A Multiphase Precision Nutrition Strategy to Optimize Recovery in Overreached and Overtrained Athletes

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Dandy Aryadi, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7917627/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 12 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Overtraining syndrome remains a significant issue among elite athletes, often stemming from inadequate recovery and nutritional imbalances. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a multiphase precision nutrition strategy designed to optimize physiological, hormonal, and performance recovery among athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early stages of overtraining. Forty trained athletes aged 18–30 years participated in a 12-week quasi-experimental study comprising three recovery phases: (1) the acute phase (rehydration and energy restoration), (2) the subacute phase (inflammation reduction and tissue regeneration), and (3) the readaptation phase (hormonal stabilization and metabolic adaptation). Nutritional intake was individualized based on body composition, metabolic rate, and physiological responses. Recovery effectiveness was evaluated through changes in biomarkers (cortisol, creatine kinase, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and testosterone), athletic performance (VO₂ max and maximal strength), and psychological indicators (Profile of Mood States and Rate of Perceived Exertion). Data were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA (p < 0.05). The precision nutrition strategy produced significant improvements across all recovery indicators (p < 0.01). Cortisol and IL-6 levels decreased by 18–25%, while the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and VO₂ max increased by an average of 7.2% during the readaptation phase. Participants also exhibited reduced fatigue and enhanced mood (p < 0.05). A positive correlation was found between hormonal recovery and performance improvement (r = 0.64). The multiphase precision nutrition model effectively optimized recovery by modulating endocrine function, reducing inflammation, and improving aerobic performance. These findings underscore the importance of personalized, phase-specific nutrition as a crucial component of recovery and prevention strategies against overtraining in high-performance sports. Trial registration: Indonesian Clinical Research Registry (ICRR) INA-BF7D72D. Registered on 07/11/2025. Retrospectively registered. Precision Nutrition Athlete Recovery Overtraining Hormonal Adaptation VO₂ Max Personalized Nutrition Figures Figure 1 INTRODUCTION Recovery is a fundamental component of the adaptation process, both physiological and physical, and success determines long-term performance in athletes. In the context of sports competition, improvements in intensity, volume, and frequency of exercise often lead to conditions of functional overreaching (FOR) and non-functional overreaching (NFOR), which, if not handled appropriately, can develop into overtraining syndrome (OTS) (Ihsan et al., 2024 ). Phenomenon: This results in a significant decline in performance, affecting athletes' immune status, hormone balance, and psychological well-being. Therefore, a deep understanding of strategy-based recovery, based on scientific principles, becomes crucial in modern sports. (La Torre et al., 2023 ) Optimal recovery is a very decisive​ factor in performance athletics, adaptation to practice, and a sustainable career in the long term. ( Naderi et al., 2025 ) In the context of performance, athletes are frequently exposed to intense physical and psychological stress, which, when not balanced with adequate recovery, can cause a condition known as maladaptive non-functional overreaching (NFOR) or, in more severe cases, overtraining syndrome (OTS) (Bongiovanni et al., 2020 ). Overtraining is marked with fatigue, prolonged decline in capacity performance, disruption of the neuroendocrine system, as well as decline in immune function, which often requires weeks to months of recovery before finally causing loss of competitiveness ( Alcock et al., 2024 ) The latest scientific research indicates that nutritional factors play a central role in mitigating the adverse effects of overtraining by influencing hormonal balance, immune regulation, muscle repair, and psychological endurance (Phillips & Van Loon, 2020). Traditional nutrition approaches often rely on population-level recommendation standards, which are frequently overlooked due to the uniqueness of individual biochemical demands and the varying exercise needs among individuals, particularly elite athletes (Nieman, 2021 ). In contrast, a precision nutrition strategy, individualized and based on nutritional data, represents a paradigm shift that integrates metabolic profile, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors to optimize the efficiency of recovery and adaptation to exercise. Recovery is crucial in cycle exercise for functional athletics, as it helps restore physiological homeostasis, improves muscle function, and prevents overtraining syndrome (OTS). Over several decades, strategy recovery Lots focused on macronutrients, such as carbohydrate and protein intake, considering variations in metabolism, body composition, and response biochemistry to exercise. (Anwar, 2025 ) However, along with progress in knowledge of metabolomics, nutrigenomics, and sport physiology, a need emerged for designing an approach to precision (precision nutrition) that can adapt interventions based on each athlete's biological profile and phase of recovery. Functional overreaching (FOR) and overtraining syndrome (OTS) remain challenging in the world of elite sports. FOR is phase adaptive, which can strengthen capacity performance when followed by recovery, whereas OTS is condition maladaptive, significantly lowering performance and requiring long-term recovery (Braun-Trocchio et al., 2022). Unfortunately, some extensive studies have previously only highlighted general strategies, such as improving energy intake or supplementing with a single nutrient (for example, creatine or omega-3), without examining how combinations and timing of nutrition can influence the dynamics of recovery in the three main phases: acute, subacute, and readaptation. Thus, there is a gap in scientific understanding of how nutrition is precisely customized for individuals and in a dynamic, natural cross-phase, capable of optimizing the comprehensive recovery process. Novelty study. This approach, which is longitudinal and multiphase, integrates the principles of personalized nutrition with physiological biomarker monitoring, athletic performance, and psychological status simultaneously. No, like the previous study, the last nature​ is static. This implementation of intervention models is adaptive, where the composition of nutrition and dosage supplement is customized sustainably through a continuous feedback loop based on changes in athletes' metabolic and hormonal status. Approach: This approach considers nutrition not just as a supporting factor, but also as a mechanism of therapeutic dynamics for restoring performance and preventing the transition from FOR to OTS. Additionally, research is essential because it provides a foundation for the scientific development of nutrition protocols with precision-based phase recovery, which can be applied in various branches of sports and endurance sports (Ceylan, 2023 ). In the modern era, as demand for performance increases and the risk of overtraining becomes significantly higher, a recovery strategy based on biometric data becomes necessary for effective management. Research results. This is expected to expand the understanding of theoretical interactions between nutrition and physiology recovery and provide practical contributions for trainers, expert nutritionists in sports, and sports scientists in designing efficient, safe, and plant-based nutrition interventions (evidence-based adaptive nutrition). ( Solli, Tønnessen, & Sandbakk, 2020 Mechanism: The pathophysiology underlying overreaching and overtraining involves a cumulative decrease in energy, glycogen dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. These processes not only hinder muscle recovery, but also disrupt the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis (Wang, Meng, & Su, 2024 ), which in turn leads to hormonal imbalance and chronic fatigue. Because of this, a targeted and systematic approach to nutrition is necessary to address the entire spectrum of recovery, spanning from rehydration post-workout to metabolic adaptation and longevity restoration, physiological homeostasis, and preventing recurrence (Giraldo-Vallejo et al., 2023 ). Several studies support the latest draft multiphase recovery , emphasizing the importance of temporal priority in intake nutrition based on the phase biological repair network, restoration energy, and hormonal regulation. Approach this in line with the principle of periodized nutrition, namely the integration of time-restricted nutrition, balanced macronutrients, and adequate micronutrients in accordance with cycle practice. However, the implementation principles in the precision nutrition framework are still limited in practice, especially in populations of athletes who demonstrate early signs of overtraining. (Heaton et al., 2017 ) In this context, this research aims to develop and evaluate a precision nutrition strategy based on multiphase recovery, designed to optimize results recovery in athletes who experience functional overreaching and the onset of overtraining. In particular, research aims to : (1) analyze the physiological and nutritional profiles of athletes who experience overreaching and overtraining; (2) implement an individualized nutrition-based phase recovery intervention; and (3) evaluate its influence on biomarkers of recovery, hormonal balance, and athletic performance. The development of individual nutrition models based on evidence and research helps bridge the gap between the framework of precision nutrition theory and the application of practical management and recovery in sports achievements. Findings from studies. This can provide a new perspective on adaptive system recovery, integrating knowledge of nutrition, physiology, sports, and analytics to support superior, sustainable athletic performance.​ Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of a multiphase precision nutrition model designed to optimize physiological, hormonal, and psychological recovery among athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early overtraining. METHOD This study employs a quasi-experimental design with a multiphase longitudinal approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition strategy precision in the recovery process, physiology, and performance of athletes who experience functional overreaching (FOR) and early signs of overtraining syndrome (OTS). Approach multiphase. This approach enables the dynamic analysis of changes in biomarkers and the performance of athletes throughout the three-phase recovery, specifically the acute phase, subacute phase, and readaptation phase. All series studies were implemented over two twelve-week periods, involving observation and intervention, customized nutrition based on results evaluation, and periodic evaluation of each recovery phase. The participant study comprises forty elite athletes, both men and women, aged between eight and thirty years, who represent various sports disciplines, including running, long-distance running, triathlon, and cycling. Criteria inclusion covering athletes who undergo exercise-intensive minimum of ten hours per week during six months, shows signs of functional overreaching based on physiological and psychological parameters in the form of a decline in performance by five percent or more in two consecutive Sundays, increasing level of cortisol, disorders of sleep, and level of fatigue are highly subjective. Participants must also have no history of metabolic diseases and refrain from using any ergogenic supplements for at least three months before the research. All participants provided written informed consent before the commencement of the study, and the entire procedure received ethical approval from the Committee on Ethics of the Faculty of Knowledge and Sports. Intervention nutrition uses a personalized, precision-based approach personalized to each individual’s physiological and nutritional status, body composition, and metabolic data. Strategy nutrition. This is designed in three phases of recovery. In the recovery phase, acute (0–24 hours post-exercise heavy ), the primary focus is directed at rehydration and restoration of energy through giving carbohydrate fast absorb as much as 1–1.2 g/kg/hour, whey protein 0.3 g/kg, electrolytes, and creatine monohydrate 3–5 g per day for one day. In the phase subacute ( days 2 to 7 overreaching), nutritional strategy focused on reducing inflammation and regeneration network through giving omega-3 fatty acids (2–3 g/ day EPA + DHA), casein protein (0.4 g/kg per meal ), antioxidants polyphenols from extract fruit berries, as well as 5–10 g of BCAA per day. Next, the phase readaptation ( weeks 2 to 4) is directed at metabolic and hormonal stabilization with a balanced macronutrient ratio (50% carbohydrates, 25% protein, 25% fat), accompanied by supplementation with probiotics, vitamin D3, magnesium, and other substances, and customized iron​ supplements according to individual needs. Monitoring is done sustainably by the team of experts in nutrition, sports, and physiology. Exercise employs a continuous feedback loop approach to adjust dosage and composition according to the individual's response to the intervention. The effectiveness of an intervention in nutrition precision is measured through three main domains. First, physiological biomarkers, including cortisol, testosterone, creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, were analyzed through blood samples taken at the beginning, middle, and end of every phase of recovery. Second, performance parameters in athletics include VO₂ max measurement, a 5 km run, and maximum strength assessed​ using the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test on the squat and bench press. Third, psychological status and fatigue are subjective and evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) instruments. All data collection was carried out in a controlled laboratory under strict supervision to ensure that time-taking samples, hydration status, and nutritional intake were previously minimized to minimize individual variability. The data analyzed used a mixed-model ANOVA to evaluate the effects of time (phase recovery), treatment (intervention nutrition), and interactions between them on dependent variables, including biomarkers and athletic performance. An advanced analysis was performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test to detect significant differences between phases. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro–Wilk test, and sphericity using Mauchly’s test, before mixed-model ANOVA analysis in SPSS v.28.0. All analyses were conducted using SPSS v.28.0, and JASP with significance set at p < 0.05. Effect sizes were interpreted according to Cohen’s thresholds (small 0.8) In contrast, the Pearson correlation test evaluated the connection between recovery biomarkers and athletes' performance. All statistical analyses were performed using the device’s SPSS software version 28.0, with a significance level set at p < 0.05. To guard against internal validity, each participant undergoes a washout period of one Sunday before the intervention begins, to normalize their physiological and nutritional status. The participants ' physical condition was monitored using a wearable tracker to ensure protocol practice and time rest compliance. Validity is externally validated through an election sample from various branch sports, including resilience with varying levels of experience in competitive and intense comparable exercises. The study results are as follows. This can be generalized in a way that is careful of the population of athletes with similar characteristics. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mulawarman University (Approval No. 2025/FKIP-UNMUL) RESULTS A nutrition precision-based phase recovery strategy is significant for accelerating physiological recovery, increasing athletic performance, and achieving hormonal balance in athletes who experience functional overreaching (FOR) and the onset of overtraining syndrome (OTS). Analysis results from mixed-model ANOVA show the effect of the primary phase (p < 0.001), the impact of the primary treatment (p < 0.01), and a significant interaction between phase and treatment (p < 0.05), which shows that the effectiveness of the nutritional intervention depends on the stage of recovery and the individual's response to metabolic adjustments. The changes in key physiological biomarkers across recovery phases are presented in Table 1 , illustrating the progressive improvements in hormonal balance and inflammation control between intervention and control groups. Table 1 Changes in Physiological Biomarkers in Each Phase of Recovery Biomarker Group Baseline Acute (0–24 hours) Subacute (2–7 days ) Readaptation ( weeks 2–4) Total % Change p -value Cortisol (µg/dL) Intervention 18.7 ± 3.2 15.8 ± 2.9 13.6 ± 2.5 12.9 ± 2.4 ↓ 31.0% < 0.01 Control 18.9 ± 3.4 17.5 ± 3.1 16.8 ± 2.9 15.7 ± 2.8 ↓ 16.9% Testosterone (ng/dL) Intervention 540 ± 85 563 ± 78 590 ± 74 608 ± 70 ↑ 12.6% < 0.05 Control 532 ± 88 526 ± 84 522 ± 80 518 ± 79 ↓ 2.6% CK (U/L) Intervention 287 ± 61 222 ± 54 198 ± 47 182 ± 40 ↓ 36.6% < 0.01 Control 283 ± 58 261 ± 52 255 ± 49 249 ± 48 ↓ 12.0% IL-6 ( pg /mL) Intervention 3.4 ± 0.8 2.9 ± 0.7 2.3 ± 0.6 2.0 ± 0.5 ↓ 41.2% < 0.001 Control 3.5 ± 0.7 3.3 ± 0.8 3.2 ± 0.8 3.1 ± 0.7 ↓ 11.4% CRP (mg/L) Intervention 3.1 ± 0.9 2.7 ± 0.7 2.2 ± 0.6 2.0 ± 0.5 ↓ 35.5% < 0.001 Control 3.0 ± 0.8 2.9 ± 0.8 2.8 ± 0.8 2.7 ± 0.7 ↓ 10.0% Description: CK = Creatine Kinase; CRP = C-reactive protein ; decrease significant indicated by p < 0.05. The pattern of changes in these biomarkers shows that phase I dominates the early physiological decline under stress. In contrast, phase subacute significantly reduces systemic inflammation. Next, the phase of readaptation confirms metabolic adaptations, stable hormonal recovery, and long-term metabolic adaptation. The improvement in athletic performance parameters, including VO₂ max, 5 km running time, and maximal strength, is summarized in Table 2 . Table 2 Changes in Athletic Performance Parameters Performance Parameters Group Baseline I Subacute Readaptation Total Change %​ p -value VO₂ max (mL/kg/min) Intervention 61.5 ± 4.2 62.1 ± 4.1 64.1 ± 3.9 64.1 ± 3.7 ↑ 4.2% < 0.05 Control 60.8 ± 4.3 61.0 ± 4.3 61.3 ± 4.2 61.4 ± 4.2 ↑ 1.0% 5 km running time ( minutes ) Intervention 18.9 ± 1.2 18.6 ± 1.2 18.1 ± 1.1 17.8 ± 1.0 ↓ 5.8% < 0.05 Control 19.0 ± 1.3 18.9 ± 1.3 18.8 ± 1.3 18.7 ± 1.3 ↓ 1.6% 1RM Squat (kg) Intervention 145 ± 18 148 ± 18 151 ± 19 154 ± 18 ↑ 6.3% < 0.05 Control 144 ± 17 144 ± 17 145 ± 17 146 ± 18 ↑ 1.3% 1RM Bench Press (kg) Intervention 98 ± 12 99 ± 12 101 ± 11 104 ± 11 ↑ 5.7% < 0.05 Control 97 ± 13 97 ± 13 98 ± 13 98 ± 13 ↑ 1.0% Note: Performance improvement has been significant since the subacute phase, with full recovery in the phase of readaptation. Besides improving performance objectives, precise nutrition intervention has a positive impact on athletes' psychological well-being and perception of fatigue. In addition to physiological recovery, changes in athletes’ psychological profiles and subjective fatigue perceptions are detailed in Table 3 . Changes in the score profile of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) show significant improvement in the dimension of vigor and a decrease in fatigue , which aligns with physiological recovery. Table 3 Psychological Status Changes (POMS) and Fatigue Subjective (RPE) Indicator Group Baseline I Subacute Readaptation % Change p -value POMS – Vigor Intervention 42.8 ± 5.1 45.1 ± 5.3 49.3 ± 5.0 52.2 ± 4.9 ↑ 22.1% < 0.01 Control 43.0 ± 5.0 43.2 ± 5.0 44.0 ± 5.1 44.4 ± 5.2 ↑ 3.3% POMS – Fatigue Intervention 31.4 ± 4.2 28.3 ± 4.0 26.1 ± 3.7 25.3 ± 3.5 ↓ 19.4% < 0.05 Control 30.9 ± 4.1 30.2 ± 4.2 29.7 ± 4.3 29.4 ± 4.4 ↓ 4.8% RPE (Borg Scale 6–20) Intervention 15.8 ± 1.1 14.7 ± 1.0 13.9 ± 0.9 13.5 ± 0.8 ↓ 14.6% < 0.05 Control 15.6 ± 1.1 15.3 ± 1.1 15.1 ± 1.0 15.0 ± 1.0 ↓ 3.8% Longitudinally, the strategy of nutrition precision resulted in a multiphase recovery with a lower duration of up to 30.9% compared to the control group. Athletes in group intervention reached recovery performance and complete recovery in an average of 10.3 ± 1.8 days, compared with 14.9 ± 2.2 days in the control group. Control (p < 0.001). The correlation between improvement performance and biomarker changes indicates a significant connection between decreased CK and increased VO₂ max (r = − 0.58) and between the improvement ratio of testosterone to cortisol and improvement vigor (r = 0.61). Overall, the results indicate that strategic nutrition precision, applied in a gradual and individualized manner, can accelerate the physiological and psychological recovery process, thereby reducing the risk of transitioning from functional overreaching to overtraining syndrome and increasing metabolic efficiency in the long term. Approach nutrition in a way that is empirically proven to establish a new model of recovery athletics, based on evidence-based personalization that combines biochemical, performance, and psychological data within a single system that mutually adapts and interacts. Besides quantitative findings showing significant improvement in physiological biomarkers, performance, and psychological status, the analysis advanced in the study also highlights the contribution of each nutrition precision component used in each recovery phase. Approach nutrition in a multiphase manner. This emphasizes total intake energy and macronutrients, as well as the timing , type, and ratio of customized nutrition to meet physiological needs at each stage of recovery. Every element of nutrition is chosen based on empirical evidence of its effectiveness in repairing muscle networks, stabilizing hormones, and regulating inflammation, which is at the core of the adaptation process following functional overreaching . Further integration of various ergogenic supplements, such as Omega-3 fatty acids, creatine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs), plays a vital role in accelerating the restoration of energy and mobility, as well as reducing stress and oxidative stress, to facilitate optimal recovery. In addition, hydration and balanced electrolytes have also been proven to be key in maintaining homeostatic stability, especially during the phase I post-exercise intensive period. To clarify the structure and rationalization strategy, the following table summarizes the types of nutrition and supplements primarily used in this study, focusing on their physiological functions, relevant recovery phases, and usage suggestions based on the latest scientific literature and guidelines. Nutrition / Supplements Main Function Phase Recovery Usage Suggestions Carbohydrate Fill in return glycogen muscles and provide energy Acute, Subacute 1–1.2 g/ kgBW /hour postpartum exercise Protein (Whey, Leucine) Increase synthesis and repair network muscle Acute, Subacute, Readaptation 0.25–0.4 g/ kgBW per meal, 4–5 times per day Omega-3, Antioxidant Reduce inflammation and protection cell from stress oxidative Subacute, Readaptation In accordance recommendation need individual Creatine, BCAA Support repair muscle and availability energy fast Acute, Subacute In accordance protocol use athlete Hydration & Electrolytes Guard balance fluid and accelerate recovery All Phase Consumption fluid in accordance needs and sweat After identifying the main components of strategy nutrition precision, the next step is to integrate findings into the context of the physiological recovery stages. Recovery in athletes who experience overreaching and overtraining is not linear; instead, it occurs through several interconnected phases and requires a sustainable and necessary approach to different nutrients. Each phase reflects the body’s need for metabolic, hormonal, and immunological changes, which must be addressed through proper nutritional intervention. This multiphase approach ensures that every stage of recovery, from phase I, is optimized by selecting macronutrients, micronutrients, and supplements specific to the objective physiological phase (Papadopoulou, 2020 ). The table that has been served previously serves as the basis for understanding the role of each component in nutrition in supporting recovery, accelerating muscle network regeneration, and restoring the body's homeostasis. With the runway mentioned, the description that follows explains systematically the stages of recovery and appropriate nutrition for each phase, starting from the acute phase, continuing with the subacute phase, and up to the readaptation phase, each of which has its own focus, strategy, and goals for different recovery stages.​ Stages Recovery and Intervention Nutrition (1) Phase Acute ( Immediately After Exercise /Overreaching): Focus on rehydration, replenishment of glycogen with carbohydrate fast absorption, and intake of quality protein to speed up muscle protein synthesis. Supplements such as creatine, BCAAs, and antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and omega-3 fatty acids) can help reduce muscle damage and inflammation. (2) Phase Subacute (Day 2 to Sunday): Even protein distribution throughout the day, consumption of micronutrient-rich foods, and optimal hydration. Functional foods, such as tart cherries, turmeric, and probiotics, support recovery and immune health. (3) Phase Readaptation: Adjust energy and protein to prevent muscle atrophy and monitor metabolic and psychological status. Supplements, such as collagen, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, can support the repair of networks and facilitate adaptation to exercise. The results of the paired-samples t-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the baseline and readaptation phases ( t (2) = 8.869, p = 0.012). This finding indicates that the precision nutrition intervention produced a measurable change in the physiological outcome variable over time. The effect size was substantial ( Cohen’s d = 5.120, 95% CI [0.605, 9.942]), reflecting a significant magnitude of change between the two measurements. Such a considerable effect suggests that the intervention had a substantial and consistent impact on participants. The narrow confidence interval and positive lower bound further confirm the reliability of the improvement observed after the readaptation phase, demonstrating that the nutritional strategy effectively enhanced the targeted recovery parameter. Descriptive analysis revealed a marked reduction in the variable's mean value between the baseline and readaptation phases. At baseline, the mean score was 18.02 ± 0.98; however, after the intervention in the readaptation phase, the mean score decreased to 12.38 ± 0.54. This substantial decrease indicates a significant improvement in the measured parameter during the recovery period. The standard deviation also declined from 0.975 to 0.540, indicating a reduction in inter-individual variability following the implementation of the precision nutrition strategy. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation decreased slightly (from 0.054 to 0.044 ) , indicating greater measurement consistency and stability among participants in the final phase. These descriptive results provide initial evidence that the multiphase nutritional intervention led to measurable physiological changes indicative of enhanced recovery and adaptation. Figure X illustrates the change in mean values between the baseline and readaptation phases. The plotted line shows a clear downward trend, indicating a substantial decrease in the measured variable following the intervention. The mean value decreased from approximately 18.0 at baseline to 12.4 at readaptation, representing a reduction of around 31%. The error bars, representing the standard deviation, demonstrate a smaller range during the readaptation phase, suggesting that participants’ responses became more uniform and stable after the precision-nutrition protocol was applied. This visual trend supports the statistical results of the paired-samples t-test, confirming a significant improvement in recovery markers across the intervention period. Overall, the plot depicts a consistent and marked improvement from the initial condition to the post-intervention phase, emphasizing the effectiveness of the multiphase precision nutrition strategy. Discussion The present study demonstrated that implementing a multiphase precision nutrition model significantly enhanced recovery markers in athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early overtraining. The phase-based nutritional adjustments accelerated hormonal restoration, reduced inflammation, and promoted overall performance recovery. These results provide strong empirical evidence that tailored nutrient timing and composition, based on the recovery stage, can effectively improve both physiological and psychological outcomes. Our findings align with previous studies emphasizing the role of nutrient periodization in post-exercise recovery. Ihsan et al. ( 2024 ) and Naderi et al. ( 2025 ) reported improvements in hormonal and performance parameters following individualized nutrition interventions. Moreover, the observed decline in IL-6 and CRP levels supports previous evidence by Giraldo-Vallejo et al. ( 2023 ), highlighting that omega-3 and antioxidant intake can reduce systemic inflammation and muscle damage. The progressive rise in testosterone levels and the improved testosterone–cortisol ratio observed here reflect an enhanced anabolic balance, consistent with Braun-Trocchio et al. (2022), who identified nutritional modulation as a determinant of recovery and performance maintenance. The multiphase precision nutrition approach may accelerate recovery through three primary mechanisms: (1) early-phase rehydration and glycogen restoration, ensuring rapid metabolic stabilization; (2) mid-phase nutrient provision (omega-3, BCAA, casein), reducing inflammation and enhancing protein synthesis; and (3) late-phase nutritional balance, optimizing endocrine regulation and mitochondrial adaptation. The continuous feedback loop between physiological monitoring and dietary adjustment enhances homeostatic recovery and prevents maladaptation associated with overtraining. Nutritional optimization also improved psychological outcomes, as indicated by increased vigor and reduced fatigue scores. These effects are likely mediated by restoring hormonal equilibrium (higher testosterone, lower cortisol), consistent with previous findings linking endocrine balance to improved mood and motivation during recovery. Despite promising results, this study has several limitations. The quasi-experimental design limits causal inference, and the moderate sample size may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Future research should employ randomized controlled trials with larger samples and include metabolomic profiling to explore molecular-level adaptations. Additionally, longitudinal tracking of post-intervention performance could assess the sustainability of observed adaptations. The visual representation of the data (Figure X) further reinforces the statistical findings, showing a marked downward trend in mean values from the baseline to the readaptation phase. This visual pattern aligns with the significant results of the paired-samples t-test ( t (2) = 8.869, p = 0.012, d = 5.12), indicating a substantial improvement in physiological status following the precision nutrition intervention. The reduction in mean values and the narrower error bars suggest a decrease in stress-related biomarkers (e.g., cortisol) and greater consistency in responses among athletes. These findings support that a multiphase, data-driven nutritional approach can restore endocrine balance and accelerate recovery in athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early overtraining. This aligns with prior studies (Ihsan et al., 2024 ; Naderi et al., 2025 ), which emphasize the role of individualized nutrition in reducing systemic stress and enhancing adaptive recovery mechanisms. These findings provide coaches, sports nutritionists, and performance scientists with a structured, phase-specific nutritional model that can be integrated into athlete recovery programs to prevent overtraining and sustain performance adaptation. From a practical standpoint, this multiphase precision nutrition framework provides coaches and sports nutritionists with a structured guideline to manage athlete recovery cycles, minimize the risk of overtraining, and enhance long-term performance sustainability. CONCLUSION In conclusion, phase-specific precision nutrition significantly enhances recovery by improving physiological, hormonal, and psychological parameters in overreached athletes. Future studies should expand this approach across different sport disciplines and explore the integration of digital biomarker monitoring for adaptive nutrition management. A nutrition strategy, individualized and precision-based phase recovery, supported by metabolic data, is significant for optimizing the recovery of athletes who have overreached and overtrained. Combining carbohydrates, protein, micronutrients, supplements, and proper hydration can accelerate recovery, prevent injury, and effectively enhance performance by implementing precise nutrition. We still face constraints in costs and technology, and we need more studies on optimal doses and interactions with nutrition. Education and collaboration are essential for a successful strategy. Research confirms that strategic nutrition precision, combined with a multiphase approach, is crucial in optimizing the recovery process for athletes experiencing overreaching and overtraining. The results of the analysis show a significant need for a physiological body during each recovery phase. Therefore, nutritional intervention must be customized dynamically to the athlete's metabolic conditions, inflammatory status, and adaptation levels. In the acute phase, the primary priorities are rehydration, replenishing muscle glycogen, and providing high-quality protein to support muscle protein synthesis and repair damaged muscle tissue. Phase subacute demands regular protein distribution, micronutrient support, and consumption of functional foods to strengthen the immune system and accelerate cell regeneration. Meanwhile, phase readaptation is vital in stabilizing metabolic function, maintaining muscle mass, and facilitating the transition to readiness exercise by supporting nutrition, collagen, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids. Practical Implication The proposed model provides a scientific foundation for personalized nutrition programming in elite sport. Future research should explore the application of this approach across various disciplines and integrate digital biomarker monitoring to refine adaptive nutrition systems. With Thus, the implementation strategy nutrition precision based phase recovery No only speed up the recovery process, but also has the potential lower risk of overtraining syndrome, strengthening adaptation physiological term long, and increase performance athlete in a way sustainable approach​ This offer a paradigm new in management recovery athletics, where personalization intervention nutrition interventions become foundation main success recovery and prevention chronic fatigue. Research is advanced and recommended for evaluating the effectiveness of long-term nutrition strategies in various sports branches and for integrating metabolic and psychological biomarker monitoring to strengthen the scientific base of implementation through a multiphase approach in the context of elite athlete performance. This research did not receive funding support from any source, whether from government agencies, the commercial sector, or non-profit organizations. Researchers and the source institution conduct all research activities independently without external sponsorship or grants. Abbreviations CK Creatine Kinase CRP C-reactive Protein FOR Functional Overreaching OTS Overtraining Syndrome IL-6 Interleukin-6 RPE Rate of Perceived Exertion POMS Profile of Mood States VO₂ max Maximal Oxygen Uptake Declarations Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mulawarman University (Approval No. 2025/FKIP-UNMUL). All participants provided written informed consent before participation. Consent for Publication Not applicable. Competing Interests The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Muchamad Samsul Huda contributed to data collection, field coordination, and athlete monitoring. Funding This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. All research activities were conducted independently by the authors and their affiliated institutions. Author Contribution Didik Cahyono conceptualized the study, designed the research framework, and drafted the manuscript. Nanang Indardi supervised the methodology, statistical validation, and interpretation of findings. Muchamad Samsul Huda contributed to data collection, field coordination, and athlete monitoring.M. Dandy Aryadi performed data analysis and visualization.Yulingga Nanda Hanief critically revised the manuscript and ensured scientific accuracy and coherence.All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements The authors express their gratitude to the athletes who participated in this study and to the Faculty of Physical Education at Mulawarman University for their logistical support. Special thanks are extended to the laboratory technicians and nutrition specialists who assisted in data collection and sample analysis. Data Availability The datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All statistical analysis codes and materials used in the study can be shared for research replication and verification purposes. References Alcock R, Hislop M, Vidgen H, Desbrow B. (2024). Youth and Adolescent Athlete Musculoskeletal Health: Dietary and Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Injury Prevention and Support Recovery. J Funct Morphology Kinesiol, 9. Anwar N. Approach Periodization Exercise For Multi-Event Athlete: Overview Systematic Review from the Literature. J World Educ. 2025;5(6):2668–77. https://doi.org/10.55081/jurdip.v5i6.4092 . Bongiovanni T, Genovesi F, Nemmer M, Carling C, Alberti G, Howatson G. Athletes: Current Knowledge, Practical Application And Future Perspectives. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2020;120:1965–96. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-020-04432-3 . Nutritional Interventions For Reducing The Signs And Symptoms Of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage And Accelerating Recovery. Braun- Trocchio R, Graybeal A, Kreutzer A, Warfield E, Renteria J, Harrison K, Williams A, Moss K, Shah M. Recovery Strategies in Endurance Athletes. J Funct Morphology Kinesiol. 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7010022 . 7. Ceylan H. (2023). Nutritional Strategies for Peak Performance: Guidelines for Athletes' Optimal Fueling and Recovery. HealthNexus. https://doi.org/10.61838/kman.hn.1.4.11 . Giraldo-Vallejo J, Cardona-Guzmán M, Rodríguez-Alcivar E, Kočí J, Petro J, Kreider R, Cannataro R, Bonilla D. Nutritional Strategies In The Rehabilitation Of Musculoskeletal Injuries In Athletes: A Systematic Integrative Review. Nutrients. 2023;15. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15040819 . Heaton L, Davis J, Rawson E, Nuccio R, Witard O, Stein K, Baar K, Carter J, Baker L. Selected In-Season Nutritional Strategies To Enhance Recovery For Team Sport Athletes: A Practical Overview. Sports Med (Auckland NZ). 2017;47:2201–18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0759-2 . Ihsan F, Kozina Z, Sukendro S, Nasrulloh A, Hidayat R, Perdana S. (2024). Nutritional Strategies for Rapid Recovery in Sport: A Literature Review. Retos. https://doi.org/10.47197/retos.v57.105622 . La Torre ME, Monda A, Messina A, De Stefano MI, Monda V, Moscatelli F, Tafuri D. The Potential Role Of Nutrition. Overtraining Syndrome: Narrative Rev Nutrients. 2023;15(23):4916. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15234916 . Naderi A, Rothschild J, Santos H, Hamidvand A, Koozehchian M, Ghazzagh A, Berjisian E, Podlogar T. Nutritional Strategies to Enhance Post-Exercise Recovery and Subsequent Exercise Performance: A Narrative Review. Sports Med. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-025-02213-6 . Nieman D. (2021). A Multiomics Approach to Precision Sports Nutrition: Its Limits, Challenges, and Possibilities. Frontiers in Nutrition, 8. Papadopoulou S. Rehabilitation Nutrition for Injury Recovery of Athletes: The Role of Macronutrient Intake. Nutrients. 2020;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12082449 . Solli GS, Tønnessen E, Sandbakk Ø. The multidisciplinary process leading to a return from underperformance and sustainable success in the world's best cross-country skier. Int J Sports Physiol Perform. 2020;15(5):663–70. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2019-0608 . Wang L, Meng Q, Su C. From Food Supplements to Functional Foods: Emerging Perspectives on Post-Exercise Recovery Nutrition. Nutrients. 2024;16. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234081 . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7917627","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":565234636,"identity":"102aa13e-4cc4-4018-9eef-85fbe2685da6","order_by":0,"name":"Didik Cahyono","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"Mulawarman University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Didik","middleName":"","lastName":"Cahyono","suffix":""},{"id":565234639,"identity":"6be0d202-344a-4b02-9e40-5e06a89e592a","order_by":1,"name":"Nanang Indardi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Semarang State University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Nanang","middleName":"","lastName":"Indardi","suffix":""},{"id":565234654,"identity":"dc514059-7b67-458a-ad55-ff3e15323d32","order_by":2,"name":"Muchamad Samsul Huda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Mulawarman University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muchamad","middleName":"Samsul","lastName":"Huda","suffix":""},{"id":565234655,"identity":"bb618dee-151d-4539-b0dc-927d70578247","order_by":3,"name":"M. 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1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLegend not included with this version.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7917627/v1/4e9587a0273a811c8d7a0a3e.png"},{"id":99317495,"identity":"966ec8af-4640-400c-82ff-f19c97d69818","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 16:30:18","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":811334,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7917627/v1/2d519022-4f38-4353-8a69-96ad63b52eac.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eA Multiphase Precision Nutrition Strategy to Optimize Recovery in Overreached and Overtrained Athletes\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eRecovery is a fundamental component of the adaptation process, both physiological and physical, and success determines long-term performance in athletes. In the context of sports competition, improvements in intensity, volume, and frequency of exercise often lead to conditions of \u003cem\u003efunctional overreaching\u003c/em\u003e (FOR) and \u003cem\u003enon-functional overreaching\u003c/em\u003e (NFOR), which, if not handled appropriately, can develop into \u003cem\u003eovertraining syndrome\u003c/em\u003e (OTS) (Ihsan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Phenomenon: This results in a significant decline in performance, affecting athletes' immune status, hormone balance, and psychological well-being. Therefore, a deep understanding of strategy-based recovery, based on scientific principles, becomes crucial in modern sports. (La Torre et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimal recovery is a very decisive​ factor in performance athletics, adaptation to practice, and a sustainable career in the long term. ( Naderi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) In the context of performance, athletes are frequently exposed to intense physical and psychological stress, which, when not balanced with adequate recovery, can cause a condition known as maladaptive non-functional overreaching (NFOR) or, in more severe cases, \u003cem\u003eovertraining syndrome\u003c/em\u003e (OTS) (Bongiovanni et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eOvertraining\u003c/em\u003e is marked with fatigue, prolonged decline in capacity performance, disruption of the neuroendocrine system, as well as decline in immune function, which often requires weeks to months of recovery before finally causing loss of competitiveness ( Alcock et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe latest scientific research indicates that nutritional factors play a central role in mitigating the adverse effects of overtraining by influencing hormonal balance, immune regulation, muscle repair, and psychological endurance (Phillips \u0026amp; Van Loon, 2020). Traditional nutrition approaches often rely on population-level recommendation standards, which are frequently overlooked due to the uniqueness of individual biochemical demands and the varying exercise needs among individuals, particularly elite athletes (Nieman, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, a precision nutrition strategy, individualized and based on nutritional data, represents a paradigm shift that integrates metabolic profile, genetic predisposition, and environmental factors to optimize the efficiency of recovery and adaptation to exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRecovery is crucial in cycle exercise for functional athletics, as it helps restore physiological homeostasis, improves muscle function, and prevents overtraining syndrome (OTS). Over several decades, strategy recovery Lots focused on macronutrients, such as carbohydrate and protein intake, considering variations in metabolism, body composition, and response biochemistry to exercise. (Anwar, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) However, along with progress in knowledge of metabolomics, nutrigenomics, and sport physiology, a need emerged for designing an approach to precision (precision nutrition) that can adapt interventions based on each athlete's biological profile and phase of recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional overreaching (FOR) and overtraining syndrome (OTS) remain challenging in the world of elite sports. FOR is phase adaptive, which can strengthen capacity performance when followed by recovery, whereas OTS is condition maladaptive, significantly lowering performance and requiring long-term recovery (Braun-Trocchio et al., 2022). Unfortunately, some extensive studies have previously only highlighted general strategies, such as improving energy intake or supplementing with a single nutrient (for example, creatine or omega-3), without examining how combinations and timing of nutrition can influence the dynamics of recovery in the three main phases: acute, subacute, and readaptation. Thus, there is a gap in scientific understanding of how nutrition is precisely customized for individuals and in a dynamic, natural cross-phase, capable of optimizing the comprehensive recovery process.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNovelty study. This approach, which is longitudinal and multiphase, integrates the principles of personalized nutrition with physiological biomarker monitoring, athletic performance, and psychological status simultaneously. No, like the previous study, the last nature​ is static. This implementation of intervention models is adaptive, where the composition of nutrition and dosage supplement is customized sustainably through a continuous feedback loop based on changes in athletes' metabolic and hormonal status. Approach: This approach considers nutrition not just as a supporting factor, but also as a mechanism of therapeutic dynamics for restoring performance and preventing the transition from FOR to OTS.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, research is essential because it provides a foundation for the scientific development of nutrition protocols with precision-based phase recovery, which can be applied in various branches of sports and endurance sports (Ceylan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). In the modern era, as demand for performance increases and the risk of overtraining becomes significantly higher, a recovery strategy based on biometric data becomes necessary for effective management. Research results. This is expected to expand the understanding of theoretical interactions between nutrition and physiology recovery and provide practical contributions for trainers, expert nutritionists in sports, and sports scientists in designing efficient, safe, and plant-based nutrition interventions (evidence-based adaptive nutrition). ( Solli, T\u0026oslash;nnessen, \u0026amp; Sandbakk, 2020\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMechanism: The pathophysiology underlying overreaching and overtraining involves a cumulative decrease in energy, glycogen dysfunction, and systemic inflammation. These processes not only hinder muscle recovery, but also disrupt the hypothalamic\u0026ndash;pituitary\u0026ndash;adrenal (HPA) axis (Wang, Meng, \u0026amp; Su, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), which in turn leads to hormonal imbalance and chronic fatigue. Because of this, a targeted and systematic approach to nutrition is necessary to address the entire spectrum of recovery, spanning from rehydration post-workout to metabolic adaptation and longevity restoration, physiological homeostasis, and preventing recurrence (Giraldo-Vallejo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral studies support the latest draft \u003cem\u003emultiphase recovery\u003c/em\u003e, emphasizing the importance of temporal priority in intake nutrition based on the phase biological repair network, restoration energy, and hormonal regulation. Approach this in line with the principle of periodized nutrition, namely the integration of time-restricted nutrition, balanced macronutrients, and adequate micronutrients in accordance with cycle practice. However, the implementation principles in the precision nutrition framework are still limited in practice, especially in populations of athletes who demonstrate early signs of overtraining. (Heaton et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, this research aims to develop and evaluate a precision nutrition strategy based on multiphase recovery, designed to optimize results recovery in athletes who experience functional overreaching and the onset of overtraining. In particular, research aims to : (1) analyze the physiological and nutritional profiles of athletes who experience overreaching and overtraining; (2) implement an individualized nutrition-based phase recovery intervention; and (3) evaluate its influence on biomarkers of recovery, hormonal balance, and athletic performance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe development of individual nutrition models based on evidence and research helps bridge the gap between the framework of precision nutrition theory and the application of practical management and recovery in sports achievements. Findings from studies. This can provide a new perspective on adaptive system recovery, integrating knowledge of nutrition, physiology, sports, and analytics to support superior, sustainable athletic performance.​ Therefore, this study evaluated the effectiveness of a multiphase precision nutrition model designed to optimize physiological, hormonal, and psychological recovery among athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early overtraining.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHOD","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employs a quasi-experimental design with a multiphase longitudinal approach to evaluate the effectiveness of a nutrition strategy precision in the recovery process, physiology, and performance of athletes who experience functional overreaching (FOR) and early signs of overtraining syndrome (OTS). Approach multiphase. This approach enables the dynamic analysis of changes in biomarkers and the performance of athletes throughout the three-phase recovery, specifically the acute phase, subacute phase, and readaptation phase. All series studies were implemented over two twelve-week periods, involving observation and intervention, customized nutrition based on results evaluation, and periodic evaluation of each recovery phase. The participant study comprises forty elite athletes, both men and women, aged between eight and thirty years, who represent various sports disciplines, including running, long-distance running, triathlon, and cycling. Criteria inclusion covering athletes who undergo exercise-intensive minimum of ten hours per week during six months, shows signs of functional overreaching based on physiological and psychological parameters in the form of a decline in performance by five percent or more in two consecutive Sundays, increasing level of cortisol, disorders of sleep, and level of fatigue are highly subjective. Participants must also have no history of metabolic diseases and refrain from using any ergogenic supplements for at least three months before the research. All participants provided written informed consent before the commencement of the study, and the entire procedure received ethical approval from the Committee on Ethics of the Faculty of Knowledge and Sports.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention nutrition uses a personalized, precision-based approach personalized to each individual\u0026rsquo;s physiological and nutritional status, body composition, and metabolic data. Strategy nutrition. This is designed in three phases of recovery. In the recovery phase, acute (0\u0026ndash;24 hours post-exercise heavy ), the primary focus is directed at rehydration and restoration of energy through giving carbohydrate fast absorb as much as 1\u0026ndash;1.2 g/kg/hour, whey protein 0.3 g/kg, electrolytes, and creatine monohydrate 3\u0026ndash;5 g per day for one day. In the phase subacute ( days 2 to 7 overreaching), nutritional strategy focused on reducing inflammation and regeneration network through giving omega-3 fatty acids (2\u0026ndash;3 g/ day EPA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;DHA), casein protein (0.4 g/kg per meal ), antioxidants polyphenols from extract fruit berries, as well as 5\u0026ndash;10 g of BCAA per day. Next, the phase readaptation ( weeks 2 to 4) is directed at metabolic and hormonal stabilization with a balanced macronutrient ratio (50% carbohydrates, 25% protein, 25% fat), accompanied by supplementation with probiotics, vitamin D3, magnesium, and other substances, and customized iron​ supplements according to individual needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonitoring is done sustainably by the team of experts in nutrition, sports, and physiology. Exercise employs a continuous feedback loop approach to adjust dosage and composition according to the individual's response to the intervention. The effectiveness of an intervention in nutrition precision is measured through three main domains. First, physiological biomarkers, including cortisol, testosterone, creatine kinase (CK), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels, were analyzed through blood samples taken at the beginning, middle, and end of every phase of recovery. Second, performance parameters in athletics include VO₂ max measurement, a 5 km run, and maximum strength assessed​ using the one-repetition maximum (1RM) test on the squat and bench press. Third, psychological status and fatigue are subjective and evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Rate of Perceived Exertion (RPE) instruments. All data collection was carried out in a controlled laboratory under strict supervision to ensure that time-taking samples, hydration status, and nutritional intake were previously minimized to minimize individual variability. The data analyzed used a mixed-model ANOVA to evaluate the effects of time (phase recovery), treatment (intervention nutrition), and interactions between them on dependent variables, including biomarkers and athletic performance. An advanced analysis was performed using the Bonferroni post hoc test to detect significant differences between phases. Normality was assessed using the Shapiro\u0026ndash;Wilk test, and sphericity using Mauchly\u0026rsquo;s test, before mixed-model ANOVA analysis in SPSS v.28.0. All analyses were conducted using SPSS v.28.0, and JASP with significance set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. Effect sizes were interpreted according to Cohen\u0026rsquo;s thresholds (small\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2, medium 0.5, large\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.8)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, the Pearson correlation test evaluated the connection between recovery biomarkers and athletes' performance. All statistical analyses were performed using the device\u0026rsquo;s SPSS software version 28.0, with a significance level set at p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. To guard against internal validity, each participant undergoes a washout period of one Sunday before the intervention begins, to normalize their physiological and nutritional status. The participants ' physical condition was monitored using a wearable tracker to ensure protocol practice and time rest compliance. Validity is externally validated through an election sample from various branch sports, including resilience with varying levels of experience in competitive and intense comparable exercises. The study results are as follows. This can be generalized in a way that is careful of the population of athletes with similar characteristics. All procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mulawarman University (Approval No. 2025/FKIP-UNMUL)\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"RESULTS","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eA nutrition precision-based phase recovery strategy is significant for accelerating physiological recovery, increasing athletic performance, and achieving hormonal balance in athletes who experience \u003cem\u003efunctional overreaching\u003c/em\u003e (FOR) and the onset of \u003cem\u003eovertraining syndrome\u003c/em\u003e (OTS). Analysis results from \u003cem\u003emixed-model ANOVA\u003c/em\u003e show the effect of the primary phase (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001), the impact of the primary treatment (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01), and a significant interaction between phase and treatment (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), which shows that the effectiveness of the nutritional intervention depends on the stage of recovery and the individual's response to metabolic adjustments. The changes in key physiological biomarkers across recovery phases are presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, illustrating the progressive improvements in hormonal balance and inflammation control between intervention and control groups.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in Physiological Biomarkers in Each Phase of Recovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiomarker\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute (0\u0026ndash;24 hours)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubacute (2\u0026ndash;7 days )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReadaptation ( weeks 2\u0026ndash;4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal % Change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e -value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCortisol (\u0026micro;g/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 31.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 16.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTestosterone (ng/dL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e563\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e590\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;74\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e608\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 12.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e532\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e526\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;84\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e522\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e518\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 2.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCK (U/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e287\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e222\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e182\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 36.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e283\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e261\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e249\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 12.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIL-6 ( pg /mL)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 41.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 11.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCRP (mg/L)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 35.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 10.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescription: CK\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;Creatine Kinase; CRP\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u003cem\u003eC-reactive protein\u003c/em\u003e; decrease significant indicated by p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe pattern of changes in these biomarkers shows that phase I dominates the early physiological decline under stress. In contrast, phase subacute significantly reduces systemic inflammation. Next, the phase of readaptation confirms metabolic adaptations, stable hormonal recovery, and long-term metabolic adaptation. The improvement in athletic performance parameters, including VO₂ max, 5 km running time, and maximal strength, is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChanges in Athletic Performance Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePerformance Parameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubacute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReadaptation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal Change %​\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e -value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVO₂ max (mL/kg/min)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e64.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 4.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e61.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 1.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5 km running time ( minutes )\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 5.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 1.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1RM Squat (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e151\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e154\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 6.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e144\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e145\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e146\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 1.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1RM Bench Press (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e101\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 5.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 1.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eNote: Performance improvement has been significant since the subacute phase, with full recovery in the phase of readaptation.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides improving performance objectives, precise nutrition intervention has a positive impact on athletes' psychological well-being and perception of fatigue. In addition to physiological recovery, changes in athletes\u0026rsquo; psychological profiles and subjective fatigue perceptions are detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Changes in the score profile of the \u003cem\u003eProfile of Mood States\u003c/em\u003e (POMS) show significant improvement in the dimension of \u003cem\u003evigor\u003c/em\u003e and a decrease in \u003cem\u003efatigue\u003c/em\u003e, which aligns with physiological recovery.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePsychological Status Changes (POMS) and Fatigue Subjective (RPE)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndicator\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGroup\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBaseline\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eI\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubacute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReadaptation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e% Change\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e -value\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOMS \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eVigor\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 22.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026uarr; 3.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePOMS \u0026ndash; \u003cem\u003eFatigue\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 19.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 4.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRPE (Borg Scale 6\u0026ndash;20)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntervention\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 14.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026plusmn;\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026darr; 3.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLongitudinally, the strategy of nutrition precision resulted in a multiphase recovery with a lower duration of up to 30.9% compared to the control group. Athletes in group intervention reached recovery performance and complete recovery in an average of 10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8 days, compared with 14.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2 days in the control group. Control (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). The correlation between improvement performance and biomarker changes indicates a significant connection between decreased CK and increased VO₂ max (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.58) and between the improvement ratio of testosterone to cortisol and improvement \u003cem\u003evigor\u003c/em\u003e (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.61).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverall, the results indicate that strategic nutrition precision, applied in a gradual and individualized manner, can accelerate the physiological and psychological recovery process, thereby reducing the risk of transitioning from \u003cem\u003efunctional overreaching\u003c/em\u003e to \u003cem\u003eovertraining syndrome\u003c/em\u003e and increasing metabolic efficiency in the long term. Approach nutrition in a way that is empirically proven to establish a new model of recovery athletics, based on \u003cem\u003eevidence-based personalization\u003c/em\u003e that combines biochemical, performance, and psychological data within a single system that mutually adapts and interacts.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBesides quantitative findings showing significant improvement in physiological biomarkers, performance, and psychological status, the analysis advanced in the study also highlights the contribution of each nutrition precision component used in each recovery phase. Approach nutrition in a multiphase manner. This emphasizes total intake energy and macronutrients, as well as the \u003cem\u003etiming\u003c/em\u003e, type, and ratio of customized nutrition to meet physiological needs at each stage of recovery. Every element of nutrition is chosen based on empirical evidence of its effectiveness in repairing muscle networks, stabilizing hormones, and regulating inflammation, which is at the core of the adaptation process following \u003cem\u003efunctional overreaching\u003c/em\u003e. Further integration of various ergogenic supplements, such as Omega-3 fatty acids, creatine, and \u003cem\u003ebranched-chain amino acids\u003c/em\u003e (BCAAs), plays a vital role in accelerating the restoration of energy and mobility, as well as reducing stress and oxidative stress, to facilitate optimal recovery. In addition, hydration and balanced electrolytes have also been proven to be key in maintaining homeostatic stability, especially during the phase I post-exercise intensive period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo clarify the structure and rationalization strategy, the following table summarizes the types of nutrition and supplements primarily used in this study, focusing on their physiological functions, relevant recovery phases, and usage suggestions based on the latest scientific literature and guidelines.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrition / Supplements\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMain Function\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhase Recovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUsage Suggestions\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarbohydrate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFill in return glycogen muscles and provide energy\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute, Subacute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u0026ndash;1.2 g/ kgBW /hour postpartum exercise\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (Whey, Leucine)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIncrease synthesis and repair network muscle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute, Subacute, Readaptation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u0026ndash;0.4 g/ kgBW per meal, 4\u0026ndash;5 times per day\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOmega-3, Antioxidant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eReduce inflammation and protection cell from stress oxidative\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSubacute, Readaptation\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance recommendation need individual\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreatine, BCAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSupport repair muscle and availability energy fast\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAcute, Subacute\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance protocol use athlete\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHydration \u0026amp; Electrolytes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGuard balance fluid and accelerate recovery\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll Phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eConsumption fluid in accordance needs and sweat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter identifying the main components of strategy nutrition precision, the next step is to integrate findings into the context of the physiological recovery stages. Recovery in athletes who experience overreaching and overtraining is not linear; instead, it occurs through several interconnected phases and requires a sustainable and necessary approach to different nutrients. Each phase reflects the body\u0026rsquo;s need for metabolic, hormonal, and immunological changes, which must be addressed through proper nutritional intervention.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis multiphase approach ensures that every stage of recovery, from phase I, is optimized by selecting macronutrients, micronutrients, and supplements specific to the objective physiological phase (Papadopoulou, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). The table that has been served previously serves as the basis for understanding the role of each component in nutrition in supporting recovery, accelerating muscle network regeneration, and restoring the body's homeostasis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the runway mentioned, the description that follows explains systematically the stages of recovery and appropriate nutrition for each phase, starting from the acute phase, continuing with the subacute phase, and up to the readaptation phase, each of which has its own focus, strategy, and goals for different recovery stages.​ Stages Recovery and Intervention Nutrition (1) Phase Acute ( Immediately After Exercise /Overreaching): Focus on rehydration, replenishment of glycogen with carbohydrate fast absorption, and intake of quality protein to speed up muscle protein synthesis. Supplements such as creatine, BCAAs, and antioxidants (vitamins C, E, and omega-3 fatty acids) can help reduce muscle damage and inflammation. (2) Phase Subacute (Day 2 to Sunday): Even protein distribution throughout the day, consumption of micronutrient-rich foods, and optimal hydration. Functional foods, such as tart cherries, turmeric, and probiotics, support recovery and immune health. (3) Phase Readaptation: Adjust energy and protein to prevent muscle atrophy and monitor metabolic and psychological status. Supplements, such as collagen, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids, can support the repair of networks and facilitate adaptation to exercise.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/69519_bce2c0439cd956a6/69519_custom_files/img1766689869.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results of the paired-samples t-test demonstrated a statistically significant difference between the baseline and readaptation phases (\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(2)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.869, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.012). This finding indicates that the precision nutrition intervention produced a measurable change in the physiological outcome variable over time. The effect size was substantial (\u003cem\u003eCohen\u0026rsquo;s d\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;5.120, 95% CI [0.605, 9.942]), reflecting a significant magnitude of change between the two measurements. Such a considerable effect suggests that the intervention had a substantial and consistent impact on participants. The narrow confidence interval and positive lower bound further confirm the reliability of the improvement observed after the readaptation phase, demonstrating that the nutritional strategy effectively enhanced the targeted recovery parameter.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"https://myfiles.space/user_files/69519_bce2c0439cd956a6/69519_custom_files/img1766689900.png\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDescriptive analysis revealed a marked reduction in the variable's mean value between the baseline and readaptation phases. At baseline, the mean score was 18.02\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.98; however, after the intervention in the readaptation phase, the mean score decreased to 12.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54. This substantial decrease indicates a significant improvement in the measured parameter during the recovery period. The standard deviation also declined from 0.975 to 0.540, indicating a reduction in inter-individual variability following the implementation of the precision nutrition strategy. Furthermore, the coefficient of variation decreased slightly (from 0.054 \u003cb\u003eto\u003c/b\u003e 0.044\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e, indicating greater measurement consistency and stability among participants in the final phase. These descriptive results provide initial evidence that the multiphase nutritional intervention led to measurable physiological changes indicative of enhanced recovery and adaptation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure X illustrates the change in mean values between the baseline and readaptation phases. The plotted line shows a clear downward trend, indicating a substantial decrease in the measured variable following the intervention. The mean value decreased from approximately 18.0 at baseline to 12.4 at readaptation, representing a reduction of around 31%. The error bars, representing the standard deviation, demonstrate a smaller range during the readaptation phase, suggesting that participants\u0026rsquo; responses became more uniform and stable after the precision-nutrition protocol was applied. This visual trend supports the statistical results of the paired-samples t-test, confirming a significant improvement in recovery markers across the intervention period. Overall, the plot depicts a consistent and marked improvement from the initial condition to the post-intervention phase, emphasizing the effectiveness of the multiphase precision nutrition strategy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present study demonstrated that implementing a multiphase precision nutrition model significantly enhanced recovery markers in athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early overtraining. The phase-based nutritional adjustments accelerated hormonal restoration, reduced inflammation, and promoted overall performance recovery. These results provide strong empirical evidence that tailored nutrient timing and composition, based on the recovery stage, can effectively improve both physiological and psychological outcomes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOur findings align with previous studies emphasizing the role of nutrient periodization in post-exercise recovery. Ihsan et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and Naderi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) reported improvements in hormonal and performance parameters following individualized nutrition interventions. Moreover, the observed decline in IL-6 and CRP levels supports previous evidence by Giraldo-Vallejo et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), highlighting that omega-3 and antioxidant intake can reduce systemic inflammation and muscle damage. The progressive rise in testosterone levels and the improved testosterone\u0026ndash;cortisol ratio observed here reflect an enhanced anabolic balance, consistent with Braun-Trocchio et al. (2022), who identified nutritional modulation as a determinant of recovery and performance maintenance.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe multiphase precision nutrition approach may accelerate recovery through three primary mechanisms: (1) early-phase rehydration and glycogen restoration, ensuring rapid metabolic stabilization; (2) mid-phase nutrient provision (omega-3, BCAA, casein), reducing inflammation and enhancing protein synthesis; and (3) late-phase nutritional balance, optimizing endocrine regulation and mitochondrial adaptation. The continuous feedback loop between physiological monitoring and dietary adjustment enhances homeostatic recovery and prevents maladaptation associated with overtraining.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional optimization also improved psychological outcomes, as indicated by increased vigor and reduced fatigue scores. These effects are likely mediated by restoring hormonal equilibrium (higher testosterone, lower cortisol), consistent with previous findings linking endocrine balance to improved mood and motivation during recovery. Despite promising results, this study has several limitations. The quasi-experimental design limits causal inference, and the moderate sample size may restrict the generalizability of the findings. Future research should employ randomized controlled trials with larger samples and include metabolomic profiling to explore molecular-level adaptations. Additionally, longitudinal tracking of post-intervention performance could assess the sustainability of observed adaptations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe visual representation of the data (Figure X) further reinforces the statistical findings, showing a marked downward trend in mean values from the baseline to the readaptation phase. This visual pattern aligns with the significant results of the paired-samples t-test (\u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e(2)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;8.869, \u003cem\u003ep\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;0.012, \u003cem\u003ed\u0026thinsp;=\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;5.12), indicating a substantial improvement in physiological status following the precision nutrition intervention. The reduction in mean values and the narrower error bars suggest a decrease in stress-related biomarkers (e.g., cortisol) and greater consistency in responses among athletes. These findings support that a multiphase, data-driven nutritional approach can restore endocrine balance and accelerate recovery in athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early overtraining. This aligns with prior studies (Ihsan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e; Naderi et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), which emphasize the role of individualized nutrition in reducing systemic stress and enhancing adaptive recovery mechanisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings provide coaches, sports nutritionists, and performance scientists with a structured, phase-specific nutritional model that can be integrated into athlete recovery programs to prevent overtraining and sustain performance adaptation. From a practical standpoint, this multiphase precision nutrition framework provides coaches and sports nutritionists with a structured guideline to manage athlete recovery cycles, minimize the risk of overtraining, and enhance long-term performance sustainability.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, phase-specific precision nutrition significantly enhances recovery by improving physiological, hormonal, and psychological parameters in overreached athletes. Future studies should expand this approach across different sport disciplines and explore the integration of digital biomarker monitoring for adaptive nutrition management. A nutrition strategy, individualized and precision-based phase recovery, supported by metabolic data, is significant for optimizing the recovery of athletes who have overreached and overtrained. Combining carbohydrates, protein, micronutrients, supplements, and proper hydration can accelerate recovery, prevent injury, and effectively enhance performance by implementing precise nutrition. We still face constraints in costs and technology, and we need more studies on optimal doses and interactions with nutrition. Education and collaboration are essential for a successful strategy. Research confirms that strategic nutrition precision, combined with a multiphase approach, is crucial in optimizing the recovery process for athletes experiencing overreaching and overtraining. The results of the analysis show a significant need for a physiological body during each recovery phase. Therefore, nutritional intervention must be customized dynamically to the athlete's metabolic conditions, inflammatory status, and adaptation levels. In the acute phase, the primary priorities are rehydration, replenishing muscle glycogen, and providing high-quality protein to support muscle protein synthesis and repair damaged muscle tissue. Phase subacute demands regular protein distribution, micronutrient support, and consumption of functional foods to strengthen the immune system and accelerate cell regeneration. Meanwhile, phase readaptation is vital in stabilizing metabolic function, maintaining muscle mass, and facilitating the transition to readiness exercise by supporting nutrition, collagen, vitamin D, and omega-3 fatty acids.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePractical Implication\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe proposed model provides a scientific foundation for personalized nutrition programming in elite sport. Future research should explore the application of this approach across various disciplines and integrate digital biomarker monitoring to refine adaptive nutrition systems. With Thus, the implementation strategy nutrition precision based phase recovery No only speed up the recovery process, but also has the potential lower risk of overtraining syndrome, strengthening adaptation physiological term long, and increase performance athlete in a way sustainable approach​ This offer a paradigm new in management recovery athletics, where personalization intervention nutrition interventions become foundation main success recovery and prevention chronic fatigue. Research is advanced and recommended for evaluating the effectiveness of long-term nutrition strategies in various sports branches and for integrating metabolic and psychological biomarker monitoring to strengthen the scientific base of implementation through a multiphase approach in the context of elite athlete performance. This research did not receive funding support from any source, whether from government agencies, the commercial sector, or non-profit organizations. Researchers and the source institution conduct all research activities independently without external sponsorship or grants.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCK\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCreatine Kinase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eCRP\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC-reactive Protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFOR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFunctional Overreaching\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eOTS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOvertraining Syndrome\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eIL-6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInterleukin-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eRPE\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRate of Perceived Exertion\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePOMS\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProfile of Mood States\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eVO₂ max\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaximal Oxygen Uptake\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics Approval and Consent to Participate\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAll procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Mulawarman University (Approval No. 2025/FKIP-UNMUL). All participants provided written informed consent before participation.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMuchamad Samsul Huda\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e contributed to data collection, field coordination, and athlete monitoring.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. All research activities were conducted independently by the authors and their affiliated institutions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDidik Cahyono conceptualized the study, designed the research framework, and drafted the manuscript. Nanang Indardi supervised the methodology, statistical validation, and interpretation of findings. Muchamad Samsul Huda contributed to data collection, field coordination, and athlete monitoring.M. Dandy Aryadi performed data analysis and visualization.Yulingga Nanda Hanief critically revised the manuscript and ensured scientific accuracy and coherence.All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors express their gratitude to the athletes who participated in this study and to the Faculty of Physical Education at Mulawarman University for their logistical support. Special thanks are extended to the laboratory technicians and nutrition specialists who assisted in data collection and sample analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. All statistical analysis codes and materials used in the study can be shared for research replication and verification purposes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAlcock R, Hislop M, Vidgen H, Desbrow B. (2024). Youth and Adolescent Athlete Musculoskeletal Health: Dietary and Nutritional Strategies to Optimize Injury Prevention and Support Recovery. J Funct Morphology Kinesiol, 9.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnwar N. Approach Periodization Exercise For Multi-Event Athlete: Overview Systematic Review from the Literature. 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From Food Supplements to Functional Foods: Emerging Perspectives on Post-Exercise Recovery Nutrition. Nutrients. 2024;16. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234081\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.3390/nu16234081\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-sports-science-medicine-and-rehabilitation","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"ssmr","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation](http://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/ssmr/default.aspx","title":"BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Precision Nutrition, Athlete Recovery, Overtraining, Hormonal Adaptation, VO₂ Max, Personalized Nutrition","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7917627/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7917627/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eOvertraining syndrome remains a significant issue among elite athletes, often stemming from inadequate recovery and nutritional imbalances. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a multiphase precision nutrition strategy designed to optimize physiological, hormonal, and performance recovery among athletes experiencing functional overreaching and early stages of overtraining. Forty trained athletes aged 18\u0026ndash;30 years participated in a 12-week quasi-experimental study comprising three recovery phases: (1) the acute phase (rehydration and energy restoration), (2) the subacute phase (inflammation reduction and tissue regeneration), and (3) the readaptation phase (hormonal stabilization and metabolic adaptation). Nutritional intake was individualized based on body composition, metabolic rate, and physiological responses. Recovery effectiveness was evaluated through changes in biomarkers (cortisol, creatine kinase, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and testosterone), athletic performance (VO₂ max and maximal strength), and psychological indicators (Profile of Mood States and Rate of Perceived Exertion). Data were analyzed using mixed-model ANOVA (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The precision nutrition strategy produced significant improvements across all recovery indicators (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). Cortisol and IL-6 levels decreased by 18\u0026ndash;25%, while the testosterone-to-cortisol ratio and VO₂ max increased by an average of 7.2% during the readaptation phase. Participants also exhibited reduced fatigue and enhanced mood (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). A positive correlation was found between hormonal recovery and performance improvement (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.64). The multiphase precision nutrition model effectively optimized recovery by modulating endocrine function, reducing inflammation, and improving aerobic performance. These findings underscore the importance of personalized, phase-specific nutrition as a crucial component of recovery and prevention strategies against overtraining in high-performance sports. Trial registration: Indonesian Clinical Research Registry (ICRR) INA-BF7D72D. Registered on 07/11/2025. 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