Analysis of hydrodynamic efficiency of vertically submerged plate type WEC by changing the relative opening: A Numerical Approach

Analysis of hydrodynamic efficiency of vertically submerged plate type WEC by changing the relative opening: A Numerical Approach | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Analysis of hydrodynamic efficiency of vertically submerged plate type WEC by changing the relative opening: A Numerical Approach Surendra Singh Yadav, Sujit Roy, Pushpendra Kumar Singh Rathore This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507272/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study aspires to analyze a wave energy converter (WEC) through its hydrodynamic efficiency featuring submerged thin vertical plate (STVP) situated at free surface level ( z = 0 m). The investigation incorporates arrangements with both flat and uneven seabed profiles, and also various wave steepness conditions. To perform the computational work, a numerical wave tank (NWT) is developed utilizing the ANSYS Fluent software, and the fluid interface tracking is done employing the volume of fluid (VOF) approach. Stokes waves of second-order are produced at NWT entrance using the inflow velocity approach, and the wave reflection is minimized at the end by using numerical damping. The effect of four distinct relative opening ( α ) and wave steepness ( H/L ), with uneven bottom, is evaluated and subsequently compared to the hydrodynamic efficiency over a flat sea bed. The axial flow velocity under the plate is computed for various conditions, such as (a) thin plate only, (b) thin plate and a trapezoidal structure of distinct altitude below it. This research study illustrates that optimal efficiency occurs at α 2 = 50%. Additionally, axial flow velocity ( v x ) exhibits elevated values at T = 1.87sec for increased wave steepness. The findings indicate noticeably improved hydrodynamic efficiency with higher wave steepness. Physical sciences/Engineering Physical sciences/Mathematics and computing Earth and environmental sciences/Ocean sciences Physical sciences/Physics Hydrodynamic efficiency Submerged vertically thin plate CFD Relative opening variable topology Second-order Stokes wave Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 24 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 24 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 17 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 14 Sep, 2025 Reviews received at journal 11 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 11 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Sep, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 10 Sep, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 10 Sep, 2025 Editor invited by journal 10 Sep, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 08 Sep, 2025 First submitted to journal 08 Sep, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7507272","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":516631040,"identity":"a8fe7c6d-6c85-47de-a20b-145443602d34","order_by":0,"name":"Surendra Singh Yadav","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Guru Nanak Dev University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Surendra","middleName":"Singh","lastName":"Yadav","suffix":""},{"id":516631041,"identity":"e8a256d8-747e-4180-8237-52b0117efa2d","order_by":1,"name":"Sujit Roy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA20lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHCChANAgoefvQFIGVgQqQWoR0ayB6TTQIJIe4CKbQxuJICYRGiRn5Hw8PDHHBsehpvPr274USDBwN/enYBXC9DwhAMHt6XxMM7OKbvZA3SYxJmzG/BrkQBrOczDLJ2TdoMHqMVAIhe/FqDDQFr+87BJnkm7+YcYLQwQhx3g4ZFgP3abKFsMzjxIOHB2WzKPBE8O220ZAwkegn6Rb89J/lC5zc7e/vjxZzff/LGR42/vJeAwBp4EGMMATBJQDgLsB2CMB0SoHgWjYBSMgpEIAG/wTXIWp8iGAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"UCRD, Chandigarh University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sujit","middleName":"","lastName":"Roy","suffix":""},{"id":516631043,"identity":"8fa12d1f-a6de-428c-9115-81f290fdd4c6","order_by":2,"name":"Pushpendra Kumar Singh Rathore","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Manipal University Jaipur","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pushpendra","middleName":"Kumar Singh","lastName":"Rathore","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-09-01 10:23:29","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507272/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507272/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-38433-7","type":"published","date":"2026-03-24T16:08:37+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":105754870,"identity":"9c8e3741-fe75-456e-b134-d1b8c6659cdd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-30 16:22:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1670110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RevisedManuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7507272/v1_covered_19cc553b-83b6-41c1-9a00-9dcd4bbefba8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Analysis of hydrodynamic efficiency of vertically submerged plate type WEC by changing the relative opening: A Numerical Approach","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Hydrodynamic efficiency, Submerged vertically thin plate, CFD, Relative opening variable topology, Second-order Stokes wave","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507272/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7507272/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study aspires to analyze a wave energy converter (WEC) through its hydrodynamic efficiency featuring submerged thin vertical plate (STVP) situated at free surface level (\u003cem\u003ez\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 m). The investigation incorporates arrangements with both flat and uneven seabed profiles, and also various wave steepness conditions. To perform the computational work, a numerical wave tank (NWT) is developed utilizing the ANSYS Fluent software, and the fluid interface tracking is done employing the volume of fluid (VOF) approach. Stokes waves of second-order are produced at NWT entrance using the inflow velocity approach, and the wave reflection is minimized at the end by using numerical damping. The effect of four distinct relative opening (\u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e) and wave steepness (\u003cem\u003eH/L\u003c/em\u003e), with uneven bottom, is evaluated and subsequently compared to the hydrodynamic efficiency over a flat sea bed. The axial flow velocity under the plate is computed for various conditions, such as (a) thin plate only, (b) thin plate and a trapezoidal structure of distinct altitude below it. This research study illustrates that optimal efficiency occurs at \u003cem\u003eα\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003e2\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50%. Additionally, axial flow velocity (\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ex\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) exhibits elevated values at \u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.87sec for increased wave steepness. 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