Updated norms of the MOS-SF36 in the young French population

Updated norms of the MOS-SF36 in the young French population | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Updated norms of the MOS-SF36 in the young French population Arthur Trognon, Emilie Tinti, Blandine Beaupain, Jean Donadieu, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006967/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background The SF-36 is a generic quality of life questionnaire, massively translated and widely used to obtain physical and mental health status. However, validation work in the French language was carried out over a generation ago. The objective of this study was to obtain the norms of the SF-36 in the French young population. Method The sample consisted of 1134 non-pre-screened French people aged between 18 and 39 years. Results The internal consistencies of the scales were high and the metrics associated with the factor structure were satisfactory. In general, women presented significantly higher scores than men. Conclusion Our results suggest that the SF-36 remains a reliable tool for studying quality of life in the young French population. Psychology French population Mental health Scale Physical health Scale Quality of Life Introduction Since the 1990s, health-related quality of life has gradually become a major theme in clinical research (Murdaugh, 1997 ). Indeed, although the health status of a population is most often expressed in quantitative terms such as life expectancy, mortality, or morbidity, a growing number of studies are now interested in measuring health status, and in particular its relationship with quality of life. These measures have placed the patient's perception at the centre of the assessment, by asking the patient about his or her subjective experience of his or her overall health status and more particularly about his or her functional status. Thus, a large number of self-reported questionnaires have been developed to measure these dimensions, notably the very broad Medical Outcomes Questionnaire 149-item from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (Tarlov et al., 1989 ). Several tools have been developed from this original questionnaire, including the derived SF-20 and SF-36 versions, which have shown more precise discriminatory abilities in their validation studies (McHorney et al., 1993 ). Thus, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) has become one of the most widely used self-reported quality of life questionnaires for assessing health status, given its discriminatory properties of well-being at the level of clinical groups (Ware and Gandek, 1998 ), and has thus been used extensively in the monitoring of clinical practice outcomes and medical treatment effects. This questionnaire measures quality of life on the basis of eight dimensions or concepts that are frequently used in health studies. These eight dimensions are estimated from eight subscales that examine general health; mental health (with respect to anxiety and depression components); physical functioning; limitation of work capacity or daily activities due to physical functioning as well as that due to emotional disorders; vitality; pain; and social functioning. The questionnaire has already been translated several times into French, and norms have been obtained for the French (Leplège, 2001 ) and Swiss (Richard et al., 2000 ) populations, but they were established almost a generation ago. The purpose of this study was to update the norms of the SF-36 in the young French population (18-39 years) and to reassess its psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity. Material And Methods Subjects One thousand one hundred and thirty-four (n=1134) not preselected adults (mean age = 22.1 years ; SD = 3.2) from the general French population participated in this study. Participants screening was completed online, and ethical consents were obtained online in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the “Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI”. Full measures were available for all subjects. Questionnaire : the MOS-SF36 The SF-36 is a short 36-item behavioural questionnaire measuring eight quality of life dimensions: general health (GH - 5 items), vitality (VT - 4 items), bodily pain (BP - 2 items), limitation of physical problems (RP - 4 items), limitation of emotional problems (RE - 3 items), mental health (MH - 5 items), and physical functioning (PF - 10 items), social functioning (SF - 2 items). The SF-36 also includes an item to estimate the change in the subject's health status during the year preceding the assessment (HC). Scoring For each dimension, item responses were re-encoded on a scale ranging from 0 (best) to 100 (worst), following the standard SF-36 scoring algorithm (Ware Jr, 1999 ), adapted for a 5-point Likert scale. The algorithm used is available in Table 1 . Table 1 Scoring algorithm for the SF-36 questionnaire. Item number Participant’s response Scoring 1, 2, 20, 22, 34, 36 1 100 2 75 3 50 4 25 5 0 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 1 0 2 50 3 100 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 1 0 2 100 21, 23, 26, 27, 30 1 100 2 75 3 50 4 25 5 0 24, 25, 28, 29, 31 1 0 2 25 3 50 4 75 5 100 32, 33, 35 1 0 2 25 3 50 4 75 5 100 For the calculation of the composite scores, we averaged the PF, RP, BP and GH subscales for the PCS composite score and averaged the VT, SF, RE and MH subscales for the MCS composite score. Internal consistency and reliability Internal consistency and reliability of the remaining items was examined by Cronbach’s alpha. Reasonable acceptability criterion was set to .70 ≤ ɑ ≤ .90 with exceeding lower bound meaning a low reliability, and exceeding higher bound meaning too many similar items, decreasing the scale’s true reliability (Bland and Altman, 1997 ; DeVellis, 2003 ). Factor structure In order to test our 8-factors model for SF-36 and assess construct validity, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis. Generalized least squares method was performed in order to test the fit capability of the factor structure. Model fit was assessed using the following fit indices : we used the χ2 test statistic for absolute fit ; the comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) for fit relative to a null model (Bentler, 1990 ; Tucker and Lewis, 1973 ); the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR - Bentler, 1989 ) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA - Steiger, 1980 ) for overall fit. Accordingly to (Hu and Bentler, 1999 ), we assumed that our 8-factors model fit well if CFI>.95 ; TLI>.95 ; RMSEA<.06 and SRMR<.08. All statistical analyses were coded in R with Lavaan library and interpreted in RStudio v1.0.143. Results Descriptive statistics Descriptive statistics of the study sample are shown in Table 2 . Results showed that women reported poorer health compared to men for all variables except for BP. Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the study sample. Parameter Men (n=505) Women (n=629) Age 22.82(±3.51) 21.60(±2.91) Socio-cultural level 3.9(±1.17) 3.69(±1.19) GH 29.04(±18.25) 34.89(±21.92) VT 49.04(±18.26) 57.10(±18.55) BP 84.58(±15.27) 78.81(±17.40) RP 18.46(±27.76) 24.05(±33.99) RE 32.61(±39.30) 46.74(±41.28) MH 36.46(±21.70) 47.53(±21.82) PF 3.76(±9.06) 6.09(±10.08) SF 52.7(±9.03) 53.34(±9.53) PCS 33.96(±9.37) 35.96(±11.32) MCS 42.45(±17.21) 51.18(±17.69) Internal consistency and reliability Results concerning internal consistency and reliability are presented in Table 3 . Data showed that the SF-36 questionnaire carries high internal consistency and reliability even when an item is dropped. Table 3 Internal consistency and reliability for the SF-36 questionnaire. Subscale Cronbach’s alpha Lower confidence bound Upper confidence bound GH (5 items) .78 .75 .79 VT (4 items) .81 .79 .83 BP (2 items) .80 .77 .82 RP (4 items) .78 .76 .80 RE (3 items) .80 .78 .82 MH (5 items) .87 .86 .88 PF (10 items) .84 .79 .82 SF (2 items) .85 .83 .86 The Cronbach alpha was measured at .88 [CI 95% =.87-.89] for the full SF-36 questionnaire. When each of the SF-36 items was removed from the analysis in order to assess robustness, Cronbach’s alpha remained high (varying from .87 to .89 with mean ɑ =.88, SD=.008). Measures for the subscales ranged from .78 to .85. All measures were above the minimum acceptable rate of .70 and was close to the maximum expected value of .9. Confirmatory factor analysis Confirmatory factor analysis suggested that the 8-factor model fit well with the SF-36 questionnaire, except for the CFI and TLI which remains slightly below the pre-defined cut-off [ χ2 =2508, p <.001, CFI=.893, TLI=.88, RMSEA=.057, SRMR=.052]. We assumed that, based on these indices, this sample has an acceptable fit to the 8-factor model. Justification of the normative approach A two-ways ANOVA (dimension*gender) on the measured score showed a significant effect of gender (F (1,41202) =84.75, p<0.001), dimension (F (8,41202) =8942.02, p<0.001), and a significant interaction between gender and dimension (F (8,41202) =18.59, p<0.001), thus justifying the separation of the two genders in the setting of norms. Normative values Normative data for the SF-36 composite scores expressed in percentiles are presented in Table 4 . The full percentiles for the 8 subscales, the 2 composite factors and HC item are available in Supplementary Tables 1-11. Women showed higher scores compared to men for each scale except for BP. Table 4 Normative data for the SF-36 composite scores expressed in centiles. SF-36 Scale percentiles Men Women MCS 25 28.44 35.94 50 38.125 50.83 75 54.69 65.42 99 79.05 84.06 PCS 25 27.5 27.5 50 31.875 32.5 75 38.75 41.875 99 61.85 66.875 Discussion The present study verified the reliability and the construct validity of the French version of the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaire in a young population. Cronbach’s alpha measures suggested that the SF-36 questionnaire was internally reliable, with measured alphas remaining in the .70 ≤ ɑ ≤ .90 interval recommended by (Bland and Altman, 1997 ; DeVellis, 2003 ). Further confirmatory factor analysis supported the eight-factor structure of the SF-36 questionnaire, with items 1;33;34;35;36 grouped in the “General Health” factor, items 23;27;29;31 grouped in the “Vitality” factor, items 21;22 grouped in the “Body Pain” factor, items 13;14;15;16 grouped in the “Role limitation : Physical” factor, items 17;18;19 grouped in the “Role limitation : Emotional” factor, items 24;25;26;28;30 grouped in the “Mental Health” factor, items 3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12 grouped in the “Physical Functioning” factor, and items 20;32 grouped in the “Social Functioning” factor. Analysis suggested that this model is close to the standards defined by (Hu and Bentler, 1999 ), with only CFI and TLI which remains slightly below the cut-off. We then performed a factor analysis that suggested some gender differences in self-reported responses, with women reporting lower quality of life than men for all domains studied except BP, which is coherent with previous studies in France and over the world (Demiral et al., 2006 ; El Osta et al., 2019 ; Hopman et al., 2000 ; Khader et al., 2011 ; Perneger et al., 1995 ; Sabbah et al., 2003 ). We thus established normative data expressed as percentiles for each gender. Conclusion We concluded that the French SF-36 is a reliable questionnaire for the assessment of physical and mental health conditions. The study provided norms of SF-36 for the young French population and for both genders. Declarations AUTHOR’S CONTRIBUTIONS AT created the experimental protocol. ET collected the data. AT and ET performed the statistical processing of the data, the production of the tables, and wrote the paper. JD, BB, and MM supervised the work. Funding Not applicable Ethics approval and consent to participate The study was approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI (protocol number : 20.02.24.42827). Consent was obtained online before the completion of the survey. The research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests Not applicable. Data availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References Bentler, P.M. (1989). EQS: structural equations program manual. Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol. Bull. 107 , 238–246. Bland, J.M., and Altman, D.G. (1997). Cronbach’s alpha. BMJ 314 , 572. Demiral, Y., Ergor, G., Unal, B., Semin, S., Akvardar, Y., Kıvırcık, B., and Alptekin, K. (2006). Normative data and discriminative properties of short form 36 (SF-36) in Turkish urban population. BMC Public Health 6 , 247. DeVellis, R.F. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (SAGE). El Osta, N., Kanso, F., Saad, R., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L., Fakhouri, J., and El Osta, L. (2019). Validation du SF-36, questionnaire générique de la qualité de vie liée à la santé chez les personnes âgées au Liban. East. Mediterr. Health J. 25 , 706–714. Hopman, W.M., Towheed, T., Anastassiades, T., Tenenhouse, A., Poliquin, S., Berger, C., Joseph, L., Brown, J.P., Murray, T.M., and Adachi, J.D. (2000). Canadian normative data for the SF-36 health survey. Cmaj 163 , 265–271. Hu, L., and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J. 6 , 1–55. Khader, S., Hourani, M.M., and Al-Akour, N. (2011). Normative data and psychometric properties of short form 36 health survey (SF-36, version 1.0) in the population of north Jordan. East Mediterr Health J 17 , 368–374. Leplège, A. (2001). Le questionnaire MOS SF-36: Manuel de l’utilisateur et guide d’interprétation des scores (De Boeck Secundair). McHorney, C.A., Ware, J.E., and Raczek, A.E. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med. Care 31 , 247–263. Murdaugh, C. (1997). Health-Related Quality of Life as an Outcome in Organizational Research. Med. Care 35 , NS41. Perneger, T.V., Leplège, A., Etter, J.-F., and Rougemont, A. (1995). Validation of a French-language version of the MOS 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) in young healthy adults. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 48 , 1051–1060. Richard, J.-L., Bouzourène, K., Gallant, S., Ricciardi, P., Sudre, P., Iten, A., and Burnand, B. (2000). Validation et normes du SF-36 dans la population du canton de Vaud (Lausanne: Institut universitaire de médecine sociale et préventive (IUMSP)). Sabbah, I., Drouby, N., Sabbah, S., Retel-Rude, N., and Mercier, M. (2003). Quality of life in rural and urban populations in Lebanon using SF-36 health survey. Health Qual. Life Outcomes 1 , 1–14. Steiger, J.H. (1980). Statistically based tests for the number of common factors. Tarlov, A.R., Ware, J.E., Greenfield, S., Nelson, E.C., Perrin, E., and Zubkoff, M. (1989). The Medical Outcomes Study. An application of methods for monitoring the results of medical care. JAMA 262 , 925–930. Tucker, L.R., and Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika 38 , 1–10. Ware, J.E., and Gandek, B. (1998). Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 51 , 903–912. Ware Jr, J.E. (1999). SF-36 health survey. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SF36supplementaryTables.docx Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision 27 Jan, 2022 Reviews received at journal 21 Jan, 2022 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Jan, 2022 Reviewers invited by journal 12 Jan, 2022 Editor assigned by journal 12 Jan, 2022 Editor invited by journal 01 Nov, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Nov, 2021 First submitted to journal 22 Oct, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1006967","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":60512255,"identity":"dd4ab0dd-27f4-4b69-b49c-605c01cb4a60","order_by":0,"name":"Arthur Trognon","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABA0lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNmSODQMfMwPDARCTvQGXDmawFgkoL42BDaaF5wBxWg4jLMWlhX/2+WOPefcw1Jm3t1978HHHeXk2dt6DB35U1DLwSGPXI3Eumd2Y5xmDhMyZM+WGM8/cNmxj5ks42HPmOAMPXwJ2a84ws0kDnSAhIZGTJs3bdjuBjZnH4DBj2zEGex7sOuTRtJxDaOHBocUAoSX9GFDLAZiWGpxaDM8wm0nOOSAhOYPnDJvkzLZkoF94DIB+OcCDS4vcGcZnEm8O2PBLsLc/k/jYZifPz3/G+MOPijo5XFpgAQfEPAbIIofxa4AA9gfIvDoidIyCUTAKRsEIAQB9lk1iWhf0lgAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"CNRS, ATILF, Lorraine University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Arthur","middleName":"","lastName":"Trognon","suffix":""},{"id":60512257,"identity":"fbf14e6e-4e72-4e2e-bb01-f73f5a847fad","order_by":1,"name":"Emilie Tinti","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Lorraine University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Emilie","middleName":"","lastName":"Tinti","suffix":""},{"id":60512259,"identity":"b2fb78d9-cf4f-4ab8-abf4-21717ea86e1c","order_by":2,"name":"Blandine Beaupain","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Blandine","middleName":"","lastName":"Beaupain","suffix":""},{"id":60512261,"identity":"fb319e0c-be37-4974-888d-0b79f9b40531","order_by":3,"name":"Jean Donadieu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Trousseau Hospital, AP-HP","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jean","middleName":"","lastName":"Donadieu","suffix":""},{"id":60512262,"identity":"3df80cbc-4155-4b9e-9470-0348282496cf","order_by":4,"name":"Michel Musiol","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"CNRS, ATILF, Lorraine University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Michel","middleName":"","lastName":"Musiol","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-10-22 08:44:10","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006967/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006967/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":15184880,"identity":"982fff0b-8505-4c45-978f-6a2f00ad1df1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-03 14:22:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":297666,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1006967/v1/ae165952-fc59-4d6a-a55a-26bab9cb1d47.pdf"},{"id":15184861,"identity":"ca00caa2-19b4-46f1-961f-0dcb0032e770","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-03 14:21:58","extension":"docx","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":35265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SF36supplementaryTables.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1006967/v1/c7faaa0505c60a15a268c782.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Updated norms of the MOS-SF36 in the young French population","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eSince the 1990s, health-related quality of life has gradually become a major theme in clinical research (Murdaugh, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, although the health status of a population is most often expressed in quantitative terms such as life expectancy, mortality, or morbidity, a growing number of studies are now interested in measuring health status, and in particular its relationship with quality of life. These measures have placed the patient's perception at the centre of the assessment, by asking the patient about his or her subjective experience of his or her overall health status and more particularly about his or her functional status. Thus, a large number of self-reported questionnaires have been developed to measure these dimensions, notably the very broad Medical Outcomes Questionnaire 149-item from the RAND Health Insurance Experiment (Tarlov et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral tools have been developed from this original questionnaire, including the derived SF-20 and SF-36 versions, which have shown more precise discriminatory abilities in their validation studies (McHorney et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1993\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) has become one of the most widely used self-reported quality of life questionnaires for assessing health status, given its discriminatory properties of well-being at the level of clinical groups (Ware and Gandek, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e), and has thus been used extensively in the monitoring of clinical practice outcomes and medical treatment effects. This questionnaire measures quality of life on the basis of eight dimensions or concepts that are frequently used in health studies. These eight dimensions are estimated from eight subscales that examine general health; mental health (with respect to anxiety and depression components); physical functioning; limitation of work capacity or daily activities due to physical functioning as well as that due to emotional disorders; vitality; pain; and social functioning.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe questionnaire has already been translated several times into French, and norms have been obtained for the French (Lepl\u0026egrave;ge, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e) and Swiss (Richard et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) populations, but they were established almost a generation ago. The purpose of this study was to update the norms of the SF-36 in the young French population (18-39 years) and to reassess its psychometric properties in terms of reliability and validity.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSubjects\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOne thousand one hundred and thirty-four (n=1134) not preselected adults (mean age = 22.1 years ; SD = 3.2) from the general French population participated in this study. Participants screening was completed online, and ethical consents were obtained online in agreement with the Declaration of Helsinki. The study was approved by the \u0026ldquo;Comit\u0026eacute; de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI\u0026rdquo;. Full measures were available for all subjects.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eQuestionnaire : the MOS-SF36\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SF-36 is a short 36-item behavioural questionnaire measuring eight quality of life dimensions: general health (GH - 5 items), vitality (VT - 4 items), bodily pain (BP - 2 items), limitation of physical problems (RP - 4 items), limitation of emotional problems (RE - 3 items), mental health (MH - 5 items), and physical functioning (PF - 10 items), social functioning (SF - 2 items). The SF-36 also includes an item to estimate the change in the subject's health status during the year preceding the assessment (HC).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eScoring\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor each dimension, item responses were re-encoded on a scale ranging from 0 (best) to 100 (worst), following the standard SF-36 scoring algorithm (Ware Jr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), adapted for a 5-point Likert scale. The algorithm used is available in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScoring algorithm for the SF-36 questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem number\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParticipant\u0026rsquo;s response\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScoring\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1, 2, 20, 22, 34, 36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21, 23, 26, 27, 30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24, 25, 28, 29, 31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32, 33, 35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the calculation of the composite scores, we averaged the PF, RP, BP and GH subscales for the PCS composite score and averaged the VT, SF, RE and MH subscales for the MCS composite score.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInternal consistency and reliability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal consistency and reliability of the remaining items was examined by Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha. Reasonable acceptability criterion was set to .70 \u0026le; ɑ \u0026le; .90 with exceeding lower bound meaning a low reliability, and exceeding higher bound meaning too many similar items, decreasing the scale\u0026rsquo;s true reliability (Bland and Altman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; DeVellis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eFactor structure\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to test our 8-factors model for SF-36 and assess construct validity, we conducted a confirmatory factor analysis. Generalized least squares method was performed in order to test the fit capability of the factor structure. Model fit was assessed using the following fit indices : we used the χ2 test statistic for absolute fit ; the comparative fit index (CFI) and Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI) for fit relative to a null model (Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1990\u003c/span\u003e; Tucker and Lewis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1973\u003c/span\u003e); the Standardized Root Mean Square Residual (SRMR - Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e) and the Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA - Steiger, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1980\u003c/span\u003e) for overall fit. Accordingly to (Hu and Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), we assumed that our 8-factors model fit well if CFI\u0026gt;.95 ; TLI\u0026gt;.95 ; RMSEA\u0026lt;.06 and SRMR\u0026lt;.08. All statistical analyses were coded in R with Lavaan library and interpreted in RStudio v1.0.143.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDescriptive statistics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the study sample are shown in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Results showed that women reported poorer health compared to men for all variables except for BP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics of the study sample.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameter\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen (n=505)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen (n=629)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.82(\u0026plusmn;3.51)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.60(\u0026plusmn;2.91)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSocio-cultural level\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9(\u0026plusmn;1.17)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.69(\u0026plusmn;1.19)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.04(\u0026plusmn;18.25)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.89(\u0026plusmn;21.92)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.04(\u0026plusmn;18.26)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.10(\u0026plusmn;18.55)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.58(\u0026plusmn;15.27)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.81(\u0026plusmn;17.40)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.46(\u0026plusmn;27.76)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.05(\u0026plusmn;33.99)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.61(\u0026plusmn;39.30)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.74(\u0026plusmn;41.28)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.46(\u0026plusmn;21.70)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.53(\u0026plusmn;21.82)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.76(\u0026plusmn;9.06)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.09(\u0026plusmn;10.08)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.7(\u0026plusmn;9.03)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.34(\u0026plusmn;9.53)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.96(\u0026plusmn;9.37)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.96(\u0026plusmn;11.32)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.45(\u0026plusmn;17.21)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.18(\u0026plusmn;17.69)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eInternal consistency and reliability\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eResults concerning internal consistency and reliability are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Data showed that the SF-36 questionnaire carries high internal consistency and reliability even when an item is dropped.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInternal consistency and reliability for the SF-36 questionnaire.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubscale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLower confidence bound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUpper confidence bound\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGH (5 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVT (4 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP (2 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRP (4 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRE (3 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMH (5 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePF (10 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF (2 items)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Cronbach alpha was measured at .88 [CI\u003csub\u003e95%\u003c/sub\u003e=.87-.89] for the full SF-36 questionnaire. When each of the SF-36 items was removed from the analysis in order to assess robustness, Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha remained high (varying from .87 to .89 with mean\u003csub\u003eɑ\u003c/sub\u003e=.88, SD=.008). Measures for the subscales ranged from .78 to .85. All measures were above the minimum acceptable rate of .70 and was close to the maximum expected value of .9.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eConfirmatory factor analysis suggested that the 8-factor model fit well with the SF-36 questionnaire, except for the CFI and TLI which remains slightly below the pre-defined cut-off [\u003cem\u003eχ2\u003c/em\u003e=2508, \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026lt;.001, CFI=.893, TLI=.88, RMSEA=.057, SRMR=.052]. We assumed that, based on these indices, this sample has an acceptable fit to the 8-factor model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eJustification of the normative approach\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA two-ways ANOVA (dimension*gender) on the measured score showed a significant effect of gender (F\u003csub\u003e(1,41202)\u003c/sub\u003e=84.75, p\u0026lt;0.001), dimension (F\u003csub\u003e(8,41202)\u003c/sub\u003e=8942.02, p\u0026lt;0.001), and a significant interaction between gender and dimension (F\u003csub\u003e(8,41202)\u003c/sub\u003e=18.59, p\u0026lt;0.001), thus justifying the separation of the two genders in the setting of norms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eNormative values\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormative data for the SF-36 composite scores expressed in percentiles are presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The full percentiles for the 8 subscales, the 2 composite factors and HC item are available in Supplementary Tables 1-11. Women showed higher scores compared to men for each scale except for BP.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNormative data for the SF-36 composite scores expressed in centiles.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSF-36 Scale percentiles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWomen\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.125\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e54.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePCS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.875\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study verified the reliability and the construct validity of the French version of the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36) questionnaire in a young population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eCronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha measures suggested that the SF-36 questionnaire was internally reliable, with measured alphas remaining in the .70 \u0026le; ɑ \u0026le; .90 interval recommended by (Bland and Altman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e; DeVellis, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurther confirmatory factor analysis supported the eight-factor structure of the SF-36 questionnaire, with items 1;33;34;35;36 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;General Health\u0026rdquo; factor, items 23;27;29;31 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Vitality\u0026rdquo; factor, items 21;22 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Body Pain\u0026rdquo; factor, items 13;14;15;16 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Role limitation : Physical\u0026rdquo; factor, items 17;18;19 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Role limitation : Emotional\u0026rdquo; factor, items 24;25;26;28;30 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Mental Health\u0026rdquo; factor, items 3;4;5;6;7;8;9;10;11;12 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Physical Functioning\u0026rdquo; factor, and items 20;32 grouped in the \u0026ldquo;Social Functioning\u0026rdquo; factor. Analysis suggested that this model is close to the standards defined by (Hu and Bentler, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), with only CFI and TLI which remains slightly below the cut-off.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe then performed a factor analysis that suggested some gender differences in self-reported responses, with women reporting lower quality of life than men for all domains studied except BP, which is coherent with previous studies in France and over the world (Demiral et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; El Osta et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Hopman et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e; Khader et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e; Perneger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1995\u003c/span\u003e; Sabbah et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). We thus established normative data expressed as percentiles for each gender.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eWe concluded that the French SF-36 is a reliable questionnaire for the assessment of physical and mental health conditions. The study provided norms of SF-36 for the young French population and for both genders.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAUTHOR\u0026rsquo;S CONTRIBUTIONS\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAT created the experimental protocol. ET collected the data. AT and ET performed the statistical processing of the data, the production of the tables, and wrote the paper. JD, BB, and MM supervised the work.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eFunding\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study was approved by the Comit\u0026eacute; de Protection des Personnes Sud-Est VI (protocol number : 20.02.24.42827). Consent was obtained online before the completion of the survey. The research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eData availability\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cu\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/u\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBentler, P.M. (1989). EQS: structural equations program manual.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indexes in structural models. Psychol. Bull. \u003cem\u003e107\u003c/em\u003e, 238\u0026ndash;246.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBland, J.M., and Altman, D.G. (1997). Cronbach\u0026rsquo;s alpha. BMJ \u003cem\u003e314\u003c/em\u003e, 572.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDemiral, Y., Ergor, G., Unal, B., Semin, S., Akvardar, Y., Kıvırcık, B., and Alptekin, K. (2006). Normative data and discriminative properties of short form 36 (SF-36) in Turkish urban population. BMC Public Health \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e, 247.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDeVellis, R.F. (2003). Scale Development: Theory and Applications (SAGE).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl Osta, N., Kanso, F., Saad, R., Rabbaa Khabbaz, L., Fakhouri, J., and El Osta, L. (2019). Validation du SF-36, questionnaire g\u0026eacute;n\u0026eacute;rique de la qualit\u0026eacute; de vie li\u0026eacute;e \u0026agrave; la sant\u0026eacute; chez les personnes \u0026acirc;g\u0026eacute;es au Liban. East. Mediterr. Health J. \u003cem\u003e25\u003c/em\u003e, 706\u0026ndash;714.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHopman, W.M., Towheed, T., Anastassiades, T., Tenenhouse, A., Poliquin, S., Berger, C., Joseph, L., Brown, J.P., Murray, T.M., and Adachi, J.D. (2000). Canadian normative data for the SF-36 health survey. Cmaj \u003cem\u003e163\u003c/em\u003e, 265\u0026ndash;271.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eHu, L., and Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct. Equ. Model. Multidiscip. J. \u003cem\u003e6\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;55.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eKhader, S., Hourani, M.M., and Al-Akour, N. (2011). Normative data and psychometric properties of short form 36 health survey (SF-36, version 1.0) in the population of north Jordan. East Mediterr Health J \u003cem\u003e17\u003c/em\u003e, 368\u0026ndash;374.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLepl\u0026egrave;ge, A. (2001). Le questionnaire MOS SF-36: Manuel de l\u0026rsquo;utilisateur et guide d\u0026rsquo;interpr\u0026eacute;tation des scores (De Boeck Secundair).\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMcHorney, C.A., Ware, J.E., and Raczek, A.E. (1993). The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Med. 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JAMA \u003cem\u003e262\u003c/em\u003e, 925\u0026ndash;930.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTucker, L.R., and Lewis, C. (1973). A reliability coefficient for maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika \u003cem\u003e38\u003c/em\u003e, 1\u0026ndash;10.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWare, J.E., and Gandek, B. (1998). Overview of the SF-36 Health Survey and the International Quality of Life Assessment (IQOLA) Project. J. Clin. Epidemiol. \u003cem\u003e51\u003c/em\u003e, 903\u0026ndash;912.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWare Jr, J.E. (1999). SF-36 health survey.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"French population, Mental health Scale, Physical health Scale, Quality of Life","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006967/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006967/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe SF-36 is a generic quality of life questionnaire, massively translated and widely used to obtain physical and mental health status. However, validation work in the French language was carried out over a generation ago. The objective of this study was to obtain the norms of the SF-36 in the French young population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eMethod\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sample consisted of 1134 non-pre-screened French people aged between 18 and 39 years.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe internal consistencies of the scales were high and the metrics associated with the factor structure were satisfactory. In general, women presented significantly higher scores than men.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusion\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur results suggest that the SF-36 remains a reliable tool for studying quality of life in the young French population.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Updated norms of the MOS-SF36 in the young French population","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-11-03 14:21:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1006967/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2022-01-27T06:14:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2022-01-21T13:40:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"4214f96c-49f5-46a2-bcff-a975f15f4368","date":"2022-01-13T01:55:28+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2022-01-13T01:21:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2022-01-13T01:16:19+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-11-01T13:55:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-11-01T12:49:44+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Psychology","date":"2021-10-22T08:38:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"psyo","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Psychology](http://bmcpsychology.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"BMC Psychology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"416c6d2a-45a9-432d-ab51-0c4db5c848da","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 3rd, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":8280704,"name":"Psychology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-03-14T09:14:23+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-11-03 14:21:56","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1006967","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1006967","identity":"rs-1006967","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}