Orange Peel As Low-Cost Adsorbent In The Elimination Of Cd(Ii) Ions: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic And Optimization Evaluations

Orange Peel As Low-Cost Adsorbent In The Elimination Of Cd(Ii) Ions: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic And Optimization Evaluations | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Orange Peel As Low-Cost Adsorbent In The Elimination Of Cd(Ii) Ions: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic And Optimization Evaluations Fola Temilade Akinhanmi, Edwin Andrew Ofudje, Idowu Abideen Adeogun, and 2 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-20604/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Jun, 2020 Read the published version in Bioresources and Bioprocessing → Version 2 posted 9 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract The presence of heavy metals in polluted water is known not only to cause stern harm to marine organisms but also to terrestrial plants and animals including human beings. This research applied low-cost and environmental benign adsorbent primed from waste orange peel (OP) for the removal of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution via batch adsorption process. The surface properties of the orange peel powder were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like temperature, contact time, sorbent dosage, solution pH and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. The utmost uptake of Cd(II) ion was obtained at a contact time of 120 mins, initial metal concentration of 240 mg/L, adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L, temperature of 45 °C and solution pH of 5.5. Equilibrium results showed that the orange peel adsorbent has an adsorption capacity of 128.23 mg/g as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption kinetics data followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient (R 2 ) >0.9 and low standard % error values. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic in nature with enthalpy of 0.0046 kJ mol −1 and entropy of-636.865 Jmol -1 K -1 respectively. Results from the optimization study indicated that higher adsorbent dosage and lower Cd(II) ion concentration increased the percentage of Cd (II) ion removal. Thus, orange peel could be used in the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solutions. Physical Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Adsorption cadmium equilibrium kinetics orange peel Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Introduction With the rapid development, industrialization and urbanization, massive volume of sewage sludge is being produced in the urban areas of major countries of the world (Riaz et al ., 2018). Activities in the industry such as tanneries, mining and metal plating can result in the pollution of water system due to the discharge of their by-products many of which contain heavy metals (Brinza et al ., 2009; Baysal et al ., 2009, Ofudje et al ., 2017). While some metals are known to be essential minerals for various biochemical activities, the presence of large or even small amounts of such metals like copper, manganese, lead, cadmium, or zinc, can not only result in severe human health harms but can equally affect the lives of animals and even plants (Brinza et al ., 2009; Ofudje et al , 2013). It is well known that the processing of heavy metals by human body is very difficult since they are non-biodegradable and as such, they settle down in different internal organs and could lead to serious damage of body system (Gavrilescu, 2004). Cadmium (Cd) has been reported to be one of the most poisonous elements that could be exposed to either in the environment or at work. Also, it can as well accumulate in the human body once absorbed and is efficiently retained throughout life (Bernard, 2008). It is principally poisonous to kidney causing bone demineralization while excessive exposures to cadmium could damage the proper function of the lung and increase the chance of lung cancer (Bernard, 2008). A variety of conventional methods like reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis, ion exchange, adsorption and chemical precipitation have been documented for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters (Ofudje et al ., 2020; Ofudje et al ., 2017; Gavrilescu et al. , 2009; Sadrzadeh et al. , 2008). However, some of these methods are expensive, not efficient and sometimes, could lead to the generation of sludge. Adsorption which is the adhesion of ions or molecules onto solid surface has been recognized as efficient method for heavy metals removal from contaminated water since it is cheap and eco-friendly (Gavrilescu et al ., 2004; Pintilie et al ., 2007). The most commonly used adsorbent in the adsorption process is activated carbon, but its soaring cost of fabrication often limits its application (Ho et al ., 2004). Thus, the search for various adsorbents with excellent adsorption properties has been the focus of some researchers in the last decades. Several adsorbents such as bone meal derived apatite (Ofudje et al ., 2020), fish scale (Adeogun et al ., 2018), olive cake (Doyurunm and Celik, 2006), black gram husk (Saeed et al ., 2005), kraft lignin (Mohan et al ., 2006), tea-industry waste (Cay et al ., 2004), bagasse derived activated carbon (Mohan and Singh, 2002) and activated carbon from Filtrasorb (Kappor et al ., 1999) have been reported for their ability to eradicate cadmium ions in polluted waste water. The use of these wastes agricultural by-products in the elimination of impurities from the environment has continue to gain great momentum in recent years due to the fact that they are readily available, simple, require low cost of production and do not generate secondary pollutants when compared with their conventional counterparts. Nigeria is one of the largest producers of citrus in Africa which is widely consumed across the length and breadth of the country. While the fruit juice which is extracted from the orange is an excellent source of vitamin C, a powerful natural antioxidant that builds the body immune system and also contains important phytochemicals such as synephrine, polyphenols, liminoids, hesperidin flavonoid, pectin, and sufficient amount of potassium, folacin, thiamine, niacin, calcium and magnesium, the orange peels which has little or no economic value is often discarded into the environment thus constituting environmental nuisance. With the rapid increase in population and an upsurge in demand for oranges, waste generation from orange peel is on the increase and this is worrisome. Therefore, the benefits of using orange peel as adsorbent in the elimination of cadmium ions from aqueous solution will not only serve as a means of pollution decontamination but will also add values to the initially perceived agricultural waste. To this end, this current study presents the sorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solution by means of renewable and cheaper precursor of agricultural by-products from orange peel (OP). The adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The roles of initial concentration of adsorbates, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature and regeneration study were investigated. Three isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich isotherms were used to explain the equilibrium data, while pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were employed to interpret the kinetic data. Materials And Methods Adsorbent Preparation Orange peel (OP) samples were gathered from Osiele market in Abeokuta area of Ogun State, Nigeria and were rinsed with distilled water, after which they were air dried and later oven dried at 80 o C for 12 hours. Samples were further ground into fine powder, sieved with 0.5 mm sieve. and stored in a container which is air tight for further analysis. Characterization of the Prepared Adsorbent Scanning Electron Microscope (Hitachi, Japan, S-3000H) which is made up of energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was make used to assessed the surface morphology of the prepared adsorbent. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra were performed on the OP sample in order to investigate the various functional groups present and it was done with TENSOR 27 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) from 400 to 4000 cm -1 . The crystallography of orange peel powder was investigated by Bruker D8 Advance X-ray Diffractometer with Cu Kɑ (λ=1.5405 Å) radiation in the 2θ range from 10 to 90°. Preparation of A dsorbate Solutions Solution of 1000 mg/L of Cd(II) ion was made by weighing 0.4400 g of the CdCl 2 .2H 2 O and dissolved in distilled water using a 250 mL standard flask and made to mark. Various concentrations of cadmium ions (50 - 300 mg/L) working standards were thereafter made from the stock solution in 250 mL standard flasks and made to mark. Determination of Effect of Agitation Time The experiment was achieved at a pH of 5.5 with varying contact time of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes at a temperature of 45 o C. 0.2 g of the adsorbent was introduced into 25 mL each of the metal solution whose concentrations ranged from 50 mg/L to 300 mg/L respectively. The samples were agitated inside a water bath shaker which is temperature controlled at a speed of 100 rpm at 45 o C. At the expiration of the contact time, suspension of the mixture was filtered, while the remains in the liquid medium was examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) BUCK 211. Effect of pH on Adsorption Process 0.2 g of the orange peels was dissolved in 25 mL of 300 mg/L of Cd(II) ion solution in the pH range of 2-9. The pH adjustment to desired value was done by the addition of 0.1M HCl and/or 0.1M NaOH prior to the addition of the adsorbent. The flask containing the mixture was equilibrated in an Orbital shaker to reach equilibrium at constant agitation speed. The solution was then filtered and Cd(II) concentration left unadsorbed in the solution was investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211. Effect of Temperature In this study, 0.2 g powdered orange peels was agitated with 25 mL of 100 mg/L of Cd(II) ion solution at pH 4.5 and at different temperatures ranges: 30, 35, 40, 45 and 60 o C. The mixture was shaken constantly with the aid of orbital shaker. The solution was then filtered the liquid portion was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211. Effect of Adsorbent dosage Impact of dosage of the adsorbent was determined by using various adsorbent dosages from 0.01 to 0.10 g and agitating each of them separately with 25 mL of Cd(II) ion solution at best possible conditions. The mixtures were shaken constantly at the agitation time. Then, the solution was separated and the metal contents of the filtrate were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211. Effect of initial concentration of the Cd(II) Ions on Adsorption Exactly 0.1 g of orange peels powder was reated with 25 mL solution of varying concentration (25-300 mg/ L) of the pollutant solution at optimal pH 4.5 over 2 hours. The pH was adjusted using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. The mixtures were shaken constantly with the aid of an orbital shaker for 2 hours at 30℃. The solution was then filtered and the filtrate was measured for Cd(II) ion using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211. Kinetic Studies The kinetics investigation of the uptake of Cd(II) ion in an aqueous solution were done using batch adsorption procedure. In this procedure 0.1 g of sample of OP powder was put in different 200 mL sample tubes and 25 mL of the pollutant was added to each tube. The mixtures were properly agitated for 2 hours using a water bath shaker to ensure equilibrium was reached. The content was then separated and the Cd(II) ion remaining in the filtrate was measured using AAS, BUCK 211. The adsorption capacity (mg/g) and removal efficiency (%) were performed using the formulas in equations (1) and (2) as indicated below: (see Equations 1 and 2 in the Supplementary Files) Such that Q t (mg/g) signify the quantity of Cd(II) ions sorbed at t = t; C 0 and C t (mg/L) are the amount of contaminant present at t = 0 and t = t respectively; the mass of the OP used is given as m (g) and the volume of the pollutant used is denoted as V (L). Procedure for Optimization Optimization studies of the adsorption of Cd(II) by the orange peel was performed by preparing three different concentrations (50, 150 and 250 mg/L) of Cd(II) ion solutions, solutions were adjusted to pH values of 1.0, 4.5, and 8.0. Different quantities of adsorbent - 0.1, 0.055 and 0.010 g were used. A parallel set of experiments without adsorbent served as blank. The flasks containing the mixture (20 mL) each were set into a thermostated shaker at 30℃ and 250 rpm for I hour. Each of the flasks was then removed at pre-set time, decanted and the concentration of cadmium ions in the filtrate was determined using AAS BUCK 211. Reuse Study The reuse study of orange peel was performed using Cd 2+ solution. After each adsorption process, the Cd-loaded OP was dried and then dissolved in 100 mL of saturated NaCl solution and stirred for 1 h. During this process, the Cd 2+ which adhered to the surface of OP are desorbed due to the fact that the saturated NaCl solution which contains concentrated amount of Na + are capable of displacing Cd 2+ from the OP surface. Thereafter, the cadmium concentrations desorbed were examined using AAS. The Cd-loaded OP was washed, dried and reconstituted for subsequent adsorption tests. Three cycles of adsorption–desorption experiments were done, and the adsorption capacity was calculated after each cycle. Results And Discussion Characterizations The diverse functional groups present on orange peel surface prior to and after adsorption were ana­lyzed with the aid of FT-IR as shown in Fig. 1. The orange peel demonstrated different functional groups with peak at 3419.82 cm −1 identified as O–H vibrations (Adeogun et al ., 2019), the 2926.74 cm −1 peak was recognized as –CH stretching of the alkanes group (Ofudje et al ., 2017), 1637.43 cm −1 peak is that of C=O stretching of carbonyl groups, while the one at 1429.33 cm −1 is allotted to –CH 3 stretch. The peak noted at 1033.10 cm −1 was allotted to the C–O bond of the esters and carboxylic acids groups (Ofudje et al ., 2017). Upon the uptake of cadmium ions, shifts in peak positions were observed indicating the possible involvement of these functional groups. For example, peak at 3419.82 cm −1 increased to 3442.00 cm −1 , while peaks at 2926.74 cm −1 and 1637.43 cm −1 increased to 2927.77 and 1642.00 cm −1 respectively. Similarly, the peaks initially present at 1429.33 and 1033.10 cm −1 increased to 1432.21 and 1033.26 cm −1 respectively. Fig. 2a depicts the SEM image of the OP powder showing the porous structure which could provide more adsorption sites for the cadmium ions uptake. The XRD patterns of the orange peel adsorbent is shown in Fig. 2b with key diffractions at 2θ = 16.3° and 22.3° which correspond to the (101) and (200) planes respectively for cellulose thus indicating an amorphous cellulose type I (Ofudje et al ., 2017). Effect of Agitation time and Metal Concentrations The role of agitation time (0 - 240 min) on the removal of Cd(II) ions was carried out with initial Cd(II) ion concentrations within the range of 50-250 mg/L at a solution pH of 5.5 and is as represented in Fig. 3. The maximum uptake of Cd(II) was at 120 min after which there was no considerable raise in the quantity of the pollutant sorbed. As indicated from the plot, the uptake process happens in two steps with the first one being very quick and was attained at about 47 min with percentage removal of 48.4 % by orange peel adsorbent. The subsequent stage symbolized a progressive reduced adsorption which was achieved at 120 min. The swift early adsorption could be credited to the growth of Cd(II) ions on to the OP surface, owing to the existence of available cites on the OP surface. Nevertheless, with gradual growth of Cd(II) ions on these spots by the cadmium ions, the uptake became sluggish in the second stage, thus leading to reduction in the amount of pollutant adsorbed by the adsorbent (Adeogun et al ., 2018, Ofudje et al ., 2020). Also as observed in Fig. 3, when the initial concentration of cadmium ions was increased in the solution, the amount of the metal ions adsorbed onto the adsorbent surface equally increased. This could be as a result of the increase in the number of the molecules of metal ions per unit volume of the medium (Arica et al ., 2018). Effects of pH Solution pH has been recognized to be a very important factor in the adsorption procedure since it can affect both the chemistry of the adsorbate and adsorbent. The network of charges of the adsorbate and adsorbent relies on the solution pH. With raise in the pH from 2 to 5.5, the sorption capacity of OP rose from 24.62 to 44.42 % as revealed in Fig.4. The highest adsorption was accomplished at a solution pH of 5.5. At smaller pH value, the Cd(II) ion elimination is subdued by web of positive charges of the OP and the rivalry that exist between Cd(II) ions and H + in solution. But with elevated pH, the negative charge network on OP increases which is due to the deprotonation of the binding sites. Therefore, the sorption of Cd(II) ions increases (Chunfang et al ., 2017, Ofudje et al ., 2017). Bayramoglu and Arica (2015) observed that the decrease or increase of biosorption capacity of U(VI) ions at different pH medium can be attributed to the change in surface characteristics of the adsorbent used. It was further noted that the surface characteristics of these adsorbents are composed of different functional groups such as carboxyl, amine, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and phosphate groups and that ion-exchange and electrostatic interactions are mainly responsible for biosorption process. As observed from the FT-IR investigation of OP, the potential functional groups for binding Cd(II) ions are O-H, C=O and C-O groups. Effect of Temperature Fig. 5 demonstrates the dependence of the adsorption of Cd(II) by orange peel on the temperature. The adsorption process was found to be a function of temperature and the highest Cd(II) uptake was achieved at 45 o C. The rise of solution temperature increased the adsorption competence of Cd(II) on OP indicating that the process was endothermic. Increase in temperature increased the rate of the progression of the Cd(II) ions from the solution onto the unoccupied sites of OP and weakened the thickness of the surface layer of OP, thereby enhancing the dispersion resistance of adsorbates to adsorbents (Ofudje et al ., 2020). Effect of Dosage The percentage removal of Cd(II) on OP significantly increased with the adjustment of OP from 0.01 to 0.04 g as depicted in Fig. 6 which showed that adsorption of Cd(II) ion was enhanced as the OP dosage increases. This is owing to more active spots which are accessible for the adsorption of Cd(II) ion due to lager surface area provided by increase in OP concentration. The common patterns of enhanced pollutant adsorption with a raise in sorbent dosage signify the existence of more binding sites which are available for adsorption. Arica et al . (2018) observed that an increase in the adsorbent dosage provides increase in the available sites on the adsorbent with for the uptake of the adsorbate, and this lead to an increase in the removal efficiency of adsorbent. Kinetic studies Plots of against t were used to determine kinetic values of Pseudo- first-order, Pseudo- second-order, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models which are presented in equations 3 to 6 respectively (Lagergren, 1898; Ho and McKay, 1998; Cheung et al ., 2004; Weber and Morris, 1963): (see Equations 3-6 in the Supplementary Files) Given that (min -1 g) and (min -1 g/mg) are the rate constants for first- and second-orders respectively, (mg/g) signify the quantity of Cd(II) ions adsorbed at equilibrium and Q t is as defined previously. Test of Kinetic Fitness The best fit among the kinetics models were tested by the sum of error squares (SSE, %) given by (Adeogun et al ., 2013; Ofudje et al ., 2017) : (see Equation 7 in the Supplementary Files) Such that N represents the data points of number. The estimated values of, and were calculated from the non-linear plots of against t in Fig.7 are as presented in Table 1. The R 2 values obtained from the pseudo-first order equation ranged from 0.964 to 0.995, whilst that of the second-order equation ranged from 0.988 to 0.997 with the pseudo-second-order showing better values. However, a close inspection at the values of Qe exp and Qe cal of the second-order showed greater differences and this suggested that the second-order equation cannot be useful to pseudo-describe the uptake process. On the other hand, careful inspection of values of the Qe cal from the first-order model correspond well with the Qe exp ; which indicates that the pseudo-first-order model can be used to explain the whole adsorption process of Cd(II) ion onto the surface of OP which is known as physisorption. Investigation of sum of error squares (SSE, %) further affirm the suitability with the Pseudo-first-order model when compared with that of second-order model. The rate constant values from the pseudo-first-order model range from 0.076 to 0.134 min -1 . From the Elovich model, α represents the initial rate of adsorption which is measured in mg/g min, while the desorption constant in g/mg is given as β which were derived from the plots of against t from least square fit method as shown in Fig. 7c. Also, K id stands for the intra-particle diffusion rate constant measured in mgg -1 mins -0.5 and C i stands for the degree of surface thickness. The values of R 2 as obtained from the intraparticle diffusion model are in the range of 0.957 to 0.980 thus, suggesting the applicability of this model in describing the adsorption pattern of the biomass. The uptake process of cadmium ions can be categories into three steps: (i) film mass transfer, (ii) intraparticle diffusion, and (iii) chemical reaction on adsorbent (Ofudje et al ., 2017). The preliminary rapid uptake of Cd(II) ion by OP is as a result of the abundant presence of adsorptive sites, greater outer diffusion rate of Cd(II) ions couple with small diameter of Cd(II) ions. However, reduction in adsorption was due to the transfer of Cd(II) ions from external diffusion to internal, while saturated adsorption is as a result of the repulsion between pollutant and sorbent which hindered the activities of the remaining active sites. Equilibrium Studies To investigate the equilibrium behaviour of orange peel powder, Langmuir, Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R), and Freundlich isotherm were utilized. Langmuir isotherm assumed that the adsorption energy is the same irrespective of the amount of adsorbed material on the adsorbent active sports which can be described by the relationship in equation 8 (Langmuir, 1918; Dehghani et al ., 2015 and Morovat et al ., 2016). (see Equation 8 in the Supplementary Files) withstanding for the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (mg/g), while b (L/mg) denotes the adsorption energy. The Langmuir separation factor (R L ) can be expressed as: (see Equation 9 in the Supplementary Files) Such that C o (mg L -1 ) gives the adsorbate concentration and when the values of R L lies between 0 and 1, it implies favourable adsorption, if R L > 1, it indicates unfavourable adsorption and if R L = 0, it means irreversible process. Freundlich isotherm described a multisite or multilayer with a heterogeneous surface and is given according to the equation 10 below (Freundlich, 1906): (see Equation 10 in the Supplementary Files) Given that K F (mg/g)(mg/L) -1/2 the sorption capacity and n is the intensity of adsorption of the adsorbent respectively. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherm is applicable at low concentration range of adsorbate which could be useful in providing explanations regarding homogeneous and heterogeneous adsorption surfaces. The non-linear representation of the D–R equation is given as: (see Equation 11 in the Supplementary Files) With Q m representing the saturation adsorption capacity of the OP, value of β stands for the adsorption free energy and ε is the potential for Polanyi and can be expressed as:(see Equation 12 in the Supplementary Files) The ideal molar gas constant is given as R (8.31 J/mol K) and T is temperature (K). Value of the mean sorption energy, E (kJ/mol), could be estimated from β parameter as thus: (see Equation 13 in the Supplementary Files) Values of E (kJ/mol) could be used to predict the mechanism of adsorption. For instance, when E values lie between 8 and 16 kJ/mol, it is an ion-exchange process, but values of E less than 8 kJ/mol suggests physical adsorption process while values of E greater than 16 kJ/mol, imply that the adsorption process is subjugated by particle diffusion. The plots of the isotherms are as shown in Fig. 8, while their values are as given in Table 2. The values of R 2 gotten from Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R isotherms for Cd(II) ions are 0.995, 0.996 and 0.993 respectively, thus suggesting that the three isothermal models could be employed to describe the equilibrium adsorption data, particularly the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacity Q m and K F obtained for Cd(II) ions uptake are 128.23 (mg g _1 ) and 54.531 (mg/g)(mg/L) -1/2 in that order. The n values represent the distribution energy of adsorption site. Since n > 1, it indicates feasible adsorption, with greater heterogeneous adsorption site and energy distribution. Value of R L obtained is < 1, which implies that the adsorption was favourable. Dubinin–Radushkevich (D-R) parameter, E, was found to be 0.757 kJmol -1 and since the value of E is smaller than 8 kJ mol -1 , the adsorption mechanism is physical in nature. Table 3 indicates the potentials of various adsorbents for cadmium ion adsorption compared with orange peel powder from this present study. The result demonstrates better adsorption capacity of orange peel adsorbent compared to tea industry waste and olive cake. Thermodynamics Studies The thermodynamic investigation of the adsorption of cadmium onto orange peel was evaluated using the relations:(see Equations 14 and 15 in the Supplementary Files) With R standing for the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol -1 K -1 ) and T is the absolute temperature in Kelvin. The free energy change is given as Δ G ◦, enthalpy change is Δ H ◦ and the entropy change as ΔS◦). The plots of In K d versus 1/ T should give a slope of Δ H o / R with an intercept of Δ S o / R as shown in Fig. 9 and the evaluated parameters are as presented in Table 4. Positive value of enthalpy change affirmed the adsorption process to be endothermic, which support the claim early that the process of adsorption is physical in nature. Furthermore, the negative value of the entropy change showed that the degree of randomness decreased as the temperature increased and shows a decreased disorderliness at the solid/solution interface. Optimization Studies The mutual relationship of pH and adsorbent dosage on the elimination of Cd by orange peel is represented as contour and 3D plots in Fig. 10a and it clearly depicts that the uptake of Cd(II) by orange peel depends on the solution pH, which was observed to be increasing (till pH of 5.0) and thus optimum adsorption took place at pH 5.5. According to Dehghani et al. (2016), decrease in Cd(II) sorption was notable as the solution pH was adjusted from 5.5 to 8. The adsorbent dosage also has a synergistic effect on the percentage removal. The joint effects of sorbent dosage as well as that of Cd(II) ion concentration on the efficiency of adsorption behaviour of OP in the uptake of Cd is presented in Fig.10b . The removal efficiency rose with the sorbent dosage from 0.02 to 0.10 g. With greater sorbent dosage, more binding spots become accessible to the Cd(II) on the surface of the sorbent material, which leads to greater removal capability. It was noted optimum removal efficiency of 60 % was accomplished at 0.10 g of the adsorbent dosage. In general, greater sorbent dosage and lesser Cd(II) ion concentration enhanced the uptake of Cd (II) ions (Dehghani et al., 2016). The impact of solution pH on the uptake of Cd(II) ion was also studied in the pH range of 1-8 as presented in Fig.10c. The results showed that as the pH decreases the concentration of Cd(II) ion adsorbed increases. Reuse Study The reusability of the adsorbent in adsorption study is one of the major advantages of considering this method over conventional methods for wastewater treatment. To this end, reuse study was conducted following the reaction of the used OP with solution of saturated NaCl solution for 1 h as depicted in Fig. 11. It was observed that as the number of reuse increases, the adsorption capacity of the OP decreases. Though, the adsorption capacity of the tested adsorbent for cadmium decreases with subsequent adsorption process, this decrease was minimal thus suggesting the reusability of OP at more than one cycle. The adsorption capacity decreased from 88.34 to 73.42 %. Conclusions This study examined the potentials of waste agricultural products of orange peel as less-expensive and environmentally benign adsorbent in the subtraction of cadmium ions from aqueous solution under diverse experimental circumstances. The result from the equilibrium study gave the adsorption capacity of 128.23 mg g -1 at 318 K, while the three isotherm models tested conform well with the contaminant experimental data, although Langmuir demonstrated a better fitting. The kinetic data aligned perfectly with the pseudo-first-order equation. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature and this is an indication of good economic value. Result from reuse study showed that the adsorbent demonstrated good potentials for regeneration. Thus, orange peel could be a useful adsorbent for uptake of cadmium ions in contaminated environment. Abbreviations AAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; a T : Tempkin constants relating to binding constant (Lmg -1 ) ; b : Langmuir equilibrium constant (L mg -1 ); b T : heat of adsorption; β: Mean free energy of adsorption; C e : equilibrium concentrations ; C o : initial concentrations; C i : degree of surface thickness; E: mean free energy (kJ mol -1 ) ; EDX: Energy dispersive X-ray analysis; D-R: Dubinin–Radushkevich; FT-IR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; K F : Freudlich adsorption capacity; K id: intra-particle diffusion rate constant measured in mgg -1 mins -0.5 ; K d : equilibrium constant ; m: adsorbent mass (g); n: adsorbent intensity; Q e : amount of adsorbate adsorbed in mg/g; Q max : maximum amount of solute adsorbed; k 1 : Adsorption rate constant (min -1 ) for a Pseudo first-order; k 2 : Rate constant of Pseudo-second-order (g mg -1 min -1 ); ε: Polanyi potential; OP: orange peel; N: data points of number; R: molar gas constant (8.314 J mol -1 K -1 ); R 2 : Correlation coefficient; R L : Separation factor; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; SSE: Sum of square error function; T: Temperature (K); V: volume (L) of the pollutant taken; XRD: X-ray diffractometer; ΔS o : Entropy change, ΔH o : Enthalpy change; ΔG o : Free energy change. Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable Consent for publication Not applicable Availability of data and materials Not applicable Competing interests All authors do declare that there are no competing interests. Funding Not applicable. Authors' contributions All authors have equal contribution to this research work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgements Thanks are also extended to all the technical staff of CSIR-CECRI, India for their supports during characterization. Authors' information (optional ) Dr. Akinhanmi Temilade is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Her area of specialization is Analytical Chemistry. Dr. Ofudje is currently a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Ogun State, Nigeria. His area of specialization includes Physical/Environmental/Material Chemistry. Dr. Adeogun Abideen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. He specialized in Physical and Environmental Chemistry. Aina Peter and Ilo Mayowa are both students in the Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. References Adeogun AI, Akande JA, Idowu MA, Kareem SO, (2019) Magnetic tuned sorghum husk biosorbent for effective removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution: isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and optimization studies. Applied Water Science 9:160, https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-019-1037-2 . Adeogun AI, Ofudje EA, Idowu MA, Kareem SO, Vahidhabanu S, Babu BR (2018) Biosorption of Cd 2+ and Zn 2+ from aqueous solution using tilapia fish scale (Oreochromis sp): Kinetics, isothermal and thermodynamic study. Desalination and Water Treatment 107:182-194. Adeogun AI, Idowu MA, Ofudje EA, Kareem SO, Ahmed SA (2013) Comparative biosorption of Mn(II) and Pb(II) ions on raw and oxalic acid modified maize husk: kinetic, thermodynamic and isothermal studies. Applied Water Science 3:167–179. Arica A, Kuman M, Gercel O, Ayas E (2018) Poly(dopamine) grafted bio-silica composite with tetraethylenepentamine ligands for enhanced adsorption of pollutants. Chemical Engineering Research and Design, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2018.11.003 . Bayramoglu G, Arica MY (2015) Amidoxime functionalized Trametes trogii pellets for removal of uranium(VI) from aqueous medium. J Radioanal Nucl Chem ., DOI 10.1007/s10967-015-4224-0. Bernard A (2008) Cadmium & its adverse effects on human health. Indian J Med Res. 128(4):557-64. Brinza L, Nygård CA, Dring MJ, Gavrilescu M, Benning LG (2009) Cadmium tolerance and adsorption by the marine brown alga Fucus vesiculosus from the Irish Sea and the Bothnian Sea. 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Gavrilescu M, Pavel LV, Cretescu I (2009) Characterization and remediation of soils contaminated with uranium. Journal of Hazardous Materials 163: 475-510. Ho YS, Chiu WT, Hsu CS, Huang CT (2004) Sorption of lead ions from aqueous solution using tree fern as a sorbent. Hydrometallurgy 73:55-61. Ho YS, McKay G (1998) Kinetic models for the sorption of dye from aqueous solution by wood. Journal of Environmental Science Health Part B: Process Saf. Environ. Prot . 76(4):183–191. Kapoor A, Viraraghavan T, Cullimore DR (1999) Removal of heavy metals using the fungus Aspergillus niger. Bioresour. Technol.70:95–104. Lagergren S (1898) About the theory of so-called adsorption of soluble substance. Kung Sven. Veten. Hand , 24:1–39. Langmuir I (1918) The adsorption of gases on plane surfaces of glass, mica and platinum. Journal of American Chemical Society 40:1361–1403. Lei T, Sheng-Jian L, Jiang F, Zi-Xuan R, Li-Lian W, Xiang-Jun Y, Li-Hong T, Shi-Xiong W (2019) Adsorption of Cadmium Ions from an Aqueous Solution on a Highly Stable Dopamine-Modified Magnetic Nano-Adsorbent. Nanoscale Res Lett 14, 352. https://doi.org/10.1186/s11671-019-3154-0 . Min-Suk K, Jeong-Gyu K (2020) Adsorption Characteristics of Spent Co_ee Grounds as an Alternative Adsorbent for Cadmium in Solution. Environments, 7(24): doi:10.3390/environments7040024 Mohan D, Pittman Jr CU, Steele PH (2006) Single, binary and multicomponent adsorption of copper and cadmium from aqueous solutions on Kraft lignin-a biosorbent. J. Colloid Interf. Sci. 297:489–504 Mohan D, Singh KP (2002) Single- and multi-component adsorption of cadmium and zinc using activated carbon derived from bagasse-an agricultural waste. Water Res. 36, 2304–2318. Morovat M, Chamani M, Zarei A, Sadeghi A (2016) Dietary but not in ovo feeding of Silybum marianum extract resulted in an improvement in performance, immunity and carcass characteristics and decreased the adverse effects of high temperatures in broilers, Br. Poult. Sci. 57:105–113. Ofudje EA, Adeogun AI, Idowu MA, Kareem SO, Ndukwe NA (2020) Simultaneous removals of cadmium (II) ions and reactive yellow 4 dye from aqueous solution by bone meal derived apatite: Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamic tvaluations. Journal of Analytical Science and Technology 11:7; doi.org/10.1186/s40543-020-0206-0. Ofudje EA, Awotula AO, Hambate GV, Akinwunmi F, Alayande SO, Olukanni OD (2017) Acid Activation of Groundnut Husk for Copper Adsorption: Kinetics and Equilibrium Studies. Desalination and Water Treatment 86:240–251. Ofudje EA, Williams OD, Asogwa KK, Awotula AO (2013) Assessment of Langmuir, Freundlich and Rubunin - Radushhkevich Adsorption Isotherms in the study of the biosorption of Mn (II) ions from aqueous solution by untreated and acid-treated corn shaft. International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research 4 (7): 1628-1634. Peijia L, Jiajia W, Junmo A, Jaeheon L (2019) Adsorption characteristics of Cd(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution using succinylated hay. Int J Miner Metall Mater 26, 1239–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12613-019-1832-7 Pintilie S, Branza L, Betianu C, Pavel LV, Ungureanu F, Gavrilescu M (2007) Modelling and simulation of heavy metals transport in water and sediments. Environmental Engineering and Management Journal 6, 153-161. Ramdani A, Kadeche A, Adjdir M, Taleb Z, Ikhou D, Taleb S, Deratani A (2020) Lead and cadmium removal by adsorption process using hydroxyapatite porous materials. Water Practice & Technology Vol 15 No 1. doi: 10.2166/wpt.2020.003 Riaz U, Murtaza G, Saifullah Farooq M (2018) Comparable effect of commercial composts on chemical properties of sandy clay loam soil and accumulation of trace elements in soil plant system. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 20, 85-92. doi:10.17957/IJAB/15.0 433. Saeed A, Iqbal M, Akhtar MW (2005) Removal and recovery of lead(II) from single and multimetal (Cd, Cu, Ni, Zn) solutions by crop milling waste (black gram husk). J. Hazard. Mater. B117, 65–73. Wang X, Cui Y, Peng Q, Fan C, Zhang Z, Zhang X (2020) Removal of Cd(II) and Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution by Na + -Modified Pisha Sandstone. Journal of chemistry, doi.org/10.1155/2020/2805479 . Weber WJ, Morris JC (1963) Kinetic of adsorption on carbon from solution, Journal of Sanitation Engineering Division , Proceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers , 89:31-60. Tables Table 1: Kinetic Data Values for the Adsorption of Cadmium by OP C o (mg/L) 50 100 150 200 250 First order Q e (exp) (mg/g) 26.636 45.921 77.383 93.386 122.061 Q e (cal) (mg/g) 26.450 43.700 78.250 96.200 135.950 k 1 (mins -1 ) 0.118 0.134 0.076 0.124 0.129 R 2 0.987 0.988 0.995 0.964 0.989 % SSE 0.002 0.001 0.003 0.003 0.027 Second order Q e (cal) (mg/g) 28.725 49.780 85.362 101.530 132.428 k 2 (g/mg/min) 0.206 0.104 0.201 0.021 0.111 R 2 0.988 0.997 0.995 0.988 0.997 % SSE 0.006 0.004 0.001 0.002 0.001 Elovich α(mg/g/mins) 32.443 56.815 30.945 98.310 100.000 β(g/mg) 0.251 0.143 0.071 0.069 0.050 R 2 0.994 0.991 0.996 0.996 0.958 Intra particle diffusion K id (mg/g/mins 1/2 ) 1.633 2.943 5.177 5.966 7.763 C i (mg/g) 9.192 15.517 20.807 31.046 41.320 R 2 0.957 0.959 0.977 0.980 0.978 Table 2: Isotherm Parameters of cadmium Adsorption on OP Isotherms Parameters OP Langmuir Q max (mg/g) 128.23 R L 0.241 b (mg/L) 0.114 R 2 0.995 Freundlich K F (mg/g)(mg/L) -1/2 54.531 n 1.665 R 2 0.996 D-R Q (mg/g) 134.321 ε (molJ -1 ) 2 0.752 E (kJmol -1 ) 0.757 R 2 0.993 Table 3: Comparable Adsorption Capacities of other Adsorbents with Orange Peel Adsorbent Adsorption capacity (mg/g) References Dopamine-Modified Magnetic Nano-Adsorbent 21.58 Lei et al ., 2019 Succinylated hay 75.19 Peijia et al. , 2019 Pisha Sandstone 12.79 Wang et al ., 2020 Na + modified Pisha Sandstone 12.81 Wang et al ., 2020 Synthetic hydroxyapatite (S-HAp) 138.89 Ramdani et al ., 2020 Hydroxyapatite (C-HAp) 125 Ramdani et al ., 2020 Spent coffee grounds (SCGs) 19.32 Min-Suk and Jeong-Gyu (2020) Zeolite 13.91 Min-Suk and Jeong-Gyu (2020) Fish scale 112.57 Adeogun et al ., 2018 Bone meal derived apatite 116.16 Ofudje et al ., 2020 Orange peel 128.23 Present study Table 4: Thermodynamics values for the adsorption of Cd(II) ion K T (K) ∆G (J/mol) ∆S (J/mol K) ∆H (J/mol) 0.0034 303 14320.72 0.0050 308 13567.46 0.0105 313 11850.47 -636.865 0.0046 0.0146 318 11180.97 0.0160 333 11446.86 Supplementary Files GraphicsAbsract.doc Equations.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 22 Jun, 2020 Read the published version in Bioresources and Bioprocessing → Version 2 posted Reviewer # 2 agreed at journal 26 May, 2020 Review # 2 received at journal 26 May, 2020 Editorial decision: Accept 26 May, 2020 Reviewers invited by journal 23 May, 2020 Reviewer # 1 agreed at journal 23 May, 2020 Review # 1 received at journal 23 May, 2020 Editor assigned by journal 22 May, 2020 Submission checks completed at journal 21 May, 2020 Editor invited by journal 21 May, 2020 You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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sorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L; temperature 45 °C).","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/3.jpg"},{"id":1221051,"identity":"5f5f449a-f2d8-42ae-9734-3b6056ac2643","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":21713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effects of pH on the uptake of Cd(II), (initial Cd(II) ions concentration = 240 mg/L; adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L; temperature 45 °C; agitation time = 120 min).","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/4.jpg"},{"id":1221052,"identity":"fba02633-dfa1-43ec-b506-5393ce4bfe70","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":24067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effects of temperature on the uptake of Cd(II) ions, (initial contaminant concentration = 240 mg/L; adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L; pH = 5.5; agitation time = 120 min).","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/5.jpg"},{"id":1221053,"identity":"1a6e18e0-e253-4899-bcf9-762d58f233c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":23832,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effects of dosage on adsorption of Cd(II), (initial pollutant concentration = 240 mg/L; temperature = 45 ºC; pH = 5.5; agitation time = 120 min).","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/6.jpg"},{"id":1221054,"identity":"30d443bd-a6a0-4626-a0f6-b4166c3d1327","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":120258,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Graphs of Qt against t for (a) Pseudo-first-order, (b) Pseudo-second-order, (c) Elovich and (d) intraparticle kinetic models for the adsorption of cadmium ions at initial metal concentration of 250 mg/L, pH of 5.5 and temperature of 45 °C by orange peel powder.","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/7.jpg"},{"id":1221055,"identity":"374dca32-fce0-45d9-a5c3-b6f4feab7932","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":57752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Plots of Qe versus Ce for Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R adsorption isotherms for the adsorption of cadmium(II) by OP at initial metal concentration of 250 mg/L, pH of 5.5 and temperature of 45 °C.","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/8.jpg"},{"id":1221056,"identity":"c2b1a210-1ed9-4f1b-869c-7b13ade4c9be","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":28265,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Plot of InK against 1/T for the adsorption of cadmium by OP","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/9.jpg"},{"id":1221057,"identity":"c0b77a72-232d-4994-8c76-f195eba447fa","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67225,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"3D plot to show effect of (a) pH and sorbent dosage, (b) sorbent dosage and Cd(II) ion concentration and (c) pH and Cd(II) ion concentration on the percentage adsorption of Cd(II) ions by orange peel.","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/10.jpg"},{"id":1221058,"identity":"257dffb9-267f-477e-9fb4-6fdfc23308d5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":30440,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Plot of reuse of orange peel","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/11.jpg"},{"id":13534460,"identity":"49b0f56a-95ff-4e96-88d1-ba66679cbe6c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 01:24:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":845607,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/fb22a846-a75f-4caa-a2f6-fca50ba9b77c.pdf"},{"id":1221059,"identity":"8bc04210-81bf-4712-8938-3a59fc205db1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:07","extension":"doc","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":173568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"GraphicsAbsract.doc","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/GraphicsAbsract.doc"},{"id":1221060,"identity":"dcbeefc4-4164-48a5-ab04-cd58331f7d06","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-01 13:36:08","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":49194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Equations.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-20604/v2/Equations.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eOrange Peel As Low-Cost Adsorbent In The Elimination Of Cd(Ii) Ions: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic And Optimization Evaluations\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eWith the rapid development, industrialization and urbanization, massive volume of sewage sludge is being produced in the urban areas of major countries of the world (Riaz \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018). Activities in the industry such as tanneries, mining and metal plating can result in the pollution of water system due to the discharge of their by-products many of which contain heavy metals (Brinza \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009; Baysal \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009, Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). While some metals are known to be essential minerals for various biochemical activities, the presence of large or even small amounts of such metals like copper, manganese, lead, cadmium, or zinc, can not only result in severe human health harms but can equally affect the lives of animals and even plants (Brinza \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2009; Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e, 2013). It is well known that the processing of heavy metals by human body is very difficult since they are non-biodegradable and as such, they settle down in different internal organs and could lead to serious damage of body system (Gavrilescu, 2004). Cadmium (Cd) has been reported to be one of the most poisonous elements that could be exposed to either in the environment or at work. Also, it can as well accumulate in the human body once absorbed and is efficiently retained throughout life (Bernard, 2008). It is principally poisonous to kidney causing bone demineralization while excessive exposures to cadmium could damage the proper function of the lung and increase the chance of lung cancer (Bernard, 2008).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA variety of conventional methods like reverse osmosis, electro-dialysis, ion exchange, adsorption and chemical precipitation have been documented for the elimination of heavy metals from contaminated waters (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020; Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017; Gavrilescu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2009; Sadrzadeh \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2008). However, some of these methods are expensive, not efficient and sometimes, could lead to the generation of sludge. Adsorption which\u0026nbsp;is the\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adhesion\"\u003eadhesion\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;ions\u0026nbsp;or\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule\"\u003emolecules\u003c/a\u003e\u0026nbsp;onto solid\u0026nbsp;\u003ca href=\"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_science\"\u003esurface\u003c/a\u003e has been recognized as efficient method for heavy metals removal from contaminated water since it is cheap and eco-friendly (Gavrilescu \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004; Pintilie \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2007). The most commonly used adsorbent in the adsorption process is activated carbon, but its soaring cost of fabrication often limits its application (Ho \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004). Thus, the search for various adsorbents with excellent adsorption properties has been the focus of some researchers in the last decades. Several adsorbents such as bone meal derived apatite (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020), fish scale (Adeogun \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018), olive cake (Doyurunm and Celik, 2006), black gram husk (Saeed \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2005), kraft lignin (Mohan \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2006), tea-industry waste (Cay \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004), bagasse derived activated carbon (Mohan and Singh, 2002) and activated carbon from Filtrasorb (Kappor \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 1999) have been reported for their ability to eradicate cadmium ions in polluted waste water. The use of these wastes agricultural by-products in the elimination of impurities from the environment has continue to gain great momentum in recent years due to the fact that they are readily available, simple, require low cost of production and do not generate secondary pollutants when compared with their conventional counterparts. Nigeria is one of the largest producers of citrus in Africa which is widely consumed across the length and breadth of the country.\u0026nbsp;While the fruit juice which is extracted from the orange is an excellent source of vitamin C, a powerful natural antioxidant that builds the body immune system and also contains important phytochemicals such as synephrine, polyphenols, liminoids, hesperidin flavonoid, pectin, and sufficient amount of potassium, folacin, thiamine, niacin, calcium and magnesium, the orange peels which has little or no economic value is often discarded into the environment thus constituting environmental nuisance. With the rapid increase in population and an upsurge in demand for oranges, waste generation from orange peel is on the increase and this is worrisome. Therefore, the benefits of using orange peel as adsorbent in the elimination of cadmium ions from aqueous solution will not only serve as a means of pollution decontamination but will also add values to the initially perceived agricultural waste. To this end, this current study presents the sorption of cadmium ions from aqueous solution by means of renewable and cheaper precursor of agricultural by-products from orange peel (OP). The adsorbent was characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). The roles of initial concentration of adsorbates, contact time, pH, adsorbent dosage, temperature and regeneration study were investigated. Three isotherm models: Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin\u0026ndash;Radushkevich isotherms were used to explain the equilibrium data, while pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models were employed to interpret the kinetic data.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdsorbent Preparation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOrange peel (OP) samples were gathered from Osiele market in Abeokuta area of Ogun State, Nigeria and were rinsed with distilled water, after which they were air dried and later oven dried at 80 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 12 hours. Samples were further ground into fine powder, sieved with 0.5 mm sieve. and stored in a container which is air tight for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacterization of the Prepared Adsorbent \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eScanning Electron Microscope (Hitachi, Japan, S-3000H) which is made up of energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) was make used to assessed the surface morphology of the prepared adsorbent. Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectra were performed on the OP sample in order to investigate the various functional groups present and it was done with TENSOR 27 spectrometer (Bruker, Germany) from 400 to 4000 cm\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. The crystallography of orange peel powder was investigated by Bruker D8 Advance X-ray Diffractometer with Cu Kɑ (\u0026lambda;=1.5405 \u0026Aring;) radiation in the 2\u0026theta; range from 10 to 90\u0026deg;.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePreparation of \u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003edsorbate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e Solutions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolution of 1000 mg/L of Cd(II) ion was made by weighing 0.4400 g of the CdCl\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e.2H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO and dissolved in distilled water using a 250 mL standard flask and made to mark. Various concentrations of cadmium ions (50 - 300 mg/L) working standards were thereafter made from the stock solution in 250 mL standard flasks and made to mark.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDetermination of Effect of Agitation Time \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was achieved at a pH of 5.5 with varying contact time of 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 120 and 240 minutes at a temperature of 45 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. 0.2 g of the adsorbent was introduced into 25 mL each of the metal solution whose concentrations ranged from 50 mg/L to 300 mg/L respectively. The samples were agitated inside a water bath shaker which is temperature controlled at a speed of 100 rpm at 45 \u003csup\u003eo \u003c/sup\u003eC. At the expiration of the contact time, suspension of the mixture was filtered, while the remains in the liquid medium was examined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS) BUCK 211.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of pH on Adsorption Process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.2 g of the orange peels was dissolved in 25 mL of 300 mg/L of Cd(II) ion solution in the pH range of 2-9. The pH adjustment to desired value was done by the addition of 0.1M HCl and/or 0.1M NaOH prior to the addition of the adsorbent. The flask containing the mixture was equilibrated in an Orbital shaker to reach equilibrium at constant agitation speed. The solution was then filtered and Cd(II) concentration left unadsorbed in the solution was investigated using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Temperature\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn this study, 0.2 g powdered orange peels was agitated with 25 mL of 100 mg/L of Cd(II) ion solution at pH 4.5 and at different temperatures ranges: 30, 35, 40, 45 and 60 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The mixture was shaken constantly with the aid of orbital shaker. The solution was then filtered the liquid portion was determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Adsorbent dosage \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImpact of dosage of the adsorbent was determined by using various adsorbent dosages from 0.01 to 0.10 g and agitating each of them separately with 25 mL of Cd(II) ion solution at best possible conditions. The mixtures were shaken constantly at the agitation time. Then, the solution was separated and the metal contents of the filtrate were measured using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of initial concentration of the Cd(II) Ions on Adsorption\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eExactly 0.1 g of orange peels powder was reated with 25 mL solution of varying concentration (25-300 mg/ L) of the pollutant solution at optimal pH 4.5 over 2 hours. The pH was adjusted using 0.1 M HCl and 0.1 M NaOH. The mixtures were shaken constantly with the aid of an orbital shaker for 2 hours at 30℃. The solution was then filtered and the filtrate was measured for Cd(II) ion using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer BUCK 211.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKinetic Studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe kinetics investigation of the uptake of Cd(II) ion in an aqueous solution were done using batch adsorption procedure. In this procedure 0.1 g of sample of OP powder was put in different 200 mL sample tubes and 25 mL of the pollutant was added to each tube. The mixtures were properly agitated for 2 hours using a water bath shaker to ensure equilibrium was reached. The content was then separated and the Cd(II) ion remaining in the filtrate was measured using AAS, BUCK 211. The adsorption capacity (mg/g) and removal efficiency (%) were performed using the formulas in equations (1) and (2) as indicated below: (see Equations 1 and 2 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuch that Q\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e (mg/g) signify the quantity of Cd(II) ions sorbed at t = t; \u003cem\u003eC\u003csub\u003e0\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eC\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e \u003c/em\u003e(mg/L) are the amount of contaminant present at t = 0 and t = t respectively; the mass of the OP used is given as \u003cem\u003em\u003c/em\u003e (g) and the volume of the pollutant used is denoted as \u003cem\u003eV\u003c/em\u003e (L).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProcedure for Optimization\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOptimization studies of the adsorption of Cd(II) by the orange peel was performed by preparing three different concentrations (50, 150 and 250 mg/L) of Cd(II) ion solutions, solutions were adjusted to pH values of 1.0, 4.5, and 8.0. Different quantities of adsorbent - 0.1, 0.055 and 0.010 g were used. A parallel set of experiments without adsorbent served as blank. The flasks containing the mixture (20 mL) each were set into a thermostated shaker at 30℃ and 250 rpm for I hour. Each of the flasks was then removed at pre-set time, decanted and the concentration of cadmium ions in the filtrate was determined using AAS BUCK 211.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReuse Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reuse study of orange peel was performed using Cd\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e solution. After each adsorption process, the Cd-loaded OP was dried and then dissolved in 100 mL of saturated NaCl solution and stirred for 1 h. During this process, the Cd\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e which adhered to the surface of OP are desorbed due to the fact that the saturated NaCl solution which contains concentrated amount of Na\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e are capable of displacing Cd\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e from the OP surface. Thereafter, the cadmium concentrations desorbed were examined using AAS. The Cd-loaded OP was washed, dried and reconstituted for subsequent adsorption tests. Three cycles of adsorption\u0026ndash;desorption experiments were done, and the adsorption capacity was calculated after each cycle.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCharacterizations \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe diverse functional groups present on orange peel surface prior to and after adsorption were ana\u0026shy;lyzed with the aid of FT-IR as shown in Fig. 1. The orange peel demonstrated different functional groups with peak at 3419.82 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e identified as O\u0026ndash;H vibrations (Adeogun \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019), the 2926.74 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e peak was recognized as \u0026ndash;CH stretching of the alkanes group (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017), 1637.43 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e peak is that of C=O stretching of carbonyl groups, while the one at 1429.33 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e is allotted to \u0026ndash;CH\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e stretch. The peak noted at 1033.10 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e was allotted to the C\u0026ndash;O bond of the esters and carboxylic acids groups (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). Upon the uptake of cadmium ions, shifts in peak positions were observed indicating the possible involvement of these functional groups. For example, peak at 3419.82 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e increased to 3442.00 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e, while peaks at 2926.74 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e and 1637.43 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e increased to 2927.77 and 1642.00 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. Similarly, the peaks initially present at 1429.33 and 1033.10 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e increased to 1432.21 and 1033.26 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. Fig. 2a depicts the SEM image of the OP powder showing the porous structure which could provide more adsorption sites for the cadmium ions uptake. The XRD patterns of the orange peel adsorbent is shown in Fig. 2b with key diffractions at 2\u0026theta; = 16.3\u0026deg; and 22.3\u0026deg; which correspond to the (101) and (200) planes respectively for cellulose thus indicating an amorphous cellulose type I (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Agitation time and Metal Concentrations\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe role of agitation time (0 - 240 min) on the removal of Cd(II) ions was carried out with initial Cd(II) ion concentrations within the range of\u0026nbsp; 50-250 mg/L at a solution pH of 5.5 and is as represented in Fig. 3. The maximum uptake of Cd(II) was at 120 min after which there was no considerable raise in the quantity of the pollutant sorbed. As indicated from the plot, the uptake process happens in two steps with the first one being very quick and was attained at about 47 min with percentage removal of 48.4 % by orange peel adsorbent. The subsequent stage symbolized a progressive reduced adsorption which was achieved at 120 min. The swift early adsorption could be credited to the growth of Cd(II) ions on to the OP surface, owing to the existence of available cites on the OP surface. Nevertheless, with gradual growth of Cd(II) ions on these spots by the cadmium ions, the uptake became sluggish in the second stage, thus leading to reduction in the amount of pollutant adsorbed by the adsorbent (Adeogun \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018, Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020). Also as observed in Fig. 3, when the initial concentration of cadmium ions was increased in the solution, the amount of the metal ions adsorbed onto the adsorbent surface equally increased. This could be as a result of the increase in the number of the molecules of metal ions per unit volume of the medium (Arica \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffects of pH \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolution pH has been recognized to be a very important factor in the adsorption procedure since it can affect both the chemistry of the adsorbate and adsorbent. The network of charges of the adsorbate and adsorbent relies on the solution pH. With raise in the pH from 2 to 5.5, the sorption capacity of OP rose from 24.62 to 44.42 % as revealed in Fig.4. The highest adsorption was accomplished at a solution pH of 5.5. At smaller pH value, the Cd(II) ion elimination is subdued by web of positive charges of the OP and the rivalry that exist between Cd(II) ions and H\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e in solution. But with elevated pH, the negative charge network on OP increases which is due to the deprotonation of the binding sites. Therefore, the sorption of Cd(II) ions increases (Chunfang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017, Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). Bayramoglu and Arica (2015) observed that the decrease or increase of biosorption capacity of U(VI) ions at different pH medium can be attributed to the change in surface characteristics of the adsorbent used. It was further noted that the surface characteristics of these adsorbents are composed of different functional groups such as carboxyl, amine, hydroxyl, carbonyl, and phosphate groups and that ion-exchange and electrostatic interactions are mainly responsible for biosorption process. As observed from the FT-IR investigation of OP, the potential functional groups for binding Cd(II) ions are O-H, C=O and C-O groups.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Temperature \u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFig. 5 demonstrates the dependence of the adsorption of Cd(II) by orange peel on the temperature. The adsorption process was found to be a function of temperature and the highest Cd(II) uptake was achieved at 45 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC. The rise of solution temperature increased the adsorption competence of Cd(II) on OP indicating that the process was endothermic. Increase in temperature increased the rate of the progression of the Cd(II) ions from the solution onto the unoccupied sites of OP and weakened the thickness of the surface layer of OP, thereby enhancing the dispersion resistance of adsorbates to adsorbents (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEffect of Dosage\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe percentage removal of Cd(II) on OP significantly increased with the adjustment of OP from 0.01 to 0.04 g as depicted in Fig. 6 which showed that adsorption of Cd(II) ion was enhanced as the OP dosage increases. This is owing to more active spots which are accessible for the adsorption of Cd(II) ion due to lager surface area provided by increase in OP concentration. The common patterns of enhanced pollutant adsorption with a raise in sorbent dosage signify the existence of more binding sites which are available for adsorption. Arica \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2018) observed that an increase in the adsorbent dosage provides increase in the available sites on the adsorbent with for the uptake of the adsorbate, and this lead to an increase in the removal efficiency of adsorbent.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eKinetic studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlots of \u0026nbsp;against t were used to determine kinetic values of Pseudo- first-order, Pseudo- second-order, Elovich and Intraparticle diffusion models which are presented in equations 3 to 6 respectively (Lagergren, 1898; Ho and McKay, 1998; Cheung \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2004; Weber and Morris, 1963): (see Equations 3-6 in the Supplementary Files)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven that \u0026nbsp;(min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eg) and (min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eg/mg) are the rate constants for first- and second-orders respectively, \u0026nbsp;(mg/g) signify the quantity of Cd(II) ions adsorbed at equilibrium and Q\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e is as defined previously.\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTest of Kinetic Fitness\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe best fit among the kinetics models were tested by the sum of error squares (SSE, %) given by (Adeogun \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2013; Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017) : (see Equation 7 in the Supplementary Files)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuch that N represents the data points of number.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe estimated values of, \u0026nbsp;and \u0026nbsp;were calculated from the non-linear plots of against \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e in Fig.7 are as presented in Table 1. The R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e values obtained from the pseudo-first order equation ranged from 0.964 to 0.995, whilst that of the second-order equation ranged from 0.988 to 0.997 with the pseudo-second-order showing better values. However, a close inspection at the values of Qe\u003csub\u003eexp\u003c/sub\u003e and Qe\u003csub\u003ecal\u003c/sub\u003e of the second-order showed greater differences and this suggested that the second-order equation cannot be useful to pseudo-describe the uptake process. On the other hand, careful inspection of values of the Qe\u003csub\u003ecal\u003c/sub\u003e from the first-order model correspond well with the Qe\u003csub\u003eexp\u003c/sub\u003e; which indicates that the pseudo-first-order model can be used to explain the whole adsorption process of Cd(II) ion onto the surface of OP which is known as physisorption. Investigation of sum of error squares (SSE, %) further affirm the suitability with the Pseudo-first-order model when compared with that of second-order model. The rate constant values from the pseudo-first-order model range from 0.076 to 0.134 min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e. From the Elovich model, \u0026alpha; represents the initial rate of adsorption which is measured in mg/g min, while the desorption constant in g/mg is given as \u0026beta;\u0026nbsp; which were derived from the plots of against \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e from least square fit method as shown in Fig. 7c. Also, K\u003csub\u003eid\u003c/sub\u003e stands for the intra-particle diffusion rate constant measured in mgg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003emins\u003csup\u003e-0.5\u003c/sup\u003e and C\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e stands for the degree of surface thickness. The values of R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e as obtained from the intraparticle diffusion model are in the range of 0.957 to 0.980 thus, suggesting the applicability of this model in describing the adsorption pattern of the biomass. The uptake process of cadmium ions can be categories into three steps: (i) film mass transfer, (ii) intraparticle diffusion, and (iii) chemical reaction on adsorbent (Ofudje \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2017). The preliminary rapid uptake of Cd(II) ion by OP is as a result of the abundant presence of adsorptive sites, greater outer diffusion rate of Cd(II) ions couple with small diameter of Cd(II) ions. However, reduction in adsorption was due to the transfer of Cd(II) ions from external diffusion to internal, while saturated adsorption is as a result of the repulsion between pollutant and sorbent which hindered the activities of the remaining active sites.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEquilibrium Studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo investigate the equilibrium behaviour of orange peel powder, Langmuir, Dubinin\u0026ndash;Radushkevich (D-R), and Freundlich isotherm were utilized. Langmuir isotherm assumed that the adsorption energy is the same irrespective of the amount of adsorbed material on the adsorbent active sports which can be described by the relationship in equation 8 (Langmuir, 1918; Dehghani \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2015 and Morovat \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2016). (see Equation 8 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ewithstanding for the maximum monolayer adsorption capacity (mg/g), while b (L/mg)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003edenotes the adsorption energy. The Langmuir separation factor (R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e) can be expressed as: (see Equation 9 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSuch that C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e (mg L\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) gives the adsorbate concentration and when the values of R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e lies between 0 and 1, it implies favourable adsorption, if R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e \u0026gt; 1, it indicates unfavourable adsorption and if R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e = 0, it means irreversible process.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFreundlich isotherm described a multisite or multilayer with a heterogeneous surface and is given according to the equation 10 below (Freundlich, 1906): (see Equation 10 in the Supplementary Files)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGiven that K\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/g)(mg/L)\u003csup\u003e-1/2\u003c/sup\u003e the sorption capacity and \u003cem\u003en \u003c/em\u003eis the intensity of adsorption of the adsorbent respectively. The Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R) adsorption isotherm is applicable at low concentration range of adsorbate which could be useful in providing explanations regarding homogeneous and heterogeneous adsorption surfaces. The non-linear representation of the D\u0026ndash;R equation is given as: (see Equation 11 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith Q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e representing the saturation adsorption capacity of the OP, value of \u0026beta; stands for the adsorption free energy and \u0026epsilon; is the potential for Polanyi and can be expressed as:(see Equation 12 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe ideal molar gas constant is given as R (8.31 J/mol K) and T is temperature (K). Value of the mean sorption energy, E (kJ/mol), could be estimated from \u0026beta; parameter as thus: (see Equation 13 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eValues of E (kJ/mol) could be used to predict the mechanism of adsorption. For instance, when E values lie between 8 and 16 kJ/mol, it is an ion-exchange process, but values of E less than 8 kJ/mol suggests physical adsorption process while values of E greater than 16 kJ/mol, imply that the adsorption process is subjugated by particle diffusion. \u0026nbsp;The plots of the isotherms are as shown in Fig. 8, while their values are as given in Table 2. The values of R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e gotten from Langmuir, Freundlich and D-R isotherms for Cd(II) ions are 0.995, 0.996 and 0.993 respectively, thus suggesting that the three isothermal models could be employed to describe the equilibrium adsorption data, particularly the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The maximum adsorption capacity Q\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e and K\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e obtained for Cd(II) ions uptake are 128.23 (mg g\u003csup\u003e_1\u003c/sup\u003e) and 54.531 (mg/g)(mg/L)\u003csup\u003e-1/2\u003c/sup\u003e in that order. The n values represent the distribution energy of adsorption site. Since n \u0026gt; 1, it indicates feasible adsorption, with greater heterogeneous adsorption site and energy distribution. Value of R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e obtained is \u0026lt; 1, which implies that the adsorption was favourable. Dubinin\u0026ndash;Radushkevich (D-R) parameter, E, was found to be 0.757 kJmol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and since the value of E is smaller than 8 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, the adsorption mechanism is physical in nature. Table 3 indicates the potentials of various adsorbents for cadmium ion adsorption compared with orange peel powder from this present study. The result demonstrates better adsorption capacity of orange peel adsorbent compared to tea industry waste and olive cake.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThermodynamics Studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe thermodynamic investigation of the adsorption of cadmium onto orange peel was evaluated using the relations:(see Equations 14 and 15 in the Supplementary Files)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWith \u003cem\u003eR \u003c/em\u003estanding for the universal gas constant (8.314 J mol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eK\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eT \u003c/em\u003eis the absolute temperature in Kelvin. The free energy change is given as \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003eG\u003c/em\u003e◦, enthalpy change is \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e◦ and the entropy change as \u0026Delta;S◦). The plots of In\u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e versus 1/\u003cem\u003eT\u003c/em\u003e should give a slope of \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003eH\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e with an intercept of \u0026Delta;\u003cem\u003eS\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e/\u003cem\u003eR\u003c/em\u003e as shown in Fig. 9 and the evaluated parameters are as presented in Table 4. Positive value of enthalpy change affirmed the adsorption process to be endothermic, which support the claim early that the process of adsorption is physical in nature. Furthermore, the negative value of the entropy change showed that the degree of randomness decreased as the temperature increased and shows a decreased disorderliness at the solid/solution interface.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOptimization Studies\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe mutual relationship of pH and adsorbent dosage on the elimination of Cd by orange peel is represented as contour and 3D plots in Fig. 10a and it clearly depicts that the uptake of Cd(II) by orange peel depends on the solution pH, which was observed to be increasing (till pH of 5.0) and thus optimum adsorption took place at pH 5.5. According to Dehghani \u003cem\u003eet al. \u003c/em\u003e(2016), decrease in Cd(II) sorption was notable as the solution pH was adjusted from 5.5 to 8. The adsorbent dosage also has a synergistic effect on the percentage removal.\u0026nbsp; The joint effects of sorbent dosage as well as that of Cd(II) ion concentration on the efficiency of adsorption behaviour of OP in the uptake of Cd is presented in Fig.10b . The removal efficiency rose with the sorbent dosage from 0.02 to 0.10 g. With greater sorbent dosage, more binding spots become accessible to the Cd(II) on the surface of the sorbent material, which leads to greater removal capability. It was noted optimum removal efficiency of 60 % was accomplished at 0.10 g of the adsorbent dosage. In general, greater sorbent dosage and lesser Cd(II) ion concentration enhanced the uptake of Cd (II) ions (Dehghani \u003cem\u003eet al., \u003c/em\u003e2016). The impact of solution pH on the uptake of Cd(II) ion was also studied in the pH range of 1-8 as presented in Fig.10c. The results showed that as the pH decreases the concentration of Cd(II) ion adsorbed increases.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReuse Study\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe reusability of the adsorbent in adsorption study is one of the major advantages of considering this method over conventional methods for wastewater treatment. To this end, reuse study was conducted following the reaction of the used OP with solution of saturated NaCl solution for 1 h as depicted in Fig. 11. It was observed that as the number of reuse increases, the adsorption capacity of the OP decreases. Though, the adsorption capacity of the tested adsorbent for cadmium decreases with subsequent adsorption process, this decrease was minimal thus suggesting the reusability of OP at more than one cycle. The adsorption capacity decreased from 88.34 to 73.42 %. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study examined the potentials of waste agricultural products of orange peel as less-expensive and environmentally benign adsorbent in the subtraction of cadmium ions from aqueous solution under diverse experimental circumstances. The result from the equilibrium study gave the adsorption capacity of 128.23 mg g\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e at 318 K, while the three isotherm models tested conform well with the contaminant experimental data, although Langmuir demonstrated a better fitting. The kinetic data aligned perfectly with the pseudo-first-order equation. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the adsorption process was endothermic in nature and this is an indication of good economic value. Result from reuse study showed that the adsorbent demonstrated good potentials for regeneration. Thus, orange peel could be a useful adsorbent for uptake of cadmium ions in contaminated environment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAAS: Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; a\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cem\u003e:\u003c/em\u003e Tempkin constants relating to binding constant (Lmg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) ; \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;b\u003c/em\u003e: Langmuir equilibrium constant (L mg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); b\u003csub\u003eT\u003c/sub\u003e: heat of adsorption; \u003cem\u003e\u0026beta;: \u003c/em\u003eMean free energy of adsorption; \u003cem\u003eC\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: equilibrium concentrations\u003cem\u003e; C\u003csub\u003eo\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: initial concentrations;\u0026nbsp; C\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e: degree of surface thickness; E: mean free energy (kJ mol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) ; EDX: Energy dispersive X-ray analysis; D-R: Dubinin\u0026ndash;Radushkevich; FT-IR: Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy; \u003cem\u003eK\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e : Freudlich adsorption capacity; K\u003csub\u003eid:\u003c/sub\u003e intra-particle diffusion rate constant measured in mgg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003emins\u003csup\u003e-0.5\u003c/sup\u003e; \u003cem\u003eK\u003csub\u003ed\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: equilibrium constant\u003csub\u003e; \u003c/sub\u003em: adsorbent mass (g); n: adsorbent intensity; Q\u003csub\u003ee\u003c/sub\u003e: amount of adsorbate adsorbed in mg/g; Q\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e: maximum amount of solute adsorbed;\u0026nbsp; \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: Adsorption rate constant (min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) for a Pseudo first-order; \u003cem\u003ek\u003c/em\u003e\u003cem\u003e\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/em\u003e: Rate constant of Pseudo-second-order (g mg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e min\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); \u0026epsilon;: Polanyi potential; OP: orange peel; N: data points of number; R: molar gas constant (8.314 J mol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e K\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e); R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e: Correlation coefficient; R\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e: Separation factor; SEM: Scanning electron microscope; SSE: Sum of square error function; T: Temperature (K); V: volume (L) of the pollutant taken; XRD: X-ray diffractometer; \u0026Delta;S\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e: Entropy change, \u0026Delta;H\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e: Enthalpy change; \u0026Delta;G\u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003e: Free energy change.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;Consent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors do declare that there are no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors have equal contribution to this research work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThanks are also extended to all the technical staff of CSIR-CECRI, India for their supports during characterization.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' information (optional\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDr. Akinhanmi Temilade is a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. Her area of specialization is Analytical Chemistry. Dr. Ofudje is currently a Senior Lecturer at the Department of Chemical Sciences, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, Mountain Top University, Ogun State, Nigeria. His area of specialization includes Physical/Environmental/Material Chemistry. Dr. Adeogun Abideen is an Associate Professor in the Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria. He specialized in Physical and Environmental Chemistry. Aina Peter and Ilo Mayowa are both students in the Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdeogun AI, Akande JA, Idowu MA, Kareem SO, (2019) Magnetic tuned sorghum husk biosorbent for effective removal of cationic dyes from aqueous solution: isotherm, kinetics, thermodynamics and optimization studies. 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Journal of chemistry,\u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/2805479\"\u003edoi.org/10.1155/2020/2805479\u003c/a\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWeber WJ, Morris JC (1963)\u0026nbsp; Kinetic of adsorption on carbon from solution, Journal of \u003cem\u003eSanitation Engineering Division\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eProceedings of the American Society of Civil Engineers\u003c/em\u003e, 89:31-60.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 1:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 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21.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e20.807\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 0.75in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e31.046\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 49.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 21.1pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e41.320\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 103.35pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 41.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.25pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.957\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 45pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:normal;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.978\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 2:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eIsotherm Parameters of cadmium Adsorption on OP\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"width:363.0pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: 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style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOP\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLangmuir\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ\u003csub\u003emax\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/g)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 31.7pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e128.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csub\u003eL\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.241\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eb (mg/L)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align:justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 115%;\"\u003e0.114\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.995\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFreundlich\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK\u003csub\u003eF\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/g)(mg/L)\u003csup\u003e-1/2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 28.3pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e54.531\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003en\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e1.665\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.996\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" style=\"width: 2in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eD-R\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQ \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; (mg/g)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e134.321\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026epsilon; (molJ\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.752\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eE (kJmol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.757\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 2in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eR\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 75pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15.85pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:150%;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e0.993\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;font-size:16px;font-family:\"Palatino\",serif;color:black;text-align:justify;line-height:200%;'\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica; font-size: 13px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 3:\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;Comparable Adsorption Capacities of other Adsorbents with Orange Peel\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv align=\"center\" style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\n \u003ctable style=\"border-collapse:collapse;border:none;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdsorbent\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdsorption capacity (mg/g)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:justify;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eReferences\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n 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252);\"\u003e21.58\u0026thinsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 18.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eLei \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background: rgb(252, 252, 252);\"\u003eSuccinylated hay\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"background: rgb(252, 252, 252);\"\u003e75.19\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 16.6pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ePeijia \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ePisha Sandstone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e12.79\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eWang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eNa\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e modified Pisha Sandstone\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e12.81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eWang \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSynthetic hydroxyapatite\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(S-HAp)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e138.89\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eRamdani \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eHydroxyapatite\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e(C-HAp)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e125\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eRamdani \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 37.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eSpent coffee grounds (SCGs)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 37.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e19.32\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 37.75pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMin-Suk and Jeong-Gyu (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eZeolite\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e13.91\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eMin-Suk and Jeong-Gyu (2020)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eFish scale\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e112.57\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eAdeogun \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e., 2018\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eBone meal derived apatite\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e116.16\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eOfudje\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;et al\u003c/em\u003e., 2020\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1.95in;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003eOrange peel\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e128.23\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 166.5pt;border-top: none;border-right: none;border-left: none;border-image: initial;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;padding: 0in 5.4pt;vertical-align: top;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style=\"margin-top:0in;margin-right: 0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:.5in;text-align:center;line-height:normal;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003ePresent study\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:10.0pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:115%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 115%; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp style=\"text-align:justify;line-height:200%;\"\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px; line-height: 200%; font-family: Helvetica; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003eTable 4:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eThermodynamics values for the adsorption of Cd(II) ion\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"border: none;width:355.5pt;margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003eT (K)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e∆G (J/mol)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.45pt;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e∆S (J/mol K)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border-top: 1pt solid windowtext;border-left: none;border-bottom: 1pt solid windowtext;border-right: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e∆H (J/mol)\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.0034\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65.25pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e303\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e14320.72\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 77.45pt;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 1in;border: none;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: 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style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e0.0105\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 65.25pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 0, 0);\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-size: 13px;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"font-family: Helvetica;\"\u003e\u003cspan style=\"line-height: 200%;\"\u003e313\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 70.4pt;padding: 0in 5.4pt;height: 15pt;vertical-align: bottom;\"\u003e\n \u003cp style='margin-top:0in;margin-right:0in;margin-bottom:.0001pt;margin-left:0in;line-height:200%;font-size:15px;font-family:\"Calibri\",sans-serif;text-align: justify;'\u003e\u003cspan style=\"color: rgb(0, 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about [Bioresources and Bioprocessing](http://bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/biob/default.aspx","title":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Adsorption, cadmium, equilibrium, kinetics, orange peel,","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-20604/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-20604/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe\u0026nbsp;presence\u0026nbsp;of\u0026nbsp;heavy\u0026nbsp;metals\u0026nbsp;in\u0026nbsp;polluted\u0026nbsp;water is\u0026nbsp;known not only\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;cause\u0026nbsp;stern\u0026nbsp;harm\u0026nbsp;to\u0026nbsp;marine organisms but also to terrestrial plants and animals including human beings.\u0026nbsp;This research applied low-cost and environmental benign adsorbent primed from waste orange peel (OP) for the removal of Cd(II) ions from\u0026nbsp;aqueous\u0026nbsp;solution via batch adsorption process. The surface properties of the orange peel powder were studied using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy (XRD) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR). Operational conditions like temperature, contact time, sorbent dosage, solution pH and initial adsorbate concentration were investigated. The utmost uptake of Cd(II) ion was obtained at a contact time of 120 mins,\u0026nbsp;initial\u0026nbsp;metal\u0026nbsp;concentration of 240 mg/L,\u0026nbsp;adsorbent dosage of 0.04 g/L, temperature\u0026nbsp;of 45 °C and\u0026nbsp;solution pH of 5.5. Equilibrium results showed that the orange peel adsorbent has an adsorption capacity of 128.23 mg/g as obtained from the Langmuir isotherm. The adsorption kinetics data followed a pseudo-first-order kinetic model with correlation coefficient (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) \u0026gt;0.9 and low standard % error values. The adsorption process was found to be endothermic in nature with enthalpy of 0.0046 kJ mol\u003csup\u003e−1\u003c/sup\u003e and entropy of-636.865 Jmol\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003eK\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. Results from the optimization study indicated that higher adsorbent dosage and lower Cd(II) ion concentration increased the percentage of Cd (II) ion removal. Thus, orange peel could be used in the removal of Cd(II) ion from aqueous solutions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Orange Peel As Low-Cost Adsorbent In The Elimination Of Cd(Ii) Ions: Kinetics, Isotherm, Thermodynamic And Optimization Evaluations","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2020-06-01 13:36:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-20604/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-05-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-05-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"decision","content":"Accept","date":"2020-05-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-05-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-05-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-05-23T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's 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16:50:31","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-20604/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-04-29T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"decision","content":"Major revision","date":"2020-04-29T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2020-04-27T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":"Recommendation: Reviewer's comments unavailable due to the journal's policy.\n"},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-04-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":1,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2020-04-26T12:00:00+00:00","index":2,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2020-04-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-25T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2020-04-24T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2020-04-19T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"","date":"2020-04-11T12:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bioresources-and-bioprocessing","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"biob","sideBox":"Learn more about [Bioresources and Bioprocessing](http://bioresourcesbioprocessing.springeropen.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/biob/default.aspx","title":"Bioresources and Bioprocessing","twitterHandle":"@SpringerOpen","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3095aa05-a615-45c0-ad3b-cabeadd922b8","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 1st, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":110679,"name":"Physical Chemistry"},{"id":110680,"name":"Environmental Chemistry"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-06-28T15:01:03+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-20604","link":"https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-020-00320-y","journal":{"identity":"bioresources-and-bioprocessing","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Bioresources and 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