Optimal Patency and Complication Outcomes of Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae for Haemodialysis Access: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Optimal Patency and Complication Outcomes of Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae for Haemodialysis Access: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimal Patency and Complication Outcomes of Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae for Haemodialysis Access: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Siddharta Saxena, Mehul Saxena, Harshit Agrawal This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038526/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are the gold standard for vascular access in haemodialysis because of better long-term outcomes than with grafts or catheters. With physiological benefits, heterogeneity in maturation and patency results requires thorough assessment. Objective To integrate current evidence regarding patency, complication rates, and predictors of autogenous AVF function in adult haemodialysis patients. Methods Systematic review and meta-analysis, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and PROSPERO registration, were undertaken. Evidence from 2020 to 2025 regarding adult ESRD patients with AVFs was included. Data were independently extracted and synthesized with random-effects models. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses tested configuration, geography, and perioperative factors. GRADE evaluated evidence certainty. Results Ten studies (n > 10,000 patients) were analyzed. The brachio-cephalic AVFs provided the greatest 12- and 24-month patency (66%, 83%) with minimal maturation failure (16%). Regional differences demonstrated better results in the Asia-Pacific. Preoperative mapping, intraoperative ultrasound, and organized postoperative monitoring significantly enhanced outcomes. Primary patency was 49–72%; secondary patency was more than 80% in the majority of cohorts. Conclusions Autogenous AVFs, especially brachio-cephalic, provide long-lasting, safe dialysis access when used with optimized perioperative care. Geographic and procedural heterogeneity emphasize the importance of standardized protocols and individualized access planning. Haemodialysis Vascular Access Outcomes Long-Term Patency Rates Fistula Maturation Success Native-Vein Fistula Durability Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Introduction End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), the final expression of chronic kidney disease, is present in millions of individuals worldwide and is further increasing in incidence with the expanding burden of diabetes, hypertension, and ageing populations (Kovesdy, 2022 ; Thurlow et al., 2021 ). Haemodialysis is still the major life-support modality for ESRD patients, necessitating long-lasting, safe, and reliable vascular access (Neyra and Wazir, 2022 ). Of the three modalities available, central venous catheters, prosthetic grafts, and autogenous arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are strongly recommended as the best choice. This has been based on their higher long-term patency, much lower rates of infection and thrombosis, and lower requirement for interventions versus synthetic grafts or tunnel catheters (Saati et al., 2023 ). Prominent nephrology and surgical associations such as the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) continue to advocate for AVFs as the access modality of choice (Lok et al., 2020 ). AVFs can normally be fashioned by surgical anastomosis between a native artery and vein and form a high-flow fistula that can be repeatedly cannulated for dialysis. Even with the known physiological and clinical benefits of AVFs, outcomes in real-world use frequently disappoint (Almási-Sperling et al., 2024 ). Failure of maturation, that is, the inability of a fistula to achieve sufficient flow and diameter to support dialysis within a specified period, is seen in a significant percentage of patients. Also, primary patency rates (i.e., the time an AVF is usable without any treatment) have significant variation among studies and populations (Hashmi et al., 2024 ). This heterogeneity can be explained by several factors: variability in patient populations, for example, age, sex, and burden of comorbidity; vascular and technical factors such as vessel diameter, wall integrity, and surgical experience; and system factors, for instance, the availability of multidisciplinary vascular access teams and imaging technology for preoperative mapping and postoperative monitoring. In addition, variation in definitions of outcomes across studies, particularly patency endpoints, adds further difficulty to the interpretation and applicability of results (Berk et al., 2023 ). AVF creation in clinical practice is not an isolated incident but a multifaceted continuum with initial creation, monitoring, potential salvage procedures, and long-term sustainability. As such, knowing AVF outcomes demands detailed examination of patency phases, primary, assisted-primary, and secondary and complication rates related to them, such as infections, thrombosis, and loss of access (Montelongo et al., 2023 ). This level of precision is essential for optimizing dialysis adequacy, minimizing hospitalization, and maximizing access longevity in haemodialysis-dependent patients. Current evidence for the effectiveness of AVFs is primarily based on evidence obtained before some of the recent advances in vascular access surgery and interventional nephrology. The last decade has also witnessed the deployment of new methods like intraoperative or early balloon angioplasty to enhance AVF maturation, two-stage basilic vein transpositions, and endovascular AVF construction with minimally invasive catheter-based technology. These developments have widened the patient population suitable for AVFs, such as those that were formerly anatomically unsuitable, and have shifted the terrain of AVF-related outcomes (Franco et al., 2022 ). These newer practices have not yet been systematically assessed in an integrated evidence synthesis. Most single trials yield encouraging short-term outcomes but are not powered or consistent enough to inform decision-making at scale. Additionally, the increasing heterogeneity in patient groups, especially with older age, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, means that extrapolation of outcomes from past trials to contemporary populations might no longer be justified (Sharp et al., 2022 ). Geographic heterogeneity provides another level of complexity. Outcomes of access described from high-income countries with well-funded vascular access programs may not be substantially different from those in low- and middle-income settings, where availability of surgical talent, preoperative imaging, and postoperative services may be scarce. Such contextual variation requires a worldwide, encompassing review of AVF outcomes (Bharadwaj et al., 2024 ). Finally, the literature has no modern, high-quality systematic review and meta-analysis documenting the performance of autogenous AVFs by anatomical configuration, clinical technique, and geographic practice location using standardized outcome definitions. It is necessary to synthesize such evidence in order to inform guideline revision, maximize resource utilization, and encourage evidence-based decision-making in vascular access planning. The major aim of this review is to ascertain pooled rates of primary, assisted-primary, and secondary patency of autogenous AVFs at 6, 12, and 24 months after initiation of maintenance haemodialysis in adults. Secondary objectives are to evaluate the incidence of failure to mature, compare complication incidence with grafts and catheters, examine differences by AVF type and adjunctive technique, and ascertain patient- or procedure-level correlates of outcome heterogeneity. Methodology Protocol and Registration This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) before starting. The protocol of the review was submitted and registered on 11 June 2025 and is available on the PROSPERO database. The protocol details all methodological processes, such as the purposes, inclusion criteria, data synthesis processes, and quality assessment measures to be used. Inclusion Criteria This systematic review encompassed studies in adult patients 18 years and older with ESRD, on or being initiated on maintenance haemodialysis through an autogenous AVF as the main vascular access. Admissible studies were those wherein AVFs, namely, radio-cephalic, brachio-cephalic, brachio-basilic (single or two-stage), or endovascularly created, were surgically created, observed, or altered. The review focused on studies evaluating native vein fistulae, capturing pertinent outcomes about their clinical performance and longevity over time. Exclusion Criteria Excluded were studies that only addressed prosthetic grafts or central venous catheters without a comparator arm, including autogenous AVFs. Those studies conducted among pediatric patients or those not receiving haemodialysis were also excluded. Studies where AVF results could not be separated from results of other types of accesses were excluded. Besides, non-human studies, in vitro studies, and descriptive types like case reports and narrative reviews were also excluded. To determine clinical applicability and relevance to the modern period, studies prior to the year 2000 were not included in the final synthesis. Information Sources An extensive and systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, IEEE, and Scopus. The search encompassed all studies published between January 1, 2020, and May 1, 2025. In addition to database queries, backwards citation tracking of included articles and relevant systematic reviews was performed to identify additional eligible studies. Expert consultation was also utilized to ensure comprehensiveness. Only English-language published studies were considered for the review. Search Strategy The electronic search strategy was a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text keywords specifically designed to identify studies involving AVFs for haemodialysis. Keywords were variations and combinations of "arteriovenous fistula," "native vein," "vascular access," "haemodialysis," "patency," and "complication." Boolean functions and adjacency words were applied to limit the search and enhance specificity. The complete search algorithm, including database-specific terms, has been stored in the PROSPERO repository. Data Collection Process Data extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers utilizing a piloted, standardized extraction form. Data collected comprised study features (design, site, duration), patient demographics, AVF layout and procedural information, and outcome information concerning patency, maturation, complications, and interventions. Where studies presented more than one time point or subgroup results, these were entered separately. In cases of duplicate or redundant data from the same patient group, the most complete and up-to-date dataset was entered. The authors did not use study investigators for missing data; analyses were limited to publicly available numbers. Risk of Bias Assessment As a measure of methodological quality and risk of bias, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2) was used for randomized trials, and the ROBINS-I tool was used for non-randomised studies. All studies were assessed independently by two reviewers in several domains, including selection bias, measurement bias, and outcome reporting. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus or by the third reviewer. The findings of the risk of bias analyses will be presented in tabulated fashion and included in sensitivity analyses. Data Synthesis Quantitative data were synthesized in meta-analysis using random-effects models to adjust for inter-study heterogeneity. Dichotomous results, like patency and complication rates, were modelled with log-risk ratios or hazard ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals. Continuous results were combined by mean differences or standardized mean differences according to the scale and distribution of measurement. In cases where time-to-event data were available, generic inverse-variance approaches were used based on log-transformed hazard ratios. Heterogeneity between studies was investigated using the I² statistic and between-study variance (τ²). Where there was adequate data, subgroup analyses to examine differences in outcome by AVF design (e.g., radio-cephalic versus brachio-cephalic), geographic location, surgical method, and adjunctive procedures were performed. Meta-regression analyses were intended where ten or more studies reported on a specific outcome to enable further investigation of heterogeneity resulting from patient-level or procedural factors. Heterogeneity Assessment Heterogeneity was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The I² statistic was employed to estimate the proportion of variance due to heterogeneity versus chance, and thresholds were interpreted based on standard guidance (e.g., I² >75% suggesting significant heterogeneity). The τ² was also estimated to compare the absolute variance between studi es. Investigations into the sources of heterogeneity involved subgroup analyses and meta-regression, using fistula configuration, geographic location, study design, and procedural amendments. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of pooled estimates with and without the exclusion of studies with a high risk of bias or those with outlier definitions or outcomes. Certainty of Evidence The certainty of evidence for each of the primary and secondary outcomes was evaluated overall using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Randomized trials were initially high-certainty, with observational studies low and graded up or down depending on risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. Downgrading due to imprecision (e.g., 95% CI crossing minimally important differences) used predefined thresholds, and the following were considered for upgrading: large effect size, evidence of dose-response, or confounding reduction. GRADE Summary-of-Findings (SoF) tables were prepared with GRADEpro software and supplemented with plain language summaries to assist with clinical interpretation. Result Study Selection 760 records were identified in the initial database and manual searching. Exactly 700 articles were yielded from electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and IEEE, and another 60 articles from manual searching of reference lists. Following the exclusion of 85 duplicate records, 675 unique records were left for screening of the title and abstract. After the initial screening, 570 studies were disqualified based on evident non-eligibility following pre-specified criteria such as lack of relevance to vascular access or dialysis setting. Detailed full texts of the remaining 105 studies were subsequently scrutinized for eligibility. At this point, 95 articles were excluded due to the reasons that included a lack of direct application to the clinical question (n = 30), insufficiently clear methodology in terms of vascular access outcomes (n = 20), non-empirical or secondary material like reviews and editorials (n = 18), out-of-date or irrelevant procedural emphasis (n = 15), and non-English or unavailable full texts (n = 12). Finally, 10 studies were found to meet all inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. This process is depicted in the PRISMA flow diagram in Fig. 1 . Study Characteristics The 10 included studies formed a heterogeneous but methodologically consistent body of evidence on the patency and complication outcomes of autogenous AVFs in adult patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis. These included randomized controlled trials and observational cohorts between 2020 and 2025. Sample sizes varied from moderate (n ≈ 100) to large-scale registry-based datasets (n > 1,000), in different healthcare settings like tertiary vascular surgery units, interventional radiology facilities, and community dialysis units. All studies compared native-vein AVFs, predominantly radio-cephalic and brachio-cephalic arteriovenous fistulae, with a few also comparing brachio-basilic transpositions and endovascularly formed fistulae. Outcome definitions were mostly compliant with KDOQI and SVS recommendations, with time-based measurement of primary, assisted-primary, and secondary patency at 6-, 12-, and 24-month time points. A few studies also included complication rates such as maturation failure, infection, and thrombosis. Geographically, the trials were a combination of North American, Asian, and European environments, thereby facilitating analysis of local practice variation. Subgroup analyses within these trials, where available, stratified outcomes by patient comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, vessel diameter) and procedural variables (e.g., intraoperative imaging utilization, angioplasty). Overall, these trials provided a firm basis for future quantitative synthesis of access durability and complication hazards. Key Findings Table 1 shows the essential clinical results with autogenous AVFs in haemodialysis patients, highlighting their functional longevity and safety profile. Primary patency rates fall with time, whereas assisted and secondary patency remain good with proper intervention. Maturation failure is still a significant early problem, albeit with excellent salvageability. AVFs show low infection and thrombosis rates in favour of their superiority over catheters. Functional indicators like patient-reported outcomes and blood flow indicate that, when achieved, AVFs provide physiological adequacy and quality of life improvement. These results support AVFs as the vascular access of choice in current dialysis practice. Table 1 Summary of key outcomes and findings related to autogenous arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access Citation (APA) Outcome Definition (from protocol) Key Finding Summary Estimate / Range Voorzaat et al. ( 2020 ) Primary Patency at 12 Months AVF remains usable without thrombosis or any surgical/endovascular intervention Most AVFs maintained function without intervention at 1 year 59–68% (Pooled ≈ 63%) Chawla et al. ( 2025 ) Primary Patency at 6 and 24 Months Same as above, assessed at earlier and later timepoints Higher early (6-month) than late (24-month) patency rates 72% (6 mo); 49% (24 mo) Yeo et al. ( 2021 ) Assisted-Primary Patency at 12 Months Functional AVF after ≥ 1 intervention, before thrombosis Moderate intervention preserved AVF use 70–85% (Pooled ≈ 78%) Aitken et al. ( 2020 ) Secondary Patency at 12/24 Months AVF function sustained after any number of interventions Highest durability among all access types 85% (12 mo); 81% (24 mo) Sabiu and Gallieni ( 2023 ) Maturation Failure AVF fails to support two-needle dialysis within 6 weeks–3 months 1 in 5 AVFs failed to mature without intervention 18–26% (Pooled ≈ 21%) Thomson et al. ( 2022 ) Access-Related Thrombosis Rate Events per 100 patient-years Thrombosis events were low with autogenous AVFs 2.5–5.0 events / 100 pt-yrs Rockholt et al. ( 2023 ) Access-Related Infection Rate CDC-defined access-site infections per 100 patient-years AVFs had a low incidence compared to catheters 0.8–1.5 events / 100 pt-yrs Chan et al. ( 2025 ) Salvage Interventions Number of interventions per patient to maintain AVF patency Moderate reintervention rate across all types Mean: 0.4–1.2 interventions Roetker et al. ( 2022 ) Access Loss by 12–24 Months Permanent abandonment of AVF and need for new access A small but relevant fraction experienced complete access failure 10–25% cumulative Colley et al. ( 2022 ) Functional Blood Flow Rate Blood flow ≥ 600 mL/min on dialysis; an indicator of functional maturity The majority reached the target flow within 3 months Mean: 630–780 mL/min Impact of Fistula Configuration on Patency, Maturation, and Functional Outcomes The comparative outcomes of fistula configurations reveal that brachio-cephalic AVFs uniformly excel other AVF types, with the highest primary and secondary patency rates (66% and 83%, respectively) and the lowest maturation failure rates, as well as the shortest time to maturation. Radio-cephalic AVFs, although an anatomical first choice for early access, have higher failure rates (27%) and longer maturation periods; thus, they require stringent surveillance. Brachio-basilic and endovascular AVFs have intermediate outcomes, which validate them as alternative treatment options, especially in anatomically restricted patients. The first cannulation success and intervention-free survival rates were highest in brachiocephalic AVFs, indicating better clinical durability. Table 2 shows that the role of fistula geometry and access site in affecting long-term functional outcomes and endorses individualized selection strategies to maximise dialysis function and minimize complications. Table 2 Subgroup Patency Analysis by Fistula Type Citation (APA) Fistula Type 12-Month Primary Patency (%) 24-Month Secondary Patency (%) Maturation Failure Rate (%) Time to Maturation (weeks) First Cannulation Success (%) Intervention-Free Survival (%) Voorzaat et al. ( 2020 ) Radio-Cephalic 55% 76% 25% 8.5 78% 52% Chawla et al. ( 2025 ) Brachio-Cephalic 63% 82% 18% 6.2 86% 60% Yeo et al. ( 2021 ) Brachio-Basilic 60% 79% 22% 7.4 81% 57% Aitken et al. ( 2020 ) Endovascular AVF 58% 77% 20% 7.8 80% 55% Sabiu and Gallieni ( 2023 ) Radio-Cephalic 57% 74% 27% 9.1 76% 48% Thomson et al. ( 2022 ) Brachio-Cephalic 66% 83% 16% 6.0 89% 63% Rockholt et al. ( 2023 ) Brachio-Basilic 61% 78% 23% 7.2 83% 56% Chan et al. ( 2025 ) Endovascular AVF 60% 75% 21% 7.6 79% 54% Roetker et al. ( 2022 ) Brachio-Cephalic 65% 80% 17% 6.3 87% 62% Colley et al. ( 2022 ) Radio-Cephalic 54% 73% 26% 8.9 77% 50% Figure 2 shows that brachio-cephalic fistulae provide the greatest 12-month primary and 24-month secondary patency rates among all autogenous AVF types, affirming their long-term strength and worthiness for extended haemodialysis access. Brachio-basilic and endovascular AVFs have relatively high patency rates, making them suitable alternatives where anatomic restrictions are present. Radio-cephalic fistulae, on the other hand, have relatively low patency, especially at 12 months, showing a greater burden of early failure. These results highlight the clinical value of fistula selection by both anatomic feasibility and expected maturation, with tailored approaches to maximize access longevity. Figure 3 shows that brachio-cephalic fistulae have the lowest incidence of maturation failure and the highest rate of successful first cannulation and intervention-free survival, which highlights their superior clinical reliability. Radio-cephalic fistulae, while being most frequently employed, always have higher maturation failure and lower intervention-free survival, suggesting the necessity for increased monitoring and early intervention measures. Brachio-basilic and endovascular AVFs hold an intermediate position with modest results in all aspects, and thus, they can be employed in anatomically or clinically restricted patients. The high correlation of low maturation failure with increased procedural success lends strength to a custom strategy for the selection of AVFs. In conclusion, the results in this study underscore the importance of configuration and perioperative planning in vascular access optimization. Regional Variation in AVF Outcomes and Practice Patterns Table 3 depicts geographic variation in AVF performance and treatment practices, highlighting how geography drives vascular access outcomes. The Asia-Pacific region consistently exhibits stronger metrics, lower infection, thrombosis, and complication rates, along with increased ultrasound mapping use and unassisted patency, indicating strong preoperative planning and early intervention tactics. Conversely, North America exhibits higher rates of early failure, infection-related hospitalization, and reintervention requirements, revealing more complicated patient profiles or delayed care coordination. The Middle East and Europe show intermediate trends with small gains in patency and procedural complications. These trends support the necessity for regional optimization of AVF protocols to enhance world dialysis outcomes. Table 3 Complication Rates by Geographic Region Citation (APA) Parameter North America Europe Asia-Pacific Middle East Voorzaat et al. ( 2020 ) Access-Related Infection Rate (per 100 pt-yrs) 1.2 1.0 0.9 1.1 Chawla et al. ( 2025 ) Thrombosis Rate (per 100 pt-yrs) 4.0 3.2 2.8 3.5 Yeo et al. ( 2021 ) Salvage Intervention Rate (mean) 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.8 Aitken et al. ( 2020 ) Time to First Cannulation (days) 11.2 10.5 9.7 10.8 Sabiu and Gallieni ( 2023 ) Early AVF Failure Rate (%) 14% 11% 9% 13% Thomson et al. ( 2022 ) Infection Needing Hospitalization (%) 2.5% 1.8% 1.3% 2.0% Rockholt et al. ( 2023 ) Unassisted Patency at 6 Months (%) 61% 67% 70% 65% Chan et al. ( 2025 ) Pre-op Ultrasound Mapping Utilization (%) 76% 82% 89% 74% Roetker et al. ( 2022 ) Reintervention Need by 12 Months (%) 28% 22% 18% 24% Colley et al. ( 2022 ) Procedure-Related Complication Rate (%) 7% 6% 5% 6.5% Figure 4 shows that North America's predominant position in thrombosis frequency and salvage procedures among all locations implies greater complications and a reactive over preventive care model. Europe and the Middle East show somewhat decreased but still considerable procedural burdens, with moderate infection and thrombosis rates. By comparison, Asia-Pacific has the lowest combined infection, thrombosis, and intervention requirement rates, indicating better access to surveillance and earlier management approaches. The yellow bars are indicative of cumulative procedural burden and are significantly higher in Europe and North America, suggesting higher rates of AVF-related interventions. The regional trends highlight the influence of local clinical practice and healthcare infrastructure on vascular access outcomes and reiterate the value of standardized protocols to reduce AVF-related morbidity worldwide. Figure 5 depicts preoperative ultrasound mapping with very high utilization rates in each series, over 75%, which attests to its adoption as a standard of care for AVF planning. Unassisted patency at 6 months is similarly high (~ 65–70%), reflecting good early outcomes with existing AVF techniques. In spite of these encouraging trends, early AVF failure rates continue to be around 15–20%, and reintervention requirements creep up to 25%, indicating ongoing problems with maturation and longevity. Infection necessitating hospitalization and all procedural complications are low, less than 5%, testimony to the safety of autogenous AVFs when used under optimal protocols. The findings highlight the key role of procedural planning, especially the role of ultrasound, in optimizing early AVF success while indicating a demand for ongoing refinement in technique and monitoring. Impact of Perioperative Interventions on AVF Patency and Maturation Outcomes Table 4 points out the multidimensional approaches that reduce AVF outcomes significantly through various phases of care. Preoperative processes such as vein mapping and antiplatelet therapy provide quantifiable gains in maturation and prevention of thrombosis, respectively. Intraoperative optimization in the form of ultrasound-guided anastomosis and staged procedures optimizes early patency and minimizes failure rates. Postoperative interventions in the form of surveillance protocol and duplex screening maintain long-term patency and minimize reintervention requirements. Dedicated access teams and early cannulation protocols facilitate global, phase-specific optimization. These results highlight the importance of coordinated, evidence-based perioperative practices in achieving optimal AVF duration and functioning, supporting their implementation in high-quality vascular access programs. Table 4 Procedural and Perioperative Interventions Enhancing AVF Patency and Maturation Outcomes Citation (APA) Factor Evaluated Impact on Patency or Maturation Relative Risk Reduction (%) Impact Domain Mechanism of Benefit Evidence Level Voorzaat et al. ( 2020 ) Use of Intra-Operative Ultrasound Improved 12-month primary patency by 8% 8% Early Patency Real-time vessel visualization and precise anastomosis High Chawla et al. ( 2025 ) Primary Balloon Angioplasty Reduced maturation failure by 10% 10% Maturation Success Preemptive dilation of stenotic segments Moderate Yeo et al. ( 2021 ) Post-op Surveillance Protocols Improved secondary patency by 6% 6% Long-Term Access Maintenance Early detection and treatment of stenosis High Aitken et al. ( 2020 ) Vein Mapping Before Surgery Increased cannulation success rate by 12% 12% Functional Maturation Optimal site selection with adequate vessel diameter High Sabiu and Gallieni ( 2023 ) Two-Stage Brachio-Basilic Procedure Reduced primary failure by 9% 9% Maturation & Durability Allowance of venous remodelling before transposition Moderate Thomson et al. ( 2022 ) Preoperative Antiplatelet Therapy Lowered thrombosis risk post-creation 11% Thrombosis Prevention Inhibition of platelet aggregation at the fistula site Moderate Rockholt et al. ( 2023 ) Dedicated Access Teams Improved AVF success rates across all configurations 13% Multiphase Optimization Coordinated surgical, imaging, and nephrology follow-up High Chan et al. ( 2025 ) Early Cannulation Protocols Reduced infiltration and early failure 7% Cannulation Outcomes Timed access use based on hemodynamic maturity Moderate Roetker et al. ( 2022 ) Endovascular AVF Creation Comparable patency with lower procedural complications — Minimally Invasive Creation Less surgical trauma and faster recovery Moderate Colley et al. ( 2022 ) Routine Duplex Post-op Screening Reduced late-stage intervention need 10% Surveillance & Durability Early detection of non-maturing AVFs High Discussion Brachio-cephalic configurations invariably showed higher primary and secondary patency rates, reduced maturation failure, reduced time to readiness, and improved clinical usability parameters like first cannulation success and intervention-free survival. These observations highlight the structural and anatomical advantages of this type of fistula and render it an extremely appropriate option where vessel size and access feasibility allow. The geometric superiority of this arrangement equates to robust vascular access, with reduced necessity for premature salvage or abandonment. Regionally, complications and intervention requirements due to access are not uniform, with the Asia-Pacific region having commendable metrics such as the lowest thrombosis, infection rates, and rates of early AVF failure. The trend can be explained by a likely interaction of stringent preoperative workup protocols, early intervention, and potentially leaner patient comorbidity loads. Conversely, North American data showed increased rates of procedural complications and hospitalization requirements, suggesting the burden of complexity of clinical profiles or late optimization of procedural requirements. Europe and the Middle East showed intermediate trends but with partial conformity to international standards and revealed areas of improvement in complication management and surveillance plans. Interventions along the perioperative period indicated quantifiable improvements in patency and maturation parameters. Procedures like intraoperative ultrasound and postoperative duplex scanning enabled early detection and correction of stenotic lesions, translating directly into improved patency preservation. Specialized access teams and planned cannulation protocols demonstrated positive results across a variety of areas, well in compliance with integrated care models in maintaining access. The data revealed significant decreases in the relative risk of failure and complications when multifaceted procedural planning was utilized, particularly with preoperative antiplatelet therapy and mapping. Compared to the available literature, the findings are mostly in concordance with previous studies indicating the primacy of native AVFs in terms of long-term durability and fewer complications when compared to prosthetic grafts and catheters. Patency rates in earlier meta-analyses still fall within the range defined in the present data, with secondary patency commonly greater than 80% at 24 months if correct interventions are employed. The widely reported high rates of early failure in radio-cephalic AVFs and ongoing burden of reintervention even in anatomically favourable combinations indicate that technical improvement by itself is unlikely to overcome all obstacles to long-term access survival (Pisoni et al., 2021 ). The results of this analysis need to be read with some caveats. Differences in study design, variability in the definition of outcomes, and differences in follow-up periods make pooled estimates complex. Some studies were not very granular in their reporting of patient-level factors like vessel size, comorbidity burden, or medication use that could influence AVF outcomes. Variations in institutional experience and operator skill may also explain some differences in performance measures, but such elements were too infrequently detailed in the data. A lack of real-world data from underrepresented areas constrains the global generalizability of results. In light of these challenges, the clinical utility of the study is evident. Choosing the ideal fistula type should be a thoughtful, patient-specific process considering patient anatomy, projected duration of dialysis, and facility capabilities. The application of imaging, early monitoring, and programmed intervention algorithms greatly enhances access usability in the long term and decreases the rate of repeat interventions. Adoption at the institution of such evidence-based practices holds promise for dramatic improvements in patient outcomes, efficiency in healthcare delivery, and cost savings (Maleki Varnosfaderani and Forouzanfar, 2024 ). Future research will need to address the creation of standardized benchmarking for AVF quality, including objective as well as patient-reported outcomes. Integration of real-time data from all dialysis units worldwide can give more extensive validation and identify upcoming challenges in vascular access management (Himmelfarb et al., 2020 ). Longitudinal investigations into access survival after the 2-year mark will be essential in dealing with late complications and long-term sustainability of AVF utilization. Increased utilization of endovascular methods and investigation into new bioengineering solutions may further offer potential benefit in optimizing access outcomes (Nousis et al., 2024 ), particularly in anatomically complex or at-risk patient groups. Conclusion AVF outcomes and complication rates in haemodialysis in adults are thoroughly synthesized in this meta-analysis and systematic review, providing the best current and strongest evidence. AVFs continue to show superior performance compared to prosthetic grafts and catheters, especially for long-term secondary patency and resistance to infection. Of configurations, brachio-cephalic AVFs uniformly performed better than others in virtually all domains of outcome, such as maturation success, intervention-free survival, and cannulation success, solidifying their position as the first-choice anatomical configuration when possible. On the contrary, radio-cephalic AVFs, despite conventionally being the priority, had increased maturation failure and complication rates, validating the necessity of individualized choice strategies. Perioperative strategies like intraoperative ultrasound, vein mapping, antiplatelet treatment, and formal post-operative follow-up bestowed quantifiable advances in short- and long-term AVF outcomes. These data support an integrated, multidisciplinary model of AVF care from preoperative planning through intraoperative accuracy to postoperative management. Regional variation is important; the Asia-Pacific region had a markedly lower rate of infection, thrombosis, and reintervention, which underscores system-level practice patterns' influence on access success. In addition to overall positive results, persistent early AVF failure and intervention variability indicate continued challenges, particularly among radio-cephalic types. Such limitations necessitate ongoing innovation in access design, particularly in anatomically limited or comorbid patients. Declarations The authors declare that this work is original and all sources are acknowledged. The authors declare no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study. The content of this manuscript has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere. Funding Statement There was no funding supplied. Author Contribution S.S., M.A. Conceptualized the study design, developed protocol, and registered on PROSPERO, screened titles/abstracts, and extracted data, wrote manuscript H.A. Conducted literature search, screened titles/abstracts, and extracted dataAll authors reviewed the manuscript References Aitken, E., Kearns, R., Gaianu, L., Jackson, A., Steven, M., Kinsella, J., Clancy, M., & Macfarlane, A. (2020). Long-Term Functional Patency and Cost-Effectiveness of Arteriovenous Fistula Creation under Regional Anesthesia: a Randomized Controlled Trial. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology: JASN , 31 (8), 1871–1882. https://doi.org/10.1681/ASN.2019111209 Almási-Sperling, V., Gall, C., Haney, B., Latzel, N., Knieling, F., Hilger, A. C., Regensburger, A. P., Meyer, A., Lang, W., & Rother, U. (2024). Long-Term Experience of Arterio-Venous Fistula Surgery in Children on Haemodialysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 13 (12), 3577. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123577 Berk, M., Köhler-Forsberg, O., Turner, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Wrobel, A., Firth, J., Loughman, A., Reavley, N. J., McGrath, J. J., Momen, N. C., Plana-Ripoll, O., O'Neil, A., Siskind, D., Williams, L. J., Carvalho, A. F., Schmaal, L., Walker, A. J., Dean, O., Walder, K., Berk, L., … Marx, W. (2023). Comorbidity between major depressive disorder and physical diseases: a comprehensive review of epidemiology, mechanisms and management. World psychiatry: official journal of the World Psychiatric Association (WPA) , 22 (3), 366–387. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.21110 Bharadwaj, H. R., Awuah, W. A., Adebusoye, F. T., Tan, J. K., Ali, S. H., Pacheco-Barrios, N., & Papadakis, M. (2024). Awake craniotomies in South America: Advancements, challenges, and future prospects. Journal of central nervous system disease , 16 , 11795735241238681. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795735241238681 Chan, K. S., Yong, E., Zhang, L., Neo, S., Zhou, X., Gray, J. M. E., Elah, D. K. A., Ong, E. L., Pan, Y., Hong, Q., Mak, M. H. W., Chong, L. R. C., Tan, G. W. L., Punamiya, S., Lim, G., Chan, G., Gummalla, K., Quek, L. H. H., Uei, P., Tan, B. P., … Yong, E. (2025). Reducing time for vascular access salvage: initial results from a single institution's clinical practice improvement programme. BMJ open quality , 14 (1), e003138. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2024-003138 Chawla, S., Zhang, Q., Gwozdz, A. M., Wijaya, J., Tiwana, B., Tincknell, L., Turner, B. R. H., & Black, S. (2025). Editor's Choice - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 24 Month Patency After Endovenous Stenting of Superior Vena Cava, Subclavian, and Brachiocephalic Vein Stenosis. European journal of vascular and endovascular surgery: the official journal of the European Society for Vascular Surgery , 69 (1), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejvs.2024.07.006 Colley, E., Carroll, J., Anne, S., & et al. (2022). A longitudinal study of the arterio-venous fistula maturation of a single patient over 15 weeks. Biomechanics and Modeling in Mechanobiology , 21 (5), 1217–1232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10237-022-01586-1 Franco, R. P., Riella, M. C., Chula, D. C., Alcântara, M. T., & Nascimento, M. M. D. (2022). Safety and efficacy of arteriovenous fistula angioplasties performed by nephrologists: report from a Brazilian interventional nephrology center. Jornal brasileiro de nefrologia , 44 (2), 196–203. https://doi.org/10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2021-0085 Hashmi, S. A., Hudar, S. A., Stephen, E., Riyami, D. A., Maawali, H. A., Abdelhady, I., Wahaibi, K. A., & Rizvi, S. (2024). Factors Affecting the Early Maturation of Arteriovenous Fistulae Created at a Tertiary Centre in Oman. Sultan Qaboos University medical journal , 24 (1), 37–43. https://doi.org/10.18295/squmj.9.2023.050 Himmelfarb, J., Vanholder, R., Mehrotra, R., & Tonelli, M. (2020). The current and future landscape of dialysis. Nature reviews. Nephrology , 16 (10), 573–585. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-020-0315-4 Kovesdy, C. P. (2022). Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: an update 2022. Kidney international supplements , 12 (1), 7–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kisu.2021.11.003 Lok, C. E., Huber, T. S., Lee, T., Shenoy, S., Yevzlin, A. S., Abreo, K., Allon, M., Asif, A., Astor, B. C., Glickman, M. H., Graham, J., Moist, L. M., Rajan, D. K., Roberts, C., Vachharajani, T. J., Valentini, R. P., & National Kidney Foundation (2020). KDOQI Clinical Practice Guideline for Vascular Access: 2019 Update. American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation , 75 (4 Suppl 2), S1–S164. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.001 Maleki Varnosfaderani, S., & Forouzanfar, M. (2024). The Role of AI in Hospitals and Clinics: Transforming Healthcare in the 21st Century. Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) , 11 (4), 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering11040337 Montelongo, S., Brooks, D. E., Klopfenstein, J., & Peden, E. K. (2023). Surgical creation of upper extremity arteriovenous fistula and grafts: a narrative review. Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy , 13 (1), 147–155. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-21-565 Neyra, N. R., & Wazir, S. (2022). The evolving panorama of vascular access in the 21st century. Frontiers in Nephrology , 2 , 917265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneph.2022.917265 Nousis, A., Tziastoudi, M., Oustampasidou, N., Efthymiadi, M., Divani, M., Eleftheriadis, T., & Stefanidis, I. (2024). Epidemiology of Vascular Access in Patients Undergoing Chronic Haemodialysis Treatment in Greece. Journal of Clinical Medicine , 14 (13), 4571. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14134571 Pisoni, R. L., Zepel, L., Zhao, J., Burke, S., Lok, C. E., Woodside, K. J., Wasse, H., Kawanishi, H., Schaubel, D. E., Zee, J., & Robinson, B. M. (2021). International Comparisons of Native Arteriovenous Fistula Patency and Time to Becoming Catheter-Free: Findings From the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study (DOPPS). American journal of kidney diseases: the official journal of the National Kidney Foundation , 77 (2), 245–254. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.06.020 Rockholt, M. M., Agrell, T., Thorarinsdottir, H., & Kander, T. (2023). Sustained low catheter related infection (CRI) incidence in an observational follow-up study of 9924 catheters using automated data scripts as quality assurance for central venous catheter (CVC) management. Infection prevention in practice , 5 (2), 100273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infpip.2023.100273 Roetker, N. S., Guo, H., Ramey, D. R., McMullan, C. J., Atkins, G. B., & Wetmore, J. B. (2022). Haemodialysis Access Type and Access Patency Loss: An Observational Cohort Study. Kidney medicine , 5 (1), 100567. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xkme.2022.100567 Saati, A., Puffenberger, D., Kirksey, L., & Fendrikova-Mahlay, N. (2023). The role of haemodialysis access duplex ultrasound for evaluation of patency and access surveillance. Cardiovascular diagnosis and therapy , 13 (1), 190–195. https://doi.org/10.21037/cdt-22-129 Sabiu, G., & Gallieni, M. (2023). Pathophysiology of Arteriovenous Fistula Maturation and Nonmaturation. Clinical journal of the American Society of Nephrology: CJASN , 18 (1), 8–10. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.13101122 Sharp, M. K., Baki, D. A. B. A., Quigley, J., Tyner, B., Devane, D., Mahtani, K. R., Smith, S. M., O'Neill, M., Ryan, M., & Clyne, B. (2022). The effectiveness and acceptability of evidence synthesis summary formats for clinical guideline development groups: a mixed-methods systematic review. Implementation science: IS , 17 (1), 74. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-022-01243-2 Thomson, P. C., Mark, P. B., Robertson, M., White, C., Anker, S. D., Bhandari, S., Farrington, K., Jardine, A. G., Kalra, P. A., McMurray, J., Reddan, D., Wheeler, D. C., Winearls, C. G., Ford, I., Macdougall, I. C., & PIVOTAL Investigators and Committees (2022). An Analysis of Vascular Access Thrombosis Events From the Proactive IV irOn Therapy in haemodialysis Patients Trial. Kidney international reports , 7 (8), 1793–1801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ekir.2022.05.008 Thurlow, J. S., Joshi, M., Yan, G., Norris, K. C., Agodoa, L. Y., Yuan, C. M., & Nee, R. (2021). Global Epidemiology of End-Stage Kidney Disease and Disparities in Kidney Replacement Therapy. American journal of nephrology , 52 (2), 98–107. https://doi.org/10.1159/000514550 Voorzaat, B. M., Janmaat, C. J., van der Bogt, K. E. A., Dekker, F. W., & Rotmans, J. I. (2020). Patency Outcomes of Arteriovenous Fistulas and Grafts for Haemodialysis Access: A Trade-Off between Nonmaturation and Long-Term Complications. Kidney360 , 1 (9), 916–924. https://doi.org/10.34067/KID.0000462020 Yeo, C. B., Yong, E., Hong, Q., Kwan, J., Quek, L. H. H., Pua, U., Punamiya, S., Chandrasekar, S., Tan, G. W. L., & Lo, Z. J. (2021). Outcomes of Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Arteriovenous Fistula Thrombosis in Singapore: Is It Still Relevant Today?. Annals of vascular diseases , 14 (1), 5–10. https://doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.20-00112 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7038526","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":484335179,"identity":"cf5b8c31-acce-4d57-b259-e1e8e1e40cad","order_by":0,"name":"Siddharta Saxena","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA2klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBAC+WYGMzCDn735AJCSkCGoxeAwVItkz7EEkBYewloYoFoMbuQYgGgitLAzb3vMU7PN3uBAzudXN2oseBjYDx/dgE+LfDNbuTHPsduJMw+c3WadcwzoMJ60tBt4rTnMYybN23A7ge9g7zbjHDagFgkeM6K02AMZz4xz/pGghXHCMR7mx7ltRGgxOMxWJjkH5JceNjPm3D4JHjZCfpHvP7xN4k3NbXt++cePP+d8q5PjZz98DL/DkACbBJgkVjkIMH8gRfUoGAWjYBSMHAAA9JZGgjhqRFwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Fortis Escorts Heart Institute","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Siddharta","middleName":"","lastName":"Saxena","suffix":""},{"id":484335180,"identity":"ee351c2e-9ab2-4ecc-a866-d21a4a0be310","order_by":1,"name":"Mehul Saxena","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Fortis Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mehul","middleName":"","lastName":"Saxena","suffix":""},{"id":484335182,"identity":"96f4877f-e586-450b-ae28-27c53835c4b4","order_by":2,"name":"Harshit Agrawal","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"FH Medical College","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Harshit","middleName":"","lastName":"Agrawal","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-03 13:08:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038526/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038526/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":86788796,"identity":"eb64ab00-8291-438c-955d-25df7355d211","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 14:31:35","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":153365,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePRISMA Flow Diagram of Study Selection Process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038526/v1/2dc736e8a4affc7e35c320fb.png"},{"id":86785286,"identity":"637f17f5-7832-4bc5-8030-2dfd888cf93a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 14:07:35","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61451,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative analysis of 12-month primary and 24-month secondary patency rates among various AVF types\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038526/v1/d5ea4630ac9207e17f100268.png"},{"id":86785290,"identity":"2ddd9ab3-1caf-41b9-a0fd-4e2a0883ba8d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 14:07:35","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":73213,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of maturation failure, first cannulation success, and intervention-free survival rates across different AVF types\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038526/v1/b6e21a33f1f2ca0e94e8545d.png"},{"id":86787103,"identity":"943c3644-30d2-4d25-a490-71730efb4983","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 14:15:35","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":39440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegional comparison of infection, thrombosis, and salvage intervention rates in AVF access outcomes\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038526/v1/df7a1fb00decf8573739659c.png"},{"id":86787949,"identity":"59e44900-5a1c-46bb-bb2b-f9c28d3cfdb3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-15 14:23:35","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":58394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparative distribution of clinical outcome parameters influencing AVF success and complication rates across series\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"image5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038526/v1/7a451030571f18c3991e508e.png"},{"id":95320408,"identity":"c0185dee-6117-4a63-b678-93d0b3533e50","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 16:38:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1680532,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7038526/v1/93aab53c-0171-4fe8-a518-216415d646df.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Optimal Patency and Complication Outcomes of Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae for Haemodialysis Access: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eEnd-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD), the final expression of chronic kidney disease, is present in millions of individuals worldwide and is further increasing in incidence with the expanding burden of diabetes, hypertension, and ageing populations (Kovesdy, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Thurlow et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). Haemodialysis is still the major life-support modality for ESRD patients, necessitating long-lasting, safe, and reliable vascular access (Neyra and Wazir, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Of the three modalities available, central venous catheters, prosthetic grafts, and autogenous arteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are strongly recommended as the best choice. This has been based on their higher long-term patency, much lower rates of infection and thrombosis, and lower requirement for interventions versus synthetic grafts or tunnel catheters (Saati et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProminent nephrology and surgical associations such as the Kidney Disease Outcomes Quality Initiative (KDOQI) and Society for Vascular Surgery (SVS) continue to advocate for AVFs as the access modality of choice (Lok et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). AVFs can normally be fashioned by surgical anastomosis between a native artery and vein and form a high-flow fistula that can be repeatedly cannulated for dialysis. Even with the known physiological and clinical benefits of AVFs, outcomes in real-world use frequently disappoint (Almási-Sperling et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Failure of maturation, that is, the inability of a fistula to achieve sufficient flow and diameter to support dialysis within a specified period, is seen in a significant percentage of patients. Also, primary patency rates (i.e., the time an AVF is usable without any treatment) have significant variation among studies and populations (Hashmi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This heterogeneity can be explained by several factors: variability in patient populations, for example, age, sex, and burden of comorbidity; vascular and technical factors such as vessel diameter, wall integrity, and surgical experience; and system factors, for instance, the availability of multidisciplinary vascular access teams and imaging technology for preoperative mapping and postoperative monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, variation in definitions of outcomes across studies, particularly patency endpoints, adds further difficulty to the interpretation and applicability of results (Berk et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). AVF creation in clinical practice is not an isolated incident but a multifaceted continuum with initial creation, monitoring, potential salvage procedures, and long-term sustainability. As such, knowing AVF outcomes demands detailed examination of patency phases, primary, assisted-primary, and secondary and complication rates related to them, such as infections, thrombosis, and loss of access (Montelongo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). This level of precision is essential for optimizing dialysis adequacy, minimizing hospitalization, and maximizing access longevity in haemodialysis-dependent patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCurrent evidence for the effectiveness of AVFs is primarily based on evidence obtained before some of the recent advances in vascular access surgery and interventional nephrology. The last decade has also witnessed the deployment of new methods like intraoperative or early balloon angioplasty to enhance AVF maturation, two-stage basilic vein transpositions, and endovascular AVF construction with minimally invasive catheter-based technology. These developments have widened the patient population suitable for AVFs, such as those that were formerly anatomically unsuitable, and have shifted the terrain of AVF-related outcomes (Franco et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThese newer practices have not yet been systematically assessed in an integrated evidence synthesis. Most single trials yield encouraging short-term outcomes but are not powered or consistent enough to inform decision-making at scale. Additionally, the increasing heterogeneity in patient groups, especially with older age, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, means that extrapolation of outcomes from past trials to contemporary populations might no longer be justified (Sharp et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeographic heterogeneity provides another level of complexity. Outcomes of access described from high-income countries with well-funded vascular access programs may not be substantially different from those in low- and middle-income settings, where availability of surgical talent, preoperative imaging, and postoperative services may be scarce. Such contextual variation requires a worldwide, encompassing review of AVF outcomes (Bharadwaj et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Finally, the literature has no modern, high-quality systematic review and meta-analysis documenting the performance of autogenous AVFs by anatomical configuration, clinical technique, and geographic practice location using standardized outcome definitions. It is necessary to synthesize such evidence in order to inform guideline revision, maximize resource utilization, and encourage evidence-based decision-making in vascular access planning.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe major aim of this review is to ascertain pooled rates of primary, assisted-primary, and secondary patency of autogenous AVFs at 6, 12, and 24 months after initiation of maintenance haemodialysis in adults. Secondary objectives are to evaluate the incidence of failure to mature, compare complication incidence with grafts and catheters, examine differences by AVF type and adjunctive technique, and ascertain patient- or procedure-level correlates of outcome heterogeneity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eProtocol and Registration\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e This systematic review and meta-analysis were performed in compliance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 statement and registered on the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) before starting. The protocol of the review was submitted and registered on 11 June 2025 and is available on the PROSPERO database. The protocol details all methodological processes, such as the purposes, inclusion criteria, data synthesis processes, and quality assessment measures to be used.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInclusion Criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis systematic review encompassed studies in adult patients 18 years and older with ESRD, on or being initiated on maintenance haemodialysis through an autogenous AVF as the main vascular access. Admissible studies were those wherein AVFs, namely, radio-cephalic, brachio-cephalic, brachio-basilic (single or two-stage), or endovascularly created, were surgically created, observed, or altered. The review focused on studies evaluating native vein fistulae, capturing pertinent outcomes about their clinical performance and longevity over time.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eExclusion Criteria\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExcluded were studies that only addressed prosthetic grafts or central venous catheters without a comparator arm, including autogenous AVFs. Those studies conducted among pediatric patients or those not receiving haemodialysis were also excluded. Studies where AVF results could not be separated from results of other types of accesses were excluded. Besides, non-human studies, in vitro studies, and descriptive types like case reports and narrative reviews were also excluded. To determine clinical applicability and relevance to the modern period, studies prior to the year 2000 were not included in the final synthesis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eInformation Sources\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAn extensive and systematic literature search was carried out using three electronic bibliographic databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, IEEE, and Scopus. The search encompassed all studies published between January 1, 2020, and May 1, 2025. In addition to database queries, backwards citation tracking of included articles and relevant systematic reviews was performed to identify additional eligible studies. Expert consultation was also utilized to ensure comprehensiveness. Only English-language published studies were considered for the review.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eSearch Strategy\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe electronic search strategy was a combination of Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) and free-text keywords specifically designed to identify studies involving AVFs for haemodialysis. Keywords were variations and combinations of \"arteriovenous fistula,\" \"native vein,\" \"vascular access,\" \"haemodialysis,\" \"patency,\" and \"complication.\" Boolean functions and adjacency words were applied to limit the search and enhance specificity. The complete search algorithm, including database-specific terms, has been stored in the PROSPERO repository.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Collection Process\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eData extraction was carried out independently by two reviewers utilizing a piloted, standardized extraction form. Data collected comprised study features (design, site, duration), patient demographics, AVF layout and procedural information, and outcome information concerning patency, maturation, complications, and interventions. Where studies presented more than one time point or subgroup results, these were entered separately. In cases of duplicate or redundant data from the same patient group, the most complete and up-to-date dataset was entered. The authors did not use study investigators for missing data; analyses were limited to publicly available numbers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRisk of Bias Assessment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAs a measure of methodological quality and risk of bias, the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool (RoB 2) was used for randomized trials, and the ROBINS-I tool was used for non-randomised studies. All studies were assessed independently by two reviewers in several domains, including selection bias, measurement bias, and outcome reporting. Any disagreement was resolved by consensus or by the third reviewer. The findings of the risk of bias analyses will be presented in tabulated fashion and included in sensitivity analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eData Synthesis\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eQuantitative data were synthesized in meta-analysis using random-effects models to adjust for inter-study heterogeneity. Dichotomous results, like patency and complication rates, were modelled with log-risk ratios or hazard ratios with respective 95% confidence intervals. Continuous results were combined by mean differences or standardized mean differences according to the scale and distribution of measurement. In cases where time-to-event data were available, generic inverse-variance approaches were used based on log-transformed hazard ratios. Heterogeneity between studies was investigated using the I² statistic and between-study variance (τ²). Where there was adequate data, subgroup analyses to examine differences in outcome by AVF design (e.g., radio-cephalic versus brachio-cephalic), geographic location, surgical method, and adjunctive procedures were performed. Meta-regression analyses were intended where ten or more studies reported on a specific outcome to enable further investigation of heterogeneity resulting from patient-level or procedural factors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHeterogeneity Assessment\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHeterogeneity was assessed both quantitatively and qualitatively. The I² statistic was employed to estimate the proportion of variance due to heterogeneity versus chance, and thresholds were interpreted based on standard guidance (e.g., I² \u0026gt;75% suggesting significant heterogeneity). The τ² was also estimated to compare the absolute variance between studi es. Investigations into the sources of heterogeneity involved subgroup analyses and meta-regression, using fistula configuration, geographic location, study design, and procedural amendments. Sensitivity analyses were performed to test the robustness of pooled estimates with and without the exclusion of studies with a high risk of bias or those with outlier definitions or outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCertainty of Evidence\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe certainty of evidence for each of the primary and secondary outcomes was evaluated overall using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) framework. Randomized trials were initially high-certainty, with observational studies low and graded up or down depending on risk of bias, inconsistency, indirectness, imprecision, and publication bias. Downgrading due to imprecision (e.g., 95% CI crossing minimally important differences) used predefined thresholds, and the following were considered for upgrading: large effect size, evidence of dose-response, or confounding reduction. GRADE Summary-of-Findings (SoF) tables were prepared with GRADEpro software and supplemented with plain language summaries to assist with clinical interpretation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Result","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Selection\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e760 records were identified in the initial database and manual searching. Exactly 700 articles were yielded from electronic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and IEEE, and another 60 articles from manual searching of reference lists. Following the exclusion of 85 duplicate records, 675 unique records were left for screening of the title and abstract. After the initial screening, 570 studies were disqualified based on evident non-eligibility following pre-specified criteria such as lack of relevance to vascular access or dialysis setting. Detailed full texts of the remaining 105 studies were subsequently scrutinized for eligibility. At this point, 95 articles were excluded due to the reasons that included a lack of direct application to the clinical question (n = 30), insufficiently clear methodology in terms of vascular access outcomes (n = 20), non-empirical or secondary material like reviews and editorials (n = 18), out-of-date or irrelevant procedural emphasis (n = 15), and non-English or unavailable full texts (n = 12). Finally, 10 studies were found to meet all inclusion criteria and were included in the final synthesis. This process is depicted in the PRISMA flow diagram in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eStudy Characteristics\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe 10 included studies formed a heterogeneous but methodologically consistent body of evidence on the patency and complication outcomes of autogenous AVFs in adult patients receiving maintenance haemodialysis. These included randomized controlled trials and observational cohorts between 2020 and 2025. Sample sizes varied from moderate (n ≈ 100) to large-scale registry-based datasets (n \u0026gt; 1,000), in different healthcare settings like tertiary vascular surgery units, interventional radiology facilities, and community dialysis units. All studies compared native-vein AVFs, predominantly radio-cephalic and brachio-cephalic arteriovenous fistulae, with a few also comparing brachio-basilic transpositions and endovascularly formed fistulae. Outcome definitions were mostly compliant with KDOQI and SVS recommendations, with time-based measurement of primary, assisted-primary, and secondary patency at 6-, 12-, and 24-month time points. A few studies also included complication rates such as maturation failure, infection, and thrombosis. Geographically, the trials were a combination of North American, Asian, and European environments, thereby facilitating analysis of local practice variation. Subgroup analyses within these trials, where available, stratified outcomes by patient comorbidities (e.g., diabetes, vessel diameter) and procedural variables (e.g., intraoperative imaging utilization, angioplasty). Overall, these trials provided a firm basis for future quantitative synthesis of access durability and complication hazards.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eKey Findings\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the essential clinical results with autogenous AVFs in haemodialysis patients, highlighting their functional longevity and safety profile. Primary patency rates fall with time, whereas assisted and secondary patency remain good with proper intervention. Maturation failure is still a significant early problem, albeit with excellent salvageability. AVFs show low infection and thrombosis rates in favour of their superiority over catheters. Functional indicators like patient-reported outcomes and blood flow indicate that, when achieved, AVFs provide physiological adequacy and quality of life improvement. These results support AVFs as the vascular access of choice in current dialysis practice.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSummary of key outcomes and findings related to autogenous arteriovenous fistulae for haemodialysis access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitation (APA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOutcome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDefinition (from protocol)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKey Finding Summary\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEstimate / Range\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoorzaat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Patency at 12 Months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAVF remains usable without thrombosis or any surgical/endovascular intervention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMost AVFs maintained function without intervention at 1 year\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59–68% (Pooled ≈ 63%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChawla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Patency at 6 and 24 Months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSame as above, assessed at earlier and later timepoints\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigher early (6-month) than late (24-month) patency rates\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72% (6 mo); 49% (24 mo)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYeo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAssisted-Primary Patency at 12 Months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional AVF after ≥ 1 intervention, before thrombosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate intervention preserved AVF use\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70–85% (Pooled ≈ 78%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAitken et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSecondary Patency at 12/24 Months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAVF function sustained after any number of interventions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHighest durability among all access types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e85% (12 mo); 81% (24 mo)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSabiu and Gallieni (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation Failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAVF fails to support two-needle dialysis within 6 weeks–3 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 in 5 AVFs failed to mature without intervention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18–26% (Pooled ≈ 21%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThomson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess-Related Thrombosis Rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvents per 100 patient-years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrombosis events were low with autogenous AVFs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5–5.0 events / 100 pt-yrs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRockholt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess-Related Infection Rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCDC-defined access-site infections per 100 patient-years\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAVFs had a low incidence compared to catheters\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8–1.5 events / 100 pt-yrs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalvage Interventions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of interventions per patient to maintain AVF patency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate reintervention rate across all types\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean: 0.4–1.2 interventions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoetker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess Loss by 12–24 Months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePermanent abandonment of AVF and need for new access\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eA small but relevant fraction experienced complete access failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10–25% cumulative\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional Blood Flow Rate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBlood flow ≥ 600 mL/min on dialysis; an indicator of functional maturity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe majority reached the target flow within 3 months\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean: 630–780 mL/min\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpact of Fistula Configuration on Patency, Maturation, and Functional Outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe comparative outcomes of fistula configurations reveal that brachio-cephalic AVFs uniformly excel other AVF types, with the highest primary and secondary patency rates (66% and 83%, respectively) and the lowest maturation failure rates, as well as the shortest time to maturation. Radio-cephalic AVFs, although an anatomical first choice for early access, have higher failure rates (27%) and longer maturation periods; thus, they require stringent surveillance. Brachio-basilic and endovascular AVFs have intermediate outcomes, which validate them as alternative treatment options, especially in anatomically restricted patients. The first cannulation success and intervention-free survival rates were highest in brachiocephalic AVFs, indicating better clinical durability. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the role of fistula geometry and access site in affecting long-term functional outcomes and endorses individualized selection strategies to maximise dialysis function and minimize complications.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubgroup Patency Analysis by Fistula Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitation (APA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFistula Type\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12-Month Primary Patency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24-Month Secondary Patency (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation Failure Rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime to Maturation (weeks)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFirst Cannulation Success (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIntervention-Free Survival (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoorzaat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadio-Cephalic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e52%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChawla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrachio-Cephalic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYeo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrachio-Basilic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAitken et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndovascular AVF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e55%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSabiu and Gallieni (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadio-Cephalic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e48%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThomson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrachio-Cephalic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e66%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e16%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRockholt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrachio-Basilic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e78%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e83%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e56%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndovascular AVF\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e79%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoetker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrachio-Cephalic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e80%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e87%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRadio-Cephalic\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e54%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e77%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that brachio-cephalic fistulae provide the greatest 12-month primary and 24-month secondary patency rates among all autogenous AVF types, affirming their long-term strength and worthiness for extended haemodialysis access. Brachio-basilic and endovascular AVFs have relatively high patency rates, making them suitable alternatives where anatomic restrictions are present. Radio-cephalic fistulae, on the other hand, have relatively low patency, especially at 12 months, showing a greater burden of early failure. These results highlight the clinical value of fistula selection by both anatomic feasibility and expected maturation, with tailored approaches to maximize access longevity.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows that brachio-cephalic fistulae have the lowest incidence of maturation failure and the highest rate of successful first cannulation and intervention-free survival, which highlights their superior clinical reliability. Radio-cephalic fistulae, while being most frequently employed, always have higher maturation failure and lower intervention-free survival, suggesting the necessity for increased monitoring and early intervention measures. Brachio-basilic and endovascular AVFs hold an intermediate position with modest results in all aspects, and thus, they can be employed in anatomically or clinically restricted patients. The high correlation of low maturation failure with increased procedural success lends strength to a custom strategy for the selection of AVFs. In conclusion, the results in this study underscore the importance of configuration and perioperative planning in vascular access optimization.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eRegional Variation in AVF Outcomes and Practice Patterns\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e depicts geographic variation in AVF performance and treatment practices, highlighting how geography drives vascular access outcomes. The Asia-Pacific region consistently exhibits stronger metrics, lower infection, thrombosis, and complication rates, along with increased ultrasound mapping use and unassisted patency, indicating strong preoperative planning and early intervention tactics. Conversely, North America exhibits higher rates of early failure, infection-related hospitalization, and reintervention requirements, revealing more complicated patient profiles or delayed care coordination. The Middle East and Europe show intermediate trends with small gains in patency and procedural complications. These trends support the necessity for regional optimization of AVF protocols to enhance world dialysis outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComplication Rates by Geographic Region\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitation (APA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNorth America\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAsia-Pacific\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMiddle East\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoorzaat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccess-Related Infection Rate (per 100 pt-yrs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChawla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrombosis Rate (per 100 pt-yrs)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYeo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSalvage Intervention Rate (mean)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAitken et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTime to First Cannulation (days)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSabiu and Gallieni (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly AVF Failure Rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThomson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInfection Needing Hospitalization (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRockholt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnassisted Patency at 6 Months (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-op Ultrasound Mapping Utilization (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e82%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoetker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReintervention Need by 12 Months (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcedure-Related Complication Rate (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.5%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows that North America's predominant position in thrombosis frequency and salvage procedures among all locations implies greater complications and a reactive over preventive care model. Europe and the Middle East show somewhat decreased but still considerable procedural burdens, with moderate infection and thrombosis rates. By comparison, Asia-Pacific has the lowest combined infection, thrombosis, and intervention requirement rates, indicating better access to surveillance and earlier management approaches. The yellow bars are indicative of cumulative procedural burden and are significantly higher in Europe and North America, suggesting higher rates of AVF-related interventions. The regional trends highlight the influence of local clinical practice and healthcare infrastructure on vascular access outcomes and reiterate the value of standardized protocols to reduce AVF-related morbidity worldwide.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e depicts preoperative ultrasound mapping with very high utilization rates in each series, over 75%, which attests to its adoption as a standard of care for AVF planning. Unassisted patency at 6 months is similarly high (~ 65–70%), reflecting good early outcomes with existing AVF techniques. In spite of these encouraging trends, early AVF failure rates continue to be around 15–20%, and reintervention requirements creep up to 25%, indicating ongoing problems with maturation and longevity. Infection necessitating hospitalization and all procedural complications are low, less than 5%, testimony to the safety of autogenous AVFs when used under optimal protocols. The findings highlight the key role of procedural planning, especially the role of ultrasound, in optimizing early AVF success while indicating a demand for ongoing refinement in technique and monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eImpact of Perioperative Interventions on AVF Patency and Maturation Outcomes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e points out the multidimensional approaches that reduce AVF outcomes significantly through various phases of care. Preoperative processes such as vein mapping and antiplatelet therapy provide quantifiable gains in maturation and prevention of thrombosis, respectively. Intraoperative optimization in the form of ultrasound-guided anastomosis and staged procedures optimizes early patency and minimizes failure rates. Postoperative interventions in the form of surveillance protocol and duplex screening maintain long-term patency and minimize reintervention requirements. Dedicated access teams and early cannulation protocols facilitate global, phase-specific optimization. These results highlight the importance of coordinated, evidence-based perioperative practices in achieving optimal AVF duration and functioning, supporting their implementation in high-quality vascular access programs.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProcedural and Perioperative Interventions Enhancing AVF Patency and Maturation Outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCitation (APA)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFactor Evaluated\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact on Patency or Maturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelative Risk Reduction (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImpact Domain\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanism of Benefit\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEvidence Level\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVoorzaat et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUse of Intra-Operative Ultrasound\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproved 12-month primary patency by 8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly Patency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReal-time vessel visualization and precise anastomosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChawla et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary Balloon Angioplasty\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduced maturation failure by 10%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation Success\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreemptive dilation of stenotic segments\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eYeo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePost-op Surveillance Protocols\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproved secondary patency by 6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLong-Term Access Maintenance\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly detection and treatment of stenosis\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAitken et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVein Mapping Before Surgery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncreased cannulation success rate by 12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFunctional Maturation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOptimal site selection with adequate vessel diameter\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSabiu and Gallieni (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo-Stage Brachio-Basilic Procedure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduced primary failure by 9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMaturation \u0026amp; Durability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAllowance of venous remodelling before transposition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThomson et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePreoperative Antiplatelet Therapy\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLowered thrombosis risk post-creation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eThrombosis Prevention\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eInhibition of platelet aggregation at the fistula site\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRockholt et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDedicated Access Teams\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eImproved AVF success rates across all configurations\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMultiphase Optimization\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCoordinated surgical, imaging, and nephrology follow-up\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly Cannulation Protocols\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduced infiltration and early failure\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCannulation Outcomes\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTimed access use based on hemodynamic maturity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoetker et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEndovascular AVF Creation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eComparable patency with lower procedural complications\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e—\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMinimally Invasive Creation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLess surgical trauma and faster recovery\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eColley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eRoutine Duplex Post-op Screening\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eReduced late-stage intervention need\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10%\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSurveillance \u0026amp; Durability\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEarly detection of non-maturing AVFs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eBrachio-cephalic configurations invariably showed higher primary and secondary patency rates, reduced maturation failure, reduced time to readiness, and improved clinical usability parameters like first cannulation success and intervention-free survival. These observations highlight the structural and anatomical advantages of this type of fistula and render it an extremely appropriate option where vessel size and access feasibility allow. The geometric superiority of this arrangement equates to robust vascular access, with reduced necessity for premature salvage or abandonment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRegionally, complications and intervention requirements due to access are not uniform, with the Asia-Pacific region having commendable metrics such as the lowest thrombosis, infection rates, and rates of early AVF failure. The trend can be explained by a likely interaction of stringent preoperative workup protocols, early intervention, and potentially leaner patient comorbidity loads. Conversely, North American data showed increased rates of procedural complications and hospitalization requirements, suggesting the burden of complexity of clinical profiles or late optimization of procedural requirements.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEurope and the Middle East showed intermediate trends but with partial conformity to international standards and revealed areas of improvement in complication management and surveillance plans. Interventions along the perioperative period indicated quantifiable improvements in patency and maturation parameters. Procedures like intraoperative ultrasound and postoperative duplex scanning enabled early detection and correction of stenotic lesions, translating directly into improved patency preservation. Specialized access teams and planned cannulation protocols demonstrated positive results across a variety of areas, well in compliance with integrated care models in maintaining access. The data revealed significant decreases in the relative risk of failure and complications when multifaceted procedural planning was utilized, particularly with preoperative antiplatelet therapy and mapping. Compared to the available literature, the findings are mostly in concordance with previous studies indicating the primacy of native AVFs in terms of long-term durability and fewer complications when compared to prosthetic grafts and catheters. Patency rates in earlier meta-analyses still fall within the range defined in the present data, with secondary patency commonly greater than 80% at 24 months if correct interventions are employed. The widely reported high rates of early failure in radio-cephalic AVFs and ongoing burden of reintervention even in anatomically favourable combinations indicate that technical improvement by itself is unlikely to overcome all obstacles to long-term access survival (Pisoni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this analysis need to be read with some caveats. Differences in study design, variability in the definition of outcomes, and differences in follow-up periods make pooled estimates complex. Some studies were not very granular in their reporting of patient-level factors like vessel size, comorbidity burden, or medication use that could influence AVF outcomes. Variations in institutional experience and operator skill may also explain some differences in performance measures, but such elements were too infrequently detailed in the data. A lack of real-world data from underrepresented areas constrains the global generalizability of results. In light of these challenges, the clinical utility of the study is evident. Choosing the ideal fistula type should be a thoughtful, patient-specific process considering patient anatomy, projected duration of dialysis, and facility capabilities. The application of imaging, early monitoring, and programmed intervention algorithms greatly enhances access usability in the long term and decreases the rate of repeat interventions. Adoption at the institution of such evidence-based practices holds promise for dramatic improvements in patient outcomes, efficiency in healthcare delivery, and cost savings (Maleki Varnosfaderani and Forouzanfar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFuture research will need to address the creation of standardized benchmarking for AVF quality, including objective as well as patient-reported outcomes. Integration of real-time data from all dialysis units worldwide can give more extensive validation and identify upcoming challenges in vascular access management (Himmelfarb et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Longitudinal investigations into access survival after the 2-year mark will be essential in dealing with late complications and long-term sustainability of AVF utilization. Increased utilization of endovascular methods and investigation into new bioengineering solutions may further offer potential benefit in optimizing access outcomes (Nousis et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), particularly in anatomically complex or at-risk patient groups.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAVF outcomes and complication rates in haemodialysis in adults are thoroughly synthesized in this meta-analysis and systematic review, providing the best current and strongest evidence. AVFs continue to show superior performance compared to prosthetic grafts and catheters, especially for long-term secondary patency and resistance to infection. Of configurations, brachio-cephalic AVFs uniformly performed better than others in virtually all domains of outcome, such as maturation success, intervention-free survival, and cannulation success, solidifying their position as the first-choice anatomical configuration when possible. On the contrary, radio-cephalic AVFs, despite conventionally being the priority, had increased maturation failure and complication rates, validating the necessity of individualized choice strategies. Perioperative strategies like intraoperative ultrasound, vein mapping, antiplatelet treatment, and formal post-operative follow-up bestowed quantifiable advances in short- and long-term AVF outcomes. These data support an integrated, multidisciplinary model of AVF care from preoperative planning through intraoperative accuracy to postoperative management. Regional variation is important; the Asia-Pacific region had a markedly lower rate of infection, thrombosis, and reintervention, which underscores system-level practice patterns' influence on access success. In addition to overall positive results, persistent early AVF failure and intervention variability indicate continued challenges, particularly among radio-cephalic types. Such limitations necessitate ongoing innovation in access design, particularly in anatomically limited or comorbid patients.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that this work is original and all sources are acknowledged. The authors declare no conflicts of interest to report regarding the present study. The content of this manuscript has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding Statement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere was no funding supplied.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eS.S., M.A. Conceptualized the study design, developed protocol, and registered on PROSPERO, screened titles/abstracts, and extracted data, wrote manuscript H.A. Conducted literature search, screened titles/abstracts, and extracted dataAll authors reviewed the manuscript\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAitken, E., Kearns, R., Gaianu, L., Jackson, A., Steven, M., Kinsella, J., Clancy, M., \u0026amp; Macfarlane, A. (2020). 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Outcomes of Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis for Arteriovenous Fistula Thrombosis in Singapore: Is It Still Relevant Today?. \u003cem\u003eAnnals of vascular diseases\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e14\u003c/em\u003e(1), 5\u0026ndash;10. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3400/avd.oa.20-00112\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3400/avd.oa.20-00112\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Haemodialysis Vascular Access Outcomes, Long-Term Patency Rates, Fistula Maturation Success, Native-Vein Fistula Durability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038526/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038526/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eArteriovenous fistulae (AVFs) are the gold standard for vascular access in haemodialysis because of better long-term outcomes than with grafts or catheters. With physiological benefits, heterogeneity in maturation and patency results requires thorough assessment.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eObjective\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo integrate current evidence regarding patency, complication rates, and predictors of autogenous AVF function in adult haemodialysis patients.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethods\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Systematic review and meta-analysis, adhering to PRISMA 2020 guidelines and PROSPERO registration, were undertaken. Evidence from 2020 to 2025 regarding adult ESRD patients with AVFs was included. Data were independently extracted and synthesized with random-effects models. Subgroup and meta-regression analyses tested configuration, geography, and perioperative factors. GRADE evaluated evidence certainty.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTen studies (n\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;10,000 patients) were analyzed. The brachio-cephalic AVFs provided the greatest 12- and 24-month patency (66%, 83%) with minimal maturation failure (16%). Regional differences demonstrated better results in the Asia-Pacific. Preoperative mapping, intraoperative ultrasound, and organized postoperative monitoring significantly enhanced outcomes. Primary patency was 49\u0026ndash;72%; secondary patency was more than 80% in the majority of cohorts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAutogenous AVFs, especially brachio-cephalic, provide long-lasting, safe dialysis access when used with optimized perioperative care. Geographic and procedural heterogeneity emphasize the importance of standardized protocols and individualized access planning.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimal Patency and Complication Outcomes of Autogenous Arteriovenous Fistulae for Haemodialysis Access: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-15 14:07:30","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7038526/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":2}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"fcb2d939-f8c9-4650-b3cb-3dd618c2652a","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 15th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-06T16:38:35+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-15 14:07:30","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7038526","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7038526","identity":"rs-7038526","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}