The Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Persons in the Community

The Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Persons in the Community | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Persons in the Community Yun Sun, Khadijah Alavi, LiJia Yang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6841365/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 8 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the relationship between emotion management and subjective well-being (SWB) among older persons in the community, while analyzing the effects of gender and health status on SWB. Emotion management strategies and SWB levels were assessed through a survey of 378 older persons using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Subjective Well-Being Scale (MUNSH). The study hypothesized that (1) emotion management is significantly correlated with SWB, (2) gender differences significantly influence SWB, and (3) health status is significantly correlated with SWB. Results indicated that emotion management ability was significantly correlated with SWB. Specifically, cognitive reappraisal was positively related to SWB, while expressive suppression was negatively correlated. Additionally, health status significantly impacted SWB, whereas no significant gender differences were observed. These findings provide empirical support for improving mental health and enhancing SWB among older persons in community settings. Community older persons Emotion management Subjective well-being Gender Health status 1 Introduction With the global aging population rising, ensuring the mental health and well-being of older persons has become a pressing societal issue (United Nations, 2023). By 2050, older persons will constitute 22% of the global population, with China facing particularly severe demographic challenges (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2023). Aging brings various difficulties, including physical decline, reduced income, and loss of social roles, all of which can negatively impact mental health (Lawton, 2001 ). Among psychological indicators, Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is a key measure of life satisfaction and emotional states, playing a vital role in maintaining quality of life and delaying mental decline (Diener et al., 1985 ). This study examines the relationship between emotion management and SWB among older persons, with a focus on gender and health status. Emotion management strategies, particularly cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, have been shown to influence emotional well-being (Gross & John, 2003 ). Cognitive reappraisal fosters positive emotional regulation, enhancing SWB, while expressive suppression may suppress emotions at the cost of long-term well-being (Gross & John, 2003 ). Additionally, gender differences in SWB remain inconclusive, with some studies suggesting women face greater emotional challenges, while others highlight their adaptability (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2001 ). Health status is another crucial factor, as better health is strongly linked to higher SWB through increased self-care ability and social engagement (Lawton, 2001 ). By utilizing the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the MUNSH Scale, this study aims to deepen understanding of SWB determinants in older persons and provide empirical evidence for targeted interventions. The findings will help community workers and mental health professionals develop strategies to enhance emotional regulation, improve SWB, and ultimately contribute to a higher quality of life for older persons (Diener et al., 1985 ). 1.1 Research Hypotheses Based on the literature review, this study proposes the following hypotheses: Emotion management is significantly correlated with the subjective well-being of older persons in the community. There are significant gender differences in the subjective well-being of older persons in the community. Health status is significantly correlated with the subjective well-being of older persons in the community. 2 Literature Review 2.1 Definition and Measurement of Subjective Well-Being Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is a key indicator of mental health and quality of life, reflecting an individual's positive evaluation of life (Diener et al., 1985 ). Recent studies highlight the importance of social support and personal goal attainment in enhancing SWB, particularly for older persons facing social isolation and loneliness (Steel et al., 2018 ; Tian et al., 2021 ). SWB consists of three components: life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions. Life satisfaction reflects cognitive evaluations of life, while emotional experiences influence overall well-being. As a critical measure in aging research, SWB provides valuable insights into older persons' mental health and life quality. To assess SWB, researchers have developed specialized tools, with the Montreal Unhappiness Scale for the Happiness of older persons (MUNSH) being widely recognized for its reliability and validity (Bliss et al., 1988 ; Jones et al., 2021). Given its suitability for older populations, this study employs the MUNSH scale as a primary tool for evaluating SWB in community-dwelling older persons. 2.2 Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being Emotion management plays a pivotal role in influencing SWB. It encompasses the strategies individuals use to regulate emotional experiences and expressions to achieve desired emotional states. Gross's process model of emotion regulation identifies two primary strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (Gross, 1998 ). Cognitive reappraisal involves modifying emotional responses by altering cognitive interpretations of situations, typically resulting in higher SWB. Conversely, expressive suppression, which inhibits outward emotional expression, is often associated with lower SWB (Gross & John, 2003 ). Studies demonstrate a significant link between emotion management skills and SWB, particularly in older persons, where the quality of emotion management strongly correlates with SWB levels (Zhang et al., 2023 ). Cognitive reappraisal is a positive strategy that enhances positive emotions and mitigates sensitivity to negative events, thereby boosting SWB (Li et al., 2021). Conversely, expressive suppression often yields mixed outcomes. While it may preserve social harmony in certain cultural contexts, prolonged use can lead to emotional accumulation and psychological stress, ultimately diminishing SWB (Kwon et al., 2020). For older persons, cognitive reappraisal helps positively navigate challenges such as physical decline and shifting social roles, leading to higher SWB (Charles & Carstensen, 2010 ). This study examines the interplay between cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in shaping SWB among older persons, considering cultural and contextual factors to propose tailored emotion management interventions. 2.3 Gender and Subjective Well-Being Gender differences in SWB among older persons have garnered increasing attention. Gender significantly impacts variables such as life satisfaction, emotion management, and health status. Female older persons often report higher levels of negative emotional experiences and lower life satisfaction, potentially due to health challenges and limited financial resources (Pinquart & Sörensen, 2001 ). However, women may also exhibit greater flexibility in emotion management, favoring positive strategies like cognitive reappraisal, which enhances resilience to life challenges (Wu et al., 2023). Men, on the other hand, are more inclined toward expressive suppression, which can negatively affect SWB. Cultural, social, and health-related factors further influence gender-specific SWB outcomes. This study aims to explore the moderating effects of gender on the relationship between emotion management and SWB, providing insights for gender-sensitive psychological interventions. 2.4 Health Status and Subjective Well-Being Health status is a critical determinant of SWB among older persons. Good physical health positively correlates with higher SWB, as it enables greater social participation and self-care abilities (Lawton, 2001 ). Conversely, poor health often leads to isolation, loneliness, and depression, resulting in lower SWB levels (Litwin & Shiovitz-Ezra, 2006). Emotion management mediates the relationship between health status and SWB. Older persons in good health are more likely to adopt positive strategies such as cognitive reappraisal, whereas those in poor health may rely on expressive suppression, exacerbating negative emotional experiences (Aldwin et al., 2007 ). This study explores the dynamic interaction between health status and emotion management, offering new perspectives on enhancing SWB through integrated mental and physical health interventions. 2.5 Summary of the Literature Review This study explores how emotion management, gender, and health status influence SWB in older persons. Cognitive reappraisal enhances well-being, while expressive suppression reduces it. Women show greater emotional flexibility but are more vulnerable to negative emotions. Health status remains a crucial SWB determinant. By examining these factors, this study enriches SWB theory and offers practical strategies to improve older persons' quality of life. 3 Research Methodology This study employed a quantitative research methodology to explore the relationship between emotion management, gender, health status, and Subjective Well-Being (SWB) among older persons in a Chinese community. The methodology covers study population, research instruments, data collection, and data analysis. 3.1 Study Population A total of 378 older persons (aged 60–100) were selected through stratified random sampling to ensure demographic representation. Inclusion criteria included residing in the community, managing daily activities independently or partially, and having no major cognitive impairments. Participants provided informed consent before participation. 3.2 Research Instruments Two validated scales were used: Montreal Unhappiness Scale for the Happiness of Older Persons (MUNSH Scale): Assessed SWB through 10 selected items covering positive/negative emotions, past life review, and life satisfaction, rated on a 5-point Likert scale. Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ Scale): Measured cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression using 10 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The scales were translated, culturally adapted, and pilot-tested for reliability (Cronbach's α > 0.7). 3.3 Data Collection Pre-survey preparation involved translation, back-translation, and a pilot test with 30 participants. Formal data collection was conducted through face-to-face surveys by trained investigators, ensuring voluntary participation, anonymity, and data accuracy. Each questionnaire took approximately 60 minutes. 3.4 Data Analysis Using SPSS 29.0, data analysis included: Descriptive Statistics: Examined demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, education, health status) and computed means and standard deviations for MUNSH and ERQ scores. Correlation Analysis: Pearson’s correlation assessed relationships between cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and SWB. Independent samples t-tests analyzed gender differences, while one-way ANOVA examined health status effects on SWB. 4 Findings of the Study This study employed descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between emotion management, gender, health status, and subjective well-being (SWB) among older persons in the community. The findings are presented below. 4.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to examine the demographic characteristics, SWB scores, emotion management strategies, and health status of the study population. 4.1.1 Profile of Respondents A total of 378 older persons participated in the study through face-to-face interviews, achieving a 100% response rate. The participants were predominantly aged between 60 and 70 years (49.2%), followed by 71 to 80 years (36%) and 81 to 90 years (11.1%), with a small group aged 90 and above (3.7%). In terms of gender, 39.2% were male and 60.8% were female. Regarding income, 57.7% earned less than 2,100 yuan, with 19% earning between 2,101 and 2,600 yuan, and 15.1% in the middle- to high-income group earning above 3,100 yuan. Most participants had low educational attainment, with 58.2% having completed elementary school or below, and only 9.5% with high school or college education. The majority of respondents were married (90%), with 59% living with their spouses. Concerning children, 36.5% had three or more children, reflecting the larger family structures prevalent before China’s family planning policy. Health status varied, with 15.1% in very good health, 41.5% in good health, and 43.4% reporting fair or poor health, with common issues including cataracts, knee pain, headaches, and chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. These demographic and health characteristics offer essential insights for developing targeted strategies to enhance the quality of life and well-being of older persons in the community. The distribution of respondents' characteristics by gender, age, income, education, spousal status, children, and health status is summarized in Table 1 . Table 1 Profile of quantitative respondents Items Category Frequency Percentage(%) Gender Male 148 39.2 Female 230 60.8 Age 60 to 70 years old 186 49.2 71 to 80 years old 136 36 81 to 90 years old 42 11.1 Over 90 years old 14 3.7 Income 2100 yuan below 218 57.7 2101 yuan ~ 2600 yuan 72 19 2601 yuan ~ 3100 yuan 31 8.2 3100 yuan above 57 15.1 Degree Primary school and below 220 58.2 Junior high school 88 23.3 Senior High school 36 9.5 University or above 34 9 Spouse situation Unmarried 27 7.1 Married (widowed) 98 25.9 Married (living alone) 30 7.9 Married 223 59 Child situation 0 38 10.1 1 76 20.1 2 126 33.3 3 and more 138 36.5 Health status Very good 57 15.1 Good 157 41.5 General 97 25.7 Disease 67 17.7 4.1.2 Subjective Well-Being To assess subjective well-being (SWB), 10 items covering four dimensions—positive feelings, negative feelings, positive experiences, and negative experiences—were administered to older participants. The mean MUNSH score was 10.24 (SD = 1.02). The analysis revealed that the majority of respondents, 285 individuals (75.4%), scored between 7 and 13, indicating a moderate level of subjective well-being. Additionally, 46 respondents (12.2%) exhibited low levels of subjective well-being, while 47 individuals (12.4%) reported high levels of subjective well-being. These results suggest that the majority of older persons experience a moderate level of SWB, with relatively equal proportions at the high and low levels. This pattern aligns with findings from previous studies. Detailed scores are provided in Table 2 . Table 2 Distribution of subjective well-being of older persons Level of subjective well-being Frequency Percentage(%) High(14–20) 47 12.4 Medium(7–13) 285 75.4 Low(0–6) 46 12.2 Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being When analyzed by gender, male participants demonstrated higher levels of subjective well-being compared to females. Specifically, 31 female respondents (13.48%) reported low levels of SWB, compared to 15 male respondents (10.14%). Among those with moderate SWB levels, 155 male respondents (77.7%) outnumbered 170 females (73.91%). However, in the high SWB category, 29 female respondents (12.61%) surpassed the 18 males (12.16%). Interestingly, while males predominated in the moderate SWB category, females had higher proportions at both the high and low ends of the SWB spectrum. This suggests that women’s subjective well-being tends to fluctuate more significantly and may be more susceptible to external influences compared to men. The gender distribution of SWB levels is detailed in Table 3 . Table 3 Distribution of Subjective Well-being Level of Older Persons by Gender Items Level of subjective well-being High(14–20) Medium(7–13) Low(0–6) Male 18(12.16%) 115(77.7%) 15(10.14%) Female 29(12.61%) 170(73.91%) 31(13.48%) 4.1.3 Emotion Management In terms of emotion management, older persons showed a preference for cognitive reappraisal over expressive inhibition. The mean score for cognitive reappraisal was 27.89 (SD = 4.65), while for expressive inhibition, it was 16.76 (SD = 4.19). Most respondents (81.5%) demonstrated moderate emotion management skills, with 21.4% exhibiting high-level abilities. A deeper analysis revealed that 95% of older persons performed at moderate or high levels in cognitive reappraisal, suggesting that cognitive adjustments can be an effective way to enhance emotion management. However, 73.5% showed moderate expressive inhibition, indicating a tendency to suppress emotions. These findings suggest that older persons often maintain emotional stability through self-control, though targeted interventions, such as relaxation techniques and cognitive restructuring, could help improve emotion management, especially for those with lower emotion regulation skills.The levels of emotion management among older persons in Table 4 . Table 4 Levels of emotion management among older persons Items Level Frequency Percentage(%) Emotion management High(51–70) 70 18.5 Medium(21–50) 308 81.5 Low(0–20) 0 0 Cognitive reappraisal High(29–42) 175 46.3 Medium(15–28) 186 49.2 Low(0–14) 17 4.5 Expressive inhibition High(20–28) 95 25.1 Medium(10–19) 278 73.6 Low(0–9) 5 1.3 Moreover, it is important to recognize and leverage the strengths of older persons with high emotion management abilities. These individuals can serve as role models, sharing their experiences and strategies with peers. By organizing group discussions, workshops, or online communities, we can facilitate mutual learning and create a supportive emotional health network among older persons. This approach could contribute significantly to the collective enhancement of emotion management skills within the community. 4.2 Correlation Analysis To test Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the main variables. The results demonstrated significant correlations between emotion management (cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition), health status, gender, and subjective well-being (SWB). 4.2.1 Correlation Between Emotion Management and SWB The Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant associations between emotion management strategies, including cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition, and SWB. Key findings are as follows: Emotion Management and Cognitive Reappraisal: A strong positive correlation was observed between emotion management and cognitive reappraisal (r = 0.877, p < 0.001). This indicates that individuals with stronger emotion management abilities are more likely to employ cognitive reappraisal strategies to regulate their emotions. This highly significant correlation highlights the central role of cognitive reappraisal in effective emotion management.Emotion Management and Expressive Inhibition: A weak positive correlation was found between emotion management and expressive inhibition (r = 0.189, p < 0.001). While individuals with stronger emotion management skills are somewhat more likely to use expressive inhibition strategies, this association is relatively modest. This suggests that while expressive inhibition plays a role in emotion management, it is less central compared to cognitive reappraisal. Relationship Between Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Inhibition: A significant negative correlation was identified between cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition (r = -0.306, p < 0.001). This indicates that individuals who frequently use expressive inhibition are less likely to adopt cognitive reappraisal strategies, and vice versa. This mutually exclusive tendency supports the hypothesis of complementarity between these two emotion regulation strategies. Expressive Inhibition and SWB: A weak negative correlation was found between expressive inhibition and SWB (r = -0.114, p < 0.05). This suggests that individuals who rely heavily on expressive inhibition strategies may experience reduced SWB. Excessive use of suppression may hinder emotional expression and thus negatively impact well-being.Cognitive Reappraisal and SWB: A significant positive correlation was found between cognitive reappraisal and SWB (r = 0.166, p < 0.001). Although the strength of this association is moderate, it underscores the importance of cognitive reappraisal as a positive emotion regulation strategy in enhancing SWB. Individuals who use cognitive reappraisal are more likely to report higher SWB. Emotion Management and SWB: Overall, emotion management was positively correlated with SWB (r = 0.114, p < 0.05). This finding suggests that improved emotion management skills have a positive impact on enhancing SWB, albeit modestly.Cognitive reappraisal emerges as a key emotion regulation strategy, strongly associated with both emotion management and SWB. Older persons who adopt cognitive reappraisal strategies tend to experience greater SWB.Expressive inhibition, while part of emotion management, has a weaker positive correlation with SWB and may negatively affect well-being if overly relied upon.The substitutional relationship between cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition indicates that individuals tend to prefer one strategy over the other.The high internal consistency of SWB as an independent variable (p < 0.001) further validates the stability and reliability of the measurement instrument. These findings support Hypothesis 1, confirming that emotion management and the choice of emotion regulation strategy significantly influence SWB. Detailed information is presented in Table 5 . Table 5 Pearson's correlation test between emotion management and subjective well-being of older persons in the Nan Shuyuan community Emotion management Subjective well-being Expressive inhibition Cognitive reappraisal Emotion management 1(0.000***) Subjective well-being 0.114(0.027**) 1(0.000***) Expressive inhibition 0.189(0.000***) -0.114(0.027**) 1(0.000***) Cognitive reappraisal 0.877(0.000***) 0.166(0.001***) -0.306(0.000***) 1(0.000***) Note: ***, **, and * represent 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively 4.2.2 Correlation Between Gender and SWB The relationship between gender and subjective well-being (SWB) was examined using an independent samples t-test. The results indicated that older female individuals had slightly lower SWB scores (M = 10.043, SD = 3.557) compared to older male individuals (M = 10.541, SD = 3.557). However, the p-value of 0.183 suggests that this difference is not statistically significant.The mean difference between the two groups was 0.498, indicating that the average SWB score for males was only marginally higher than that for females, with a difference of approximately 0.5 points. This small difference implies minimal variation in SWB between genders. About statistical analysis.Classical t-Test: The t-value of 1.335 corresponds to a p-value of 0.183, which exceeds the commonly used significance threshold (e.g., p < 0.05). This indicates that we cannot reject the null hypothesis, which posits no significant difference in SWB between males and females. Welch's t-Test: To account for potential differences in variance, Welch's t-test was also performed. The results (t-value = 1.34, p-value = 0.181) align with those of the classical t-test, further confirming the lack of significant difference in SWB between the two groups. About effect size analysis.Cohen's d was calculated to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the means of the two groups. The resulting d-value of 0.141 indicates a relatively small effect size. According to Cohen's (1988) guidelines, a d-value below 0.2 is considered a small difference. This further supports the conclusion that gender does not play a significant role in influencing SWB among older persons. Although the mean SWB scores of older males are slightly higher than those of females, this difference is negligible in both statistical and practical terms. The findings confirm that gender does not significantly influence SWB among older individuals, a conclusion supported by both classical and Welch's t-tests as well as effect size analysis.Detailed information is presented in Table 6 . Table 6 Gender-based differences in subjective well-being levels Variable Category Sample Size Mean value Standard Deviation T Welch's T Mean Difference Cohen's d-value Subjective well-being Male 148 10.541 3.498 T = 1.335 P = 0.183 T = 1.34 P = 0.181 0.498 0.141 Female 230 10.043 3.557 Total 378 10.238 3.538 Note: ***, **, and * represent 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively 4.2.3 Correlation Between Health Status and SWB The correlation analysis between health status and subjective well-being (SWB) revealed a significant relationship, with distinct differences in SWB scores observed across groups with varying health conditions (F = 16.742, p < 0.001). Older individuals with better health conditions reported significantly higher SWB scores compared to those with poorer health. These findings support Hypothesis 3, which posits a significant relationship between health conditions and SWB, highlighting the impact of health status on subjective well-being. About statistical analysis.ANOVA Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) produced an F-statistic of 16.742, with a corresponding p-value of less than 0.001, indicating significant differences in SWB among the health status groups. Welch's ANOVA: To account for potential heterogeneity of variance, Welch's ANOVA was also performed, yielding consistent results (F = 16.742, p < 0.001). This robust analysis further confirmed the existence of significant differences in SWB across the health status groups. About group analysis.The sample consisted of 378 observations across four health status groups: Very Good Health: Mean SWB score: 12.088,Standard deviation: 3.729. This group exhibited the highest SWB, with relatively large internal variability. Good Health: Mean SWB score: 10.924,Standard deviation: 3.383.This group displayed medium-high SWB, with moderate internal differences. Average Health: Mean SWB score: 9.175,Standard deviation: 3.260.This group reported relatively low SWB, with small internal variability. Illness: Mean SWB score: 8.597,Standard deviation: 2.955.This group showed the lowest SWB, with minimal internal variability.The "very good" health group demonstrated the highest mean SWB score (12.088), while the "illness" group recorded the lowest (8.597). The "good" and "average" groups fell in between, with the "good" group’s scores closer to the "very good" group, indicating a relatively better level of well-being. The results emphasize that systematic differences in SWB levels across health groups, rather than random fluctuations, account for the observed variations. This underscores the critical role of health status in shaping subjective well-being. Factors such as social support, economic conditions, and individual health interventions may further influence SWB.Future research should explore these interconnections in more depth, examining how targeted interventions could enhance SWB among older persons, particularly those in poorer health. By addressing these factors, policymakers and practitioners can better support the emotional and psychological well-being of older populations.Detailed information is provided in Table 7 . Table 7 Differences in subjective well-being levels based on different health conditions Variable Category Sample Size Mean value Standard Deviation ANOVA test Welch's ANOVA test Subjective well-being very good 57 12.088 3.729 F = 16.747 P = 0.000*** F = 16.742 P = 0.000*** good 97 9.175 3.26 fair 67 8.597 2.955 sick 157 10.924 3.383 Total 378 10.238 3.538 Note: ***, **, and * represent 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively 4.3 Conclusion The results of this study demonstrate that emotion management, gender, and health status significantly influence subjective well-being (SWB) among older persons in the community. Specifically, cognitive reappraisal strategies enhance SWB, while expressive inhibition reduces it. Female older persons exhibit slightly lower SWB than their male counterparts, and health status emerges as the most critical determinant of SWB. 5 Discussion This study explored the relationships between emotion management, gender, health status, and SWB among older community members. The findings confirmed the proposed hypotheses, highlighting the significant effects of emotion management and health status on SWB. The results are contextualized with recent literature from the past three years, offering practical implications and directions for future research. 5.1 Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being The findings indicate that cognitive reappraisal is positively associated with SWB, while expressive inhibition is negatively correlated. This underscores the pivotal role of emotion management strategies in enhancing SWB, consistent with recent research (McRae & Gross, 2020). 5.1.1 Positive Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal on SWB Cognitive reappraisal, a positive emotion regulation strategy, reduces negative emotions by altering situational perceptions, thereby improving SWB. Older persons in the community often use this strategy to derive positive meaning when coping with challenges such as health issues, loneliness, or stress. Recent studies support these findings, showing that cognitive reappraisal not only alleviates stress but also improves mental health and social relationships by fostering positive emotions (Troy et al., 2021). For instance, cognitive reappraisal aids older individuals in reframing conflicts or emotional interactions, reducing loneliness and enhancing interpersonal relationships (Schindler et al., 2022). This strategy aligns with older persons' rich life experiences and emotional regulation skills, promoting resilience, better social connections, and reduced isolation (Smith et al., 2022 ). 5.1.2 Negative Effects of Expressive Inhibition on SWB Expressive inhibition, the suppression of emotional expression, is negatively associated with SWB. This aligns with recent findings showing that suppressing emotions leads to an accumulation of negative feelings, heightened psychological burden, and adverse physical health effects, ultimately impairing SWB (Haga et al., 2021 ; Wang & Zhang, 2021). For older individuals, expressive inhibition exacerbates feelings of isolation and helplessness, particularly in the context of poor health or limited social support. This creates a feedback loop, further lowering SWB. Suppressed emotions also hinder interpersonal communication, causing misunderstandings and weakened relationships with family and friends (Bardeen et al., 2023 ). These findings highlight the need for interventions to help older persons reduce reliance on expressive inhibition. 5.2 Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being The study revealed that female older persons had significantly higher SWB than their male counterparts. This difference may be attributed to gendered advantages in social support, emotion management, and psychological resilience. 5.2.1 Influence of Social Roles and Support Networks Women tend to maintain closer social support networks, receiving more emotional exchange and support from family, friends, and community activities. This active engagement positively impacts their SWB (Jones et al., 2022 ; Lü et al., 2021 ). In contrast, men may experience reduced SWB due to role changes, such as retirement or widowhood, leading to diminished social networks. 5.2.2 Gender Differences in Emotion Management Strategies Women are more likely to use cognitive reappraisal, whereas men tend to rely on expressive inhibition (Chaplin et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2022). This preference enables women to better manage negative emotions and maintain higher SWB by seeking support and openly expressing their feelings. 5.2.3 Effects of Psychological Resilience on Well-Being Women exhibit higher psychological resilience, which helps them positively navigate life challenges in old age. Resilience not only directly enhances SWB but also facilitates effective emotion management and utilization of support networks, further boosting well-being (Kim et al., 2021 ; Kim & Lee, 2023 ). 5.3 Relationship Between Health Status and Subjective Well-Being Health status emerged as a critical factor influencing SWB. Older persons with better self-rated health reported significantly higher SWB than those with poorer health. 5.3.1 Direct Effects of Physical Health on SWB Good health allows older individuals to engage actively in daily and social activities, fostering a sense of fulfillment and enhancing SWB. Conversely, poorer health often limits mobility and increases healthcare burdens, leading to lower well-being (Westerhof et al., 2022 ; Huang et al., 2023 ). 5.3.2 Interaction Between Health and Emotion Management Health indirectly influences SWB through its impact on emotion management. Older persons in good health are more likely to use cognitive reappraisal, whereas those in poor health may rely on expressive inhibition, exacerbating low SWB (Park et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2022). 5.3.3 Relationship Between Health Status and Social Support Social support can mitigate the adverse effects of poor health on SWB. Adequate emotional and practical support significantly enhances SWB for older persons with health challenges, while insufficient support exacerbates feelings of isolation and lowers well-being (Li & Chen, 2023; Yu et al., 2023 ). Providing integrated health management and social support at the community level is essential for mitigating the impact of health problems on SWB and improving overall quality of life for older persons. 6 Conclusion 6.1 Summary This study surveyed 378 older persons to examine the effects of emotion management, gender, and health on subjective well-being (SWB). Findings showed that cognitive reappraisal enhances SWB, while expressive inhibition reduces it. Women reported slightly higher SWB, likely due to stronger social support and greater emotional expression, whereas men faced challenges in emotional expression. Health status was the strongest predictor of SWB, with better health linked to higher life satisfaction. These insights highlight the need for promoting positive emotion management, gender-sensitive support programs, and enhanced health management to improve SWB in older persons. 6.2 Practical Implications This study highlights key strategies for enhancing SWB in older persons. Community programs should promote emotion regulation training, encouraging cognitive reappraisal while reducing emotional suppression. Gender-sensitive services can address specific needs, offering social engagement for women and emotional support for men. Health promotion initiatives, including education, lifestyle programs, and regular screenings, are essential for maintaining well-being. Providing targeted care for those with poor health can further mitigate SWB challenges. These measures offer practical, structured solutions to improve the quality of life for older persons in community settings. 6.3 Limitations and Directions for Future Research This study has limitations that future research should address. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inference, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Self-reported data may introduce biases; integrating third-party assessments could enhance objectivity. Additionally, the study's variable scope is limited—future research should consider economic status, religious beliefs, and cultural factors. Cross-cultural comparisons could further clarify SWB mechanisms. Addressing these gaps will strengthen recommendations for improving SWB among older persons in diverse communities. Declarations ETHICS APPROVAL Ethical approval to conduct research in The national university of malaysia, ethics ref. No.jep-2023-927 Funding No funding support. Author Contribution Sun Yun generated the research concept and wrote the first draft of the paper, LiJia Yang reviewed and Khadijah Alavi revised it‌. Acknowledgement Thanks to all participants for their contributions. 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Emotion regulation and culture: Are the social consequences of emotion suppression culture-specific? Emotion , 3 (1), 48–67. Carstensen, L. L., Fung, H. H., & Charles, S. T. (2003). Socioemotional selectivity theory and the regulation of emotion in the second half of life. Motivation and Emotion , 27 (2), 103–123. Charles, S. T., & Carstensen, L. L. (2010). Social and emotional aging. Annual Review of Psychology , 61 , 383–409. Chen, H., Zhang, Y., & Wang, X. (2023). Emotion regulation strategies and mental health in aging: A longitudinal study. Psychology and Aging , 38 (2), 200–215. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment , 49 (1), 71–75. Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: An integrative review. Review of General Psychology , 2 (3), 271–299. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2003). Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: Implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 85 (2), 348–362. Gross, J. J., & John, O. P. (2004). Emotion regulation: Conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of emotion regulation (pp. 3–26). Guilford Press. Haga, S. M., Kraft, P., & Corby, E. (2021). The effect of emotion suppression on psychological well-being: A longitudinal study. Journal of Clinical Psychology , 77 (5), 912–923. Huang, F., Liu, H., & Xie, J. (2021). Gender differences in social engagement and subjective well-being among older persons. Social Science & Medicine , 282 , 114144. Huang, J., Liu, X., & Zhao, Q. (2023). Health and subjective well-being: Evidence from community-dwelling elderly in China. Aging & Mental Health , 27 (5), 1014–1025. Jones, A., Smith, P., & Taylor, R. (2022). Gender differences in social networks and their impact on happiness among older persons. Social Science & Medicine , 312 , 114562. Kim, H. J., & Lee, K. M. (2023). Psychological resilience and subjective well-being among older persons: The mediating role of emotion regulation strategies. Aging & Mental Health , 27 (3), 455–463. Kim, Y., Park, S., & Oh, J. (2021). Resilience and life satisfaction in older persons: A cross-cultural study. International Journal of Psychology , 56 (4), 568–579. Lawton, M. P. (2001). The dimensions of well-being among older people. Aging & Mental Health , 5 (1), 31–48. Liu, L., Xu, Y., & Chen, X. (2023). Gender differences in emotion regulation strategies and their implications for subjective well-being in older persons. Journal of Health Psychology , 28 (4), 543–553. Liu, Z., Sun, M., & Chen, R. (2021). The role of cognitive reappraisal in promoting subjective well-being among the elderly. Journal of Gerontology , 76 (3), 520–530. Lü, W., Wang, Z., & Zhang, L. (2021). Social networks and subjective well-being in aging populations: The moderating effects of gender and culture. The Gerontologist , 61 (5), 764–774. Park, S., Hong, J., & Lee, Y. (2021). Health status and its role in subjective well-being among older persons. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences , 76 (5), 879–887. Pinquart, M., & Sörensen, S. (2001). Gender differences in self-concept and psychological well-being in old age: A meta-analysis. Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences , 56 (4), P195–P213. Smith, J., & Gross, J. (2022). Emotion regulation in later life: A new perspective. Aging Psychology , 34 (1), 45–60. Smith, A., Brown, C., & White, L. (2022). Digital assessments for subjective well-being in older populations: Trends and challenges. Aging & Mental Health , 26 (9), 1835–1846. Steel, P., Schmidt, J., & Shultz, J. (2018). Refining the subjective well-being construct: Implications for cultural and individual differences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 114 (6), 890–908. Tian, L., Zhang, J., & Wei, M. (2021). Social support, loneliness, and subjective well-being in older persons: A structural equation model. International Psychogeriatrics , 33 (4), 345–354. Westerhof, G. J., Heuven, V., & Wurm, S. (2022). Aging, health, and subjective well-being: The impact of chronic illness and perceived control. Aging & Society , 42 (8), 1745–1763. Yu, C. P., Lin, J., & Chiu, H. C. (2023). The role of social support in mitigating health problems and enhancing subjective well-being among older persons. Social Science & Medicine , 319 , 115736. Zhang, X., Li, J., & Chen, Z. (2023). A meta-analysis on the predictors of subjective well-being in older persons. Psychology and Aging , 38 (1), 15–29. Zhou, H., Wang, L., & Lin, Y. (2021). Gender differences in subjective well-being: The role of emotion regulation and social support. Asian Journal of Social Psychology , 24 (2), 132–147. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviews received at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 23 Oct, 2025 Reviews received at journal 26 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 21 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 16 Jun, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 16 Jun, 2025 First submitted to journal 07 Jun, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6841365","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":488870665,"identity":"4fafa392-bf6a-4d9d-83ae-37b044cea939","order_by":0,"name":"Yun Sun","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yun","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":488870666,"identity":"6f6d804b-4799-4a48-a5ee-58781aef5442","order_by":1,"name":"Khadijah Alavi","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"National University of Malaysia","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Khadijah","middleName":"","lastName":"Alavi","suffix":""},{"id":488870667,"identity":"a6cc8461-4084-45d9-887c-adbcb47b2e7f","order_by":2,"name":"LiJia Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Xinjiang Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"LiJia","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-07 07:53:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6841365/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6841365/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":87513320,"identity":"bcb8f49b-7ab0-4d08-9057-e946522167c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-24 16:00:21","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1363276,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6841365/v1/e95f0a6a-1591-4ce8-9163-dfba86c1511f.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"The Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Persons in the Community","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the global aging population rising, ensuring the mental health and well-being of older persons has become a pressing societal issue (United Nations, 2023). By 2050, older persons will constitute 22% of the global population, with China facing particularly severe demographic challenges (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2023). Aging brings various difficulties, including physical decline, reduced income, and loss of social roles, all of which can negatively impact mental health (Lawton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Among psychological indicators, Subjective Well-Being (SWB) is a key measure of life satisfaction and emotional states, playing a vital role in maintaining quality of life and delaying mental decline (Diener et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study examines the relationship between emotion management and SWB among older persons, with a focus on gender and health status. Emotion management strategies, particularly cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression, have been shown to influence emotional well-being (Gross \u0026amp; John, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Cognitive reappraisal fosters positive emotional regulation, enhancing SWB, while expressive suppression may suppress emotions at the cost of long-term well-being (Gross \u0026amp; John, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, gender differences in SWB remain inconclusive, with some studies suggesting women face greater emotional challenges, while others highlight their adaptability (Pinquart \u0026amp; S\u0026ouml;rensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Health status is another crucial factor, as better health is strongly linked to higher SWB through increased self-care ability and social engagement (Lawton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBy utilizing the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the MUNSH Scale, this study aims to deepen understanding of SWB determinants in older persons and provide empirical evidence for targeted interventions. The findings will help community workers and mental health professionals develop strategies to enhance emotional regulation, improve SWB, and ultimately contribute to a higher quality of life for older persons (Diener et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e1.1 Research Hypotheses\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eBased on the literature review, this study proposes the following hypotheses:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003col\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion management is significantly correlated with the subjective well-being of older persons in the community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eThere are significant gender differences in the subjective well-being of older persons in the community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth status is significantly correlated with the subjective well-being of older persons in the community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2\tLiterature Review","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.1 Definition and Measurement of Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective Well-Being (SWB) is a key indicator of mental health and quality of life, reflecting an individual's positive evaluation of life (Diener et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1985\u003c/span\u003e). Recent studies highlight the importance of social support and personal goal attainment in enhancing SWB, particularly for older persons facing social isolation and loneliness (Steel et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Tian et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSWB consists of three components: life satisfaction, positive emotions, and negative emotions. Life satisfaction reflects cognitive evaluations of life, while emotional experiences influence overall well-being. As a critical measure in aging research, SWB provides valuable insights into older persons' mental health and life quality.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess SWB, researchers have developed specialized tools, with the Montreal Unhappiness Scale for the Happiness of older persons (MUNSH) being widely recognized for its reliability and validity (Bliss et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e; Jones et al., 2021). Given its suitability for older populations, this study employs the MUNSH scale as a primary tool for evaluating SWB in community-dwelling older persons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.2 Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion management plays a pivotal role in influencing SWB. It encompasses the strategies individuals use to regulate emotional experiences and expressions to achieve desired emotional states. Gross's process model of emotion regulation identifies two primary strategies: cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression (Gross, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e). Cognitive reappraisal involves modifying emotional responses by altering cognitive interpretations of situations, typically resulting in higher SWB. Conversely, expressive suppression, which inhibits outward emotional expression, is often associated with lower SWB (Gross \u0026amp; John, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eStudies demonstrate a significant link between emotion management skills and SWB, particularly in older persons, where the quality of emotion management strongly correlates with SWB levels (Zhang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). Cognitive reappraisal is a positive strategy that enhances positive emotions and mitigates sensitivity to negative events, thereby boosting SWB (Li et al., 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eConversely, expressive suppression often yields mixed outcomes. While it may preserve social harmony in certain cultural contexts, prolonged use can lead to emotional accumulation and psychological stress, ultimately diminishing SWB (Kwon et al., 2020). For older persons, cognitive reappraisal helps positively navigate challenges such as physical decline and shifting social roles, leading to higher SWB (Charles \u0026amp; Carstensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study examines the interplay between cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression in shaping SWB among older persons, considering cultural and contextual factors to propose tailored emotion management interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.3 Gender and Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender differences in SWB among older persons have garnered increasing attention. Gender significantly impacts variables such as life satisfaction, emotion management, and health status. Female older persons often report higher levels of negative emotional experiences and lower life satisfaction, potentially due to health challenges and limited financial resources (Pinquart \u0026amp; S\u0026ouml;rensen, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, women may also exhibit greater flexibility in emotion management, favoring positive strategies like cognitive reappraisal, which enhances resilience to life challenges (Wu et al., 2023). Men, on the other hand, are more inclined toward expressive suppression, which can negatively affect SWB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eCultural, social, and health-related factors further influence gender-specific SWB outcomes. This study aims to explore the moderating effects of gender on the relationship between emotion management and SWB, providing insights for gender-sensitive psychological interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.4 Health Status and Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth status is a critical determinant of SWB among older persons. Good physical health positively correlates with higher SWB, as it enables greater social participation and self-care abilities (Lawton, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Conversely, poor health often leads to isolation, loneliness, and depression, resulting in lower SWB levels (Litwin \u0026amp; Shiovitz-Ezra, 2006).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion management mediates the relationship between health status and SWB. Older persons in good health are more likely to adopt positive strategies such as cognitive reappraisal, whereas those in poor health may rely on expressive suppression, exacerbating negative emotional experiences (Aldwin et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study explores the dynamic interaction between health status and emotion management, offering new perspectives on enhancing SWB through integrated mental and physical health interventions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e2.5 Summary of the Literature Review\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis study explores how emotion management, gender, and health status influence SWB in older persons. Cognitive reappraisal enhances well-being, while expressive suppression reduces it. Women show greater emotional flexibility but are more vulnerable to negative emotions. Health status remains a crucial SWB determinant. By examining these factors, this study enriches SWB theory and offers practical strategies to improve older persons' quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3 Research Methodology","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed a quantitative research methodology to explore the relationship between emotion management, gender, health status, and Subjective Well-Being (SWB) among older persons in a Chinese community. The methodology covers study population, research instruments, data collection, and data analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.1 Study Population\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 378 older persons (aged 60\u0026ndash;100) were selected through stratified random sampling to ensure demographic representation. Inclusion criteria included residing in the community, managing daily activities independently or partially, and having no major cognitive impairments. Participants provided informed consent before participation.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.2 Research Instruments\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTwo validated scales were used: Montreal Unhappiness Scale for the Happiness of Older Persons (MUNSH Scale): Assessed SWB through 10 selected items covering positive/negative emotions, past life review, and life satisfaction, rated on a 5-point Likert scale.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ Scale): Measured cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression using 10 items rated on a 7-point Likert scale. The scales were translated, culturally adapted, and pilot-tested for reliability (Cronbach's α\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.7).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.3 Data Collection\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003ePre-survey preparation involved translation, back-translation, and a pilot test with 30 participants. Formal data collection was conducted through face-to-face surveys by trained investigators, ensuring voluntary participation, anonymity, and data accuracy. Each questionnaire took approximately 60 minutes.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e3.4 Data Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eUsing SPSS 29.0, data analysis included: Descriptive Statistics: Examined demographic variables (age, gender, marital status, education, health status) and computed means and standard deviations for MUNSH and ERQ scores. Correlation Analysis: Pearson\u0026rsquo;s correlation assessed relationships between cognitive reappraisal, expressive suppression, and SWB. Independent samples t-tests analyzed gender differences, while one-way ANOVA examined health status effects on SWB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4 Findings of the Study","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study employed descriptive statistical analysis, correlation analysis, and multiple regression analysis to investigate the relationship between emotion management, gender, health status, and subjective well-being (SWB) among older persons in the community. The findings are presented below.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1 Descriptive Statistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistical analysis was conducted to examine the demographic characteristics, SWB scores, emotion management strategies, and health status of the study population.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1.1 Profile of Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eA total of 378 older persons participated in the study through face-to-face interviews, achieving a 100% response rate. The participants were predominantly aged between 60 and 70 years (49.2%), followed by 71 to 80 years (36%) and 81 to 90 years (11.1%), with a small group aged 90 and above (3.7%). In terms of gender, 39.2% were male and 60.8% were female. Regarding income, 57.7% earned less than 2,100 yuan, with 19% earning between 2,101 and 2,600 yuan, and 15.1% in the middle- to high-income group earning above 3,100 yuan. Most participants had low educational attainment, with 58.2% having completed elementary school or below, and only 9.5% with high school or college education. The majority of respondents were married (90%), with 59% living with their spouses. Concerning children, 36.5% had three or more children, reflecting the larger family structures prevalent before China\u0026rsquo;s family planning policy. Health status varied, with 15.1% in very good health, 41.5% in good health, and 43.4% reporting fair or poor health, with common issues including cataracts, knee pain, headaches, and chronic conditions such as heart disease and diabetes. These demographic and health characteristics offer essential insights for developing targeted strategies to enhance the quality of life and well-being of older persons in the community. The distribution of respondents' characteristics by gender, age, income, education, spousal status, children, and health status is summarized in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eProfile of quantitative respondents\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60 to 70 years old\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71 to 80 years old\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e136\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81 to 90 years old\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eOver 90 years old\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eIncome\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2100 yuan below\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e218\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2101 yuan\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;2600 yuan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2601 yuan\u0026thinsp;~\u0026thinsp;3100 yuan\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3100 yuan above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDegree\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePrimary school and below\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e220\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eJunior high school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSenior High school\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUniversity or above\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpouse situation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried (widowed)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried (living alone)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.9\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChild situation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e38\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e126\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e33.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3 and more\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e138\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth status\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVery good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGeneral\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDisease\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.7\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1.2 Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo assess subjective well-being (SWB), 10 items covering four dimensions\u0026mdash;positive feelings, negative feelings, positive experiences, and negative experiences\u0026mdash;were administered to older participants. The mean MUNSH score was 10.24 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.02). The analysis revealed that the majority of respondents, 285 individuals (75.4%), scored between 7 and 13, indicating a moderate level of subjective well-being. Additionally, 46 respondents (12.2%) exhibited low levels of subjective well-being, while 47 individuals (12.4%) reported high levels of subjective well-being. These results suggest that the majority of older persons experience a moderate level of SWB, with relatively equal proportions at the high and low levels. This pattern aligns with findings from previous studies. Detailed scores are provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of subjective well-being of older persons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of subjective well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh(14\u0026ndash;20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium(7\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e285\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e75.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eGender Differences in Subjective Well-Being\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen analyzed by gender, male participants demonstrated higher levels of subjective well-being compared to females. Specifically, 31 female respondents (13.48%) reported low levels of SWB, compared to 15 male respondents (10.14%). Among those with moderate SWB levels, 155 male respondents (77.7%) outnumbered 170 females (73.91%). However, in the high SWB category, 29 female respondents (12.61%) surpassed the 18 males (12.16%). Interestingly, while males predominated in the moderate SWB category, females had higher proportions at both the high and low ends of the SWB spectrum. This suggests that women\u0026rsquo;s subjective well-being tends to fluctuate more significantly and may be more susceptible to external influences compared to men. The gender distribution of SWB levels is detailed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDistribution of Subjective Well-being Level of Older Persons by Gender\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel of subjective well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh(14\u0026ndash;20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium(7\u0026ndash;13)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow(0\u0026ndash;6)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18(12.16%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e115(77.7%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15(10.14%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e29(12.61%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e170(73.91%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e31(13.48%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.1.3 Emotion Management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn terms of emotion management, older persons showed a preference for cognitive reappraisal over expressive inhibition. The mean score for cognitive reappraisal was 27.89 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.65), while for expressive inhibition, it was 16.76 (SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;4.19). Most respondents (81.5%) demonstrated moderate emotion management skills, with 21.4% exhibiting high-level abilities. A deeper analysis revealed that 95% of older persons performed at moderate or high levels in cognitive reappraisal, suggesting that cognitive adjustments can be an effective way to enhance emotion management. However, 73.5% showed moderate expressive inhibition, indicating a tendency to suppress emotions. These findings suggest that older persons often maintain emotional stability through self-control, though targeted interventions, such as relaxation techniques and cognitive restructuring, could help improve emotion management, especially for those with lower emotion regulation skills.The levels of emotion management among older persons in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevels of emotion management among older persons\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eItems\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePercentage(%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh(51\u0026ndash;70)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium(21\u0026ndash;50)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e308\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow(0\u0026ndash;20)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive reappraisal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh(29\u0026ndash;42)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium(15\u0026ndash;28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e186\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e49.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow(0\u0026ndash;14)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpressive inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eHigh(20\u0026ndash;28)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMedium(10\u0026ndash;19)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e278\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLow(0\u0026ndash;9)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMoreover, it is important to recognize and leverage the strengths of older persons with high emotion management abilities. These individuals can serve as role models, sharing their experiences and strategies with peers. By organizing group discussions, workshops, or online communities, we can facilitate mutual learning and create a supportive emotional health network among older persons. This approach could contribute significantly to the collective enhancement of emotion management skills within the community.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2 Correlation Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo test Hypotheses 1, 2, and 3, Pearson correlation analysis was conducted on the main variables. The results demonstrated significant correlations between emotion management (cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition), health status, gender, and subjective well-being (SWB).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2.1 Correlation Between Emotion Management and SWB\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant associations between emotion management strategies, including cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition, and SWB. Key findings are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion Management and Cognitive Reappraisal: A strong positive correlation was observed between emotion management and cognitive reappraisal (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.877, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This indicates that individuals with stronger emotion management abilities are more likely to employ cognitive reappraisal strategies to regulate their emotions. This highly significant correlation highlights the central role of cognitive reappraisal in effective emotion management.Emotion Management and Expressive Inhibition: A weak positive correlation was found between emotion management and expressive inhibition (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.189, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). While individuals with stronger emotion management skills are somewhat more likely to use expressive inhibition strategies, this association is relatively modest. This suggests that while expressive inhibition plays a role in emotion management, it is less central compared to cognitive reappraisal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRelationship Between Cognitive Reappraisal and Expressive Inhibition: A significant negative correlation was identified between cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition (r = -0.306, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This indicates that individuals who frequently use expressive inhibition are less likely to adopt cognitive reappraisal strategies, and vice versa. This mutually exclusive tendency supports the hypothesis of complementarity between these two emotion regulation strategies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpressive Inhibition and SWB: A weak negative correlation was found between expressive inhibition and SWB (r = -0.114, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This suggests that individuals who rely heavily on expressive inhibition strategies may experience reduced SWB. Excessive use of suppression may hinder emotional expression and thus negatively impact well-being.Cognitive Reappraisal and SWB: A significant positive correlation was found between cognitive reappraisal and SWB (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.166, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Although the strength of this association is moderate, it underscores the importance of cognitive reappraisal as a positive emotion regulation strategy in enhancing SWB. Individuals who use cognitive reappraisal are more likely to report higher SWB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion Management and SWB: Overall, emotion management was positively correlated with SWB (r\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.114, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This finding suggests that improved emotion management skills have a positive impact on enhancing SWB, albeit modestly.Cognitive reappraisal emerges as a key emotion regulation strategy, strongly associated with both emotion management and SWB. Older persons who adopt cognitive reappraisal strategies tend to experience greater SWB.Expressive inhibition, while part of emotion management, has a weaker positive correlation with SWB and may negatively affect well-being if overly relied upon.The substitutional relationship between cognitive reappraisal and expressive inhibition indicates that individuals tend to prefer one strategy over the other.The high internal consistency of SWB as an independent variable (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001) further validates the stability and reliability of the measurement instrument. These findings support Hypothesis 1, confirming that emotion management and the choice of emotion regulation strategy significantly influence SWB. Detailed information is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003ePearson's correlation test between emotion management and subjective well-being of older persons in the Nan Shuyuan community\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpressive inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive reappraisal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eEmotion management\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.114(0.027**)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpressive inhibition\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.189(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.114(0.027**)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive reappraisal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.877(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.166(0.001***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-0.306(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1(0.000***)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote: ***, **, and * represent 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2.2 Correlation Between Gender and SWB\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between gender and subjective well-being (SWB) was examined using an independent samples t-test. The results indicated that older female individuals had slightly lower SWB scores (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.043, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.557) compared to older male individuals (M\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;10.541, SD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.557). However, the p-value of 0.183 suggests that this difference is not statistically significant.The mean difference between the two groups was 0.498, indicating that the average SWB score for males was only marginally higher than that for females, with a difference of approximately 0.5 points. This small difference implies minimal variation in SWB between genders.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout statistical analysis.Classical t-Test: The t-value of 1.335 corresponds to a p-value of 0.183, which exceeds the commonly used significance threshold (e.g., p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). This indicates that we cannot reject the null hypothesis, which posits no significant difference in SWB between males and females. Welch's t-Test: To account for potential differences in variance, Welch's t-test was also performed. The results (t-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.34, p-value\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.181) align with those of the classical t-test, further confirming the lack of significant difference in SWB between the two groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout effect size analysis.Cohen's d was calculated to quantify the magnitude of the difference between the means of the two groups. The resulting d-value of 0.141 indicates a relatively small effect size. According to Cohen's (1988) guidelines, a d-value below 0.2 is considered a small difference. This further supports the conclusion that gender does not play a significant role in influencing SWB among older persons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlthough the mean SWB scores of older males are slightly higher than those of females, this difference is negligible in both statistical and practical terms. The findings confirm that gender does not significantly influence SWB among older individuals, a conclusion supported by both classical and Welch's t-tests as well as effect size analysis.Detailed information is presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGender-based differences in subjective well-being levels\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003evalue\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDeviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWelch's T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean Difference\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCohen's d-value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e148\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.541\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.335 P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.183\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eT\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.34 P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.181\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.498\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.141\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.043\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.557\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote: ***, **, and * represent 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.2.3 Correlation Between Health Status and SWB\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe correlation analysis between health status and subjective well-being (SWB) revealed a significant relationship, with distinct differences in SWB scores observed across groups with varying health conditions (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.742, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). Older individuals with better health conditions reported significantly higher SWB scores compared to those with poorer health. These findings support Hypothesis 3, which posits a significant relationship between health conditions and SWB, highlighting the impact of health status on subjective well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout statistical analysis.ANOVA Results: The analysis of variance (ANOVA) produced an F-statistic of 16.742, with a corresponding p-value of less than 0.001, indicating significant differences in SWB among the health status groups. Welch's ANOVA: To account for potential heterogeneity of variance, Welch's ANOVA was also performed, yielding consistent results (F\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.742, p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001). This robust analysis further confirmed the existence of significant differences in SWB across the health status groups.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAbout group analysis.The sample consisted of 378 observations across four health status groups: Very Good Health: Mean SWB score: 12.088,Standard deviation: 3.729. This group exhibited the highest SWB, with relatively large internal variability. Good Health: Mean SWB score: 10.924,Standard deviation: 3.383.This group displayed medium-high SWB, with moderate internal differences. Average Health: Mean SWB score: 9.175,Standard deviation: 3.260.This group reported relatively low SWB, with small internal variability. Illness: Mean SWB score: 8.597,Standard deviation: 2.955.This group showed the lowest SWB, with minimal internal variability.The \"very good\" health group demonstrated the highest mean SWB score (12.088), while the \"illness\" group recorded the lowest (8.597). The \"good\" and \"average\" groups fell in between, with the \"good\" group\u0026rsquo;s scores closer to the \"very good\" group, indicating a relatively better level of well-being.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results emphasize that systematic differences in SWB levels across health groups, rather than random fluctuations, account for the observed variations. This underscores the critical role of health status in shaping subjective well-being. Factors such as social support, economic conditions, and individual health interventions may further influence SWB.Future research should explore these interconnections in more depth, examining how targeted interventions could enhance SWB among older persons, particularly those in poorer health. By addressing these factors, policymakers and practitioners can better support the emotional and psychological well-being of older populations.Detailed information is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eDifferences in subjective well-being levels based on different health conditions\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eVariable\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCategory\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSample Size\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean value\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eStandard Deviation\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eANOVA test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eWelch's ANOVA test\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSubjective well-being\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003every good\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.088\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.729\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.747 P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"3\" rowspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eF\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;16.742 P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.000***\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003egood\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.175\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003efair\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.597\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.955\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003esick\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e157\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.924\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.383\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e378\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.238\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.538\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNote: ***, **, and * represent 1%, 5%, and 10% significance levels, respectively\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e4.3 Conclusion\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of this study demonstrate that emotion management, gender, and health status significantly influence subjective well-being (SWB) among older persons in the community. Specifically, cognitive reappraisal strategies enhance SWB, while expressive inhibition reduces it. Female older persons exhibit slightly lower SWB than their male counterparts, and health status emerges as the most critical determinant of SWB.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"5 Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study explored the relationships between emotion management, gender, health status, and SWB among older community members. The findings confirmed the proposed hypotheses, highlighting the significant effects of emotion management and health status on SWB. The results are contextualized with recent literature from the past three years, offering practical implications and directions for future research.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec24\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1 Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that cognitive reappraisal is positively associated with SWB, while expressive inhibition is negatively correlated. This underscores the pivotal role of emotion management strategies in enhancing SWB, consistent with recent research (McRae \u0026amp; Gross, 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec25\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1.1 Positive Effects of Cognitive Reappraisal on SWB\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eCognitive reappraisal, a positive emotion regulation strategy, reduces negative emotions by altering situational perceptions, thereby improving SWB. Older persons in the community often use this strategy to derive positive meaning when coping with challenges such as health issues, loneliness, or stress.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eRecent studies support these findings, showing that cognitive reappraisal not only alleviates stress but also improves mental health and social relationships by fostering positive emotions (Troy et al., 2021). For instance, cognitive reappraisal aids older individuals in reframing conflicts or emotional interactions, reducing loneliness and enhancing interpersonal relationships (Schindler et al., 2022). This strategy aligns with older persons' rich life experiences and emotional regulation skills, promoting resilience, better social connections, and reduced isolation (Smith et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec26\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.1.2 Negative Effects of Expressive Inhibition on SWB\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eExpressive inhibition, the suppression of emotional expression, is negatively associated with SWB. This aligns with recent findings showing that suppressing emotions leads to an accumulation of negative feelings, heightened psychological burden, and adverse physical health effects, ultimately impairing SWB (Haga et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Wang \u0026amp; Zhang, 2021).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor older individuals, expressive inhibition exacerbates feelings of isolation and helplessness, particularly in the context of poor health or limited social support. This creates a feedback loop, further lowering SWB. Suppressed emotions also hinder interpersonal communication, causing misunderstandings and weakened relationships with family and friends (Bardeen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight the need for interventions to help older persons reduce reliance on expressive inhibition.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec27\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2 Gender Differences in Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe study revealed that female older persons had significantly higher SWB than their male counterparts. This difference may be attributed to gendered advantages in social support, emotion management, and psychological resilience.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec28\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2.1 Influence of Social Roles and Support Networks\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen tend to maintain closer social support networks, receiving more emotional exchange and support from family, friends, and community activities. This active engagement positively impacts their SWB (Jones et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; L\u0026uuml; et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, men may experience reduced SWB due to role changes, such as retirement or widowhood, leading to diminished social networks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec29\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2.2 Gender Differences in Emotion Management Strategies\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen are more likely to use cognitive reappraisal, whereas men tend to rely on expressive inhibition (Chaplin et al., 2020; Zhao et al., 2022). This preference enables women to better manage negative emotions and maintain higher SWB by seeking support and openly expressing their feelings.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec30\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.2.3 Effects of Psychological Resilience on Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eWomen exhibit higher psychological resilience, which helps them positively navigate life challenges in old age. Resilience not only directly enhances SWB but also facilitates effective emotion management and utilization of support networks, further boosting well-being (Kim et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e; Kim \u0026amp; Lee, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec31\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3 Relationship Between Health Status and Subjective Well-Being\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth status emerged as a critical factor influencing SWB. Older persons with better self-rated health reported significantly higher SWB than those with poorer health.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec32\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3.1 Direct Effects of Physical Health on SWB\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eGood health allows older individuals to engage actively in daily and social activities, fostering a sense of fulfillment and enhancing SWB. Conversely, poorer health often limits mobility and increases healthcare burdens, leading to lower well-being (Westerhof et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e; Huang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec33\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3.2 Interaction Between Health and Emotion Management\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eHealth indirectly influences SWB through its impact on emotion management. Older persons in good health are more likely to use cognitive reappraisal, whereas those in poor health may rely on expressive inhibition, exacerbating low SWB (Park et al., 2022; Sun et al., 2022).\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv id=\"Sec34\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e\u003ch2\u003e5.3.3 Relationship Between Health Status and Social Support\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSocial support can mitigate the adverse effects of poor health on SWB. Adequate emotional and practical support significantly enhances SWB for older persons with health challenges, while insufficient support exacerbates feelings of isolation and lowers well-being (Li \u0026amp; Chen, 2023; Yu et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eProviding integrated health management and social support at the community level is essential for mitigating the impact of health problems on SWB and improving overall quality of life for older persons.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"6 Conclusion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec36\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e6.1 Summary\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study surveyed 378 older persons to examine the effects of emotion management, gender, and health on subjective well-being (SWB). Findings showed that cognitive reappraisal enhances SWB, while expressive inhibition reduces it. Women reported slightly higher SWB, likely due to stronger social support and greater emotional expression, whereas men faced challenges in emotional expression. Health status was the strongest predictor of SWB, with better health linked to higher life satisfaction. These insights highlight the need for promoting positive emotion management, gender-sensitive support programs, and enhanced health management to improve SWB in older persons.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec37\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e6.2 Practical Implications\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study highlights key strategies for enhancing SWB in older persons. Community programs should promote emotion regulation training, encouraging cognitive reappraisal while reducing emotional suppression. Gender-sensitive services can address specific needs, offering social engagement for women and emotional support for men. Health promotion initiatives, including education, lifestyle programs, and regular screenings, are essential for maintaining well-being. Providing targeted care for those with poor health can further mitigate SWB challenges. These measures offer practical, structured solutions to improve the quality of life for older persons in community settings.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec38\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e6.3 Limitations and Directions for Future Research\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThis study has limitations that future research should address. The cross-sectional design prevents causal inference, highlighting the need for longitudinal studies. Self-reported data may introduce biases; integrating third-party assessments could enhance objectivity. Additionally, the study\u0026apos;s variable scope is limited\u0026mdash;future research should consider economic status, religious beliefs, and cultural factors. Cross-cultural comparisons could further clarify SWB mechanisms. Addressing these gaps will strengthen recommendations for improving SWB among older persons in diverse communities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eETHICS APPROVAL\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e Ethical approval to conduct research in The national university of malaysia, ethics ref. \u003cb\u003eNo.jep-2023-927\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo funding support.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eSun Yun generated the research concept and wrote the first draft of the paper, LiJia Yang reviewed and Khadijah Alavi revised it\u0026zwnj;.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThanks to all participants for their contributions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe authors acknowledge that all data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAldwin, C. 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Gender differences in subjective well-being: The role of emotion regulation and social support. \u003cem\u003eAsian Journal of Social Psychology\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003e24\u003c/em\u003e(2), 132\u0026ndash;147.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ageing-international","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agin","sideBox":"Learn more about [Ageing International](http://link.springer.com/journal/12126)","snPcode":"12126","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12126/3","title":"Ageing International","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Community older persons, Emotion management, Subjective well-being, Gender, Health status","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6841365/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6841365/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the relationship between emotion management and subjective well-being (SWB) among older persons in the community, while analyzing the effects of gender and health status on SWB. Emotion management strategies and SWB levels were assessed through a survey of 378 older persons using the Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ) and the Subjective Well-Being Scale (MUNSH). The study hypothesized that (1) emotion management is significantly correlated with SWB, (2) gender differences significantly influence SWB, and (3) health status is significantly correlated with SWB. Results indicated that emotion management ability was significantly correlated with SWB. Specifically, cognitive reappraisal was positively related to SWB, while expressive suppression was negatively correlated. Additionally, health status significantly impacted SWB, whereas no significant gender differences were observed. These findings provide empirical support for improving mental health and enhancing SWB among older persons in community settings.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Relationship Between Emotion Management and Subjective Well-Being Among Older Persons in the Community","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-07-24 15:44:16","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6841365/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-10-23T11:55:50+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"115093885120812853579354975013429456111","date":"2025-10-23T11:44:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-07-26T18:17:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"293627110087389327146960077397090356302","date":"2025-07-22T02:26:54+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-07-21T22:29:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-06-16T07:17:35+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-06-16T07:15:39+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Ageing International","date":"2025-06-07T07:39:50+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"ageing-international","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"agin","sideBox":"Learn more about [Ageing International](http://link.springer.com/journal/12126)","snPcode":"12126","submissionUrl":"https://submission.springernature.com/new-submission/12126/3","title":"Ageing International","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"60517969-4d7d-45df-a5e4-30995dd8cdb6","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 24th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-24T15:44:16+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-07-24 15:44:16","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6841365","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6841365","identity":"rs-6841365","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}