The Framework of Plant Regeneration In Duckweed (Lemna Turonifera) Comprises Genetic Transcript Regulation And Cyclohexane Release

The Framework of Plant Regeneration In Duckweed (Lemna Turonifera) Comprises Genetic Transcript Regulation And Cyclohexane Release | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article The Framework of Plant Regeneration In Duckweed (Lemna Turonifera ) Comprises Genetic Transcript Regulation And Cyclohexane Release Lin Yang, Jinge Sun, Jie Yao, Yaya Wang, Congyu Yan, Junyi Wu, and 3 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-416943/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Regeneration is essential for vegetative propagation of excellent variety, detoxification, and obtaining transgenic plant. However, plant regeneration is time-consuming. We found that duckweed regeneration could be enhanced by regenerating callus. The molecular and VOCs releasing mechanisms underlying that have been studied here. Firstly, Genetic transcript regulation has been applied to study the molecular mechanism controlling regeneration. Auxin-related genes have been significantly down-regulated in regenerating callus. Cytokinin signal pathway genes have been up-regulated in regenerating callus. Secondly, VOCs release has been analyzed by GC/MS during the stage of plant regeneration, and 11 kinds of unique VOCs in the regenerating callus were increased. Among them, cyclohexane treatment enhanced duckweed regeneration by initiating root. Moreover, Auxin signal pathway genes were down-regulated in callus treated by cyclohexane. Altogether, these results provide novel mechanistic insights into how regenerating callus promotes duckweed regeneration. Horticulture Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics Regeneration Phytohormone VOCs Cyclohexane Duckweed Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Introduction Regeneration of entire plants from a callus in vitro depends on pluripotent cell mass, which provides rise to a new organ or even a whole plant (Ikeuchi et al. , 2016; Attila, 2019). Regeneration was widely used for vegetative propagation of excellent variety, detoxification, and the obtain of transgenic crops (Lardon et al. , 2020; Motte et al. , 2014). Many studies have focused on the molecular framework of de novo organ formation in Arabidopsis thaliana . The molecular factors of cellular pluripotency during the regeneration of plants have been investigated thoroughly. However, the regulatory modules in monocot plants were little in-depth study. With the advantages of fast reproduction, high protein content (Li et al. , 2004), and distinguished tolerance for a variety of toxic substances (Yao et al. , 2020; Yang et al. , 2020), Duckweed has been applied as a monocotyledons model plant for gene-expression systems. And stable transformation mediated by Agrobacterium depends on efficient callus regeneration protocols. Genome and transcriptome sequencing leads to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism and regulatory network of duckweed. These results were of great significance to plant evolution and adaptation to the environment (Dong et al. , 2019). What’s more, there is no study focus on the transcriptome analysis during the regeneration in duckweed. In former studies, it has been reported that the growth and development of callus were mediated by many plant hormones (Li et al. , 2004). The balance of Auxin and cytokinin is the basis for Vitro tissue culture (Shim et al. , 2020). Explants can be incubated to callus on auxin-rich callus-inducing medium (CIM). And on cytokinin-rich shoot-inducing medium (SIM), the vigorous callus can be induced to novo shoots. It is emergent to study the mechanism of duckweed regeneration via dynamic hormonal and transcriptional changes. Jasmonates (JAs) serves as a wound signal during de novo root regeneration, which triggers plant regeneration (Zhang et al. , 2019). Moreover, JA and Methyl Jasmonate (MeJA) function as defences in nature, for example, the induced "alarm" calls of plants (Turlings et al. , 1990), which is allelopathy. During allelopathy, there are several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the plant. For example, the allelopathic effects of VOCs of Artemisia frigida Willd. On the seed, germination of pasture grasses has been reported (Zhang et al. , 2012). Does allelopathy play a role during plant regeneration? Interestingly, we found the plant regeneration could be promoted by regeneration callus. Why? The global insight on the signal and VOCs released from regenerating callus needs to be investigated. Here, the main objectives have been studied: (i) the molecular mechanism controlling regeneration by comprehensive transcriptomic comparison between callus and regenerating callus; (ii) which VOCs have been increased during the stage of plant regeneration; (iii) the allelopathic effects of VOCs on the inducement of callus regeneration; (iv) the transcriptome analysis on the regenerating callus which VOCs have promoted. Materials And Methods Plant material and in vito establishment and cyclohexane treatment Lemna turionifera used in the experiment were collected from a lake in Tianjin, China. Duckweed was cultured in the liquid medium described as Wang et al. and Yang et al. (Wang et al., 1994; Yang et al., 2013). The duckweed was cultured aseptically in the liquid medium. Fully expanded fronds were selected as explant for callus induction. The rhizoid was removed, and the frond was scratched for callus induction. The induction medium was B5 solid medium, which Gamborg designed for soybeans tissue culture in 1968 (Gamborg et al., 1968). The induction medium contained plant hormones 15 mg/1 dicamba, 3.5 mg/1 2, 4-D, 6-BA 2mg/1 and 1.5% sucrose. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.2–6.4, and then it was sterilized at 121℃ for 20 minutes. The tissue was cultured in an incubator with a light cycle of 23 ± 2 ℃, 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. After 4–5 weeks of induction, the duckweed explants developed into callus through dedifferentiation. After 2–3 weeks of induction, calli formated. The calli were transferred to the subculture medium. Subculture medium contains B5 medium, 10 mg/L 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) and 2 mg/L 2ip. In order to keep the callus with better morphology and activity, a new subculture medium was replaced every two weeks. Callus was transferred to the regeneration medium for duckweed regeneration. The regeneration medium contains B5 medium, 1 mM serine, and 1.5% sucrose. After 2 or 3 weeks, the callus redifferentiated and regenerated. When three days of culture in the B5 subculture medium, the calli were cultured in B5 medium with 20 ml cyclohexane in a sizeable airtight beaker. Each day open the sealing device regularly to change the air in the beaker. And replace with a new cyclohexane every two days. The Co-culture of regenerating callus and callus The callus was cultured on a subculture medium for more than two weeks for subsequent experiments. Callus and regenerating callus in the same growth condition were placed in B5 medium (containing 1.5% sucrose), respectively. For fumigate, the regenerating callus and callus were put together in a closed environment for co-culture described as Fig. 1a. VOCs Collection and analysis Shown as Fig. 1b, the VOCs released from callus and regenerating duckweed were collected using the dynamic headspace air-circulation method described by Zuo et al. (Zuo et al. , 2018). There were three conical flasks of callus or regenerating callus for each group. The chemical composition analysis of VOCs was performed using a thermal-desorption system/ gas chromatography/ mass spectrum (TDS/GC/MS). And the GC/MS data were studied in NIST/ EPA/ NIH Mass Spectral Library (NIST 08) (National Institute of Standards and Technology, MD, USA). RNA isolation, quantification, and sequencing RNA degradation and contamination on 1% agarose gel were detected, and the quality of the samples was qualified. RNA purity was checked using the NanoPhotometer® spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA). RNA concentration was measured using Qubit® RNA Assay Kit in Qubit® 2.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies, CA, USA). RNA integrity was then assessed using the RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit of the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA). Sequencing data filtering and transcript assembly Image data from sequencing fragments measured by high-throughput sequencers are transformed into sequence data (reads) by CASAVA base recognition. The raw data obtained from sequencing included a small number of reads with sequencing adaptors or low sequencing quality. Our previous study's filtering contents were followed: Removed adapters; Removed reads whose proportion of N is greater than 10%; Remove low-quality reads (Yao et al., 2020). The clean reads were assembled by the Trinity de novo assembly program with min_kmer_cov set to 2 by default. Otherwise, it was set to default (Grabherr et al., 2011). Overall, a reference sequence with an average length of 1928 bp and a total length of 282527137 bp were obtained for subsequent analysis. Data analysis The experiment was repeated for at least triplicate independent experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 20) were applied to compare the statistical significances. Significant difference in experiment was indicated by asterisks (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01). And standard deviations were shown by the error bar. The graphs in these studies were made using Origin 9.0 (Origin Lab, USA). Data availability All data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author. Results Promoted effect of regenerating tissue Frond regeneration of duckweed has been promoted when co-cultured with regenerating callus (Co). Frond formed in 14 d with Co-treatment, and duckweed regenerated at 21 days with Co-treatment (Fig. 2a). In the Co group, significant enhancement was found in the percentage of callus regeneration (77.3 %). Compared with that, the callus regeneration percentage without co-culture was 53.6% (Fig. 2b). Thus, callus regeneration has been significantly increased by Co-treatment. Transcriptome analysis identifies Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in regenerating callus To compare the enriched pathways between regenerating callus (RG) and callus (CL), KEGG pathway analysis has been conducted (Fig. 3). The top 20 KEGG pathways with the highest representation of DEGs have been analyzed. We selected the 20 pathway items that were most significant in the enrichment process to be shown in this diagram. As shown in Fig. 3a, the "Photosynthesis antenna proteins" were the most significantly enhanced pathway in the top 20 up-regulated KEGG pathways with the highest Rich Factors of RG vs CL. This indicated that the expression of antenna protein increased after the callus developed into regenerated tissue. Antenna proteins were essential for photochemical plant reactions and could mediate the core of plant photosynthesis. The most significantly down-regulated pathway was the "Ribosome", "Pyrimidine metabolism", "Mismatch repair", "Homologous recombination", "DNA replication" and "Base excision repair", which were among the top list of enriched pathways (Fig. 3b), these were all related to the replication of DNA. In order to understand the difference of DEGs in the regenerating callus, gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted in RG vs CL. As shown in Fig. 3c, "cell", "cell part", and "intracellular" were in biological process with the most up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs. These were followed by "macromolecular complex" and "organelle" in the biological process category with the most up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs. "DNA integration", "pollination", and "cell recognition" were up-regulated DEGs, without down-regulated (Fig. 3). Expression changes of genes related to Auxin and root development in regenerating callus Novogene conducted the mRNA expression in order to study the gene that participated during callus regeneration. The course of the auxin signal pathway and related response factors have been described as Fig. 4. Transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) and stem cell factor (SCF), initiating subsequent signal transduction by binding of Auxin, have been down-regulated in the regenerating callus. As a transcriptional activator, the auxin response factor (ARF) could regulate auxin reaction by binding with auxin-responsive protein IAA (AUX/IAA). In this study, AUX/IAA and ARF have been down-regulated significantly, by 13.0309 and 3.0056 log 2 Fold Change, respectively. Auxin early response factor could be divided into three categories, which were AUX/IAA, Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) and small auxin-up RNA (SAUR). GH3 and SAUR have been down-regulated during regeneration, as well. ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR3 (ERF3) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 11 (WOX11), playing a role in the initiation and regulation of adventitious roots (ARs), were both down-regulated. Also, lateral roots (LRs) and root hairs (RHs) relied on zinc finger protein (ZFP) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2). The expression of ZFP was decreased by 4.0368 log 2 Fold Change. Expression changes of genes related to cytokinins signal pathway in regenerating callus To obtain candidates regulating regeneration, we studied the regulation of the cytokinins signal pathway. Shown as in Fig. 5, cytokinin receptor 1(CRE1) and cytokinin independent 1(CKI1), as cytokinin receptors (Hwang et al. , 2001; Zheng et al., 2003), have been up-regulated in regenerating callus. Histidine phosphate transfer protein (AHP), interacting with CRE1 and CKI1, has been up-regulated by 2.9662 log 2 Fold Change. Type-A ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS (A-ARR) plays a role as a negative feedback regulator, which inhibit type-B activity ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS (B-ARR) and form a negative feedback cycle (Liu et al., 2012; Hwang et al., 2012). A-ARR has been down-regulated by 4.5266 log 2 Fold Change. It might be lead to overall up-regulated cytokinins during the callus regenerating. Changes of VOCs during callus regeneration The VOCs of regenerating callus has been investigated. And the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the GC/MS data were obtained from NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library, showed as Fig. 6. Compared to the callus, 11 kinds of unique VOCs in the regenerating callus were enhanced (Table 1). The peak area of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene in the regenerating callus was 0.84*10 7 , 3.23 times than that in the callus. And the emission of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene increased the most in the regenerating callus. Besides, the content of 4-methyl-2-pentanol and cyclohexane also have been improved. Compared with the callus' cyclohexane peak area (0.85*10 7 ), the regenerating callus' cyclohexane peak area was 1.28*10 7 , 4.3*10 6 higher than that of callus. And the peak area of 4-methyl-2-pentanol was 2.1*10 7 , 2.33 times that of callus. Callus regeneration promoted by cyclohexane In order to explore the effect of VOCs in callus regeneration, 1, 3-dimethyl benzene, 4-methyl-2-pentanol and cyclohexane were added to the medium of callus. As Fig. 7 showed, cyclohexane promoted the regeneration of the callus significantly. After 16 days of cyclohexane treatment, roots formed from the callus. However, 1, 3-dimethyl benzene and 4-methyl-2-pentanol groups have no apparent phenomenon of regeneration. And the callus formed compact white callus with the treatment of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene. Transcriptome analysis identifies KEGGs and DEGs in callus treated by cyclohexane Transcriptome analysis has been analyzed to investigate the potential functions of KEGGs and DEGs in the callus treat hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounded by cyclohexane. As shown in Fig. 8a, "RNA transport" and "glycolysis/gluconeoge, and galactose metabolism" were in the biological process with the most down-regulated KEGGs. "Ribosome" was the top-enriched pathway (Richfactor > 0.55). It was followed by "photosynthesis" and "oxidative phosphorylation" (Fig. 8b). In order to understand the difference of DEGs in callus treated with cyclohexane, gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted in callus treated by cyclohexane vs callus. As shown in Fig. 8c, "DNA integration", "ribonucleoprotein complex", and "structural molecule activity" were in biological process with the most up-regulated DEGs. These were followed by "ribosome biogenesis", "ribonucleoprotein complex", and "ribosome" in the category of the biological process with the most up-regulated DEGs. "ribonucleoprotein complex", and "structural molecule activity" was were in biological process with the most down-regulated DEGs. (Fig. 8c). Comparison of the expression of genes related to the hormone in callus treated with cyclohexane and in the regenerating callus In order to know molecular factors underlying the participation of hormone in callus regeneration, we first checked gene expression related to the auxin signal pathway (Table 2). AUX/IAA and GH3 have been downregulated in both calli treated with cyclohexane and in the regenerating callus. A majority of SAUR have been down-regulated during regeneration and treated with cyclohexane (Fig. 9a). ERF3, cysteine-rich receptor and Zinc finger has been down-regulated as well. Secondly, we studied the expression of genes related to CTK signal (Fig. 9b). The gene regulation in regeneration and treated with cyclohexane is different. The CRE1 has been up-regulated in the regenerating callus, which has been down-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane (Table 3). Thirdly, the expression of genes related to brassinosteroid signal has been investigated. In the brassinosteroid signal pathway, the expression of brassinazole-resistant1/2 (BZR1/2) has been down-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane and the regenerating callus (Table 4). In the brassinosteroid signal pathway, the expression of BZR1/2 has been down-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane and the regenerating callus. Moreover, the expression of genes related to ethylene signal has been investigated (Fig. 9c). The expression of ETR and EBF1/2 has been up-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane and the regenerating callus. Transcription factor MYC2(MYC2), which plays a role in the jasmonic acid signal pathway, has been up-regulated in both cyclohexane treatment and regenerating callus (Fig. 9d). There is no significant difference in the gibberellin signal pathway during cyclohexane treatment (Fig. 9e). Discussion In line with previous studies, we established an effective way in vito callus regeneration in duckweed. Interestingly, we found that one regenerating callus promoted another callus to regenerate. Genomes and transcriptome sequencing (especially plant hormones) and volatile substances were studied to reveal plant regeneration's molecule framework in duckweed . Plant hormones played a crucial role during callus regeneration 1 . Here, we compared the transcriptome of regenerating callus and callus to investigate the molecular mechanism of phytohormone (especially Auxin and cytokinins). Callus was induced by Auxin, similar to lateral root primordium (Atta et al. , 2009; Hirota et al. , 2007; Sugimoto et al. , 2010). In Arabidopsis, the callus tissue formed root stem cell niche by regulation the expression of root stem cell regulators, including WOX (Liu et al. , 2014; Akie et al. , 2018; Haecker et al. , 2004; Shimotohno et al. , 2018). According to our results, ARF, AUX/IAA, GH3, ARF1, SAUG and other response factor have been down-regulated significantly during the callus redifferentiation (Fig. 4). The interaction between ARF and AUX /IAA could regulate Auxin early response's genes expression in the auxin signalling pathway. Moreover, ERF3, WOX11 and ZFP were related to the ARs, LRs and RHs of initiation in Spirodela (Dong et al. , 2019), which might lead associated with the regeneration in duckweed. Cytokinins and Auxin have synergistic or antagonistic interactions with each other (SKOOG et al. , 1957). As a phytohormone, cytokinin could control critical aspects of environmental responses, such as biotic and abiotic stress responses, and regulate various developmental processes, including cell proliferation, leaf formation, and root formation growth (Karunadasa et al. , 2020; Romanov et al. , 2018). Cytokinins promoted plant regeneration by controlling the generation of somatic embryogenesis in Fumariaceae and Rice (Sagare et al. , 2001; Ram et al. , 1984). In this study, cytokinin receptor CRE1, CKI1, and transfer protein of histidine phosphate AHP were up-regulated, during the expression of negative feedback regulator A-ARR was down-regulated in callus regeneration (Fig. 5). And the expression of cytokinins synthesis was up-regulated, thereby promoting the differentiation of shoots. The transcriptome analysis suggested a similar result with Arabidopsis, giving evidence that Auxin and cytokinins' regulation leads to regeneration. Besides, plant regeneration has been regulated by other hormones (Ikeuchi et al. , 2017). Our products found that gibberellin, jasmonic acid, increased significantly, while genes related to gibberellin and brassinolide were down-regulated during callus regenerating (Fig. 9). Plants release VOCs to the environment to affect their own or other biological life processes in plants growth and development. This phenomenon was called allelopathy (Shi et al. , 2020). Plants in different growing environments, such as biological stress or abiotic stress, might release other VOCs to improve their resistance to external interference (Raghava et al. , 2009; Loreto et al. , 2006; Jud et al. , 2016). In previous studies, VOCs have been shown to mediate cell to cell communication, thereby leading to stress responses in plants (Zuo et al. , 2012). In our study, 11 kinds of specific VOCs have been increased during callus regenerating. Among them, cyclohexane could significantly promote the regeneration of callus in 16 days (Fig. 7). Here, the regulation of gene expression related to the hormone in callus treated with cyclohexane, which promoted regeneration, suggested the role of Auxin during regeneration. AUX/IAA and GH3 have been downregulated in both calli treated with cyclohexane, similar to that in the regenerating callus (Fig. 9). And adventitious root initiation and elongation has been promoted by AUX/IAA (Dong et al. , 2019). Interestingly, the root formation has been enhanced significantly by cyclohexane treatment (Fig. 7). Altogether, we propose a hypothesis of how callus regenerates in duckweed. Based on the DEGs in regenerating callus, we proposed molecular regulation on plant hormone. Also, our study provides candidates for evaluating the involvement of VOCs during duckweed regeneration, especially the enhancement of regeneration by cyclohexane. It also provides a resource for comparative transcriptome analysis of plant regeneration in other species. It was indicated that VOCs might play a crucial role in the process of plant regeneration. It also makes clear that allelopathy does affect plant growth and development. Declarations Declaration of interests The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. Acknowledgements The present research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32071620 ), Tianjin Science and technology project (19ZYPTSN00030), and Tianjin Graduate Research Innovation Project (2020YJSS133). References Akie S, Renze H, Ikram B et al (2018) Root stem cell niche organizer specification by molecular convergence of plethora and scarecrow transcription factor modules. 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Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 40, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.007 Tables Table 1 The main components of VOCs from regenerating callus and callus Designation Chemical formula RG Peak area （*10 7 ） CL Peak area （*10 7 ） Acquisition time (min) Cyclohexane C 6 H 12 1.28 0.85 3.06 9,12, 15-octadecarboxylic acid methyl ester C 28 H 40 O 4 0.44 0.4 3.32 10,13-octadecadiynoic acid methyl ester C 19 H 30 O 2 3.49 3.3 3.38 4-methyl-2-pentanol C 6 H 14 O 2.1 0.9 3.81 1, 3-dimethyl benzene C 8 H 10 0.84 0.26 5.83 1,1'-oxybis-decane C 20 H 42 O 0.95 0.48 15.82 Diisobutyl phthalate C 26 H 44 O 5 1.88 1.75 17.17 Nonadecane C 19 H 40 0.8 0.64 19.15 3-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-propenal C 12 H 18 O 1.28 0.9 24.13 9,10-dihydro-11,12-diacetyl-9,10-ethanoanthracene C 20 H 18 O 2 2.75 1.8 31.81 Butyl 8-methylnonyl ester 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid C 22 H 34 O 4 1.21 0.79 34.2 Table 2 Gene expression in plant regeneration of Auxin Description Gene-id Regenerating callus vs Callus_Read_count Cyclohexane vs Callus_Read_count Callus_Read_count Regenerating callus vs Callus_log2Fold Change Cyclohexane vs Callus_log2Fold Change pval padj auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-6172.2761 25.79057461 / 291.8684987 -3.499 / 1.53E-20 7.20E-19 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-6172.9506 1350.903101 / 7436.536506 -2.4616 / 8.50E-33 1.36E-30 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-6172.9484 3097.048347 / 8093.560243 -1.3863 / 9.12E-09 8.99E-08 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-6172.6741 115.191085 / 752.9653036 -2.7163 / 4.06E-30 5.09E-28 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-6172.4574 329.7352314 / 2581.00597 -2.9677 / 5.94E-28 5.78E-26 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.13997 / 126.898086 427.8033881 / -1.7564 1.96E-13 1.49E-12 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.10326 / 2912.318825 6803.456966 / -1.2242 1.54E-20 1.99E-19 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.9984 / 757.4281355 2282.819782 / -1.5911 5.19E-39 2.10E-37 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.7990 / 882.1458283 7136.36841 / -3.0168 1.35E-109 9.48E-107 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.3823 / 24.87192746 135.7070458 / -2.4536 3.10E-16 2.89E-15 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.9412 / 68.99029552 688.2924139 / -3.3241 1.37E-77 3.22E-75 auxin-responsive protein IAA Cluster-7966.8499 / 2134.915379 8945.722998 / -2.067 4.70E-93 1.83E-90 auxin response factor Cluster-6172.11643 642.3349812 / 5159.885188 -3.0056 / 1.02E-27 9.71E-26 auxin response factor Cluster-7966.6357 / 821.4127257 2005.683263 / -1.2889 1.79E-22 2.67E-21 auxin response factor Cluster-7966.4925 / 2164.100171 4677.229108 / -1.1117 8.03E-30 1.93E-28 auxin-responsive GH3 gene family Cluster-6172.10088 766.109379 / 5210.198946 -2.7661 / 7.72E-22 4.27E-20 auxin-responsive GH3 gene family Cluster-7966.4925 / 2164.100171 4677.229108 / -1.1117 8.03E-30 1.93E-28 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.1833 1482.626306 / 191.0797756 2.9556 / 1.56E-18 5.86E-17 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.15713 151.8512412 / 76.03947766 1.0014 / 0.0052791 0.017525 SAUR family protein Cluster-2913.0 88.1496484 / 25.01594296 1.8182 / 1.24E-05 7.06E-05 SAUR family protein Cluster-3967.0 0.343464407 / 9.713352671 -4.7418 / 0.0020559 0.007526 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.19466 95.9333365 / 263.0061674 -1.4501 / 0.00046131 0.0019407 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.1791 33.87690781 / 139.8713152 -2.0608 / 1.44E-09 1.61E-08 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.18366 200.5704202 / 541.4632883 -1.4326 / 3.18E-08 2.84E-07 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.17182 61.01981071 / 123.8718257 -1.034 / 0.0078308 0.024821 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.17013 11.05396801 / 235.4106465 -4.4395 / 6.48E-30 7.95E-28 SAUR family protein Cluster-5374.0 11.47905177 / 33.5277143 -1.5175 / 0.016176 0.046631 SAUR family protein Cluster-6172.13654 51.66034612 / 993.507599 -4.2614 / 8.32E-34 1.46E-31 SAUR family protein Cluster-1875.0 / 191.2157898 56.27788869 / 1.7696 1.48E-12 1.04E-11 SAUR family protein Cluster-7966.1555 / 9.758739258 60.95804546 / -2.6418 4.36E-07 1.89E-06 SAUR family protein Cluster-3489.0 / 26.37401935 109.0773706 / -2.0508 1.81E-11 1.17E-10 SAUR family protein Cluster-7372.0 / 50.62425717 235.2504774 / -2.2123 5.44E-15 4.64E-14 SAUR family protein Cluster-7966.7594 / 163.4127787 768.464197 / -2.2365 2.29E-31 6.09E-30 SAUR family protein Cluster-7966.11015 / 217.5591106 523.5357639 / -1.2668 5.94E-18 6.34E-17 SAUR family protein Cluster-7966.4605 / 222.9754224 490.5957546 / -1.1396 7.22E-07 3.04E-06 SAUR family protein Cluster-7966.15997 / 23.92213149 206.5310611 / -3.1169 4.05E-27 8.18E-26 SAUR family protein Cluster-7966.11607 / 88.77055571 876.2847193 / -3.3056 1.04E-55 9.68E-54 Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 Cluster-6172.9509 96.47590512 / 1004.215639 -3.3831 / 1.88E-29 2.15E-27 Ethylene-responsive transcription factor 3 Cluster-6172.14530 97.2605432 / 1695.501734 -4.1228 / 1.27E-35 2.68E-33 cysteine-rich receptor Cluster-6172.505 11.82009373 / 80.9107182 -2.7672 / 1.41E-06 9.59E-06 Zinc finger Cluster-6172.2152 66.60847947 / 133.4054107 -1.0012 / 0.011746 0.035246 Zinc finger Cluster-6172.19271 48.98729315 / 12.34615377 1.9959 / 0.00093637 0.0036929 Zinc finger Cluster-2307.0 24.64384028 / 90.12586254 -1.8617 / 0.00013142 0.0006126 Zinc finger Cluster-2857.0 1.304040245 / 11.91316299 -3.1698 / 0.0031694 0.011129 Table 3 Gene expression in plant regeneration of Cytokine Description Gene-id Regenerating callus vs Callus_Read_count Cyclohexane vs Callus_Read_count Callus_Read_count Regenerating callus vs Callus_log2Fold Change Cyclohexane vs Callus_log2Fold Change pval padj cytokinin receptor（arabidopsis histidine kinase 2/3/4） Cluster-6172.6079 7743.071642 / 2946.788739 1.3939 / 4.11E-13 7.79E-12 histidine-containing phosphotransfer peotein Cluster-6172.20325 165.1914481 / 21.04093208 2.9662 / 3.08E-13 5.97E-12 histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein Cluster-7966.4523 / 264.877881 801.4125562 / -1.5983 3.14E-23 4.90E-22 histidine-containing phosphotransfer protein Cluster-2808.0 / 3.444274279 19.24749268 / -2.4633 0.0049514 0.012128 two-component response regulator ARR-A family Cluster-6172.12818 118.8137608 / 737.8963989 -2.6308 / 4.93E-15 1.22E-13 two-component response regulator ARR-A family Cluster-4229.0 14.43168456 / 54.47624248 -1.8958 / 0.0091425 0.028407 Histidine kinase CKI1 Cluster-6172.4116 765.058398 / 305.7574303 1.3238 / 5.13E-10 6.17E-09 Table 4 Gene expression in plant regeneration of Brassinosteroid Description Gene-id Regenerating callus vs Callus_Read_count Cyclohexane vs Callus_Read_count Callus_Read_count Regenerating callus vs Callus_log2Fold Change Cyclohexane vs Callus_log2 Fold Change pval padj BRI1 kinase inhibitor 1 Cluster-6172.8113 291.510962 / 769.9837 -1.4001 / 3.62E-07 2.73E-06 brassinosteroid resistant 1/2 Cluster-6172.9208 243.3127962 / 545.7915 -1.1678 / 3.52E-07 2.66E-06 brassinosteroid resistant 1/2 Cluster-6401.0 / 43.03949153 146.1382 / -1.7659 9.00E-11 5.52E-10 brassinosteroid resistant 1/2 Cluster-6172.20298 33.13147023 / 156.7584 -2.2381 / 5.50E-07 4.01E-06 cyclin D3 Cluster-6172.6746 932.3401808 / 2811.633 -1.5916 / 3.80E-21 1.91E-19 Supplementary Files graphicalabstract.png Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-416943","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":22972448,"identity":"68aedba0-81b3-4446-9784-9ea3536655ab","order_by":0,"name":"Lin Yang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lin","middleName":"","lastName":"Yang","suffix":""},{"id":22972449,"identity":"b053b768-3387-4789-b77b-0ffe38742cc3","order_by":1,"name":"Jinge Sun","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinge","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""},{"id":22972450,"identity":"abe192ae-2671-45b3-8348-44158c39f9d7","order_by":2,"name":"Jie Yao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University Balitai Campus: Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jie","middleName":"","lastName":"Yao","suffix":""},{"id":22972451,"identity":"32f53628-37b6-441a-a7f0-27629f517c2f","order_by":3,"name":"Yaya Wang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yaya","middleName":"","lastName":"Wang","suffix":""},{"id":22972452,"identity":"cb55c19d-84f9-4ff2-a56b-c21c387a2332","order_by":4,"name":"Congyu Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Congyu","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":22972453,"identity":"47e02e7d-8396-4156-87cc-a71a2cd44c88","order_by":5,"name":"Junyi Wu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Junyi","middleName":"","lastName":"Wu","suffix":""},{"id":22972454,"identity":"274faa5b-ba69-451b-bb77-5e60ed32fa64","order_by":6,"name":"Qiuting Ren","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qiuting","middleName":"","lastName":"Ren","suffix":""},{"id":22972455,"identity":"019191eb-cefe-420b-8c6c-039b22e59d60","order_by":7,"name":"Ling Zhao","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Nankai University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ling","middleName":"","lastName":"Zhao","suffix":""},{"id":22972456,"identity":"a1101615-876d-452f-9c3e-a53a666c3eed","order_by":8,"name":"Jinsheng Sun","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAtUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACxmYGBmYQg5+Z+fAD0rRItrOlGRBtE1iLwXkeBQnilLfzHv5c8OdwnvFhHgYDhhqbaCIcxpcmPbPtcLHZYd4DDxiOpeU2ENbCY8bM23A4cdthvgQDxobDRGkx/szz53Di5mYeAwlitRhI87AdTtzATIIWM2netvTEGYeBgZxAjF8M+8+AHGad2N9/+PCDDzU2RGhBUZFASDkIyBOjaBSMglEwCkY4AACcjzqSvorxVQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Tianjin Normal University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jinsheng","middleName":"","lastName":"Sun","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-04-13 01:27:43","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-416943/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-416943/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":8470225,"identity":"b8d2fa96-2a38-482e-9baf-7662a7e4879f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:47:08","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":363649,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"System of co-culture and dynamic headspace air-circulation. a The callus and the regenerating callus of duckweed were fumigating treatment. b Collection of VOCs from plant tissue. (i) Activated carbon. (ii) Adsorption tube.","description":"","filename":"Fig.1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/d99a1a4730f6d9a486f751f5.png"},{"id":8470234,"identity":"0d9b30b9-bdea-42c8-be2b-016be46c033c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:47:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1077267,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The co-cultured of callus and regenerating callus. a The large beaker was sealed with plastic wrap and perforated with a sterile toothpick. b The ratio of callus regeneration between the control group (B5) and co-culture condition.","description":"","filename":"Fig.2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/8d467e5997bb37221a0b40b5.png"},{"id":8470535,"identity":"c475c8ce-a3d9-44d3-aaf1-efce345d855e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":1700385,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Statistic of KEGG pathway enrichment and the number of enriched genes in different gene ontology (GO) categories in RG vs CL. a The top 20 up KEGG pathways with the highest Rich Factors of RG vs CL, The KEGG Pathway enrichment hub diagram: The vertical axis represents pathway name, the horizontal axis represents the Rich factor corresponding to pathway, and the colour of the dots represents the size of the Q value; the smaller the Q value, the closer the colour to red; the number of different genes contained in each pathway is represented by the size of the dots, and the value range of qvalue was [0,1], and the closer to zero, the more significant the enrichment; b The top 20 down KEGG pathways with the highest Rich Factors of RG vs CL; c GO terms associated with DEGs in RG and CL. The x-coordinate was GO the next level of the three categories GO entry, and ordinate was the number of different genes commented to the entrance.","description":"","filename":"Fig.3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/e8d2f616d4e6625f92a965ee.png"},{"id":8470230,"identity":"b3787491-8cbb-41ce-818b-6d896d4b9721","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:47:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":78130,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The comparison between regenerating callus and callus was related to auxin metabolism response and auxin signal transduction pathway. Arrows indicated the direction of processes, while red was up, green was down. As shown in the figure was auxin signal transduction, and various response factors were down-regulated. The color in this figure legend from red to blue, which meant log10 (FPKM+1) from high to low. Red meant high expression, blue meant low expression.","description":"","filename":"Fig.4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/08debfa16f60bb295f80d298.png"},{"id":8470538,"identity":"adfda141-38d5-429f-abff-6725bb3e30cd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":46955,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Comparing regenerating callus and callus was related to cytokinins metabolism response and cytokinins signal transduction pathway. Arrows indicated the direction of processes, while red was up, green was down. As shown in the figure was cytokinins signal transduction. CKI1, CRE1 and AHP were up-regulated, but negative feedback regulator A-ARR was down-reg+ulated. The colour in this figure legend from red to blue, which meant log10 (FPKM+1) from high to low. Red meant high expression, blue meant low expression.","description":"","filename":"Fig.5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/8a886f7d09fe1b551dda0ed5.png"},{"id":8470540,"identity":"d7719335-4779-443e-9e61-5ac2c53786ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:50:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":174147,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Three kinds of VOCs significantly up-regulated in the callus regeneration stage. \nThe numbers in blue represented the mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of a substance in the histogram. a Mass spectra of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene. b Mass spectra of 4-methyl-2-pentanol. c Mass spectra of cyclohexane.","description":"","filename":"Fig.6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/ad6bc6a9f7d300f74e9d9561.png"},{"id":8470220,"identity":"6ea93c5e-6aa5-4ecd-97e8-5725a0ff772a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:47:08","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":593206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effects of 16 days' treatment of callus by three VOCs (cyclohexane, 4-methyl-2-pentanol and 1, 3-dimethyl benzene).","description":"","filename":"Fig.7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/0e97aa98e02dbcb9e9b71974.png"},{"id":8470539,"identity":"be662e88-f571-4d8d-8a2f-feba7336aee2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":228074,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"In the context of \"Cyclohexane vs CL\", the top 20 KEGG pathways of up-regulated DEGs (a) and down-regulated DEGs (b) with the highest Rich Factors. GO terms associated with DEGs in \"Cyclohexane vs CL\", the number of Enriched were up and down-regulated DEGs (c) in different gene ontology categories.","description":"","filename":"Fig.8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/8fd98f626dfb45cc259442d8.png"},{"id":8470541,"identity":"4f97d00c-d061-451c-b212-aa4a8ba2057a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:50:09","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":4518324,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"The pathway of biosynthesis of five types of plant hormone. Red meant high expression, and blue meant low expression. a The changes of genes in Auxin between regenerating callus and cyclohexane treatment callus. b The changes of genes in cytokinin between regenerating callus and cyclohexane treatment callus. c The differences of genes in ethylene between regenerating callus and cyclohexane treatment callus. d The changes of genes in jasmonic acid between regenerating callus and cyclohexane treatment callus. e The changes of genes in gibberellin between regenerating callus and cyclohexane treatment callus.","description":"","filename":"fig9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/055091d702eba58a2147b4ff.png"},{"id":15672507,"identity":"c2b5e557-f972-48ac-b0ee-2e78e8dc5dcf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-11-18 14:12:30","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3718783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/efff6e0a-8843-4897-8316-4f0ce2cffab2.pdf"},{"id":8470537,"identity":"4246dc61-54b8-4940-9e1d-84cbca420877","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-04-26 19:50:08","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":409921,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"graphicalabstract.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-416943/v1/593c5ddd610f7f63dd322f97.png"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eThe Framework of Plant Regeneration In Duckweed \u003cem\u003e(Lemna Turonifera\u003c/em\u003e) Comprises Genetic Transcript Regulation And Cyclohexane Release\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRegeneration of entire plants from a callus\u0026nbsp;in vitro\u0026nbsp;depends on pluripotent cell mass, which provides\u0026nbsp;rise to a new organ or even a whole plant (Ikeuchi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2016; Attila, 2019). Regeneration\u0026nbsp;was widely used\u0026nbsp;for vegetative propagation\u0026nbsp;of excellent\u0026nbsp;variety, detoxification, and the obtain\u0026nbsp;of transgenic crops (Lardon \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020; Motte \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2014). Many\u0026nbsp;studies have focused on the molecular framework of de novo organ formation\u0026nbsp;in \u003cem\u003eArabidopsis thaliana\u003c/em\u003e. The molecular factors of cellular pluripotency\u0026nbsp;during the regeneration of plants have been investigated\u0026nbsp;thoroughly. However, the regulatory modules in monocot plants were little in-depth study. With the advantages of fast reproduction,\u0026nbsp;high protein\u0026nbsp;content (Li \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2004), and distinguished\u0026nbsp;tolerance for a variety of toxic substances (Yao \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020; Yang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020), Duckweed has been applied as\u0026nbsp;a monocotyledons model plant\u0026nbsp;for gene-expression systems. And stable transformation mediated by \u003cem\u003eAgrobacterium\u003c/em\u003e depends on efficient callus regeneration protocols.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenome and transcriptome sequencing leads to a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanism and regulatory network of duckweed. These results were of great significance to plant evolution and adaptation to the environment (Dong \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019). What\u0026rsquo;s more, there is no study focus on the transcriptome analysis during the regeneration in duckweed. In former studies, it has been reported that the growth and development of callus were mediated by many plant hormones (Li \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2004). The balance of Auxin and cytokinin is the basis for\u0026nbsp;Vitro tissue culture (Shim \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). Explants can be incubated to callus on auxin-rich callus-inducing medium (CIM). And on cytokinin-rich shoot-inducing medium (SIM), the vigorous callus can be induced to novo shoots. It is emergent to study the mechanism of duckweed regeneration via dynamic hormonal and transcriptional changes.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJasmonates (JAs) serves as a wound signal during de novo root regeneration, which triggers plant regeneration (Zhang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019). Moreover, JA and Methyl Jasmonate\u0026nbsp;(MeJA) function as defences in nature, for example, the induced \"alarm\" calls of plants (Turlings \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 1990), which is allelopathy. During allelopathy, there are several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from the plant. For example, the allelopathic effects of VOCs of \u003cem\u003eArtemisia frigida Willd.\u003c/em\u003e On the seed, germination of pasture grasses has been reported (Zhang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2012). Does allelopathy play a role during plant regeneration? Interestingly, we found the plant regeneration could be promoted by regeneration callus. Why? The global insight on the signal and VOCs released from regenerating callus needs to be investigated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere, the main objectives have been studied: (i) the molecular mechanism controlling regeneration by comprehensive transcriptomic comparison between callus and regenerating callus; (ii) which VOCs have been increased during the stage of plant regeneration; (iii) the allelopathic effects of VOCs on the inducement of callus regeneration; (iv) the transcriptome analysis on the regenerating callus which VOCs have promoted.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePlant material and \u003cem\u003ein vito\u003c/em\u003e establishment and cyclohexane treatment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLemna turionifera\u003c/em\u003e used in the experiment were collected from a lake in Tianjin, China. Duckweed was cultured in the liquid medium described as Wang et al. and Yang et al. (Wang et al., 1994; Yang et al., 2013). The duckweed was cultured aseptically in the liquid medium. Fully expanded fronds were selected as explant for callus induction. The rhizoid was removed, and the frond was scratched for callus induction. The induction medium was B5 solid medium, which Gamborg designed for soybeans tissue culture in 1968 (Gamborg et al., 1968). The induction medium contained plant hormones 15 mg/1 dicamba, 3.5 mg/1 2, 4-D, 6-BA 2mg/1 and 1.5% sucrose. The pH of the medium was adjusted to 6.2\u0026ndash;6.4, and then it was sterilized at 121℃ for 20 minutes. The tissue was cultured in an incubator with a light cycle of 23\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2 ℃, 16 hours of light and 8 hours of darkness. After 4\u0026ndash;5 weeks of induction, the duckweed explants developed into callus through dedifferentiation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter 2\u0026ndash;3 weeks of induction, calli formated. The calli were transferred to the subculture medium. Subculture medium contains B5 medium, 10 mg/L 4-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (CPA) and 2 mg/L 2ip. In order to keep the callus with better morphology and activity, a new subculture medium was replaced every two weeks. Callus was transferred to the regeneration medium for duckweed regeneration. The regeneration medium contains B5 medium, 1 mM serine, and 1.5% sucrose. After 2 or 3 weeks, the callus redifferentiated and regenerated.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWhen three days of culture in the B5 subculture medium, the calli were cultured in B5 medium with 20 ml cyclohexane in a sizeable airtight beaker. Each day open the sealing device regularly to change the air in the beaker. And replace with a new cyclohexane every two days.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThe Co-culture of regenerating callus and callus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe callus was cultured on a subculture medium for more than two weeks for subsequent experiments. Callus and regenerating callus in the same growth condition were placed in B5 medium (containing 1.5% sucrose), respectively. For fumigate, the regenerating callus and callus were put together in a closed environment for co-culture described as Fig.\u0026nbsp;1a.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eVOCs Collection and analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eShown as Fig.\u0026nbsp;1b, the VOCs released from callus and regenerating duckweed were collected using the dynamic headspace air-circulation method described by Zuo et al. (Zuo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). There were three conical flasks of callus or regenerating callus for each group. The chemical composition analysis of VOCs was performed using a thermal-desorption system/ gas chromatography/ mass spectrum (TDS/GC/MS). And the GC/MS data were studied in NIST/ EPA/ NIH Mass Spectral Library (NIST 08) (National Institute of Standards and Technology, MD, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRNA isolation, quantification, and sequencing\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRNA degradation and contamination on 1% agarose gel were detected, and the quality of the samples was qualified. RNA purity was checked using the NanoPhotometer\u0026reg; spectrophotometer (IMPLEN, CA, USA). RNA concentration was measured using Qubit\u0026reg; RNA Assay Kit in Qubit\u0026reg; 2.0 Fluorometer (Life Technologies, CA, USA). RNA integrity was then assessed using the RNA Nano 6000 Assay Kit of the Agilent Bioanalyzer 2100 system (Agilent Technologies, CA, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSequencing data filtering and transcript assembly\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eImage data from sequencing fragments measured by high-throughput sequencers are transformed into sequence data (reads) by CASAVA base recognition. The raw data obtained from sequencing included a small number of reads with sequencing adaptors or low sequencing quality. Our previous study's filtering contents were followed: Removed adapters; Removed reads whose proportion of N is greater than 10%; Remove low-quality reads (Yao \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2020). The clean reads were assembled by the Trinity de novo assembly program with min_kmer_cov set to 2 by default. Otherwise, it was set to default (Grabherr \u003cem\u003eet al.,\u003c/em\u003e 2011). Overall, a reference sequence with an average length of 1928 bp and a total length of 282527137 bp were obtained for subsequent analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experiment was repeated for at least triplicate independent experiments. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) method and SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics, Version 20) were applied to compare the statistical significances. Significant difference in experiment was indicated by asterisks (*P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, **P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.01). And standard deviations were shown by the error bar. The graphs in these studies were made using Origin 9.0 (Origin Lab, USA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data included in this study are available upon request by contact with the corresponding author.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePromoted effect of regenerating tissue\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFrond regeneration of duckweed has been promoted when co-cultured with regenerating callus (Co). Frond formed in 14 d with Co-treatment, and duckweed regenerated at 21 days with Co-treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2a). In the Co group, significant enhancement was found in the percentage of callus regeneration (77.3 %). Compared with that, the callus regeneration percentage without co-culture was 53.6% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;2b). Thus, callus regeneration has been significantly increased by Co-treatment.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTranscriptome analysis identifies Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in regenerating callus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo compare the enriched pathways between regenerating callus (RG) and callus (CL), KEGG pathway analysis has been conducted (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3). The top 20 KEGG pathways with the highest representation of DEGs have been analyzed. We selected the 20 pathway items that were most significant in the enrichment process to be shown in this diagram. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3a, the \"Photosynthesis antenna proteins\" were the most significantly enhanced pathway in the top 20 up-regulated KEGG pathways with the highest Rich Factors of RG vs CL. This indicated that the expression of antenna protein increased after the callus developed into regenerated tissue. Antenna proteins were essential for photochemical plant reactions and could mediate the core of plant photosynthesis. The most significantly down-regulated pathway was the \"Ribosome\", \"Pyrimidine metabolism\", \"Mismatch repair\", \"Homologous recombination\", \"DNA replication\" and \"Base excision repair\", which were among the top list of enriched pathways (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3b), these were all related to the replication of DNA.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to understand the difference of DEGs in the regenerating callus, gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted in RG vs CL. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;3c, \"cell\", \"cell part\", and \"intracellular\" were in biological process with the most up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs. These were followed by \"macromolecular complex\" and \"organelle\" in the biological process category with the most up-regulated and down-regulated DEGs. \"DNA integration\", \"pollination\", and \"cell recognition\" were up-regulated DEGs, without down-regulated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression changes of genes related to Auxin and root development in regenerating callus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNovogene conducted the mRNA expression in order to study the gene that participated during callus regeneration. The course of the auxin signal pathway and related response factors have been described as Fig.\u0026nbsp;4. Transport inhibitor response 1 (TIR1) and stem cell factor (SCF), initiating subsequent signal transduction by binding of Auxin, have been down-regulated in the regenerating callus. As a transcriptional activator, the auxin response factor (ARF) could regulate auxin reaction by binding with auxin-responsive protein IAA (AUX/IAA). In this study, AUX/IAA and ARF have been down-regulated significantly, by 13.0309 and 3.0056 log\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Fold Change, respectively. Auxin early response factor could be divided into three categories, which were AUX/IAA, Gretchen Hagen 3 (GH3) and small auxin-up RNA (SAUR). GH3 and SAUR have been down-regulated during regeneration, as well. ETHYLENE-RESPONSIVE FACTOR3 (ERF3) and WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 11 (WOX11), playing a role in the initiation and regulation of adventitious roots (ARs), were both down-regulated. Also, lateral roots (LRs) and root hairs (RHs) relied on zinc finger protein (ZFP) and cytochrome P450 (CYP2). The expression of ZFP was decreased by 4.0368 log\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Fold Change.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eExpression changes of genes related to cytokinins signal pathway in regenerating callus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTo obtain candidates regulating regeneration, we studied the regulation of the cytokinins signal pathway. Shown as in Fig.\u0026nbsp;5, cytokinin receptor 1(CRE1) and cytokinin independent 1(CKI1), as cytokinin receptors (Hwang \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2001; Zheng et al., 2003), have been up-regulated in regenerating callus. Histidine phosphate transfer protein (AHP), interacting with CRE1 and CKI1, has been up-regulated by 2.9662 log \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Fold Change. Type-A ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS (A-ARR) plays a role as a negative feedback regulator, which inhibit type-B activity ARABIDOPSIS RESPONSE REGULATORS (B-ARR) and form a negative feedback cycle (Liu et al., 2012; Hwang et al., 2012). A-ARR has been down-regulated by 4.5266 log \u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Fold Change. It might be lead to overall up-regulated cytokinins during the callus regenerating.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eChanges of VOCs during callus regeneration\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe VOCs of regenerating callus has been investigated. And the qualitative and quantitative analyses of the GC/MS data were obtained from NIST/EPA/NIH Mass Spectral Library, showed as Fig.\u0026nbsp;6. Compared to the callus, 11 kinds of unique VOCs in the regenerating callus were enhanced (Table\u0026nbsp;1). The peak area of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene in the regenerating callus was 0.84*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e, 3.23 times than that in the callus. And the emission of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene increased the most in the regenerating callus. Besides, the content of 4-methyl-2-pentanol and cyclohexane also have been improved. Compared with the callus' cyclohexane peak area (0.85*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e), the regenerating callus' cyclohexane peak area was 1.28*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e, 4.3*10\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e higher than that of callus. And the peak area of 4-methyl-2-pentanol was 2.1*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e, 2.33 times that of callus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCallus regeneration promoted by cyclohexane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to explore the effect of VOCs in callus regeneration, 1, 3-dimethyl benzene, 4-methyl-2-pentanol and cyclohexane were added to the medium of callus. As Fig.\u0026nbsp;7 showed, cyclohexane promoted the regeneration of the callus significantly. After 16 days of cyclohexane treatment, roots formed from the callus. However, 1, 3-dimethyl benzene and 4-methyl-2-pentanol groups have no apparent phenomenon of regeneration. And the callus formed compact white callus with the treatment of 1, 3-dimethyl benzene.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTranscriptome analysis identifies KEGGs and DEGs in callus treated by cyclohexane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTranscriptome analysis has been analyzed to investigate the potential functions of KEGGs and DEGs in the callus treat hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounded by cyclohexane. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;8a, \"RNA transport\" and \"glycolysis/gluconeoge, and galactose metabolism\" were in the biological process with the most down-regulated KEGGs. \"Ribosome\" was the top-enriched pathway (Richfactor\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.55). It was followed by \"photosynthesis\" and \"oxidative phosphorylation\" (Fig.\u0026nbsp;8b).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to understand the difference of DEGs in callus treated with cyclohexane, gene ontology enrichment analysis was conducted in callus treated by cyclohexane vs callus. As shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;8c, \"DNA integration\", \"ribonucleoprotein complex\", and \"structural molecule activity\" were in biological process with the most up-regulated DEGs. These were followed by \"ribosome biogenesis\", \"ribonucleoprotein complex\", and \"ribosome\" in the category of the biological process with the most up-regulated DEGs. \"ribonucleoprotein complex\", and \"structural molecule activity\" was were in biological process with the most down-regulated DEGs. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;8c).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eComparison of the expression of genes related to the hormone in callus treated with cyclohexane and in the regenerating callus\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to know molecular factors underlying the participation of hormone in callus regeneration, we first checked gene expression related to the auxin signal pathway (Table\u0026nbsp;2). AUX/IAA and GH3 have been downregulated in both calli treated with cyclohexane and in the regenerating callus. A majority of SAUR have been down-regulated during regeneration and treated with cyclohexane (Fig.\u0026nbsp;9a). ERF3, cysteine-rich receptor and Zinc finger has been down-regulated as well.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSecondly, we studied the expression of genes related to CTK signal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;9b). The gene regulation in regeneration and treated with cyclohexane is different. The CRE1 has been up-regulated in the regenerating callus, which has been down-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane (Table\u0026nbsp;3).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThirdly, the expression of genes related to brassinosteroid signal has been investigated. In the brassinosteroid signal pathway, the expression of brassinazole-resistant1/2 (BZR1/2) has been down-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane and the regenerating callus (Table\u0026nbsp;4). In the brassinosteroid signal pathway, the expression of BZR1/2 has been down-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane and the regenerating callus.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMoreover, the expression of genes related to ethylene signal has been investigated (Fig.\u0026nbsp;9c). The expression of ETR and EBF1/2 has been up-regulated in callus treated with cyclohexane and the regenerating callus. Transcription factor MYC2(MYC2), which plays a role in the jasmonic acid signal pathway, has been up-regulated in both cyclohexane treatment and regenerating callus (Fig.\u0026nbsp;9d). There is no significant difference in the gibberellin signal pathway during cyclohexane treatment (Fig.\u0026nbsp;9e).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn line with previous studies, we established an effective way \u003cem\u003ein vito\u003c/em\u003e\u0026nbsp;callus regeneration in duckweed. Interestingly, we found that one regenerating callus promoted another callus to regenerate. Genomes and transcriptome sequencing (especially plant hormones) and volatile substances were studied to reveal plant regeneration's molecule framework in duckweed .\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlant hormones played a crucial role during callus regeneration\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e. Here, we compared the transcriptome of regenerating callus and callus to investigate the molecular\u0026nbsp;mechanism of phytohormone (especially Auxin and cytokinins). Callus was induced by Auxin, similar to lateral root primordium (Atta \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2009; Hirota \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2007; Sugimoto \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2010). In Arabidopsis, the callus tissue formed\u0026nbsp;root stem cell niche by regulation\u0026nbsp;the expression of root stem cell regulators, including WOX (Liu \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2014; Akie \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018; Haecker \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2004; Shimotohno \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). According to our results, ARF, AUX/IAA, GH3, ARF1, SAUG and other response factor have been down-regulated significantly during the callus redifferentiation (Fig. 4). The interaction between ARF and AUX /IAA could regulate Auxin early response's genes expression in the auxin signalling pathway. Moreover, ERF3, WOX11 and ZFP were related to the ARs, LRs and RHs of initiation in \u003cem\u003eSpirodela \u003c/em\u003e(Dong \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019), which might lead associated with the regeneration in duckweed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCytokinins and Auxin have synergistic or antagonistic interactions with each other (SKOOG \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 1957). As a phytohormone, cytokinin could control critical aspects of environmental responses, such as biotic and abiotic stress responses, and regulate various developmental processes, including cell proliferation, leaf formation, and root formation growth (Karunadasa \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020; Romanov \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2018). Cytokinins promoted plant regeneration by controlling the generation of somatic embryogenesis in \u003cem\u003eFumariaceae \u003c/em\u003eand Rice (Sagare \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2001; Ram \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 1984). In this study, cytokinin receptor CRE1, CKI1, and transfer protein of histidine phosphate AHP were up-regulated, during the expression of negative feedback regulator A-ARR was down-regulated in callus regeneration (Fig. 5). And the expression of cytokinins synthesis was up-regulated, thereby promoting the differentiation of shoots. The transcriptome analysis suggested a similar result with Arabidopsis, giving evidence that Auxin and cytokinins' regulation leads to regeneration. Besides, plant regeneration has been regulated by other hormones (Ikeuchi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2017). Our products found that gibberellin, jasmonic acid, increased significantly, while genes related to gibberellin and brassinolide were down-regulated during callus regenerating (Fig. 9).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePlants release VOCs to the environment to affect their own or other biological life processes in plants growth and development. This phenomenon was called allelopathy (Shi \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2020). Plants in different growing environments, such as biological stress or abiotic stress, might release other VOCs to improve their resistance to external interference (Raghava \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2009; Loreto \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2006; Jud \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2016). In previous studies, VOCs have been shown to mediate cell to cell communication, thereby leading to stress responses in plants (Zuo \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2012). In our study, 11 kinds of specific VOCs have been increased during callus regenerating. Among them, cyclohexane could significantly promote the regeneration of callus in 16 days (Fig. 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHere, the regulation of gene expression related to the hormone in callus treated with cyclohexane, which promoted regeneration, suggested the role of Auxin during regeneration. AUX/IAA and GH3 have been downregulated in both calli treated with cyclohexane, similar to that in the regenerating callus (Fig. 9). And adventitious root initiation and elongation has been promoted by AUX/IAA (Dong \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, 2019). Interestingly, the root formation has been enhanced significantly by cyclohexane treatment (Fig. 7).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAltogether, we propose a hypothesis of how callus regenerates in duckweed. Based on the DEGs in regenerating callus, we proposed molecular regulation on plant hormone. Also, our study provides candidates for evaluating the involvement of VOCs during duckweed regeneration, especially the enhancement of regeneration by cyclohexane. It also provides a resource for comparative transcriptome analysis of plant regeneration in other species.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIt was indicated that VOCs might play a crucial\u0026nbsp;role in the process of plant regeneration. It also makes clear that allelopathy does affect plant growth and development.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDeclaration of interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe present research has been supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 32071620 ), Tianjin Science and technology project (19ZYPTSN00030), and Tianjin Graduate Research Innovation Project (2020YJSS133).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAkie S, Renze H, Ikram B et al (2018) Root stem cell niche organizer specification by molecular convergence of plethora and scarecrow transcription factor modules.\u0026nbsp;Genes \u0026amp; Development. 32, 1085\u0026ndash;1100. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.314096.118\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1101/gad.314096.118\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAtta R, Laurens L, Boucheron-Dubuisson E et al (2009) Pluripotency of Arabidopsis xylem pericycle underlies shoot regeneration from root and hypocotyl explants grown in vitro. 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Chinese Science Bulletin.48,885-891. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1360/02wc0534\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1360/02wc0534\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZuo Z , Yang L , Chen S et al (2018) Effects of nitrogen nutrients on the volatile organic compound emissions from Microcystis aeruginosa.\u0026nbsp;Ecotoxicology and environmental safety.\u0026nbsp;161, 214-220. \u003ca href=\"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.095\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.095\u003c/a\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZuo Z J , Zhu Y R , Bai Y L et al\u0026nbsp;(2012) Volatile communication between chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells under salt stress.\u0026nbsp;Biochemical Systematics and Ecology. 40, 19-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bse.2011.09.007\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Tables","content":"\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"0\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"5\" width=\"752\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1\u003c/strong\u003e The main components of VOCs from regenerating callus and callus\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDesignation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChemical\u0026nbsp;formula\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRG Peak\u0026nbsp;area （*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCL Peak\u0026nbsp;area （*10\u003csup\u003e7\u003c/sup\u003e）\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAcquisition\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etime (min)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9,12, 15-octadecarboxylic acid methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e28\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.32\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e10,13-octadecadiynoic acid methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e30\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.38\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4-methyl-2-pentanol\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e14\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1, 3-dimethyl benzene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e8\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.84\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.83\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1,1'-oxybis-decane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e42\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e15.82\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDiisobutyl phthalate\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e26\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e44\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e17.17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNonadecane\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e19\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e40\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-propenal\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e12\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.9\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9,10-dihydro-11,12-diacetyl-9,10-ethanoanthracene\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e18\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e31.81\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"334\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eButyl 8-methylnonyl ester 1,2-benzenedicarboxylic acid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"124\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eC\u003csub\u003e22\u003c/sub\u003eH\u003csub\u003e34\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"98\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e34.2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"152%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" width=\"91%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2 \u003c/strong\u003eGene expression in plant regeneration of Auxin\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescription\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGene-id\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegenerating callus vs Callus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane vs Callus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCallus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegenerating callus vs Callus_log2Fold Change\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane vs Callus_log2Fold Change\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epadj\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.2761\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.79057461\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e291.8684987\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.499\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.53E-20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.20E-19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.9506\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1350.903101\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7436.536506\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.4616\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.50E-33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.36E-30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.9484\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3097.048347\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8093.560243\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.3863\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.12E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.99E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.6741\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e115.191085\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e752.9653036\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.7163\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.06E-30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.09E-28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.4574\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e329.7352314\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2581.00597\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.9677\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.94E-28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.78E-26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.13997\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e126.898086\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e427.8033881\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.7564\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.96E-13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.49E-12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.10326\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2912.318825\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6803.456966\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.2242\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.54E-20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.99E-19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.9984\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e757.4281355\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2282.819782\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.5911\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.19E-39\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.10E-37\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.7990\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e882.1458283\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7136.36841\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.0168\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.35E-109\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.48E-107\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.3823\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.87192746\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e135.7070458\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.4536\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.10E-16\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.89E-15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.9412\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e68.99029552\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e688.2924139\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.3241\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.37E-77\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.22E-75\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive protein IAA\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.8499\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2134.915379\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8945.722998\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.067\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.70E-93\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.83E-90\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin response factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.11643\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e642.3349812\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5159.885188\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.0056\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.02E-27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.71E-26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin response factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.6357\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e821.4127257\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2005.683263\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.2889\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.79E-22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.67E-21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin response factor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.4925\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2164.100171\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4677.229108\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.1117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.03E-30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.93E-28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive GH3 gene family\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.10088\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e766.109379\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5210.198946\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.7661\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.72E-22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.27E-20\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eauxin-responsive GH3 gene family\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.4925\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2164.100171\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4677.229108\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.1117\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.03E-30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.93E-28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.1833\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1482.626306\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e191.0797756\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.9556\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.56E-18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.86E-17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.15713\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e151.8512412\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e76.03947766\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.0014\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0052791\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.017525\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-2913.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.1496484\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e25.01594296\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.8182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.24E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.06E-05\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-3967.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.343464407\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.713352671\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-4.7418\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0020559\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.007526\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.19466\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e95.9333365\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e263.0061674\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.4501\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00046131\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0019407\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.1791\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.87690781\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e139.8713152\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.0608\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.44E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.61E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.18366\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e200.5704202\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e541.4632883\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.4326\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.18E-08\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.84E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.17182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e61.01981071\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e123.8718257\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.034\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0078308\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.024821\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.17013\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.05396801\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e235.4106465\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-4.4395\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.48E-30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.95E-28\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-5374.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.47905177\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.5277143\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.5175\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.016176\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.046631\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.13654\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e51.66034612\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e993.507599\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-4.2614\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.32E-34\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.46E-31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-1875.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e191.2157898\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e56.27788869\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.7696\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.48E-12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.1555\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.758739258\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e60.95804546\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.6418\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.36E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.89E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-3489.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e26.37401935\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e109.0773706\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.0508\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.81E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.17E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7372.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e50.62425717\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e235.2504774\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.2123\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.44E-15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.64E-14\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.7594\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e163.4127787\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e768.464197\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.2365\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.29E-31\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.09E-30\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.11015\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e217.5591106\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e523.5357639\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.2668\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.94E-18\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.34E-17\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.4605\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e222.9754224\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e490.5957546\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.1396\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.22E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.04E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.15997\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e23.92213149\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e206.5310611\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.1169\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.05E-27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e8.18E-26\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSAUR family protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.11607\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e88.77055571\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e876.2847193\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.3056\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.04E-55\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.68E-54\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthylene-responsive transcription factor 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.9509\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e96.47590512\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1004.215639\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.3831\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.88E-29\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.15E-27\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEthylene-responsive transcription factor 3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.14530\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e97.2605432\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1695.501734\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-4.1228\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.27E-35\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.68E-33\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecysteine-rich receptor\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.505\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.82009373\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e80.9107182\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.7672\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.41E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.59E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZinc finger\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.2152\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e66.60847947\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e133.4054107\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.0012\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.011746\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.035246\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZinc finger\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.19271\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e48.98729315\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e12.34615377\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.9959\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00093637\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0036929\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZinc finger\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-2307.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e24.64384028\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e90.12586254\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.8617\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.00013142\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0006126\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"15%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eZinc finger\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-2857.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.304040245\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"10%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e11.91316299\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-3.1698\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0031694\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"6%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.011129\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable style=\"height: 426px;\" border=\"1\" width=\"1559\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 1548.75px;\" colspan=\"9\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable\u003c/strong\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e3\u003c/strong\u003e Gene expression in plant regeneration of Cytokine\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Description\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGene-id\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegenerating callus vs Callus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane vs Callus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCallus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegenerating callus vs Callus_log2Fold\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChange\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane vs Callus_log2Fold Change\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epadj\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecytokinin receptor（arabidopsis histidine kinase 2/3/4）\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.6079\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7743.071642\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2946.788739\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3939\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.11E-13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e7.79E-12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehistidine-containing phosphotransfer peotein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.20325\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e165.1914481\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e21.04093208\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.9662\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.08E-13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.97E-12\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehistidine-containing phosphotransfer protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-7966.4523\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e264.877881\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e801.4125562\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.5983\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.14E-23\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.90E-22\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ehistidine-containing phosphotransfer protein\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-2808.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.444274279\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e19.24749268\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.4633\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0049514\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.012128\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etwo-component response regulator ARR-A family\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.12818\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e118.8137608\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e737.8963989\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.6308\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.93E-15\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.22E-13\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etwo-component response regulator ARR-A family\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-4229.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e14.43168456\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e54.47624248\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.8958\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.0091425\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e0.028407\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 276.932px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHistidine kinase CKI1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.4116\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e765.058398\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 127.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 144.205px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e305.7574303\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 177.841px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.3238\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 145.114px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 111.477px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.13E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 163.295px;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6.17E-09\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" width=\"152%\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd colspan=\"9\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4 \u003c/strong\u003eGene expression in plant regeneration of Brassinosteroid\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;Description\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGene-id\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegenerating callus vs Callus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane vs Callus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCallus_Read_count\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eRegenerating callus vs Callus_log2Fold\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eChange\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCyclohexane vs Callus_log2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFold Change\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epval\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003epadj\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBRI1 kinase inhibitor 1\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.8113\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e291.510962\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e769.9837\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.4001\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.62E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.73E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebrassinosteroid resistant 1/2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.9208\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e243.3127962\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e545.7915\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.1678\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.52E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2.66E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebrassinosteroid resistant 1/2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6401.0\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e43.03949153\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e146.1382\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.7659\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e9.00E-11\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.52E-10\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ebrassinosteroid resistant 1/2\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.20298\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e33.13147023\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e156.7584\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-2.2381\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5.50E-07\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4.01E-06\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"17%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ecyclin D3\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCluster-6172.6746\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"12%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e932.3401808\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"8%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2811.633\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e-1.5916\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"9%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e/\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"7%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3.80E-21\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd width=\"11%\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1.91E-19\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Regeneration, Phytohormone, VOCs, Cyclohexane, Duckweed","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-416943/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-416943/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eRegeneration is essential for vegetative propagation of excellent variety, detoxification, and obtaining transgenic plant. However, plant regeneration is time-consuming. We found that duckweed regeneration could be enhanced by regenerating callus. The molecular and VOCs releasing mechanisms underlying that have been studied here. Firstly, Genetic transcript regulation has been applied to study the molecular mechanism controlling regeneration. Auxin-related genes have been significantly down-regulated in regenerating callus. Cytokinin signal pathway genes have been up-regulated in regenerating callus. Secondly, VOCs release has been analyzed by GC/MS during the stage of plant regeneration, and 11 kinds of unique VOCs in the regenerating callus were increased. Among them, cyclohexane treatment enhanced duckweed regeneration by initiating root. Moreover, Auxin signal pathway genes were down-regulated in callus treated by cyclohexane. Altogether, these results provide novel mechanistic insights into how regenerating callus promotes duckweed regeneration.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"The Framework of Plant Regeneration In Duckweed (Lemna Turonifera) Comprises Genetic Transcript Regulation And Cyclohexane Release","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-04-26 19:47:06","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-416943/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"3099a9a7-b2e9-47e2-b416-887f1c753bbc","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 26th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":3913584,"name":"Horticulture"},{"id":3913585,"name":"Plant Molecular Biology and Genetics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2021-05-20T05:33:58+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-04-26 19:47:06","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-416943","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-416943","identity":"rs-416943","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}