Optimized Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Enhancing MFC Performance with S. cerevisiae

Optimized Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Enhancing MFC Performance with S. cerevisiae | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Optimized Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Enhancing MFC Performance with S. cerevisiae Maria Essa, Saima Mehar, Haneef Ur Rehman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4619009/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Microbial fuel cell (MFC) technology offers an innovative and sustainable solution for energy production, particularly in electricity-deprived regions. This study focuses on the design of a microbial biofuel cell that utilizes S. cerevisiae to generate bioelectricity from fisheries wastewate through bio-elecrochemical reaction. The MFC system harnesses electrons released during biochemical reactions catalyzed by microorganisms. Optimization of physical parameters was performed to maximize bioelectricity generation from fisheries wastewater. The results revealed that S. cerevisiae -based MFC achieved the highest bioelectricity production at 35 ºC, pH 8, and an incubation period of 72 hours. To enhance performance, a flow rate of 50 mL/min of oxygen in the wastewater was found to be the most effective for bioelectricity generation. The findings demonstrate the practicality and sustainability of the S. cerevisiae-based MFC as a viable technique for both bioelectricity production and wastewater management in the fisheries industry. This innovative approach not only addresses the basic electricity needs of electricity-deprived regions but also helps mitigate wastewater pollution, presenting an environmentally friendly solution. The study highlights the potential of MFC technology to contribute to renewable energy generation and environmental sustainability in regions reliant on fisheries wastewater. Microbial Biofuel Cell Bioelectricity Fisheries Wastewater S. cerevisiae Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 1. Introduction The energy demands we have today rely heavily on fossil fuels, which unfortunately are finite resources and face the risk of depletion due to their limited availability (Amann, 1996 ; Das and Veziroglu, 2001 ). This reliance on fossil fuels has significant implications for the environment, particularly through the emission of CO 2 , contributing to global climate change. It is crucial to acknowledge that a substantial portion of the global population lacks access to electricity for their daily needs. According to the United Nations, approximately 1.3 billion people are currently living without reliable access to electricity, and a significant proportion of these individuals reside in developing countries, including Pakistan. Additionally, the continued use of fossil-based fuels exacerbates the environmental concerns we face. The emission of CO 2 resulting from the combustion of these fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect and poses a threat to our planet's climate stability. In light of these factors, it is imperative to explore alternative energy sources and transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions to meet our energy needs. By investing in renewable energy technologies and promoting energy efficiency measures, we can mitigate the detrimental effects of fossil fuel consumption while ensuring access to electricity for all individuals, including those in underserved communities. The growing energy demand and the urgency of addressing climate change have prompted researchers to seek alternative and sustainable techniques that can fulfill the basic electricity needs of people while being environmentally friendly (Logan, 2004 ). One such area of interest for many researchers is microbial fuel cells (MFC), which utilize biological wastes to produce bioelectricity (Logan, 2004 ; Rabaey et al., 2003 ; Mohan, 2007). Microbial fuel cells operate by harnessing biochemical reactions carried out by microorganisms in mild conditions, converting bioorganic wastes into electricity through biocatalysts (Logan, 2004 ). The MFC consists of separate anode and cathode compartments. In the anode section, microorganisms oxidize organic wastes, producing electrons and protons. The electrons then flow through a circuit system to the cathode compartment, where they combine with protons to form water molecules, generating electricity. Essentially, the MFC converts biochemical energy into electric energy, functioning similarly to traditional cells (Rabaey et al., 2003 ). With the rapid increase in domestic and industrial wastewater resulting from higher water utilization, these waste streams often contaminate underground water systems. Developing countries face the challenge of municipal solid wastes constituting more than 60% of the total waste stream, making them a potential substrate for MFC (El-Chakhtoura et al., 2014 ). MFC technology not only aids in waste treatment but also simultaneously produces electricity (Jayashree et al., 2014 ). Additionally, untreated sewage and industrial effluents are polluting various natural water reservoirs. By utilizing wastewater as a substrate in microbial fuel cell technology, it becomes possible to generate electricity while effectively managing wastewater, presenting a sustainable and cost-effective approach (Christwardana et al., 2020 ). A critical step in the MFC system is the selection of highly efficient microbial species, whether pure or mixed cultures. These microorganisms act as catalysts in transferring electrons from the substrate to the anode (Chaudhuri and Lovley, 2003 ; Logan et al., 2006 ; Saini et al., 2020 ). In cities of developing countries like Pakistan, industrialization and urbanization pose significant threats of wastewater pollution. To address this issue, a study was conducted to explore the utilization of fisheries wastewater as a substrate for bioelectricity generation. The growth conditions of microorganisms were analyzed to maximize the production of bioelectricity using MFC technology. 2. Material and Methods 2.1 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Reactor The experimental setup involved designing a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) reactor with a double-chamber configuration in the shape of the letter "H." Carbon electrodes and plastic bottles with a diameter of 15 cm were utilized for this purpose. The anode section of the MFC contained 500 ml of fisheries wastewater, while the cathode section was filled with distilled water. To establish a connection between the two sections, a plastic pipe measuring 2 cm in diameter and 14 cm in length was employed. This pipe was filled with a mixture of sodium chloride and agar in a 1:2 ratio. To evaluate the performance of the MFC, the voltage in millivolts (mV) was measured using a multimeter. Additionally, the power (P) generated by the MFC was calculated using the formula P = I * V, where I represents the current. 2.3 Effect of Incubation Period on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) To assess the impact of the incubation period on bioelectricity production, an investigation was conducted on a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The study involved measuring the power generated at different time intervals, spanning from 24 to 120 hours. By analyzing the power output over this range of incubation periods, the relationship between time and electricity production could be determined. 2.4 Impact of Incubation Temperature on Electricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC ) An investigation was conducted to explore the impact of incubation temperature on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The microbial fuel cell was subjected to a range of temperatures, varying from 25 ⁰C to 50 ⁰C. By studying the electricity generation under different temperature conditions, the relationship between temperature and bioelectricity production could be elucidated. 2.5 Influence of pH on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) An analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of pH on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The pH of the microbial growth chamber was adjusted within a range of pH 5 to pH 10. By studying the electricity generation under different pH conditions, the relationship between pH and bioelectricity production could be examined. 2.6 Impact of Oxygen Flow Rate on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) An analysis was conducted to examine the influence of oxygen flow rate on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The MFC cathodic chamber was equipped with a flow meter to maintain oxygen flow within a range of 10 to 70 psi. By studying the electricity generation under different oxygen flow rates, the relationship between flow rate and bioelectricity production could be investigated. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Isolation and Characterization of S. cerevisiae Strains from Yogurt Samples Yeasts were extracted from yogurt samples to isolate strains of S. cerevisiae. To obtain pure cultures of S. cerevisia e strains from samples contaminated with bacteria, the samples were cultured in a medium containing anti-bacterial substances. A total of 61 pure isolates were obtained from the yogurt, and their morphological characteristics confirmed that these strains belonged to S. cerevisiae . Additionally, a fermentation capacity test, following the method described by Martin and Martin (1993), further confirmed the identification of the yeasts as S. cerevisiae . 3.2 Impact of Fermentation Period on Electricity Production in Microbial Fuel Cells: A Comparative Study between S. cerevisiae and E. coli The impact of fermentation period on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) was investigated by subjecting the MFC to various fermentation periods, ranging from 24 to 120 hours (Fig. 1 ). The MFC exhibited an initial onset of electricity production at 24 hours and reached a peak of 492 mV after 72 hours. However, beyond 96 hours, the electricity production declined, with more than a 50% decrease observed after 120 hours. Within a span of four days, the S. cerevisiae effectively utilized organic wastes in the MFC. In contrast, in a microbial-operated energy chamber with E. coli (Escherichia coli), a sustained higher voltage output was observed for an extended period of four days. However, in this case, the voltage output decreased after the first day (Ankur and Shipra, 2018 ). This could be attributed to the presence of additional substrates and the growth of diverse types of microbes, belonging to different genus/species/strains, under natural conditions to utilize those substrates. As a result, MFCs hold potential for waste management in addition to bioelectricity generation (Ankur and Shipra, 2018 ). 3.3 Impact of Temperature on Electricity Production in a S. cerevisiae -based Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) The impact of temperature on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) utilizing S. cerevisiae was analyzed by subjecting the yeast to a range of temperatures from 25 ºC to 50 ºC (Fig. 2 ). Temperature was found to have a significant influence on electricity production, with the highest levels observed at 35°C. However, as the temperature increased to 50 ºC, a decrease in bioelectricity production was observed. This decline in bioelectricity production at higher temperatures can be attributed to the temperature's effect on microbial growth and metabolic processes. The performance of the MFC in response to temperature was further characterized by internal resistance, where higher internal resistance corresponded to lower power density obtained (Li et al., 2013 ). These findings highlight the ability of MFCs to effectively function across a broad temperature range, with the optimal electricity production occurring at 35°C. 3.4 Impact of pH on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell Investigating the effect of pH on the bioelectricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), the pH of the growth medium was carefully controlled within a range of pH 5 to pH 10 using a pH meter (Fig. 3 ). The results demonstrated a significant impact of pH on bioelectricity production in the MFC, with the highest levels observed in a slightly alkaline range at pH 8. The variation in voltage production can be attributed to the changes in ionic concentration within the chamber due to different pH levels. pH not only influences the flow of current but also affects the metabolic reactions of microorganisms. In comparison to previous studies involving microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with switchable power release, which were controlled by combinations of physiologically important parameters, the observed changes in pH were found to be significant, particularly when pH was decreased from 7.0 to 5.0. The switchability of the MFC was attributed to the activity of the microbial anode, which was affected by the combined temperature and pH of the medium. Changes in pH caused reversible activation-inactivation of the bioanode, thereby impacting the overall activity of the MFC (Tang et al., 2014 ). 3.5 Impact of Oxygen Flow Rate on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell Investigating the impact of oxygen flow rate on the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) cathodic chamber, the flow rate of oxygen entering the chamber was analyzed using a flow meter (Fig. 4 ). The results revealed a positive correlation between the oxygen flow rate and electricity production in the MFC. As the oxygen flow rate increased, the production of electricity also increased, reaching a maximum at 50 ml/min. The higher electricity production observed at higher flow rates of oxygen can be attributed to the increased acceptance of protons in the anodic chamber. Conversely, lowering the oxygen flow rate results in a decreased acceptance of electrons, leading to a reduction in electricity production. This highlights the importance of maintaining an optimal oxygen flow rate for maximizing bioelectricity generation in the MFC. 4. Conclusion Investigating the role of key physical parameters, such as incubation time, pH, temperature, and oxygen flow, in bioelectricity generation from a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) revealed their crucial significance. In this study, it was observed that S. cerevisiae demonstrated the highest bioelectricity production when subjected to an incubation period of 72 hours, pH 8.0, temperature of 35 ºC, and an oxygen flow rate of 50 ml/min, utilizing fisheries wastewater as the substrate. These findings underscore the effectiveness of fisheries wastewater as a suitable substrate for facilitating the biochemical reactions of microorganisms in MFCs to generate bioelectricity. Moreover, the results highlight the significant potential of Microbial Fuel Cell technology in developing large-scale systems for wastewater treatment, further emphasizing its application in sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches. Declarations Author Contribution All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript, consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results, and approved the final version. ME and HR designed the experiments. ME conducted the experiments. ME, SM, and HR interpreted the results and engaged in the discussion. HR prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors. Acknowledgement: This research work was generously supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. We extend our gratitude for their financial support, which made this study possible. Data Availability All other relevant data generated and analysed during this study are included in this article. References Amann CA, (1996) Alternative fuels and power systems in the long term. Int. J. Veh, Des. 17: 510–517. Ankur B, Shipra S (2018) Microbial Fuel Cell: An Efficient Method to Utilize Prokaryotic Potential to Engender Reliable Energy. J. Microb. Bioch. Tech. 10 : 69–75. Chaudhuri SK, Lovley DR (2003) Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells. Nat. Biotech. 21: 1229–1 Christwardana M, Hadiyanto H, Motto SA, Sudarno S, Haryani, K (2020) Performance evaluation of yeast-assisted microalgal microbial fuel cells on bioremediation of cafeteria wastewater for electricity generation and microalgae biomass production. Biomass Bioenerg. 139: 105617. Das D, Veziroglu TN (2001) Hydrogen production by biological process: a survey of literature, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 26: 13–28. El-Chakhtoura J, El-Fadel M, Rao HA, Li D, Ghanimeh S, Saikaly, PE (2014) Electricity generation and microbial community structure of air-cathode microbial fuel cells powered with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and inoculated with different seeds. Biomass Bioenerg. 67: 24–31. Jayashree C, Arulazhagan P, Kumar SA, Kaliappan S, Yeom IT, Banu JR (2014) Bioelectricity generation from coconut husk retting wastewater in fed batch operating microbial fuel cell by phenol degrading microorganism. Biomass Bioenerg. 69: 249–254. Li, LH, Sun YM, Yuan ZH, Kong XY, Li Y (2013) Effect of temperature change on power generation of microbial fuel cell. Environ. Technol. 34 (13–14): 1929–1934. Logan BE, Hamelers B, Rozendal R, Schrorder U, Keller JS, Freguia P, Aelterman WV, Rabaey K (2006) Microbial fuel cells: Methodology and technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 5181–5192. Logan BE (2004) Biologically extracting energy from wastewater: Biohydrogen production and microbial fuel cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 160–167. Mohan SV, Saravanan R, Raghavulu SV, Mohanakrishna G, Sarma PN (2008) Bioelectricity production from wastewater treatment in dual chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched mixed microflora: effect of catholyte. Bioresour. Techn., 99(3): 596–603. Rabaey K, Lissens G, Siciliano SD, Verstraete W (2003) A microbial biofuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency, Biotechnol. Lett. 25: 1531–1535. Saini R, Hegde K, Brar SK, Vezina P (2020) Advanced biofuel production and road to commercialization: An insight into bioconversion potential of Rhodosporidium sp. Biomass Bioenerg. 132: 105439. Tang J, Liu T, Yuan Y, Zhuang L (2014) Effective control of bioelectricity generation from a microbial fuel cell by logical combinations of pH and temperature. Sci. World J. 2014:186016. Vaughan-Martini A, Martini A (1993) A taxonomic key for the genus Saccharomyces. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 16(1): 113–119. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4619009","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":331427196,"identity":"3fb9a3c8-dc7d-477a-91ec-a96a480d66af","order_by":0,"name":"Maria Essa","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Turbat","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"","lastName":"Essa","suffix":""},{"id":331427197,"identity":"8053e4ee-c0c9-4027-9796-275c0d111c7c","order_by":1,"name":"Saima Mehar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Sardar Bahdur Khan Women University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Saima","middleName":"","lastName":"Mehar","suffix":""},{"id":331427198,"identity":"5066f187-bb97-4b83-a87e-c1f034061297","order_by":2,"name":"Haneef Ur Rehman","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABBUlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACAzBpw5DAwM7AwMxQARGVgMvg1JIG1MIM0nKGgYGHNC2MbURoMWc/e/DBhwSGPP5m5oOfC+cdlrNnYD54m4fhjjEuLZY9ecmGMxIYiiUOsyVLz9x22JiHgS3ZmofhmRlOhx3IMZPm/cGQ2HCYx4yZd9vhxB4GHjNpHobDNji1nH9j/vtPAkPifLCWOSAt/N/wa7mRY8YM9HziBrCWBrAtbCAtuB12442xZE+CRLEhyC88x9KNeQ6zGVvOMXiG0/sG53MMP/xIsMmTO9588DNPjbUce3vzwxtvKu4YNuDSAwESSGxmSLDg14ANkKFlFIyCUTAKhisAAMrYTrb5YF2oAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Turbat","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Haneef","middleName":"Ur","lastName":"Rehman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-06-21 19:08:14","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4619009/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4619009/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":61083842,"identity":"1d369639-19a7-46cd-a8ac-5e6e6a36d88f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 11:23:26","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7129,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of incubation time on the production of electricity by MFC using wastewater (means± S.E., n = 6)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4619009/v1/1b691c2756fb75bf5f45071b.png"},{"id":61083318,"identity":"9c347272-c3ee-4e85-b29d-ba60f9f50de6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 11:15:26","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":7409,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eInfluence\u003cstrong\u003e \u003c/strong\u003eof temperature on the production of electricity by MFC using wastewater (means± S.E., n = 6).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4619009/v1/6ee94eb76e9384abd526858b.png"},{"id":61083319,"identity":"aea67d7f-faf4-4501-902f-1708a9b60be2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 11:15:26","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6181,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of pH on the production of electricity by MFC using wastewater (means± S.E., n = 6).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4619009/v1/c8f61eea44176f56b18f23b8.png"},{"id":61083315,"identity":"610ea937-183b-45b6-8484-9c93bfd80c44","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-25 11:15:26","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":6966,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of oxygen flow rate on the production of electricity by MFC using wastewater (means± S.E., n = 6).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Onlinedrawingimage4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4619009/v1/24cca11f90ae1029c4cedb85.png"},{"id":61387626,"identity":"201e7994-c4b4-4e95-970c-433c708315e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-07-30 07:23:16","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":477049,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4619009/v1/0615ae81-dce9-4e0e-ab12-d60292a15fb5.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Optimized Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Enhancing MFC Performance with S. cerevisiae","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe energy demands we have today rely heavily on fossil fuels, which unfortunately are finite resources and face the risk of depletion due to their limited availability (Amann, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Das and Veziroglu, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). This reliance on fossil fuels has significant implications for the environment, particularly through the emission of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e, contributing to global climate change.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is crucial to acknowledge that a substantial portion of the global population lacks access to electricity for their daily needs. According to the United Nations, approximately 1.3\u0026nbsp;billion people are currently living without reliable access to electricity, and a significant proportion of these individuals reside in developing countries, including Pakistan.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAdditionally, the continued use of fossil-based fuels exacerbates the environmental concerns we face. The emission of CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e resulting from the combustion of these fuels contributes to the greenhouse effect and poses a threat to our planet's climate stability.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn light of these factors, it is imperative to explore alternative energy sources and transition towards more sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions to meet our energy needs. By investing in renewable energy technologies and promoting energy efficiency measures, we can mitigate the detrimental effects of fossil fuel consumption while ensuring access to electricity for all individuals, including those in underserved communities.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe growing energy demand and the urgency of addressing climate change have prompted researchers to seek alternative and sustainable techniques that can fulfill the basic electricity needs of people while being environmentally friendly (Logan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). One such area of interest for many researchers is microbial fuel cells (MFC), which utilize biological wastes to produce bioelectricity (Logan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Rabaey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Mohan, 2007).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMicrobial fuel cells operate by harnessing biochemical reactions carried out by microorganisms in mild conditions, converting bioorganic wastes into electricity through biocatalysts (Logan, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). The MFC consists of separate anode and cathode compartments. In the anode section, microorganisms oxidize organic wastes, producing electrons and protons. The electrons then flow through a circuit system to the cathode compartment, where they combine with protons to form water molecules, generating electricity. Essentially, the MFC converts biochemical energy into electric energy, functioning similarly to traditional cells (Rabaey et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the rapid increase in domestic and industrial wastewater resulting from higher water utilization, these waste streams often contaminate underground water systems. Developing countries face the challenge of municipal solid wastes constituting more than 60% of the total waste stream, making them a potential substrate for MFC (El-Chakhtoura et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). MFC technology not only aids in waste treatment but also simultaneously produces electricity (Jayashree et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). Additionally, untreated sewage and industrial effluents are polluting various natural water reservoirs. By utilizing wastewater as a substrate in microbial fuel cell technology, it becomes possible to generate electricity while effectively managing wastewater, presenting a sustainable and cost-effective approach (Christwardana et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA critical step in the MFC system is the selection of highly efficient microbial species, whether pure or mixed cultures. These microorganisms act as catalysts in transferring electrons from the substrate to the anode (Chaudhuri and Lovley, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Logan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Saini et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn cities of developing countries like Pakistan, industrialization and urbanization pose significant threats of wastewater pollution. To address this issue, a study was conducted to explore the utilization of fisheries wastewater as a substrate for bioelectricity generation. The growth conditions of microorganisms were analyzed to maximize the production of bioelectricity using MFC technology.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) Reactor\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe experimental setup involved designing a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) reactor with a double-chamber configuration in the shape of the letter \"H.\" Carbon electrodes and plastic bottles with a diameter of 15 cm were utilized for this purpose. The anode section of the MFC contained 500 ml of fisheries wastewater, while the cathode section was filled with distilled water. To establish a connection between the two sections, a plastic pipe measuring 2 cm in diameter and 14 cm in length was employed. This pipe was filled with a mixture of sodium chloride and agar in a 1:2 ratio.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the performance of the MFC, the voltage in millivolts (mV) was measured using a multimeter. Additionally, the power (P) generated by the MFC was calculated using the formula P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;I * V, where I represents the current.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.3 Effect of Incubation Period on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo assess the impact of the incubation period on bioelectricity production, an investigation was conducted on a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The study involved measuring the power generated at different time intervals, spanning from 24 to 120 hours. By analyzing the power output over this range of incubation periods, the relationship between time and electricity production could be determined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec5\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.4 Impact of Incubation Temperature on Electricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC\u003c/b\u003e)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn investigation was conducted to explore the impact of incubation temperature on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The microbial fuel cell was subjected to a range of temperatures, varying from 25 ⁰C to 50 ⁰C. By studying the electricity generation under different temperature conditions, the relationship between temperature and bioelectricity production could be elucidated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.5 Influence of pH on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn analysis was conducted to investigate the impact of pH on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The pH of the microbial growth chamber was adjusted within a range of pH 5 to pH 10. By studying the electricity generation under different pH conditions, the relationship between pH and bioelectricity production could be examined.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.6 Impact of Oxygen Flow Rate on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAn analysis was conducted to examine the influence of oxygen flow rate on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC). The MFC cathodic chamber was equipped with a flow meter to maintain oxygen flow within a range of 10 to 70 psi. By studying the electricity generation under different oxygen flow rates, the relationship between flow rate and bioelectricity production could be investigated.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec9\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 Isolation and Characterization of S. cerevisiae Strains from Yogurt Samples\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eYeasts were extracted from yogurt samples to isolate strains of S. cerevisiae. To obtain pure cultures of \u003cem\u003eS. cerevisia\u003c/em\u003ee strains from samples contaminated with bacteria, the samples were cultured in a medium containing anti-bacterial substances. A total of 61 pure isolates were obtained from the yogurt, and their morphological characteristics confirmed that these strains belonged to \u003cem\u003eS. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e. Additionally, a fermentation capacity test, following the method described by Martin and Martin (1993), further confirmed the identification of the yeasts as \u003cem\u003eS. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003e3.2 Impact of Fermentation Period on Electricity Production in Microbial Fuel Cells: A Comparative Study between S. cerevisiae and\u003c/b\u003e \u003cb\u003eE. coli\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of fermentation period on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) was investigated by subjecting the MFC to various fermentation periods, ranging from 24 to 120 hours (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The MFC exhibited an initial onset of electricity production at 24 hours and reached a peak of 492 mV after 72 hours. However, beyond 96 hours, the electricity production declined, with more than a 50% decrease observed after 120 hours. Within a span of four days, the S. cerevisiae effectively utilized organic wastes in the MFC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn contrast, in a microbial-operated energy chamber with \u003cem\u003eE. coli\u003c/em\u003e (Escherichia coli), a sustained higher voltage output was observed for an extended period of four days. However, in this case, the voltage output decreased after the first day (Ankur and Shipra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). This could be attributed to the presence of additional substrates and the growth of diverse types of microbes, belonging to different genus/species/strains, under natural conditions to utilize those substrates. As a result, MFCs hold potential for waste management in addition to bioelectricity generation (Ankur and Shipra, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec10\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.3 Impact of Temperature on Electricity Production in \u003cem\u003ea S. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e-based Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC)\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe impact of temperature on electricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) utilizing S. cerevisiae was analyzed by subjecting the yeast to a range of temperatures from 25 \u0026ordm;C to 50 \u0026ordm;C (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Temperature was found to have a significant influence on electricity production, with the highest levels observed at 35\u0026deg;C. However, as the temperature increased to 50 \u0026ordm;C, a decrease in bioelectricity production was observed. This decline in bioelectricity production at higher temperatures can be attributed to the temperature's effect on microbial growth and metabolic processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe performance of the MFC in response to temperature was further characterized by internal resistance, where higher internal resistance corresponded to lower power density obtained (Li et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). These findings highlight the ability of MFCs to effectively function across a broad temperature range, with the optimal electricity production occurring at 35\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.4 Impact of pH on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigating the effect of pH on the bioelectricity production in a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC), the pH of the growth medium was carefully controlled within a range of pH 5 to pH 10 using a pH meter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The results demonstrated a significant impact of pH on bioelectricity production in the MFC, with the highest levels observed in a slightly alkaline range at pH 8. The variation in voltage production can be attributed to the changes in ionic concentration within the chamber due to different pH levels. pH not only influences the flow of current but also affects the metabolic reactions of microorganisms.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn comparison to previous studies involving microbial fuel cells (MFCs) with switchable power release, which were controlled by combinations of physiologically important parameters, the observed changes in pH were found to be significant, particularly when pH was decreased from 7.0 to 5.0. The switchability of the MFC was attributed to the activity of the microbial anode, which was affected by the combined temperature and pH of the medium. Changes in pH caused reversible activation-inactivation of the bioanode, thereby impacting the overall activity of the MFC (Tang et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.5 Impact of Oxygen Flow Rate on Bioelectricity Production in a Microbial Fuel Cell\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eInvestigating the impact of oxygen flow rate on the Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) cathodic chamber, the flow rate of oxygen entering the chamber was analyzed using a flow meter (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The results revealed a positive correlation between the oxygen flow rate and electricity production in the MFC. As the oxygen flow rate increased, the production of electricity also increased, reaching a maximum at 50 ml/min.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe higher electricity production observed at higher flow rates of oxygen can be attributed to the increased acceptance of protons in the anodic chamber. Conversely, lowering the oxygen flow rate results in a decreased acceptance of electrons, leading to a reduction in electricity production. This highlights the importance of maintaining an optimal oxygen flow rate for maximizing bioelectricity generation in the MFC.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eInvestigating the role of key physical parameters, such as incubation time, pH, temperature, and oxygen flow, in bioelectricity generation from a Microbial Fuel Cell (MFC) revealed their crucial significance. In this study, it was observed that S. cerevisiae demonstrated the highest bioelectricity production when subjected to an incubation period of 72 hours, pH 8.0, temperature of 35 \u0026ordm;C, and an oxygen flow rate of 50 ml/min, utilizing fisheries wastewater as the substrate.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese findings underscore the effectiveness of fisheries wastewater as a suitable substrate for facilitating the biochemical reactions of microorganisms in MFCs to generate bioelectricity. Moreover, the results highlight the significant potential of Microbial Fuel Cell technology in developing large-scale systems for wastewater treatment, further emphasizing its application in sustainable and environmentally friendly approaches.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript, consented to its submission to the journal, reviewed all the results, and approved the final version. ME and HR designed the experiments. ME conducted the experiments. ME, SM, and HR interpreted the results and engaged in the discussion. HR prepared the manuscript with contributions from all co-authors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement:\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis research work was generously supported by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. We extend our gratitude for their financial support, which made this study possible.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eAll other relevant data generated and analysed during this study are included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAmann CA, (1996) Alternative fuels and power systems in the long term. Int. J. Veh, Des. 17: 510\u0026ndash;517.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAnkur B, Shipra S (2018) Microbial Fuel Cell: An Efficient Method to Utilize Prokaryotic Potential to Engender Reliable Energy. J. Microb. Bioch. Tech. \u003cem\u003e10\u003c/em\u003e: 69\u0026ndash;75.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChaudhuri SK, Lovley DR (2003) Electricity generation by direct oxidation of glucose in mediatorless microbial fuel cells. Nat. Biotech. 21: 1229\u0026ndash;1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eChristwardana M, Hadiyanto H, Motto SA, Sudarno S, Haryani, K (2020) Performance evaluation of yeast-assisted microalgal microbial fuel cells on bioremediation of cafeteria wastewater for electricity generation and microalgae biomass production. Biomass Bioenerg. 139: 105617.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eDas D, Veziroglu TN (2001) Hydrogen production by biological process: a survey of literature, Int. J. Hydrog. Energy 26: 13\u0026ndash;28.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eEl-Chakhtoura J, El-Fadel M, Rao HA, Li D, Ghanimeh S, Saikaly, PE (2014) Electricity generation and microbial community structure of air-cathode microbial fuel cells powered with the organic fraction of municipal solid waste and inoculated with different seeds. Biomass Bioenerg. 67: 24\u0026ndash;31.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJayashree C, Arulazhagan P, Kumar SA, Kaliappan S, Yeom IT, Banu JR (2014) Bioelectricity generation from coconut husk retting wastewater in fed batch operating microbial fuel cell by phenol degrading microorganism. Biomass Bioenerg. 69: 249\u0026ndash;254.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLi, LH, Sun YM, Yuan ZH, Kong XY, Li Y (2013) Effect of temperature change on power generation of microbial fuel cell. Environ. Technol. \u003cem\u003e34\u003c/em\u003e(13\u0026ndash;14): 1929\u0026ndash;1934.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLogan BE, Hamelers B, Rozendal R, Schrorder U, Keller JS, Freguia P, Aelterman WV, Rabaey K (2006) Microbial fuel cells: Methodology and technology. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40: 5181\u0026ndash;5192.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eLogan BE (2004) Biologically extracting energy from wastewater: Biohydrogen production and microbial fuel cells. Environ. Sci. Technol. 38: 160\u0026ndash;167.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMohan SV, Saravanan R, Raghavulu SV, Mohanakrishna G, Sarma PN (2008) Bioelectricity production from wastewater treatment in dual chambered microbial fuel cell (MFC) using selectively enriched mixed microflora: effect of catholyte. Bioresour. Techn., 99(3): 596\u0026ndash;603.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eRabaey K, Lissens G, Siciliano SD, Verstraete W (2003) A microbial biofuel cell capable of converting glucose to electricity at high rate and efficiency, Biotechnol. Lett. 25: 1531\u0026ndash;1535.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaini R, Hegde K, Brar SK, Vezina P (2020) Advanced biofuel production and road to commercialization: An insight into bioconversion potential of Rhodosporidium sp. Biomass Bioenerg. 132: 105439.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eTang J, Liu T, Yuan Y, Zhuang L (2014) Effective control of bioelectricity generation from a microbial fuel cell by logical combinations of pH and temperature. Sci. World J. 2014:186016.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eVaughan-Martini A, Martini A (1993) A taxonomic key for the genus Saccharomyces. Syst. Appl. Microbiol., 16(1): 113\u0026ndash;119.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Microbial Biofuel Cell, Bioelectricity, Fisheries Wastewater, S. cerevisiae","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4619009/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4619009/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eMicrobial fuel cell (MFC) technology offers an innovative and sustainable solution for energy production, particularly in electricity-deprived regions. This study focuses on the design of a microbial biofuel cell that utilizes \u003cem\u003eS. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e to generate bioelectricity from fisheries wastewate through bio-elecrochemical reaction. The MFC system harnesses electrons released during biochemical reactions catalyzed by microorganisms. Optimization of physical parameters was performed to maximize bioelectricity generation from fisheries wastewater. The results revealed that \u003cem\u003eS. cerevisiae\u003c/em\u003e-based MFC achieved the highest bioelectricity production at 35 \u0026ordm;C, pH 8, and an incubation period of 72 hours. To enhance performance, a flow rate of 50 mL/min of oxygen in the wastewater was found to be the most effective for bioelectricity generation. The findings demonstrate the practicality and sustainability of the S. cerevisiae-based MFC as a viable technique for both bioelectricity production and wastewater management in the fisheries industry. This innovative approach not only addresses the basic electricity needs of electricity-deprived regions but also helps mitigate wastewater pollution, presenting an environmentally friendly solution. The study highlights the potential of MFC technology to contribute to renewable energy generation and environmental sustainability in regions reliant on fisheries wastewater.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Optimized Bio-Electrochemical Systems: Enhancing MFC Performance with S. cerevisiae","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-07-25 11:15:22","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4619009/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2ac7a228-c226-43b4-a3e0-209d620945f9","owner":[],"postedDate":"July 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-07-30T07:15:10+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-07-25 11:15:22","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4619009","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4619009","identity":"rs-4619009","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}