Photothermal Evaluation of IR-808 for In-Vitro Gallbladder Cancer Therapy Under 808nm Laser Irradiation

Photothermal Evaluation of IR-808 for In-Vitro Gallbladder Cancer Therapy Under 808nm Laser Irradiation | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Photothermal Evaluation of IR-808 for In-Vitro Gallbladder Cancer Therapy Under 808nm Laser Irradiation Fahad Moazzam, Dichen Ma, Yongliang Li, Abdul Qadir, Ziafat Ali Shah This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8423764/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options, highlighting the demand for developing new targeted therapies. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising, minimally invasive modality that requires systematic investigation of suitable photothermal agents (PTAs). IR-808 is a near-infrared cyanine dye with high absorption at 808 nm, but its photothermal performance in GBC therapy has not been previously reported. This work reports a quantitative analysis of free IR-808 as a PTA for GBC under 808 nm laser irradiation. We investigated the photothermal responses of PBS and IR-808 in a series of concentrations (20, 50, and 100 µg/mL) and laser powers (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 W), and analyzed temperature rise, heating rate, cooling kinetics, thermal dose (CEM43), and photothermal conversion efficiency (η). We observed a concentration and power‑dependent photothermal response, with 50 µg/mL at 2.0 W providing the highest ΔTmax (8.23°C) and CEM43 (> 2.85 min). These values indicate that free IR-808 produces reproducible mild hyperthermia suitable for thermal sensitization and combination cancer therapy, with a maximum photothermal efficiency of 9.6% at 50 µg/mL. The cooling kinetics of IR‑808 solutions reveal more persistent heat retention compared with PBS controls. Multivariate analysis further indicated that 1.5 W is an optimal power setting, balancing therapeutic efficacy. The present work provides a quantitative photothermal baseline of free IR-808, which offers useful design parameters to be used in the future in-vitro and in-vivo research on the application of photothermal-based treatment plans to the treatment of gallbladder cancer. Photothermal Therapy IR-808 Gallbladder Cancer 808nm Laser Photothermal Conversion Efficiency Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8423764","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":588526778,"identity":"5076cd79-388d-4781-9f7e-09bc22720fc1","order_by":0,"name":"Fahad Moazzam","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fahad","middleName":"","lastName":"Moazzam","suffix":""},{"id":588526779,"identity":"06380bd0-c0bf-459a-a1be-44be015682cd","order_by":1,"name":"Dichen Ma","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Dichen","middleName":"","lastName":"Ma","suffix":""},{"id":588526780,"identity":"b6e68c75-6f65-411f-8965-6042e9a7623a","order_by":2,"name":"Yongliang Li","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA/UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmYwZcEDJBgfQAUN8Gphg2iRAGlhBimVIKwFQkmA2RLEaWHnMXxc8EtChn92+7WKn211dQzszdskGGru4HEYj7HxzD4JHok7Z8pu9rYdlmDgOVYmwXDsGT4tZtK8PUC/3MhJu83YdkCCQSLHTIKx4TBhLfJALcWMbXUSDPJviNDC80OCx+BG+jFmxjZmoC08hLSwFRvzNkjwGN7IYZbsOXdYso0nrdgi4RhuLfz8hzc+5vljYy93I/3hhx9ldfz87Ic33vhQg1sLAwOHAQNjG4jBA4kOcEwl4NHAwMD+gIHhD4wxCkbBKBgFowALAAAjYUXB85cpWgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yongliang","middleName":"","lastName":"Li","suffix":""},{"id":588526781,"identity":"3c745ac1-d242-43bc-bcac-838537f00d2b","order_by":3,"name":"Abdul Qadir","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdul","middleName":"","lastName":"Qadir","suffix":""},{"id":588526782,"identity":"0142ec76-7989-47dd-aef4-7d67b77c42e2","order_by":4,"name":"Ziafat Ali Shah","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Changchun University of Science and Technology","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ziafat","middleName":"Ali","lastName":"Shah","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-12-22 10:08:42","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8423764/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8423764/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":102365517,"identity":"40990a41-76e0-4346-86e3-120aa7e253a0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-11 02:09:49","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1097774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ResearchPaper.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8423764/v1_covered_2cc263a5-e2f4-473b-8f76-33fead20459a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Photothermal Evaluation of IR-808 for In-Vitro Gallbladder Cancer Therapy Under 808nm Laser Irradiation","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Photothermal Therapy, IR-808, Gallbladder Cancer, 808nm Laser, Photothermal Conversion Efficiency","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8423764/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8423764/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eGallbladder cancer (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis and limited treatment options, highlighting the demand for developing new targeted therapies. Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a promising, minimally invasive modality that requires systematic investigation of suitable photothermal agents (PTAs). IR-808 is a near-infrared cyanine dye with high absorption at 808 nm, but its photothermal performance in GBC therapy has not been previously reported. This work reports a quantitative analysis of free IR-808 as a PTA for GBC under 808 nm laser irradiation. We investigated the photothermal responses of PBS and IR-808 in a series of concentrations (20, 50, and 100 \u0026micro;g/mL) and laser powers (1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 W), and analyzed temperature rise, heating rate, cooling kinetics, thermal dose (CEM43), and photothermal conversion efficiency (η). We observed a concentration and power‑dependent photothermal response, with 50 \u0026micro;g/mL at 2.0 W providing the highest ΔTmax (8.23\u0026deg;C) and CEM43 (\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;2.85 min). These values indicate that free IR-808 produces reproducible mild hyperthermia suitable for thermal sensitization and combination cancer therapy, with a maximum photothermal efficiency of 9.6% at 50 \u0026micro;g/mL. The cooling kinetics of IR‑808 solutions reveal more persistent heat retention compared with PBS controls. Multivariate analysis further indicated that 1.5 W is an optimal power setting, balancing therapeutic efficacy. The present work provides a quantitative photothermal baseline of free IR-808, which offers useful design parameters to be used in the future in-vitro and in-vivo research on the application of photothermal-based treatment plans to the treatment of gallbladder cancer.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Photothermal Evaluation of IR-808 for In-Vitro Gallbladder Cancer Therapy Under 808nm Laser Irradiation","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-02-10 03:42:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8423764/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"f3d18670-a9e3-4e55-a41f-a9067c88fffe","owner":[],"postedDate":"February 10th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-11T02:09:18+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-02-10 03:42:31","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8423764","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8423764","identity":"rs-8423764","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}