Efficacy and safety of free and nanodrugs on the chicken embryo model via different routes

Efficacy and safety of free and nanodrugs on the chicken embryo model via different routes | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 7 January 2026 V1 Latest version Share on Efficacy and safety of free and nanodrugs on the chicken embryo model via different routes Authors : Fabiana Oliveira Notário [email protected] , Simone Sommerfeld , Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro , Gustavo Martins Felix Silva , Tiara da Costa Silva , Arlene Bispo dos Santos Nossol , Mário Machado Martins , … Show All … , Lara Reis Gomes , Isabelle Ezequiel Pedrosa , Ana Clara Feitosa Silva , Luciana Machado Bastos , Disney Oliver Sivieri Júnior , Alessandra Aparecida Medeiros-Ronchi , Murilo Vieira da Silva , and Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca Show Fewer Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176779106.69037000/v1 136 views 53 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Background and purpose: The chicken embryo is increasingly used as an alternative preclinical model for pharmacokinetic and toxicity studies; however, standardized protocols considering different inoculation routes are still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate how inoculation routes influence toxicity and pharmacokinetics in the chicken embryo model, using free and nanoencapsulated norfloxacin, indomethacin, and lidocaine as model compounds. Experimental approach: On day 10 of development, embryos received each formulation via four routes: shell membrane, allantois, chorioallantoic membrane, or amnion. Toxicity was assessed after six days based on mortality, embryo weight, and histological alterations in the liver and kidney. Pharmacokinetic parameters of commercial and nanoformulated norfloxacin were determined in serum and allantoic fluid following a single dose administered through the same routes. Key results: Norfloxacin did not affect embryo weight, whereas commercial lidocaine increased it, and both free and nanoencapsulated indomethacin significantly reduced it. Histological lesions were observed exclusively after amniotic administration of nanoformulations, including renal inflammation or degeneration and hepatic degeneration, depending on the compound. Norfloxacin reached maximum serum concentration 1 h post-administration for all routes except the amnion, which showed a delayed peak at 24 h. Norfloxacin was detected in allantoic fluid only after amniotic inoculation. Conclusions and implications: Chicken embryos are suitable for pharmacokinetic and toxicity assessments, but experimental outcomes are strongly influenced by inoculation route and formulation properties, underscoring the need for route-specific standardization. Supplementary Material File (efficacy and safety of free and nanodrugs on the chicken embryo model via different route.docx) Download 6.65 MB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 07 January 2026 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Authors Affiliations Fabiana Oliveira Notário [email protected] Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Simone Sommerfeld Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte View all articles by this author Gustavo Martins Felix Silva Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Tiara da Costa Silva Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Arlene Bispo dos Santos Nossol Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Mário Machado Martins Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Lara Reis Gomes Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Isabelle Ezequiel Pedrosa Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Ana Clara Feitosa Silva Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Luciana Machado Bastos Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Disney Oliver Sivieri Júnior Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Alessandra Aparecida Medeiros-Ronchi Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Murilo Vieira da Silva Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Belchiolina Beatriz Fonseca Universidade Federal de Uberlandia - Campus Umuarama View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 136 views 53 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Fabiana Oliveira Notário, Simone Sommerfeld, Lígia Nunes de Morais Ribeiro, et al. Efficacy and safety of free and nanodrugs on the chicken embryo model via different routes. Authorea . 07 January 2026. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22541/au.176779106.69037000/v1 If you have the appropriate software installed, you can download article citation data to the citation manager of your choice. Simply select your manager software from the list below and click Download. For more information or tips please see 'Downloading to a citation manager' in the Help menu . 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