TheBotrytis cinereaCrh transglycosylae is a cytoplasmic effector triggering plant cell death and defense response

Crh proteins catalyze crosslinking of chitin and glucan polymers in the fugal cell wall. We revealed a novel and unexpected role of Botrytis cinerea BcCrh1 as a cytoplasmic effector and elicitor of plant defense. During saprophytic growth the BcCrh1 protein is localized in vacuoles and ER. Upon plant infection the protein accumulates to high levels in infection cushions, it is then secreted to the apoplast and translocated into plant cells, where it induces cell death and defense responses. Two regions of 53 and 35 amino acids were found sufficient for protein uptake and cell death induction, respectively. Dimerization of BcCrh proteins was necessary for the transglycosylation activity and proper fungal development, while the monomeric proteins was sufficient for induction of cell death. Arabidopsis lines expressing the bccrh1 gene had reduced sensitivity to B. cinerea, demonstrating the potential use of the protein in plant immunization against necrotrophic pathogens.