Economic viability of banana peel and sweet potato vines in diets for rabbits

Economic viability of banana peel and sweet potato vines in diets for rabbits | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Economic viability of banana peel and sweet potato vines in diets for rabbits Diuly Bortoluzzi Falcone, Greicy Sofia Maysonnave, Stéfane Sauzem Silva, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139972/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The objective of this work was to study the economic feasibility of using banana peel (BP) and sweet potato vines (SPV) as substitutes for maize and alfalfa hay in diets for rabbits. BP and SPV were chosen to replace maize and alfalfa hay, because in addition to the aforementioned ingredients having similar nutritional characteristics, they are among the most expensive ingredients in rabbit diets. Data were obtained through a biological assay carried out in the rabbit breeding laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Fifty New Zealand white rabbits, weaned at 35 days of age, were fed during the growth phase (35 to 84 days) with increasing levels of BP and SPV, replacing maize and alfalfa hay (T0, T25, T50, T75 and T100% replacement). A diet containing 100% replacement (T100) had the lowest cost per kilogram, which was R $ 1.18/kg, while the controlled diet was 73% more expensive, costing R $ 2.08/kg. The total operating cost to produce a rabbit head with the control treatment was R $ 10.93/head and at T100, it was R $ 6.51/head. The animal income of the live rabbit was R $ 24.08 and R $ 23.95 in treatments T0 and T100, respectively. As for the gain margin per animal (GMA), in TO it was R $ 13.16 while in T100 it was R $ 17.44, therefore the GMA was 32.55% higher when using the T100 diet. In view of the above, it is concluded that it is more economical and feasible to feed rabbits with diets containing 100% BP and SPV, replacing maize and alfalfa hay. by-products economic costs rabbits breeding sustainability Figures Figure 1 Introduction Developing countries face a range of uncertainties, including food insecurity and waste plus environmental impact, which are top of mind, and raise serious questions and concerns (FAO, 2022a ; FAO, 2022b ). In this sense, studies related to answering these questions are important and necessary, as they will help the human population and the environment, through the generation of food and mitigation of environmental liabilities. Most of the ingredients used in animal diets occupy agricultural areas that could be used to produce food for the human population (Klinger et al., 2018 ). In this scenario, it is not rational to use traditional ingredients – such as maize and alfalfa hay – in animal feed in countries that need food, since the productive potential of vegetables is subject to stagnation, just as the mobilization of arable land is subject to limited and has shown strong signs of deterioration over the last few years. Thus, a viable alternative would be the replacement of these ingredients by rational residues of vegetable crops or agro-industrial, such as banana peel (BP) and sweet potato vines (SPV). In this context, the rabbit emerges as a promising alternative, as it is an animal that can be fed with agro-industrial waste in order to produce meat of high biological value (Gidenne, 2016 ), helping with environmental impacts and production costs. In agricultural communities, rabbits are raised for subsistence and fed diets based on agro-industrial residues (Khalil, 2010 ; Oseni and Lukefahr, 2014 ), such as BP and SPV. The banana ( Musa spp.) is among the most important crops in the world, and is also among the most produced and consumed fruits. The banana peel is the residue of banana production, being a crop that generates a large volume of waste, mainly in industrialization, and which are usually discarded, inappropriately, in the environment (Zhang et al., 2005 ). However, BP is widely used by small producers as a complementary feed for animals (Emaga et al., 2011 ). Sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) is an ancient and widespread crop, used mainly in cooking and in the production of biofuels. The sweet potato vines is the aerial part of the crop, normally most of the vines (stems and leaves) are simply discarded as unusable waste (Figueiredo et al., 2012 ). However, these residues can be used as a source of food for animals due to their high nutritional value, which allows the integration of activities and the reduction of inappropriate disposal. (Fernandes et al., 2016 ). The use of alternative crops to replace corn and alfalfa hay in rabbit diets, in addition to contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts, mitigating food insecurity and having the ability to produce excellent quality protein such as rabbit meat, can still serve as a strategy to reduce production costs. This point makes the study fundamental because it is known that among the production costs one of the biggest expenses is due to the feeding of the animals. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of using BP and SPV in rabbit diets as substitutes for maize and alfalfa hay. Materials and methods This economic study was carried out based on the effective operating costs and profitability of the trial conducted by Falcone et al. ( 2023 ). Where white New Zealand rabbits were used, fed non-pelletized rations with increasing levels of BP and SPV and substitution of maize and alfalfa hay (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of substitution), during the phase of growth (35 to 84 days). In addition, all price data is expressed in BRL (R $ ). Location and animals The bioassay was carried out in the Cuniculture Laboratory – Department of Animal Production, unit at the main campus of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil – located at 29°41’S latitude, 53°48’W longitude. Total of 50 New Zealand White rabbits, males and females, with initial age of 35 days and average starting weight of 614g; 612g; 614g; 613g and 617g, were randomly assigned to one of the five experimental groups (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%), the animals were allotted into individual cages. At the end of the growth phase, 84 days, the animals had an average final weight of 2007g; 2018g; 1989g; 2007g and 1996g respectively. Experimental diets and feeding management Diets were formulated to contain a similar crude protein content, approximately 18% and to comprise growth requirements for growing rabbits (AEC, 1987 ). Rabbits were offered ad libitum , one of the five experimental diets non-pelletized, until the end of the experiment at 84 days of age. Fresh water was always available. Five non-pelletized diets were formulated. The control diet (0) without BP and SPV; (25) experimental diet with 25% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute; (50) experimental diet with 50% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute; (75) experimental diet with 75% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute; and (100) experimental diet with 100% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute. Composition and costs of diets The composition of the diets for each treatment is described in Table 1 . Table 1 Composition of diets used in treatments. BP and SPV contents replacing maize and alfalfa hay (%) Ingredients 0 25 50 75 100 Maize 18.00 13.50 9.00 4.50 - Banana peels - 4.50 9.00 13.50 18.00 Alfalfa hay 30.00 22.50 15.00 7.50 - Sweet potato vines - 7.50 15.00 22.50 30.00 Wheat meal 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 Soy-bean meal 17.00 17.50 18.00 18.00 18.05 Soy-bean oil 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 2.50 Rice hull 5.75 5.25 4.75 4.75 4.25 Dicalcium phosphate 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 Calcitic limestone 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25 Salt 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 Premix* 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0: Diet without banana peels and sweet potato vines; 25, 50, 75, 100: Diets with 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of replacement of maize and alfalfa hay for banana peels and sweet potato vines, respectively. In Table 2 it is described the values referring to the kilo of each ingredient (R $ /kg). For this, most of the ingredient values were taken from the database of the Institute of Applied Economics - IEA (November/2020). However, the values for rice hull, banana peel and sweet potato vines were defined considering the market in the municipality of Santa Maria - RS (November/2020), since they were not included in the aforementioned platform. Also, the cost of the experimental diets per ingredient needed to produce one kilogram of each experimental feed (R $ ) and the total cost of each diet. Table 2 Ingredient values and total cost per kilogram by ingredient and by experimental diets. Cost per ingredient needed to produce a Kg of feed (R $ ) Ingredients (R $ /Kg) 0 25 50 75 100 Maize 1.43 0.35 0.26 0.17 0.09 - Banana peels 0.30 - 0.018 0.036 0.054 0.072 Alfalfa hay 2.70 0.90 0.675 0.45 0.225 - Sweet potato vines 0.30 - 0.03 0.060 0.09 0.12 Wheat meal 1.50 0.48 0. 48 0. 48 0. 48 0. 48 Soy-bean meal 2.15 0.49 0.50 0.51 0.51 0.52 Soy-bean oil 5.20 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.13 Rice hull 0.12 0.007 0.006 0.006 0.006 0.005 Dicalcium phosphate 5.00 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.04 Calcitic limestone 0.16 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 0.0004 Salt 0.50 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 Premix 45.00 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Cost per kg of diet - 2.08 1.86 1.64 1.41 1.18 Amounts calculated based on price of 2020 crop in Brazil. Data collect The data that will be presented, adapted from Falcone et al. ( 2023 ), were collected daily at the biological assay site until the end of all activities. Food consumption was analyzed along with weighings, with notes on the amount supplied in the diets and how much leftovers there were for each animal. The total feed intake is the sum of the daily feed intake. The daily and total mass gain was determined by periodic weighing performed. The feed conversion was calculated dividing feed intake by weight gain. Economic analysis The cost of feed/animal/day (R $ ) was calculated by multiplying the amount of feed consumed by their respective prices (Estremote et al., 2017 ). The total cost of feed/animal (R $ ) was calculated by multiplying the cost of feed/animal/day (R $ ) by the number of days of the biological assay. The cost of the total feed offered/kilogram produced (R $ ) was calculated by the ratio between the total cost of the diet offered/animal by the amount of kilos produced during the biological assay days (Estremote et al., 2017 ). The total cost of feed/kg of animal purchased was calculated based on the mass acquired during 49 days (growth phase). The economic analysis was based on the effective operational cost of production methodology proposed by Matsunaga et al. ( 1976 ), in which the items included in the cost of producing a kilogram of live rabbit were divided into feed, labor and other expenses (5% of the cost of feed per animal), with the effective operating cost/animal (R $ ) was performed by the sum of the items above. The value of the animal revenue (R $ ) by multiplying the animal mass, at 84 days, by the value of the animal's kilo (R $ ). The profit margin per animal (R $ ) was offset by subtracting the animal revenue from the total operating cost of each animal. The percentage of gain margin/animal (%), was met based on the control treatment (0) – without including BP and SPV, where through the Rule of Three tool the results of the other treatments were obtained. Results and discussion Data regarding the amount of feed consumed by the animals in the diets with increasing levels of BP and SPV replacing corn and alfalfa hay during the 49 days of the biological test are shown in Table 3 . Note that in the treatment with 100% replacement of maize and alfalfa hay by BP and SPV (100) there was a small decrease in daily mass gain in relation to the control treatment (28.43g/animal/day to 27.98g/animal /day). In the total feed intake, there were small differences between the treatments, with the minimum consumption occurring in treatment (0) around 100g/day and the maximum consumption in treatment (25) around 104g/day. The amount of feed consumed (grams) for the animal to deposit 1 gram of mass (feed conversion) did not change significantly. In this sense, the feed conversion was 3.54 in the control treatment (without BP and SPV); 3.64 in treatment (25); 3.70 in treatment (50); 3.64 in treatment (75) and 3.75 in treatment (100). This indicates that the use of ingredients was similar in the five treatments; therefore, it is biologically feasible to replace corn and alfalfa hay with BP and SPV (FALCONE et al., 2023 ). When taking into account the importance of feed conversion as a zootechnical performance parameter and as one of the main factors analyzed by producers, this result is quite positive. In economic feasibility studies, the relationship between the cost of the ingredient and the feed conversion is decisive, because if the feed conversion is not satisfactory, even if the cost of the ingredient is low, it may become inadequate, preventing its inclusion in the diet. Table 3 Feed intake and mass gain of rabbits fed diets containing different levels of BP and SPV replacing maize and alfalfa hay during the growth phase (35 to 84 days). BP and SPV contents (%) Variables 0 25 50 75 100 Daily feed intake (g) 100.40 104.70 103.70 103.30 104.50 Total feed intake (g) 4919.30 5130.30 5081.30 5061.70 5120.5 Daily weight gain (g) 28.43 28.70 28.06 28.45 27.98 Total weight gain (g) 1393 1406 1375 1394 1379 Feed conversion (g/g) 3.54 3.64 3.70 3.64 3.75 Adapted from Falcone et al. ( 2023 ). The total cost of food is represented in Table 4 . It was noticed that the cost to produce 1 kg of live rabbit was reduced linearly with the replacement of maize and alfalfa hay by BP and SPV (Fig. 1 ). In this sense, the value of kg in the control treatment (0) was R $ 7.33 while in the (100) it was R $ 4.36. This means that the production of rabbits from diets with maize and alfalfa hay (at the level of 18 and 30%, respectively) is 40% more expensive than producing with diets based on BP and SPV. In this sense, the cost of 3 kg of rabbit produced with BP and SPV – R $ 4.36*3 = R $ 13.08 – is R $ 1.58 cheaper than to produce 2 kg of rabbit with diet the of corn and alfalfa hay – R $ 7.33*2 = R $ 14.66 – (Fig. 1 ). As the use of ingredients by the animals was similar in the five treatments, as shown in Table 3 , maintaining the next values of feed conversion, this result shows that it is possible to replace maize and alfalfa hay with BP and SPV, since there is a significant difference in terms of costs between the diets. Table 4 Feed, prices and costs for five levels of BP and SPV in replacement of maize and alfalfa hay used in the feed of rabbits in the growth phase (35 to 84 days). BP and SPV contents (%) Variables 0 25 50 75 100 Feed intake/animal/day (g) 100.40 104.70 103.70 103.30 104.50 Total feed intake/animal (kg) 4.91 5.12 5.08 5.07 5.12 Feed price (R $ /kg) 2.08 1.86 1.64 1.41 1.18 Feed cost/animal/day (R $ ) 0.20 0.19 0.16 0.14 0.12 Total cost of feed/animal (R $ ) 10.22 9.52 8.31 7.11 6.01 Total cost of feed/kg of animal (R $ ) * 5.09 4.72 4.18 3.54 3.01 Total cost of feed / kg of animal acquired ** 7.33 6.77 6.04 5.10 4.36 Source: Falcone et al. ( 2023 ). *Calculated based on mass at 84 days of 2007g; 2018g; 1989g; 2007g and 1996g for the contents of 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 respectively. **Calculated based on mass gained during 49 days (growth phase). The effective operating cost (EOC) represents the outlay to quantify the main expenses during the rabbit activity cycle (food, labor and others). The items with production representing the effective operating cost of are shown in Table 5 . Note for the composition of the EOC, that on average 90% of the costs were oriented to food and 10% to other expenses and the cost of labor. In this sense, Barros (2014) exposes the need to consider the cost of labor even if the activity of family characteristics. This is because, if the family did not perform this task, it would have to hire and pay someone else or stop producing. For this purpose, the amount paid for labor in nearby properties was considered, that is, R $ 10.00 per hour worked. Still, regarding the effective operating cost it is noticed that the T100 diet was more economical compared to the T0 control (without BP and SPV). In this sense, the animals submitted to the T100 diet had a EOC of R $ 6.51, while the EOC of the animals fed the control diet T0 was R $ 10.93 per head. Table 5 Effective operating cost (R $ ) per animal for the five contents of BP and SPV in substitution of maize and alfalfa hay in diets for rabbits in the growth phase (35 to 84 days). BP and SPV contents (%) Variables (R $ ) 0 25 50 75 100 Total food cost/animal 10.22 9.52 8.31 7.11 6.01 Labor cost /animal* 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 Other expenses /animal** 0.51 0.47 0.41 0.35 0.30 Effective operating cost /animal 10.93 10.20 8.93 7.66 6.51 Source: Survey data. *We considered the cost of 0.02h and remuneration of R $ 10.00 per hour. **The value of 5% of the cost of food was used. In addition, the cost of the diet reduced linearly with the inclusion of BP and SPV, and the total cost of the feed per animal in the treatment (T) control T0 was R $ 10.22 (considering only the feed). In comparison, treatments replacing maize and alfalfa hay with BP and SPV had a cost (feed only) of R $ 9.52 in T25, R $ 8.31 in T50, R $ 7.11 in T75 and R $ 6.01 in T100. Since maize and alfalfa hay cost around R $ 1.43/kg and R $ 2.70/kg respectively, it can be stated that 12.4% of the cost of feed per animal in the controlled diet is due to the use of corn (R $ 1.26 of R $ 10.22) as long as it is used at the level of 18%. As for alfalfa hay, it can be stated that 39% of the cost of feed per animal in the control diet is due to the use of alfalfa hay (R $ 3.98 of R $ 10.22), since the level used is 30%. In Table 2 , it is possible to observe these differences in the cost of ingredients in the diet, as in the T5 diet, where 7.87 and 24.77% of the cost of the diet is related to maize and alfalfa hay, since 50% of the mentioned ingredients were replaced by BP and SPV. The results found in Table 5 , referring to the costs with food, reaffirm the impact that the diet has in relation to the total costs of animal production, corroborating with research already published on the activity in which food comprised 75% or more of the total costs (KLINGER et al., 2019 ). With this, the search for substitute ingredients presents itself as an efficient solution for producers to reduce their costs, aiming at a higher profit margin for the animal. It should be noted that the ingredients used in the present study as substitutes (BP and SPV) for the standards (maize and alfalfa hay), in addition to being less expensive in terms of total cost, have similar feed conversion, being biologically viable, and as a main point are residues of vegetable crops, which ends up having a positive impact on environmental issues. The sale price per kilo of live rabbit (locally) on the market in 2020 was R $ 12.00. In this way, the revenue with each live animal would be R $ 24.08; R $ 24.20; R $ 23.87; R $ 24.08 and R $ 23.95 for animals fed with controlled diets, T25, T50, T75 and T100 respectively. In this sense, the revenue per animal is higher in the control group and decreases with the replacement of maize and alfalfa hay by BP and SPV. However, the cost to produce a rabbit from the control (T0), T25, T50, T75 and T100 diets is R $ 10.93; R $ 10.20; R $ 8.93; R $ 7.66 and R $ 6.51 (Table 5 ). That is, the gain margin per animal is 32.55% higher at T100 when compared to the control (Table 6 ). Based on the results presented in Table 6 , where a difference of R $ 4.28 was reached in the gain margin per animal between the diets (T100 in relation to the control); it is evident that the use of BP and SPV in rabbit feeding, replacing maize and alfalfa hay, is a viable and efficient alternative and can be integrated by producers in their creations. Table 6 Amount paid per kilogram of live rabbit (R $ /kg) and average income from the sale of animals (R $ ). BP and SPV contents (%) Variables 0 25 50 75 100 Value per kilogram of animal (R $ ) 12 12 12 12 12 Animal recipe (R $ ) * 24.08 24.22 23.87 24.08 23.95 Total cost/animal (R $ ) 10.93 10.20 8.93 7.66 6.51 Gain margin/animal (R $ ) 13.16 14.02 14.95 16.42 17.44 Gain margin/animal (%) - 6.55 13.58 24.80 32.55 Source: Survey data. * Calculated based on mass at 84 days of 2007g; 2018g; 1989g; 2007g and 1996g for the content of 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 respectively. Several researchers have studied the use of agro-industrial residues in animal feed and its economic viability in recent years (Falcone et al. 2020 , Nascimento et al. 2021 ; Vastolo et al. 2021; Landim et al. 2022 ). However, it is important to emphasize that when choosing ingredients for a rabbit diet, prior planning is necessary, as some factors need to be taken into account and may end up impacting costs. The distance between the place where the waste comes from and the rabbit rearing, depending on the freight, or even the time of year, where the waste may have a greater or lesser supply, may be some points that will make inclusion feasible or not of certain ingredients. In this sense, economic analysis is necessary and is an important ally of producers who aim to increase their profits. Another important issue observed is the high cost of ingredients – could reach up to 70% of total costs in production – which has led to the search for non-conventional and more accessible ones (Akande, 2015 , Gidenne et al., 2017 ). This relevant issue is related to the amount paid per kilogram of animal, which fluctuates according to the market and has a direct impact on the producer's profit margin. Thus, it is necessary to use these residues in a rational way, for rabbit nutrition, to reduce the environmental burden and improve economic profit (De Blas et al., 2018 ). In this sense, the valuation of rabbit meat becomes an ally, and the fact of using by-products of vegetable residues as ingredients in the diet, that have a positive impact on reducing the damage they would cause to the environment, can be a point to be explored as a differential with rabbit meat consumers, with a view to adding value to the final product. This way, human population would have access to high biological/nutritional value food – rabbit meat – in which the animals were fed with agro-industrial by-products, besides helping people to reduce expenses with food. After this research, it is concluded that the highest gain margin/animal for rabbits in the growth phase, fed increasing levels of banana peel and sweet potato vines in substitution of maize and alfalfa hay, occurred with animals fed a 100% substitute diet. Furthermore, replacing maize and alfalfa hay with banana peel and sweet potato vines in rabbit diets means reducing production costs, mitigating food insecurity and contributing to reducing environmental impacts. Declarations Data availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Code availability Not applicable. Acknowledgements The authors are grateful to CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - for the research yield scholarship (Leila Picolli da Silva) and the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education CAPES - Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education -. Funding This research was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES). Author information Affiliations Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima – 1000, Cidade Universitária, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Diuly Bortoluzzi Falcone, Stéfane Sauzem Silva, Geni Salete Pinto de Toledo & Leila Picolli da Silva Department of animal reproduction and evaluation, Federal University Rural of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR-465, km 7, Seropédica, Brazil. Greicy Sofia Maysonnave Contributions DBF, GSPT and LPS conceived and designed research. DBF, SSS and GSPT conducted experiments. DBF, GSM and LPS analysed and interpreted data. DBF wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript. Corresponding author Correspondence to Diuly Bortoluzzi Falcone Ethics approval This study was conducted in accordance with the Ethics Committee on The Use of Animals (CEUA) of the Federal University of Santa Maria under the protocol 05914171120/2021. Conflict of interest The authors declare that there was no conflict of interest References AEC,1987. Recomendações para nutrição. 5.ed. Antony, France: RHÔNE-POULENC, 86p. Akande, K.E. 2015. 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Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 02 Apr, 2024 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Major revision with re-assessment 19 Dec, 2023 Reviewers agreed at journal 26 Nov, 2023 Reviewers invited by journal 26 Nov, 2023 Editor assigned by journal 10 Jul, 2023 First submitted to journal 04 Jul, 2023 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-3139972","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":253522922,"identity":"43299772-0a42-47d7-b4f0-255f3a97f65e","order_by":0,"name":"Diuly Bortoluzzi Falcone","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIie3QMUvDQBTA8ReF6/Js1hcI/QxXArWbXyVByJSCH0CCEHDsHLDgV7Df4MLDdHQ9sENxcOomiEMp3iWbXKqjw/2nxyU/uHcAPt9/jCFQAMqOdgAMqTun+ASBnogeYlRDcGcIDhL1g4DUHYFBMt6gZITt5PKxUoyHMk5eq82bvp0jjPj5yUEi7sh7ErciZUSBs22bVUVrLoZ5rh1E9oSzWtiBEGe6mFaFMITM/DuRhEltyfHPJJVGGbK4HyYRi5tmZXYhkafNSqVIOs8eFksya7l3Gb/werc3L0bn3Oz2h/IqrK/VR/FZTsIRty5iO7s4uo7FwO+24OvER5/P5/PBN8+jYXtrXnPEAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9817-6885","institution":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Diuly","middleName":"Bortoluzzi","lastName":"Falcone","suffix":""},{"id":253522923,"identity":"521cf831-c34b-4322-840d-46b57c6828b3","order_by":1,"name":"Greicy Sofia Maysonnave","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Greicy","middleName":"Sofia","lastName":"Maysonnave","suffix":""},{"id":253522924,"identity":"22dee4f1-aa54-4bb6-81b3-3319af46481a","order_by":2,"name":"Stéfane Sauzem Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stéfane","middleName":"Sauzem","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""},{"id":253522925,"identity":"44b8a21a-bb27-49ec-aefe-bdd335850792","order_by":3,"name":"Geni Salete Pinto de Toledo","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Geni","middleName":"Salete Pinto","lastName":"de Toledo","suffix":""},{"id":253522926,"identity":"8686ad8a-4807-4c73-8dec-0fddf50fd9f1","order_by":4,"name":"Leila Picolli da Silva","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Universidade Federal de Santa Maria","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Leila","middleName":"Picolli da","lastName":"Silva","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2023-07-04 16:54:25","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139972/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139972/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-03966-4","type":"published","date":"2024-04-02T15:01:06+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":47313288,"identity":"57a23adb-1ffb-40ca-894a-3ed13fa10719","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-11-29 16:58:05","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison of production cost by experimental diets.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3139972/v1/97fe9edea41e03828f3e8d96.jpg"},{"id":54304076,"identity":"fecef1cd-a825-4580-b391-8331d4fccb78","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-04-08 15:13:55","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":367723,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-3139972/v1/7d498033-3caa-493a-8a8e-7b1c90e411fa.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Economic viability of banana peel and sweet potato vines in diets for rabbits","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eDeveloping countries face a range of uncertainties, including food insecurity and waste plus environmental impact, which are top of mind, and raise serious questions and concerns (FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022a\u003c/span\u003e; FAO, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022b\u003c/span\u003e). In this sense, studies related to answering these questions are important and necessary, as they will help the human population and the environment, through the generation of food and mitigation of environmental liabilities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMost of the ingredients used in animal diets occupy agricultural areas that could be used to produce food for the human population (Klinger et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In this scenario, it is not rational to use traditional ingredients \u0026ndash; such as maize and alfalfa hay \u0026ndash; in animal feed in countries that need food, since the productive potential of vegetables is subject to stagnation, just as the mobilization of arable land is subject to limited and has shown strong signs of deterioration over the last few years. Thus, a viable alternative would be the replacement of these ingredients by rational residues of vegetable crops or agro-industrial, such as banana peel (BP) and sweet potato vines (SPV).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this context, the rabbit emerges as a promising alternative, as it is an animal that can be fed with agro-industrial waste in order to produce meat of high biological value (Gidenne, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), helping with environmental impacts and production costs. In agricultural communities, rabbits are raised for subsistence and fed diets based on agro-industrial residues (Khalil, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Oseni and Lukefahr, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), such as BP and SPV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe banana (\u003cem\u003eMusa spp.)\u003c/em\u003e is among the most important crops in the world, and is also among the most produced and consumed fruits. The banana peel is the residue of banana production, being a crop that generates a large volume of waste, mainly in industrialization, and which are usually discarded, inappropriately, in the environment (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). However, BP is widely used by small producers as a complementary feed for animals (Emaga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweet potato (\u003cem\u003eIpomoea batatas\u003c/em\u003e) is an ancient and widespread crop, used mainly in cooking and in the production of biofuels. The sweet potato vines is the aerial part of the crop, normally most of the vines (stems and leaves) are simply discarded as unusable waste (Figueiredo et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). However, these residues can be used as a source of food for animals due to their high nutritional value, which allows the integration of activities and the reduction of inappropriate disposal. (Fernandes et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe use of alternative crops to replace corn and alfalfa hay in rabbit diets, in addition to contributing to the reduction of environmental impacts, mitigating food insecurity and having the ability to produce excellent quality protein such as rabbit meat, can still serve as a strategy to reduce production costs. This point makes the study fundamental because it is known that among the production costs one of the biggest expenses is due to the feeding of the animals. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of using BP and SPV in rabbit diets as substitutes for maize and alfalfa hay.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis economic study was carried out based on the effective operating costs and profitability of the trial conducted by Falcone et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Where white New Zealand rabbits were used, fed non-pelletized rations with increasing levels of BP and SPV and substitution of maize and alfalfa hay (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of substitution), during the phase of growth (35 to 84 days). In addition, all price data is expressed in BRL (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLocation and animals\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bioassay was carried out in the Cuniculture Laboratory \u0026ndash; Department of Animal Production, unit at the main campus of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil \u0026ndash; located at 29\u0026deg;41\u0026rsquo;S latitude, 53\u0026deg;48\u0026rsquo;W longitude.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal of 50 New Zealand White rabbits, males and females, with initial age of 35 days and average starting weight of 614g; 612g; 614g; 613g and 617g, were randomly assigned to one of the five experimental groups (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%), the animals were allotted into individual cages. At the end of the growth phase, 84 days, the animals had an average final weight of 2007g; 2018g; 1989g; 2007g and 1996g respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eExperimental diets and feeding management\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiets were formulated to contain a similar crude protein content, approximately 18% and to comprise growth requirements for growing rabbits (AEC, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1987\u003c/span\u003e). Rabbits were offered \u003cem\u003ead libitum\u003c/em\u003e, one of the five experimental diets non-pelletized, until the end of the experiment at 84 days of age. Fresh water was always available.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFive non-pelletized diets were formulated. The control diet (0) without BP and SPV; (25) experimental diet with 25% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute; (50) experimental diet with 50% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute; (75) experimental diet with 75% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute; and (100) experimental diet with 100% BP and SPV as maize and alfalfa hay substitute.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eComposition and costs of diets\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe composition of the diets for each treatment is described in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComposition of diets used in treatments.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP and SPV contents replacing maize and alfalfa hay (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana peels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlfalfa hay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweet potato vines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy-bean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy-bean oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice hull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcitic limestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremix*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e0: Diet without banana peels and sweet potato vines; 25, 50, 75, 100: Diets with 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of replacement of maize and alfalfa hay for banana peels and sweet potato vines, respectively.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e it is described the values referring to the kilo of each ingredient (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e/kg). For this, most of the ingredient values were taken from the database of the Institute of Applied Economics - IEA (November/2020). However, the values for rice hull, banana peel and sweet potato vines were defined considering the market in the municipality of Santa Maria - RS (November/2020), since they were not included in the aforementioned platform. Also, the cost of the experimental diets per ingredient needed to produce one kilogram of each experimental feed (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) and the total cost of each diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredient values and total cost per kilogram by ingredient and by experimental diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost per ingredient needed to produce a Kg of feed (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e(R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e/Kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMaize\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBanana peels\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlfalfa hay\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.675\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.225\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSweet potato vines\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.060\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWheat meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0. 48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0. 48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0. 48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0. 48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy-bean meal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSoy-bean oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRice hull\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.006\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDicalcium phosphate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCalcitic limestone\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0004\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalt\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.001\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremix\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCost per kg of diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmounts calculated based on price of 2020 crop in Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eData collect\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe data that will be presented, adapted from Falcone et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), were collected daily at the biological assay site until the end of all activities. Food consumption was analyzed along with weighings, with notes on the amount supplied in the diets and how much leftovers there were for each animal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total feed intake is the sum of the daily feed intake. The daily and total mass gain was determined by periodic weighing performed. The feed conversion was calculated dividing feed intake by weight gain.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEconomic analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe cost of feed/animal/day (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) was calculated by multiplying the amount of feed consumed by their respective prices (Estremote et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The total cost of feed/animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) was calculated by multiplying the cost of feed/animal/day (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) by the number of days of the biological assay. The cost of the total feed offered/kilogram produced (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) was calculated by the ratio between the total cost of the diet offered/animal by the amount of kilos produced during the biological assay days (Estremote et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The total cost of feed/kg of animal purchased was calculated based on the mass acquired during 49 days (growth phase).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe economic analysis was based on the effective operational cost of production methodology proposed by Matsunaga et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e), in which the items included in the cost of producing a kilogram of live rabbit were divided into feed, labor and other expenses (5% of the cost of feed per animal), with the effective operating cost/animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) was performed by the sum of the items above.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe value of the animal revenue (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) by multiplying the animal mass, at 84 days, by the value of the animal's kilo (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e). The profit margin per animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) was offset by subtracting the animal revenue from the total operating cost of each animal. The percentage of gain margin/animal (%), was met based on the control treatment (0) \u0026ndash; without including BP and SPV, where through the Rule of Three tool the results of the other treatments were obtained.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eData regarding the amount of feed consumed by the animals in the diets with increasing levels of BP and SPV replacing corn and alfalfa hay during the 49 days of the biological test are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Note that in the treatment with 100% replacement of maize and alfalfa hay by BP and SPV (100) there was a small decrease in daily mass gain in relation to the control treatment (28.43g/animal/day to 27.98g/animal /day). In the total feed intake, there were small differences between the treatments, with the minimum consumption occurring in treatment (0) around 100g/day and the maximum consumption in treatment (25) around 104g/day.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe amount of feed consumed (grams) for the animal to deposit 1 gram of mass (feed conversion) did not change significantly. In this sense, the feed conversion was 3.54 in the control treatment (without BP and SPV); 3.64 in treatment (25); 3.70 in treatment (50); 3.64 in treatment (75) and 3.75 in treatment (100). This indicates that the use of ingredients was similar in the five treatments; therefore, it is biologically feasible to replace corn and alfalfa hay with BP and SPV (FALCONE et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). When taking into account the importance of feed conversion as a zootechnical performance parameter and as one of the main factors analyzed by producers, this result is quite positive. In economic feasibility studies, the relationship between the cost of the ingredient and the feed conversion is decisive, because if the feed conversion is not satisfactory, even if the cost of the ingredient is low, it may become inadequate, preventing its inclusion in the diet.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake and mass gain of rabbits fed diets containing different levels of BP and SPV replacing maize and alfalfa hay during the growth phase (35 to 84 days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP and SPV contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily feed intake (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal feed intake (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4919.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5130.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5081.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5061.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5120.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDaily weight gain (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal weight gain (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1393\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1406\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1375\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1379\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed conversion (g/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdapted from Falcone et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe total cost of food is represented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. It was noticed that the cost to produce 1 kg of live rabbit was reduced linearly with the replacement of maize and alfalfa hay by BP and SPV (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In this sense, the value of kg in the control treatment (0) was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 7.33 while in the (100) it was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 4.36. This means that the production of rabbits from diets with maize and alfalfa hay (at the level of 18 and 30%, respectively) is 40% more expensive than producing with diets based on BP and SPV. In this sense, the cost of 3 kg of rabbit produced with BP and SPV \u0026ndash; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e4.36*3\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e13.08 \u0026ndash; is R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 1.58 cheaper than to produce 2 kg of rabbit with diet the of corn and alfalfa hay \u0026ndash; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 7.33*2\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 14.66 \u0026ndash; (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). As the use of ingredients by the animals was similar in the five treatments, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, maintaining the next values of feed conversion, this result shows that it is possible to replace maize and alfalfa hay with BP and SPV, since there is a significant difference in terms of costs between the diets.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed, prices and costs for five levels of BP and SPV in replacement of maize and alfalfa hay used in the feed of rabbits in the growth phase (35 to 84 days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP and SPV contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed intake/animal/day (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e103.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e104.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal feed intake/animal (kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed price (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFeed cost/animal/day (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost of feed/animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost of feed/kg of animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost of feed / kg of animal acquired **\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: Falcone et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). *Calculated based on mass at 84 days of 2007g; 2018g; 1989g; 2007g and 1996g for the contents of 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 respectively. **Calculated based on mass gained during 49 days (growth phase).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe effective operating cost (EOC) represents the outlay to quantify the main expenses during the rabbit activity cycle (food, labor and others). The items with production representing the effective operating cost of are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. Note for the composition of the EOC, that on average 90% of the costs were oriented to food and 10% to other expenses and the cost of labor. In this sense, Barros (2014) exposes the need to consider the cost of labor even if the activity of family characteristics. This is because, if the family did not perform this task, it would have to hire and pay someone else or stop producing. For this purpose, the amount paid for labor in nearby properties was considered, that is, R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 10.00 per hour worked. Still, regarding the effective operating cost it is noticed that the T100 diet was more economical compared to the T0 control (without BP and SPV). In this sense, the animals submitted to the T100 diet had a EOC of R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 6.51, while the EOC of the animals fed the control diet T0 was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 10.93 per head.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective operating cost (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) per animal for the five contents of BP and SPV in substitution of maize and alfalfa hay in diets for rabbits in the growth phase (35 to 84 days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP and SPV contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal food cost/animal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLabor cost /animal*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOther expenses /animal**\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffective operating cost /animal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: Survey data. *We considered the cost of 0.02h and remuneration of R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e10.00 per hour. **The value of 5% of the cost of food was used.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition, the cost of the diet reduced linearly with the inclusion of BP and SPV, and the total cost of the feed per animal in the treatment (T) control T0 was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 10.22 (considering only the feed). In comparison, treatments replacing maize and alfalfa hay with BP and SPV had a cost (feed only) of R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e9.52 in T25, R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e8.31 in T50, R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e7.11 in T75 and R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e6.01 in T100. Since maize and alfalfa hay cost around R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e1.43/kg and R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e2.70/kg respectively, it can be stated that 12.4% of the cost of feed per animal in the controlled diet is due to the use of corn (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 1.26 of R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 10.22) as long as it is used at the level of 18%. As for alfalfa hay, it can be stated that 39% of the cost of feed per animal in the control diet is due to the use of alfalfa hay (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 3.98 of R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 10.22), since the level used is 30%. In Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, it is possible to observe these differences in the cost of ingredients in the diet, as in the T5 diet, where 7.87 and 24.77% of the cost of the diet is related to maize and alfalfa hay, since 50% of the mentioned ingredients were replaced by BP and SPV.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe results found in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, referring to the costs with food, reaffirm the impact that the diet has in relation to the total costs of animal production, corroborating with research already published on the activity in which food comprised 75% or more of the total costs (KLINGER et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). With this, the search for substitute ingredients presents itself as an efficient solution for producers to reduce their costs, aiming at a higher profit margin for the animal.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that the ingredients used in the present study as substitutes (BP and SPV) for the standards (maize and alfalfa hay), in addition to being less expensive in terms of total cost, have similar feed conversion, being biologically viable, and as a main point are residues of vegetable crops, which ends up having a positive impact on environmental issues.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe sale price per kilo of live rabbit (locally) on the market in 2020 was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 12.00. In this way, the revenue with each live animal would be R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e24.08; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 24.20; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e23.87; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e24.08 and R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e23.95 for animals fed with controlled diets, T25, T50, T75 and T100 respectively. In this sense, the revenue per animal is higher in the control group and decreases with the replacement of maize and alfalfa hay by BP and SPV. However, the cost to produce a rabbit from the control (T0), T25, T50, T75 and T100 diets is R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e10.93; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 10.20; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 8.93; R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e7.66 and R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e6.51 (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). That is, the gain margin per animal is 32.55% higher at T100 when compared to the control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBased on the results presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, where a difference of R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e4.28 was reached in the gain margin per animal between the diets (T100 in relation to the control); it is evident that the use of BP and SPV in rabbit feeding, replacing maize and alfalfa hay, is a viable and efficient alternative and can be integrated by producers in their creations.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmount paid per kilogram of live rabbit (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e/kg) and average income from the sale of animals (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBP and SPV contents (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVariables\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e25\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e50\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e75\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e100\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValue per kilogram of animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnimal recipe (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e) *\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal cost/animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain margin/animal (R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGain margin/animal (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSource: Survey data. * Calculated based on mass at 84 days of 2007g; 2018g; 1989g; 2007g and 1996g for the content of 0; 25; 50; 75 and 100 respectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral researchers have studied the use of agro-industrial residues in animal feed and its economic viability in recent years (Falcone et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e, Nascimento et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Vastolo et al. 2021; Landim et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). However, it is important to emphasize that when choosing ingredients for a rabbit diet, prior planning is necessary, as some factors need to be taken into account and may end up impacting costs. The distance between the place where the waste comes from and the rabbit rearing, depending on the freight, or even the time of year, where the waste may have a greater or lesser supply, may be some points that will make inclusion feasible or not of certain ingredients. In this sense, economic analysis is necessary and is an important ally of producers who aim to increase their profits.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnother important issue observed is the high cost of ingredients \u0026ndash; could reach up to 70% of total costs in production \u0026ndash; which has led to the search for non-conventional and more accessible ones (Akande, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Gidenne et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). This relevant issue is related to the amount paid per kilogram of animal, which fluctuates according to the market and has a direct impact on the producer's profit margin. Thus, it is necessary to use these residues in a rational way, for rabbit nutrition, to reduce the environmental burden and improve economic profit (De Blas et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this sense, the valuation of rabbit meat becomes an ally, and the fact of using by-products of vegetable residues as ingredients in the diet, that have a positive impact on reducing the damage they would cause to the environment, can be a point to be explored as a differential with rabbit meat consumers, with a view to adding value to the final product. This way, human population would have access to high biological/nutritional value food \u0026ndash; rabbit meat \u0026ndash; in which the animals were fed with agro-industrial by-products, besides helping people to reduce expenses with food.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAfter this research, it is concluded that the highest gain margin/animal for rabbits in the growth phase, fed increasing levels of banana peel and sweet potato vines in substitution of maize and alfalfa hay, occurred with animals fed a 100% substitute diet. Furthermore, replacing maize and alfalfa hay with banana peel and sweet potato vines in rabbit diets means reducing production costs, mitigating food insecurity and contributing to reducing environmental impacts.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCode availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors are grateful to CNPq - National Council for Scientific and Technological Development - for the research yield scholarship (Leila Picolli da Silva) and the Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education CAPES - Coordination of Improvement of Higher Education -.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis research was funded by the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor information\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAffiliations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepartment of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Av. Roraima \u0026ndash; 1000, Cidade Universit\u0026aacute;ria, 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiuly Bortoluzzi Falcone, St\u0026eacute;fane Sauzem Silva, Geni Salete Pinto de Toledo \u0026amp; Leila Picolli da Silva\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDepartment of animal reproduction and evaluation, Federal University Rural of Rio de Janeiro, Rodovia BR-465, km 7, Serop\u0026eacute;dica, Brazil.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGreicy Sofia Maysonnave\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eContributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDBF, GSPT and LPS conceived and designed research. DBF, SSS and GSPT conducted experiments. DBF, GSM and LPS analysed and interpreted data. DBF wrote the manuscript. All authors read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCorresponding author\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorrespondence to Diuly Bortoluzzi Falcone\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted in accordance with the Ethics Committee on The Use of Animals (CEUA) of the Federal University of Santa Maria under the protocol 05914171120/2021.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there was no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAEC,1987. Recomenda\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es para nutri\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o. 5.ed. Antony, France: RH\u0026Ocirc;NE-POULENC, 86p.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAkande, K.E. 2015. Dietary Effects of Increasing Levels of Pigeon Pea Meal on Rabbit Performance. Journal of Agricultural Science. 7,156-162. DOI: 10.5539 / jas.v7n7p156\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBarros, C. Como Considerar a M\u0026atilde;o de Obra Familiar no Custo de Produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o? 2014. Dispon\u0026iacute;vel em: \u0026lt;m.milkpoint.com.br/radar-tecnico/gerenciamento/como-considerar-a-maode-obra-familiar-no-custo-de-producao-88737n.aspx\u0026gt;. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eDe Blas, JC, Ferrer P, Rodr\u0026iacute;guez, CA, Cerisuelo, A, Garc\u0026iacute;a Rebollar, P, Calvet, S, Farias, C. 2018. Nutritive value of citrus co-products in rabbit feeding. World Rabbit Science. 26,7-14. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2018.7699\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEstremote, M.; Pinheiro, R.S.B.; Chiquitelli Neto, M. et al. Economic study about termination in fed Guzera cattle containment levels with diets containing concentrate growing. Custos e @groneg\u0026oacute;cio online, v. 13, Special Edition, p.20-36, 2017.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eEmaga, T. H. et al. Ripening influences banana and plantain peels composition and energy content. Tropical Animal Health Production, v.43, n.1, p.171-177, 2011.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFAO, 2022a. News - FAO combate desperd\u0026iacute;cio de frutas e hortali\u0026ccedil;as. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFAO, 2022b. News - Tackling food loss and waste: A triple win opportunity. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFalcone, DB, Klinger, ACK, Toledo, GSP, Silva, LP. 2020. Performance, meat characteristics and economic viability of rabbits fed diets containing banana peel. Tropical Animal Health and Production, v. 52, p. 681\u0026ndash;685, 2020. DOI: 10.1007/s11250-019-02057-z\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFalcone, D.B., Klinger, A.C.K., Silva, S.S. et al. Can banana peel and sweet potato vines have efficient in diets for growing rabbits? Tropical Animal Health and Production, 2023. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9817-6885\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFern\u0026aacute;ndez-Carmona, J, Blas, E, Pascual, JJ, Maertens, L, Gidenne, T, Xiccato, G, Garc\u0026iacute;a, J. 2005. Recommendations and guidelines for applied nutrition experiments in rabbits. World Rabbit Science. 13, 209\u0026ndash;228. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2005.516\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFernandes, C. C.; Mazzola, B. G., Oliveira J\u0026uacute;nior, M. M. Res\u0026iacute;duos Alimentares e as Mudan\u0026ccedil;as Clim\u0026aacute;ticas. Organiza\u0026ccedil;\u0026otilde;es e Sustentabilidade. Londrina, v. 4, n.2, p.116-141, 2016.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFigueiredo, J.A; Andrade Junior, V.C.; Pereira, R..C; et al. Avalia\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o de silagens de ramas de batata-doce. Horticultura Brasileira 30: 708-712, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362012000400024 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGidenne, T. 2016. Le lapin. De la biologie \u0026agrave; l\u0026apos;\u0026eacute;levage. Quae (Ed), Versailles, Fran\u0026ccedil;a, p.270\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eGidenne, T, Garreau H, Drouilhet L, Aubert C, Maertens L. 2017. Improving feed efficiency in rabbit production, a review on nutritional, technico-economical, genetic and environmental. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 225,109-122. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.01.016\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIEA, 2020. Instituto de Economia Agr\u0026iacute;cola - Banco de dados. S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Brazil.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKhalil, M.H, Bolet, G. 2010. Sustainable rabbit breeding and genetic improvement programs achieved in developing countries. In: 9th World congress on genetics applied to livestock production. Leipzig, GE. https://doi.org/10.13140/2.1.2155.6161\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlinger, A.C.K.; Silva, L.P.; Toledo, G.S.P.; Falcone, D.B.; Goulart, F.R. Sweet potato vines in diets for growing rabbits on performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Animal Science Journal, v.89, n.1, p.1556-60, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.13105\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eKlinger, A.C.K. et al. Viabilidade econ\u0026ocirc;mica de bara\u0026ccedil;o de batata-doce em dietas para coelhos. Custos e@ groneg\u0026oacute;cio on-line, v. 15, n. 4, p. 370-388, 2019. (in Portuguese)\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLandim, A.V., Silveira, R.M.F., de Oliveira, J.R.R. et al. 2022. Bioeconomic analysis of total replacement of corn grain with by-product from biscuit manufacture for purebred and crossbred Morada Nova lambs in feedlot system in the Brazilian semi-arid region. Tropical Animal Health Production. 54, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-022-03314-4\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eMatsunaga, M.; Bemelmans, P. F.; Toledo, P. E.N. Metodologia de custo de produ\u0026ccedil;\u0026atilde;o utilizado pelo IEA. Agricultura em S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, v. 23, n. 1, p. 123-139, 1976. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNascimento, J, Ponciano, NJ, Alfaiate, MB, Vidal Junior, MV, Matos, MB, Pereira Junior, G, Bila, CRFC, Andrade, DR, Gravina, GA, Daher, RF. 2021. Economic Viability of Cassava Residues in the Nile Tilapia Diet. 13,118-126. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v13n11p118\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eOseni, S.O.; Lukefahr, S.D. 2014. Rabbit production in low-input systems in Africa: situation, knowledge and perspectives \u0026ndash; A review. World Rabbit Science. 22,147\u0026ndash;160. https://doi.org/10.4995/wrs.2014.1348\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eVastolo, A, Calabr\u0026ograve;, S, Cutrignelli, MI. 2022. A review on the use of agro-industrial CO-products in animals\u0026rsquo; diets. Italian Journal of Animal Science. 21, 577-594. https://doi.org/10.1080/1828051X.2022.2039562\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZhang, P.; Whistler, R.L.; Be Miller, J.N.; Hamaker, B.R. Banana starch: production, physicochemical properties, and digestibility\u0026mdash;a review, Carbohydrate Polymers, v.59, Issue 4, 2005.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"by-products, economic costs, rabbits breeding, sustainability","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139972/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139972/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe objective of this work was to study the economic feasibility of using banana peel (BP) and sweet potato vines (SPV) as substitutes for maize and alfalfa hay in diets for rabbits. BP and SPV were chosen to replace maize and alfalfa hay, because in addition to the aforementioned ingredients having similar nutritional characteristics, they are among the most expensive ingredients in rabbit diets. Data were obtained through a biological assay carried out in the rabbit breeding laboratory of the Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil. Fifty New Zealand white rabbits, weaned at 35 days of age, were fed during the growth phase (35 to 84 days) with increasing levels of BP and SPV, replacing maize and alfalfa hay (T0, T25, T50, T75 and T100% replacement). A diet containing 100% replacement (T100) had the lowest cost per kilogram, which was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 1.18/kg, while the controlled diet was 73% more expensive, costing R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 2.08/kg. The total operating cost to produce a rabbit head with the control treatment was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e10.93/head and at T100, it was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e6.51/head. The animal income of the live rabbit was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 24.08 and R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 23.95 in treatments T0 and T100, respectively. As for the gain margin per animal (GMA), in TO it was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 13.16 while in T100 it was R\u003cspan\u003e$\u003c/span\u003e 17.44, therefore the GMA was 32.55% higher when using the T100 diet. In view of the above, it is concluded that it is more economical and feasible to feed rabbits with diets containing 100% BP and SPV, replacing maize and alfalfa hay.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Economic viability of banana peel and sweet potato vines in diets for rabbits","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2023-11-29 16:58:00","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-3139972/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision with re-assessment","date":"2023-12-19T10:52:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2023-11-26T22:20:42+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2023-11-26T20:49:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2023-07-10T06:40:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","date":"2023-07-04T12:54:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"trop","sideBox":"Learn more about [Tropical Animal Health and Production](https://www.springer.com/journal/11250)","snPcode":"11250","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/11250/3","title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"dd4f7888-e926-4d62-a338-09d7a6420e4a","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 29th, 2023","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-04-08T15:08:34+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-3139972","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-03966-4","journal":{"identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},"publishedOn":"2024-04-02 15:01:06","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 2nd, 2024"},"versionCreatedAt":"2023-11-29 16:58:00","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11250-024-03966-4","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-024-03966-4","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-3139972","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-3139972","identity":"rs-3139972","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"J0_U0BvcaRcwD8yVFaRlm","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}