Mumps resurgence in India during the decade 2014-2023: A Trend and Geospatial Analysis

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Abu Bashar, Sridevi Gnanasekaraan This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128565/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Mumps, caused by the paramyxovirus, primarily affects children and adolescents and presents with parotiditis. Complications such as orchitis and meningitis can occur, especially in young adult males and vaccination reduces complications. Global mumps cases surged in the past decade, including regions like North and South America, Australia, and Iran. In India, a recent surge in mumps cases was reported in 2023. The current analysis was performed to assess the burden and trend of mumps in India over the last decade and geographical variations in its burden across India. Methods Using the weekly outbreak reports of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme(IDSP) for the period of 2014 to 2023, number of mumps cases and outbreaks in India were plotted to see the trend of mumps disease in past 10 years. State wise spatial distribution of the number of mumps cases and outbreaks were also performed using QGIS for 2023 to ascertain geographical variation in mumps burden across India. Results Distinct peaks and troughs in mumps cases were observed, with notable increases in 2015, 2016, and 2019. Absence of reported cases in 2021 and a resurgence in 2023 were noted. Spatial analysis identified hot spots and clusters, indicating hyperendemic areas. State-wise wide variations were evident, with some states reported disproportionately higher number of outbreaks like Jammu and Kashmir. The impact of COVID-19 on mumps incidence was seen, with a decrease in 2020 and an increase in 2023. Conclusion Total number of mumps outbreaks and cases were reported to be highest in 2023 which is alarming and emphasizes the need for inclusion of mumps containing vaccine in form of MMR vaccine in the Universal immunization Programme (UIP) of India along with strengthening the mumps surveillance. These findings also underscore the importance of state-specific analyses and evidence-based interventions to address mumps outbreaks effectively in India. Clinical trial number : Not applicable Mumps resurgence IDSP Trend Geospatial QGIS Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Mumps is a highly contagious childhood viral disease caused by a RNA paramyxovirus virus, and most commonly manifests as swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands. The virus spreads easily through respiratory droplets, arising from coughing, sneezing, or close contact with infected individuals. While children are primarily affected, adults who lack immunization or experience waning immunity can also be vulnerable. The classic symptoms involve swollen parotid glands, fever, fatigue, and muscle aches ( 1 ). Typically, cases result in a self-limited illness, with individuals experiencing a complete spontaneous recovery. Most cases occur during late winter and early spring seasons. Complications such as orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, hearing loss, meningitis, and encephalitis can occur, particularly in young adult males ( 2 , 3 ). Vaccinated individuals are less likely to experience complications compared to unvaccinated ones ( 3 ). Worldwide from 1999 to 2019, an average of about 500,000 mumps cases were reported annually to the World Health Organization ( 4 ). Over the past decade, mumps cases have shown a significant global surge. In South America, Argentina witnessed a surge from 74 cases in 2016 to 6,117 in 2022. Australia, representing Oceania region, exhibited an upward trend, rising from 187 cases in 2014 to 634 in 2018. Belgium in Europe experienced fluctuations but increased from 105 cases in 2015 to 183 in 2018. In North America, Colombia recorded a significant rise from 7,368 in 2018 to 15,125 in 2019. Iran reported a substantial surge, climbing from 867 in 2016 to 73,939 in 2022, highlighting a concerning trend in Asia ( 1 ). The European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported that for the year 2018, a total of 11,312 cases of mumps were reported by 28 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) Member States. This resulted in an overall notification rate of 2.6 cases per 100,000 population ( 5 ). In South-East Asian regions, mumps cases have fluctuated over the years, with a notable increase in cases in 2020 (390 cases) compared to previous years ( 6 ). However, this region has experienced significant variability in reporting, possibly due to differing healthcare infrastructure and surveillance systems. These examples underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address the rising global incidence of mumps. Similarly, in India, there has been a surge of mumps cases in the previous decade with reporting of multiple outbreaks from different parts of the country in 2023. The current analysis was carried out with the aim to comprehensively analyse the trend of mumps cases and outbreaks in India over the past decade (2014–2023) with a particular emphasis on 2023. Methods A secondary data analysis was performed to identify the trend of mumps cases and outbreaks in India over the last decade (2014-23). Data on mumps cases and outbreaks were extracted from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) weekly outbreak reports ( 7 ). The Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP), a decentralized State based disease surveillance system under National Health Mission collects data on 30 epidemic-prone diseases on a weekly basis (Monday–Sunday). The weekly reports provides information on the outbreaks along with their geographical location and total number of cases. Whenever there is a rising trend of illnesses in any area, it is investigated by a Rapid Response Team (RRT) to diagnose and control the outbreak. Data analysis and actions are being undertaken by respective State/District Surveillance Units. The weekly reports of IDSP was extracted for the period 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2023 from the IDSP website. The weekly outbreak reports from 1st week to 52 weeks were scanned to see the number of mumps cases and outbreaks and were entered in excel spreadsheets and tabulated. Descriptive analysis was performed to summarize the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in form of frequency table. A trend-line was then plotted for number of mumps cases and outbreaks from 2014 to 2023 to see the temporal perspective on the dynamics of mumps over the specified 10-year period. For the year 2023, a geospatial distribution analysis was performed using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software version 2.18 to see the state wise distribution of mump cases and outbreaks during the year. Each state is represented on the map, with the different colour shade representing the number of reported cases, and outbreaks. Results Table 1 depicts the mumps outbreak data reported by the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India from 2014 to 2023. The number of outbreaks and total cases exhibited notable variations over the years, indicating dynamic shifts in mumps incidence. Notably, there was a surge in number of cases and outbreaks in 2015 and 2016, with 35 outbreaks and 801 cases reported in 2015 and 44 outbreaks and 834 cases in 2016 (Table 1 ). Although there was a decrease in the number of outbreaks in 2017 and 2018, the total number of cases remained substantial, indicating sustained mumps incidence. The absence of reported cases in 2021 raises questions about the completeness of surveillance data or potential changes in reporting practices possibly due to COVID-19. However, the resurgence in 2023, with 58 outbreaks and 1,157 cases, highlights an alarming increase in mumps incidence, emphasizing the need for renewed efforts in disease control and prevention. Table 1 Year-wise distribution of outbreaks and total no. of of Mumps cases in India, 2014–2023 Year No. of outbreaks reported Total no. of cases 2014 17 369 2015 35 801 2016 44 834 2017 24 463 2018 29 439 2019 46 715 2020 9 212 2021 0 0 2022 1 30 2023 58 1157 Grand Total 246 1771 The spatial distribution of mumps cases and outbreaks in India reported by the IDSP in 2023 is presented, along with the corresponding state-wise data (Fig. 2 a & 2 b). Jammu and Kashmir recorded the highest number of outbreaks, with 476 reported cases spread across 22 outbreaks followed by Kerala and Karnataka. Kerala reported 86 cases distributed across 6 outbreaks,whereas Karnataka reported cases distributed across 6 outbreaks indicating significant mumps activity in the region.Meanwhile, states such as Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Uttaranchal, and Delhi reported no cases or outbreaks during the year. Discussion The present analysis of mumps outbreak data reported by the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India from 2014 to 2023 revealed significant increase in the number of outbreaks and total cases over the decade. The mumps outbreak in India in 2023 reveals concerning trends that demand immediate attention from public health authorities. The surge in mumps cases and outbreaks observed in 2023 represents a significant departure from the absence of reported cases in 2021, underscoring the COVID-19 pandemic. This resurgence is particularly alarming given the potential for mumps-related complications, including orchitis and meningitis, especially among young adult males. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of mumps prevention, as evidenced by the lower likelihood of complications among vaccinated individuals( 8 ). However, the resurgence of mumps in 2023 suggests potential gaps in vaccination coverage or waning immunity, highlighting the need for comprehensive vaccination strategies and booster doses to ensure sustained protection against mumps ( 9 ). Mumps primarily affects children and adolescents, presenting with parotiditis. Complications such as orchitis and meningitis can occur, especially in young adult males, and vaccination reduces the risk of complications. Globally, mumps cases have surged in the past decade, with notable increases in regions like South America, Australia, and Iran ( 1 ). In India, a similar trend is observed, with a distinct surge in cases reported over the past decade. The temporal analysis of mumps cases from 2014 to 2023 revealed distinct rise and falls, with notable increases in 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2023. These fluctuations may be influenced by various factors, including low vaccination coverage, population immunity, and healthcare-seeking behavior. The decrease in outbreaks in 2020 and the absence of reported outbreaks in 2021 can be attributed to the disruption of routine surveillance activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of maintaining robust surveillance systems even during times of crisis. The current surge in 2023, with 58 outbreaks and 1,157 cases, underscores the need for immediate action to control the outbreak and prevent further spread. Several factors may have contributed to the mumps outbreaks in India over the past decade. Absence of Mumps containing vaccine in the universal Immunization Programme of India is one of the main reason. Additionally, population density, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and gaps in surveillance and reporting mechanisms could have exacerbated the situation ( 2 ). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine healthcare services and surveillance activities may have also played a role in the resurgence of mumps cases in 2023 ( 4 ). Spatial analysis further enhances our understanding of mumps spread in India, identifying hot spots and clusters that indicate endemic areas. State-wise variations in mumps incidence highlight the heterogeneous nature of disease transmission, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions at the regional level. Public health strategies, including vaccination campaigns and public awareness initiatives, must be adapted to address these regional variations effectively. The regional variation in mumps outbreaks across states in India can be understood through a multifaceted lens, considering factors such as population density, vaccination coverage, socioeconomic disparities, climatic conditions, migration patterns, public health infrastructure, and cultural practices. Each of these factors plays a significant role in shaping the dynamics of mumps transmission within different regions of the country. The resurgence of mumps in India highlights the importance of comprehensive public health strategies. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of mumps prevention, emphasizing the need for the inclusion of mumps-containing vaccines, such as the MMR vaccine, in the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) of India ( 10 ). Strengthening mumps surveillance systems and implementing evidence-based interventions are crucial to effectively address outbreaks ( 11 ). Public health campaigns focusing on vaccination awareness and hygiene practices can also help reduce mumps transmission. The global context provided by the analysis of mumps cases across different regions underscores the need for concerted efforts to address the rising incidence of mumps worldwide. The Region of the Western pacific consistently reported higher mumps cases compared to other regions, highlighting ongoing transmission and the necessity for sustained vaccination efforts and surveillance (Fig. 3 ). Similarly, the African region reported significant mumps cases over the past 3–4 years, suggesting challenges in controlling mumps transmission that may be influenced by population density, travel patterns, and vaccination coverage gaps. Conclusion & Recommendation In conclusion, there is a significant surge in mumps cases in India over the last decade with concerning surge in 2023 that necessitates urgent public health action. The inclusion of mumps vaccination in the Universal Immunization Programme(UIP), along with targeted interventions and enhanced surveillance, is essential to control the spread of the disease. Addressing regional variations and implementing region-specific strategies are crucial steps in mitigating the impact of mumps outbreaks in India. Ongoing surveillance and adaptive responses are essential to monitor the dynamic nature of mumps incidence and prevent future outbreaks.. Collaboration between public health authorities, healthcare professionals, and communities is essential to mitigate the impact of mumps outbreaks and prevent future resurgence. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate As it was a secondary data analysis of data available in public domain, ethics approval was waived off by Institutional Ethics Committee, AIIMS, Gorakhpur, India. Clinical Trial Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and material The data generated and analyzed can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Competing interests None declared Funding Nil Authors' contributions MAB conceived the idea for the study. SG & MAB performed literature review and data extraction. MAB performed the data analysis and interpretation. SG wrote the first draft. Both authors approved the manuscript for submission. Acknowledgements Nil References Davison P, Morris J. Mumps. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/ IAP Position Paper on Burden of Mumps in India. and Vaccination Strategies [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.indianpediatrics.net/june2015/june-505-514.htm Pinkbook. Mumps | CDC [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/mumps.html Rana MS, Usman M, Alam MM, Tahir M, Ikram A, Zaidi SSZ, et al. The emergence of mumps after the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: Time to consider MMR vaccination strategies. J Infect. 2023;86(5):e133–4. Mumps - Annual Epidemiological. Report 2021 [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/mumps-annual-epidemiological-report-2021 Mumps. - number of reported cases [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/mumps---number-of-reported-cases Weekly Outbreaks:. Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme(IDSP) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 20]. Available from: https://idsp.mohfw.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1&level=0&linkid=406&lid=3689 CDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021 [cited 2024 Feb 11]. Mumps | Vaccination | CDC. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html Mumps Outbreaks in. Vaccinated Populations—Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 11]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7531022/ Prevention and control measures for mumps [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/mumps/prevention-and-control Mumps - Vaccine Preventable. Diseases Surveillance Manual | CDC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt09-mumps.html Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6128565","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":423767919,"identity":"d1620c9c-7068-4621-a4c3-efa38a564a95","order_by":0,"name":"MD. Abu Bashar","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4ElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgYeIHnAhoeNmfngAyALyGNsIEZLmhw/e1uyAVFaGCBaDhtL9pxRk4BoIQD4xM4e/PDjDHPihhs5bNU8NXfk+BmY2x7gdZh0XrJkzw02oJbcY7d5jj0zlmxgbDfAryXHQJrhAw9QS17abR62w4kbDjC2SRDQYvyb4YMEyGFmxTz/iNNiJs1wwwDkfTNm3jaitOSlWfacSQAHsuTcPmDQNRPQIj879/CNH8f+g6Pyw5tvh4F625/h1YICmEBxxMBMtHogYPxBiupRMApGwSgYMQAAfhhOQewPcvwAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"MD.","middleName":"Abu","lastName":"Bashar","suffix":""},{"id":423767920,"identity":"21a4826a-2be4-47b8-88ab-174a3fcf9b28","order_by":1,"name":"Sridevi Gnanasekaraan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Indira Gandhi Government Medical College \u0026 Hospital","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sridevi","middleName":"","lastName":"Gnanasekaraan","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-28 12:23:18","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128565/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128565/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":78249336,"identity":"ae0b44a4-5eb5-4abd-94b6-d53627ee1e63","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-11 09:47:17","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":245278,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea- Trend line showing number of mumps outbreaks from 2014 to 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb- Trend line showing number of Mumps cases reported in India from 2014 to 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128565/v1/91e1c8af100472274e1d874e.png"},{"id":78251712,"identity":"fd4f346c-6729-43fd-a44e-06d51cba43cf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-11 10:03:17","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":268579,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ea- State-wise distribution \u0026nbsp;of number of mumps cases reported in India, 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb- State-wise distribution of number of mumps outbreaks reported in India, 2023\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128565/v1/6b7d7fb61473518f7ec08615.png"},{"id":78250847,"identity":"aabbf05f-9ebc-4908-9a38-59c626489685","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-11 09:55:17","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":43821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHO region wise distribution of reported Mumps Cases, 2014-2022\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128565/v1/39a4369dee80f2d4f229f8c2.png"},{"id":106394633,"identity":"86653b29-0969-429e-8c2e-9753ae419c67","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-08 07:44:10","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":919906,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6128565/v1/1b535111-4e34-45ad-9072-8b7da6c3039d.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eMumps resurgence in India during the decade 2014-2023: A Trend and Geospatial Analysis\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMumps is a highly contagious childhood viral disease caused by a RNA paramyxovirus virus, and most commonly manifests as swelling of the parotid or other salivary glands. The virus spreads easily through respiratory droplets, arising from coughing, sneezing, or close contact with infected individuals. While children are primarily affected, adults who lack immunization or experience waning immunity can also be vulnerable. The classic symptoms involve swollen parotid glands, fever, fatigue, and muscle aches (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Typically, cases result in a self-limited illness, with individuals experiencing a complete spontaneous recovery. Most cases occur during late winter and early spring seasons. Complications such as orchitis, oophoritis, mastitis, pancreatitis, hearing loss, meningitis, and encephalitis can occur, particularly in young adult males (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Vaccinated individuals are less likely to experience complications compared to unvaccinated ones (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWorldwide from 1999 to 2019, an average of about 500,000 mumps cases were reported annually to the World Health Organization (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Over the past decade, mumps cases have shown a significant global surge. In South America, Argentina witnessed a surge from 74 cases in 2016 to 6,117 in 2022. Australia, representing Oceania region, exhibited an upward trend, rising from 187 cases in 2014 to 634 in 2018. Belgium in Europe experienced fluctuations but increased from 105 cases in 2015 to 183 in 2018. In North America, Colombia recorded a significant rise from 7,368 in 2018 to 15,125 in 2019. Iran reported a substantial surge, climbing from 867 in 2016 to 73,939 in 2022, highlighting a concerning trend in Asia (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) reported that for the year 2018, a total of 11,312 cases of mumps were reported by 28 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) Member States. This resulted in an overall notification rate of 2.6 cases per 100,000 population (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e). In South-East Asian regions, mumps cases have fluctuated over the years, with a notable increase in cases in 2020 (390 cases) compared to previous years (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). However, this region has experienced significant variability in reporting, possibly due to differing healthcare infrastructure and surveillance systems.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese examples underscore the urgent need for comprehensive strategies to address the rising global incidence of mumps. Similarly, in India, there has been a surge of mumps cases in the previous decade with reporting of multiple outbreaks from different parts of the country in 2023. The current analysis was carried out with the aim to comprehensively analyse the trend of mumps cases and outbreaks in India over the past decade (2014\u0026ndash;2023) with a particular emphasis on 2023.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eA secondary data analysis was performed to identify the trend of mumps cases and outbreaks in India over the last decade (2014-23). Data on mumps cases and outbreaks were extracted from the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) weekly outbreak reports (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e). The Integrated Disease Surveillance Program (IDSP), a decentralized State based disease surveillance system under National Health Mission collects data on 30 epidemic-prone diseases on a weekly basis (Monday\u0026ndash;Sunday). The weekly reports provides information on the outbreaks along with their geographical location and total number of cases. Whenever there is a rising trend of illnesses in any area, it is investigated by a Rapid Response Team (RRT) to diagnose and control the outbreak. Data analysis and actions are being undertaken by respective State/District Surveillance Units.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe weekly reports of IDSP was extracted for the period 1st January 2014 to 31st December 2023 from the IDSP website. The weekly outbreak reports from 1st week to 52 weeks were scanned to see the number of mumps cases and outbreaks and were entered in excel spreadsheets and tabulated. Descriptive analysis was performed to summarize the number of mumps cases and outbreaks in form of frequency table.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA trend-line was then plotted for number of mumps cases and outbreaks from 2014 to 2023 to see the temporal perspective on the dynamics of mumps over the specified 10-year period.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor the year 2023, a geospatial distribution analysis was performed using the Quantum Geographic Information System (QGIS) software version 2.18 to see the state wise distribution of mump cases and outbreaks during the year. Each state is represented on the map, with the different colour shade representing the number of reported cases, and outbreaks.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eTable \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e depicts the mumps outbreak data reported by the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India from 2014 to 2023. The number of outbreaks and total cases exhibited notable variations over the years, indicating dynamic shifts in mumps incidence. Notably, there was a surge in number of cases and outbreaks in 2015 and 2016, with 35 outbreaks and 801 cases reported in 2015 and 44 outbreaks and 834 cases in 2016 (Table \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). Although there was a decrease in the number of outbreaks in 2017 and 2018, the total number of cases remained substantial, indicating sustained mumps incidence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe absence of reported cases in 2021 raises questions about the completeness of surveillance data or potential changes in reporting practices possibly due to COVID-19. However, the resurgence in 2023, with 58 outbreaks and 1,157 cases, highlights an alarming increase in mumps incidence, emphasizing the need for renewed efforts in disease control and prevention.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear-wise distribution of outbreaks and total no. of of Mumps cases in India, 2014\u0026ndash;2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eYear\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNo. of outbreaks reported\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal no. of cases\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2014\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e369\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2015\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e801\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e834\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2017\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e463\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e439\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e715\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2020\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2021\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2022\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2023\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1157\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGrand Total\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e246\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1771\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe spatial distribution of mumps cases and outbreaks in India reported by the IDSP in 2023 is presented, along with the corresponding state-wise data (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003ea \u0026amp; \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003eb). Jammu and Kashmir recorded the highest number of outbreaks, with 476 reported cases spread across 22 outbreaks followed by Kerala and Karnataka. Kerala reported 86 cases distributed across 6 outbreaks,whereas Karnataka reported cases distributed across 6 outbreaks indicating significant mumps activity in the region.Meanwhile, states such as Himachal Pradesh, Chandigarh, Uttaranchal, and Delhi reported no cases or outbreaks during the year.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe present analysis of mumps outbreak data reported by the Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme (IDSP) in India from 2014 to 2023 revealed significant increase in the number of outbreaks and total cases over the decade. The mumps outbreak in India in 2023 reveals concerning trends that demand immediate attention from public health authorities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe surge in mumps cases and outbreaks observed in 2023 represents a significant departure from the absence of reported cases in 2021, underscoring the COVID-19 pandemic. This resurgence is particularly alarming given the potential for mumps-related complications, including orchitis and meningitis, especially among young adult males. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of mumps prevention, as evidenced by the lower likelihood of complications among vaccinated individuals(\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e). However, the resurgence of mumps in 2023 suggests potential gaps in vaccination coverage or waning immunity, highlighting the need for comprehensive vaccination strategies and booster doses to ensure sustained protection against mumps (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMumps primarily affects children and adolescents, presenting with parotiditis. Complications such as orchitis and meningitis can occur, especially in young adult males, and vaccination reduces the risk of complications. Globally, mumps cases have surged in the past decade, with notable increases in regions like South America, Australia, and Iran (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). In India, a similar trend is observed, with a distinct surge in cases reported over the past decade. The temporal analysis of mumps cases from 2014 to 2023 revealed distinct rise and falls, with notable increases in 2015, 2016, 2019 and 2023. These fluctuations may be influenced by various factors, including low vaccination coverage, population immunity, and healthcare-seeking behavior. The decrease in outbreaks in 2020 and the absence of reported outbreaks in 2021 can be attributed to the disruption of routine surveillance activities due to the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasizing the importance of maintaining robust surveillance systems even during times of crisis. The current surge in 2023, with 58 outbreaks and 1,157 cases, underscores the need for immediate action to control the outbreak and prevent further spread.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSeveral factors may have contributed to the mumps outbreaks in India over the past decade. Absence of Mumps containing vaccine in the universal Immunization Programme of India is one of the main reason. Additionally, population density, inadequate healthcare infrastructure, and gaps in surveillance and reporting mechanisms could have exacerbated the situation (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on routine healthcare services and surveillance activities may have also played a role in the resurgence of mumps cases in 2023 (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSpatial analysis further enhances our understanding of mumps spread in India, identifying hot spots and clusters that indicate endemic areas. State-wise variations in mumps incidence highlight the heterogeneous nature of disease transmission, emphasizing the need for tailored interventions at the regional level. Public health strategies, including vaccination campaigns and public awareness initiatives, must be adapted to address these regional variations effectively.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe regional variation in mumps outbreaks across states in India can be understood through a multifaceted lens, considering factors such as population density, vaccination coverage, socioeconomic disparities, climatic conditions, migration patterns, public health infrastructure, and cultural practices. Each of these factors plays a significant role in shaping the dynamics of mumps transmission within different regions of the country.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe resurgence of mumps in India highlights the importance of comprehensive public health strategies. Vaccination remains the cornerstone of mumps prevention, emphasizing the need for the inclusion of mumps-containing vaccines, such as the MMR vaccine, in the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) of India (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e). Strengthening mumps surveillance systems and implementing evidence-based interventions are crucial to effectively address outbreaks (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e). Public health campaigns focusing on vaccination awareness and hygiene practices can also help reduce mumps transmission.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe global context provided by the analysis of mumps cases across different regions underscores the need for concerted efforts to address the rising incidence of mumps worldwide. The Region of the Western pacific consistently reported higher mumps cases compared to other regions, highlighting ongoing transmission and the necessity for sustained vaccination efforts and surveillance (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, the African region reported significant mumps cases over the past 3\u0026ndash;4 years, suggesting challenges in controlling mumps transmission that may be influenced by population density, travel patterns, and vaccination coverage gaps.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion \u0026 Recommendation","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, there is a significant surge in mumps cases in India over the last decade with concerning surge in 2023 that necessitates urgent public health action. The inclusion of mumps vaccination in the Universal Immunization Programme(UIP), along with targeted interventions and enhanced surveillance, is essential to control the spread of the disease. Addressing regional variations and implementing region-specific strategies are crucial steps in mitigating the impact of mumps outbreaks in India. Ongoing surveillance and adaptive responses are essential to monitor the dynamic nature of mumps incidence and prevent future outbreaks.. Collaboration between public health authorities, healthcare professionals, and communities is essential to mitigate the impact of mumps outbreaks and prevent future resurgence.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/em\u003e As it was a secondary data analysis of data available in public domain, ethics approval was waived off by Institutional Ethics Committee, AIIMS, Gorakhpur, India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eClinical Trial\u003c/em\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/em\u003e Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAvailability of data and material\u003c/em\u003e The data generated and analyzed can be obtained from the\u0026nbsp;corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/em\u003e None declared\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFunding\u003c/em\u003e Nil\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/em\u003eMAB conceived the idea for the study. SG \u0026amp; MAB performed literature review and data extraction. MAB performed the data analysis and interpretation. SG wrote the first draft. Both authors approved the manuscript for submission.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eNil\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDavison P, Morris J. Mumps. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534785/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eIAP Position Paper on Burden of Mumps in India. and Vaccination Strategies [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.indianpediatrics.net/june2015/june-505-514.htm\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.indianpediatrics.net/june2015/june-505-514.htm\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePinkbook. Mumps | CDC [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/mumps.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/mumps.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRana MS, Usman M, Alam MM, Tahir M, Ikram A, Zaidi SSZ, et al. The emergence of mumps after the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan: Time to consider MMR vaccination strategies. J Infect. 2023;86(5):e133\u0026ndash;4.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMumps - Annual Epidemiological. Report 2021 [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/mumps-annual-epidemiological-report-2021\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/mumps-annual-epidemiological-report-2021\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMumps. - number of reported cases [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 9]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/mumps---number-of-reported-cases\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/mumps---number-of-reported-cases\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eWeekly Outbreaks:. Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme(IDSP) [Internet]. [cited 2024 Jan 20]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://idsp.mohfw.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1\u0026amp;level=0\u0026amp;linkid=406\u0026amp;lid=3689\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://idsp.mohfw.gov.in/index4.php?lang=1\u0026amp;level=0\u0026amp;linkid=406\u0026amp;lid=3689\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eCDC. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2021 [cited 2024 Feb 11]. Mumps | Vaccination | CDC. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/vaccination.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMumps Outbreaks in. Vaccinated Populations\u0026mdash;Is It Time to Re-assess the Clinical Efficacy of Vaccines? - PMC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 11]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7531022/\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7531022/\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003ePrevention and control measures for mumps [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/mumps/prevention-and-control\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/mumps/prevention-and-control\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMumps - Vaccine Preventable. Diseases Surveillance Manual | CDC [Internet]. [cited 2024 Feb 22]. Available from: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt09-mumps.html\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/surv-manual/chpt09-mumps.html\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Mumps, resurgence, IDSP, Trend, Geospatial, QGIS","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128565/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128565/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cem\u003e \u003c/em\u003eMumps, caused by the paramyxovirus, primarily affects children and adolescents and presents with parotiditis. Complications such as orchitis and meningitis can occur, especially in young adult males and vaccination reduces complications. Global mumps cases surged in the past decade, including regions like North and South America, Australia, and Iran. \u0026nbsp;In India, a recent surge in mumps cases was reported in 2023. The current analysis was performed to assess the burden and trend of mumps in India over the last decade and geographical variations in its burden across India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods \u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Using the weekly outbreak reports of Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme(IDSP) for the period of 2014 to 2023, number of mumps cases and outbreaks in India were plotted to see the trend of mumps disease in past 10 years. State wise spatial distribution of the number of mumps cases and outbreaks were also performed using QGIS for 2023 to ascertain geographical variation in mumps burden across India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults \u003c/strong\u003eDistinct peaks and troughs in mumps cases were observed, with notable increases in 2015, 2016, and 2019. Absence of reported cases in 2021 and a resurgence in 2023 were noted. Spatial analysis identified hot spots and clusters, indicating hyperendemic areas. State-wise wide variations were evident, with some states reported disproportionately higher number of outbreaks like Jammu and Kashmir. The impact of COVID-19 on mumps incidence was seen, with a decrease in 2020 and an increase in 2023.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusion \u003c/strong\u003eTotal number of mumps outbreaks and cases were reported to be highest in 2023 which is alarming and emphasizes the need for inclusion of mumps containing vaccine in form of MMR vaccine in the Universal immunization Programme (UIP) of India along with strengthening the mumps surveillance. These findings also underscore the importance of state-specific analyses and evidence-based interventions to address mumps outbreaks effectively in India.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eClinical trial number\u003c/strong\u003e: Not applicable\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Mumps resurgence in India during the decade 2014-2023: A Trend and Geospatial Analysis","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-11 09:47:12","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6128565/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"27fd6444-9e6c-4e6d-b650-9866e0c18c3f","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 11th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-08T07:43:39+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-11 09:47:12","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6128565","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6128565","identity":"rs-6128565","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}