Universitas Gadjah Mada Departemen Obstetri dan Ginekologi View all articles by this author Rheinhard Universitas Gadjah Mada Departemen Gizi Kesehatan View all articles by this author Safira Tasya Amelia Universitas Gadjah Mada Departemen Gizi Kesehatan View all articles by this author Lutfan Lazuardi Universitas Gadjah Mada Departemen Kebijakan dan Manajemen Kesehatan View all articles by this author Althaf Setyawan Universitas Gadjah Mada Pusat Kesehatan Reproduksi View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 184 views 95 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Agung Dewanto, Rheinhard, Safira Tasya Amelia, et al. Trends and Future Projections of Maternal Haemorrhage, Protein-Energy Malnutrition, and Dietary Iron Deficiency in Indonesia (1990-2030): A Global Burden of Disease data-based Analyses. Authorea . 03 December 2025. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176472916.65415568/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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