Records for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) from State of São Paulo, Brazil

Records for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) from State of São Paulo, Brazil | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Records for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) from State of São Paulo, Brazil Ticiana Zwarg, Marcelo Bahia Labruna, Mariana Hereny, Thaís C. Sanches, and 13 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7971894/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Mar, 2026 Read the published version in Experimental and Applied Acarology → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Ticks and tick-borne diseases have spread since the mid-twentieth century largely due to major anthropogenic changes impacting natural ecosystems. The Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine ( Coendou spinosus ) is a medium sized rodent found in the southeast of Brazil. There is little information about the presence and diversity of ticks on porcupines. The objective of this study is to present the identified ticks collected from C. spinosus received at a triage center of wildlife in the city of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2025 (almost 30 years). Ticks from a total of 100 free-ranging porcupines were collected. A total of 223 ticks in various life stages were analyzed. Fifty-eight larvae, 17 nymphs, and 148 adults were identified. Of these, 89 were males and 59 were females. Some animals presented mixed infestations, with more than one tick species. The most sampled species were Amblyomma longirostre , with samples from 86 animals, followed by A. parkeri (18 animals), A. dubitatum (1 animal), A. ovale (1 animal), A. sculptum (1 animal), and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (1 animal). This is the first report of the presence of Haemaphysalis juxtakochi parasitizing this porcupine species, to the authors' knowledge. One of the males of A. longirostre was attached to the porcupine's spine, a rare description. Ticks are important vectors of several animal and zoonotic diseases. This work contains information that can contribute to knowledge and conservation of porcupines, and to the development of environmental surveillance strategies. Amblyomma Erethizontidae parasitology rodents Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Introduction Ticks and tick-borne diseases have spread since the mid-twentieth century largely due to major anthropogenic changes impacting natural ecosystems (Fish 2022 ). Studies provide evidence that climate change has contributed to the expanded range of ticks (Beard et al. 2016 ). Mammals are more parasitized by ticks than birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Some species feed only on a narrow range of host groups; others are host species specific, and others are less selective, feeding a wide range of animals (Sonenshine 1991 ). Among mammals, rodents are preferred for the immature stages of ixodid ticks (Barros-Battesti et al. 2024 ). New World porcupines (family Erethizontidae) are nocturnal and arboreal rodents with prehensile tails and with hairs modified into sharped quills (Emmons 1997 ). Erethizontids are distributed from Canada to Uruguay and Argentina (Emmons 1997 , Voss 2015 ). In Brazil, the Erethizontinae subfamily contains 12 Neotropical species of porcupines, 11 included in the Coendou genus and one species of the Chaetomys genus (Abreu et al. 2024 ). These animals are arboreal herbivores (Eisenberg 1978 , Eisenberg and Redford 1989 ), being found mainly in forest environments (Marinho-Filho and Emmons 2016). C. spinosus is the species that occurs in southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northern Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina (Bonvicino et al. 2008 ), however, this distribution is under constant review due to changes in the taxonomy of the species. The most common name for C. spinosus is “Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine” (Voss 2015 ). According to the IUCN Red List, C. spinosus is classified as “least concern” in terms of extinction risk (Roach and Naylor 2016 ). As cryptic animals, rarely observed in the wild and underrepresented in collections, there are several gaps in the knowledge of most porcupine species (Leite et al. 2011 , Voss et al. 2013 , Feijó and Langguth 2013 , Mendes Pontes et al. 2013 ). Porcupines can be also observed in forest fragments in urban areas, in the canopy of secondary forests, and near human communities (Marinho-Filho and Emmons 2016, Roach and Naylor 2016 ). Housing construction closer to forested areas has led to porcupines sometimes being hunted for meat (Emmons 1997 ), which facilitates human exposure and risk to pathogens hosted by this species. Being close to cities also means being close to highways and streets, where these animals are subject to being run over (Teixeira et al. 2013 ). We reported a growing increase in the number of porcupines received in the Wildlife Management and Conservation Center, Wildlife Division, Green and Environment Secretariat, São Paulo City Hall, in the years 2007 to 2022, and the causes include the expansion of deforestation and the fragmentation and reduction of natural habitats by anthropogenic activities (Zwarg et al. 2024 ). There is little information in the literature about diseases or death causes in porcupines. The main general cause of death of porcupines rescued was trauma or polytrauma resulting from predation, being run over, electric net accident among others. Infectious causes account for the second most prevalent case of death, such as toxoplasmosis and poxvirosis (Zwarg et al. 2023 , Zwarg et al. 2024 , Zwarg et al. 2025 ). The neotropical porcupines are natural hosts of hemoparasites such as Trypanosoma sp. and Babesia sp. (Thoisy et al. 2000 ), Mycoplasma sp. (Valente et al. 2020 ; Zwarg et al. personal communication, unpublished data) and Bartonella sp. (Bassini-Silva et al. 2024 ), endoparasites ( Prosthenorchis luhei , Hymenolepis diminuta and Trichuris opaca ) (Kuniy and Brasileiro 2006 ) and filariid larvae ( Dipetalonema spp.) (Parisotto et al. 2014 ; Zwarg et al. personal communication, unpublish data), in addition to being highly infected by Giardia sp. cysts and Cryptosporidium sp. oocysts without clinical changes (Soares et al. 2008 ). Toxoplasmosis appears to be an important disease that has recently been reported in these animals (Santos et al. 2022 , Zwarg et al. 2025 ). Neotropical porcupines are natural hosts of lice ( Eutrichophilus sp.) (Brum et al. 2003 , Lignon et al. 2023 ), mites (Busi et al. 2022 ) and are also host for ticks (Labruna et al. 2009 , Dantas-Torres 2010). Amblyomma spp. parasitizes a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, and approximately 100 species are found predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas (Zajak and Conboy 2012). In Brazil, Coendou spinosus has been reported as hosts for Amblyomma longirostre (McIntosh et al. 2015 , Barros and Baggio 1992 , Valente et al. 2022 , Acosta et al. 2024 , Martins et al. 2025 ), A. parkeri (Labruna et al. 2009 , Martins et al. 2013 , 2017 , González et al. 2017 , Luz et al. 2023, Valente et al. 2022 ), A. ovale (Arzua et al. 2005 ), A. sculptum (Arzua et al. 2005 ) A. dubitatum (Acosta et al. 2024 ) and Rhipicephalus microplus (Valente et al. 2022 ). Porcupines maintain a unique ecological relationship with ticks, particularly with A. longirostre and A. parkeri , which are frequently associated with Erethizontidae hosts (Labruna et al. 2009 , Luz et al. 2018 ). The close ecological association between porcupines and human settlements raises significant concerns about potential zoonotic spillover pathways (Martins et al. 2025 , Friant et al 2025 ). In the Neotropical region, hard ticks are the main arachnid vectors of pathogens for humans, domestic and wild animals (Martins et al. 2024 ). Therefore, some species are relevant to animal health and public health (Guglielmone and Robbins 2018 , Nogueira et al. 2022 ), since they transmit bacteria such as Anaplasma , Borrelia , Ehrlichia , and Rickettsia , as well as protozoa such as Babesia, Cytauxzoon, Hepatozoon, Rangelia and Theileria (Barros-Battesti et al. 2006 , Nava et al. 2017 ). For porcupines, Eutrichophilus lice, A. sculptum , and particularly A. longirostre ticks may play a role in Brazilian porcupinepox virus (BPoPV) transmission (Martins et al. 2025 ). The frequency of rodent-borne diseases has been steadily rising in recent years due to several drivers, including the emergence of new pathogens, environmental shifts, climatic changes, and anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural intensification (Shehata et al 2025 ). Threat reduction, for both endemic and emerging rodent-borne diseases, requires understanding the ecological mechanisms driving spillover and applying these insights for prevention (Friant et al 2025 ). In this context, it includes knowledge about rodent ticks, which are involved in the indirect transmission of diseases. Besides, rodents are poorly represented in the collections of Brazilian zoos, and they have been little considered in medical and zootechnical research (Lange and Schimidt 2014). In our knowledge, this is the first study focused on ticks from wild neotropical porcupine, C. spinosus . The objective of this study is to present the identified ticks collected from C. spinosus received at a triage center of wildlife in the city of São Paulo, from 1996 to 2025. Materials and Methods This study has authorization for data collection and laboratory analysis of biological materials from the following institutions: SISBIO (nº 79891-2); Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo (CEUA/FMVZ nº 1221260122-ID 009657); and Technical Committee for Scientific Evaluation of the Secretariat for Green and Environment of the Municipality of São Paulo (nº 6027.2021/0012190-2). The activity of access to Genetic Heritage was registered in SisGen, in compliance with the provisions of Law No. 13,123/2015 and its regulations (registration number: A429CFC). The current report comprises identification records of larvae, nymphs and adult ticks that were collected from Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupines ( C. spinosus) in the Southeast region of Brazil. The Wildlife Management and Conservation Center, Wildlife Division, Green and Environment Secretariat, São Paulo City Hall (DFS, -23.421479, -46.787048) is a triage center of wildlife in São Paulo, Brazil, and develops actions to protect and conserve the wildlife of the municipality, metropolitan region, and that originating from seizures, in actions to combat trafficking. One of its main activities involves veterinary care with laboratory support aimed at the recovery of animals rescued and sent to the service. Animals brought to the service are generally found injured or in conflict situations and are taken by residents or police officers. From July 1996 to June 2025 (29 years), DFS received 381 C. spinosus . Ticks from a total of 100 individual hosts were collected, which represents a sampling effort of 26.25% of the total number of animals received in the period. The remaining 281 animals were not investigated for the presence of ticks. Tick ​​collections were performed during the initial examination of the animal, as soon as it was received for care, or during the necroscopic examination, when dead. All specimens were manually collected from different C. spinosus and preserved in 70% ethanol until morphological analysis. The anatomical locations where ticks were found attached to porcupines were not recorded in a systematic way in all situations, but it was done for 100 porcupines. Samples were morphologically analyzed and identified based on pictorial and dichotomic taxonomic keys for the identification of the genus, the species and different life stages of the ticks (Barros-Battesti et al. 2005 , 2006 , Labruna et al. 2009 , Martins et al. 2010 , 2013 ). Identifications were carried out at the Laboratory of Identification and Research of Synanthropic Fauna of the Center for Zoonosis Control – São Paulo City Hall (LABFAUNA-DVZ-PMSP) and in the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP). Porcupines were analyzed for date of entry into the service, origin, age, and sex. The age of the animals was estimated according to the morphological characteristics based on the eruption of the upper incisor teeth and the maturation of the coat, according to Voss and Angermann ( 1997 ) and Caldara-Junior and Leite ( 2012 ). Sexing was performed by exposing genitals. The mean intensity of ticks on porcupines was determined for each tick species according to the method of Bush et al. ( 1997 ). In this case, mean intensity was calculated by dividing the total number of ticks by the number of infested hosts (n = 100). The origin of the tick-infested porcupines were analyzed according to the 11 geopolitical regions of the state (Cavararo 2017 ): São Paulo (SP), Sorocaba (SO), Bauru (BA), Marília (MA), Presidente Prudente (PP), Araçatuba (AR), São José do Rio Preto (SJRP), Ribeirão Preto (RB), Araraquara (ARR), Campinas (CP), and São José dos Campos (SJC).‌ Results A total of 223 specimens of ticks, comprising 58 larvae, 17 nymphs and 148 adults (89 males and 59 females) were collected from the 100 porcupines. Some animals presented mixed infestations, with two different tick species (10 porcupines) or even three tick species at the same time (one animal). The most frequent and abundant tick species was Amblyomma longirostre , with samples from 86 animals (86/100; 86%), followed by A. parkeri (18/100; 18%), A. dubitatum (1/100; 1%), Amblyomma ovale (1/100; 1%), Amblyomma sculptum ( 1/100; 1%) and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi (1/100; 1%). From 4 animals (4/100; 4%), the Amblyomma species was not identified ( Amblyomma spp.). Table 1 shows the distribution of ticks on porcupines. Table 1 Data on the ticks that were collected from 100 individual Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupines ( Coendou spinosus) from the São Paulo Metropolitan region and surrounding cities in Brazil, from July 1996 to June 2025 Tick species Number of ticks according to stage No. infested porcupines n = 100 (%) Mean intensity Larvae Nymphs Males Females Total Amblyomma longirostre 35 8 72 58 173 86 (86) 2.0 Amblyomma parkeri 4 17 1 22 18 (18) 1.2 Amblyomma sculptum 2 2 1 (1) 2.0 Amblyomma dubitatum 1 1 1 (1) 1.0 Amblyomma ovale 1 1 1 (1) 1.0 Haemaphysalis juxtakochi 1 1 1 (1) 1.0 Amblyomma spp. 23 23 4 (4) 5.8 Total 58 17 89 59 223 100 (100) 2.2 Overall, mean intensity was 2.2 ticks/infested porcupine, with A. longirostre and A. parkeri presenting the highest mean intensity values, 2.0 ticks/infested host (the mean intensity value of 5.8 for Amblyomma spp. larvae is not considered in this comparison because it could represent two or more unidentified Amblyomma species). Data is in Table 1 . Detailed information (geographical location, date of collection, age of host, number of ticks per stage and species) for each of the tick-infested porcupine is given in Supplemental Table S1 . Adult ticks were mostly found on the nape, dorsal region of the body, and rarely on the tail (Fig. 1 – a, b, e). The immature ticks (larvae and nymphs) preferred to settle on the ears (Fig. 1 – c). No ticks were found in the ventral, cervical, and genital regions. One adult tick was found on the ventral surface of the thoracic member. One of the males of A. longirostre was attached to the porcupine's spine (Fig. 2 ), and the tick legs were free, with no direct contact with host skin. Figure 3 illustrates these preferred areas of the body of porcupine for infestation of thicks. Regarding the host profile, ticks were collected from 87 adult porcupines (87/100 − 87%), 7 juveniles (7/100–7%), and 5 pups (5/100–5%). For one animal, age information was not available (1/100–1%). Fifty-two animals were females (52/100 − 52%) and 31 animals were males (31/100 − 31%). The sex of 17 animals was not identified (17/100 − 17%). Most of the tick-infested animals came from the city of São Paulo (64/100 − 64%), followed by the cities of Franco da Rocha, with 7 animals (7/100–7%), Cotia (4/100–4%), Caieiras and Jundiaí, with 3 animals each (3/100–3%) and Diadema and Embu das Artes, with 2 animals each (2/100–2%). The cities of Atibaia, Barueri, Cajamar, Carapicuíba, Francisco Morato, Ibiúna, Itapecerica da Serra, Itapevi, Louveira, Mairiporã, Osasco, Santana de Parnaíba, Sorocaba, Taboão da Serra and Vargem Grande Paulista participated with 1 animal each (1/100–1%). All these cities are located close to São Paulo city at a distance ranging from 15 (Osasco) to 100 km (Sorocaba). Considering the classification of geopolitical regions, 93 hosts (93%) came from the São Paulo region, 5 (5%) were collected from the Campinas region and only 2 (2%) from the Sorocaba region (Fig. 4 ). Of the animals found in São Paulo city, the corresponding local geopolitical zones were: West Zone, with 27 animals (27/100 − 27%); South Zone, with 12 animals (12/100 − 12%); North Zone, with 13 animals (13/100 − 13%) and East Zone, with 9 animals (9/100–9%). Twenty-seven of the 64 animals found in São Paulo came from green areas as parks (27/64–42.18%). The parks with the largest number of participating animals were Anhanguera Municipal Park (8 animals − 8/27–29.63%), Juquery State Park (4 animals − 4/27–14.81%) and Alberto Löfgren State Park (3 animals − 3/27–11.11%). There was no information for the origin of 5 animals from São Paulo (5/64–7.81%). Discussion In the present study, C. spinosus was found infested by six tick species: Amblyomma longirostre, A. dubitatum, A. ovale, A. parkeri, A. sculptum , and Haemaphysalis juxtakochi within the São Paulo Metropolitan region and surrounding cities. To the authors' knowledge, we provide the first record of H. juxtakochi parasitizing C. spinosus . A. longirostre was the tick species with the largest number, and it was collected from 86 porcupines. This tick species is widely distributed throughout Brazil. The adult stage usually parasitizes rodents of the family Erethizontidae (porcupines), and the immature stages parasitize birds mostly of the order Passeriformes (Guglielmone et al. 2014 ); recent surveys by LABFAUNA showed that A. longirostre nymphs were collected from 21 different bird species monitored by the Wildlife Division/SVMA (unpublished data). The data is in accordance with the fact that porcupines of the family Erethizontidae, including C. spinosus , are indeed the most important hosts for the adult stage of A. longirostre (Nava et al. 2010 , 2017 ) and could also play an important role as host for immature forms of A. longirostre as pointed before (Luz et al. 2018 ). In the Amazon state, it has been recorded parasitizing Coendou sp., Coendou prehensilis and Coendou nycthemera (Luz et al., 2020 ). Few records of this tick species have been made on mammals other than porcupines (Barros et al. 2024), like in Blastocerus dichotomus (Arzua et al. 2005 ), Bradypus torquatus (Luz et al. 2018 ), domestic dogs (Moraes-Filho et al. 2009 ), Eira barbara (Keirans 1982 ), Nectomys squamipes (Gazeta et al. 2003 ), Trinomys dimidiatus (Silveira et al. 2008 ) and Leontopithecus chrysomelas , Leontopithecus rosalia and Sapajus nigritus (Martins et al., 2021 ). A. longirostre has rarely been reported biting humans (Guglielmone et al. 2021 ); however, there are five records of specimens identified by LABFAUNA collected from humans, with three reports of bites by this tick (adults, one male and two females - unpublished data), it may highlighted potential hidden risk for tick-borne pathogen transmission The second most collected tick species from porcupines was A. parkeri , with 18 infested hosts. The main hosts for this species are members of the Order Rodentia (Erethizontidae Family) for adults; Rodentia (Erethizontidae) and neotropical Primates (Atelidae Family) for nymphs; and Passeriformes (several families) for larvae (Barros-Battesti et al. 2024 ). It is an endemic species of Brazil, with records of human parasitism by nymphs in the Brazilian territory (Nogueira et al. 2022 ). LABFAUNA has two records of A. parkeri nymphs on humans, both with reports of parasitism (unpublished data). In monitoring carried out by the Wildlife Division/SVMA, A. parkeri nymphs were collected on birds ( Turdus rufiventris, Chaetura meridionalis, Megascops choliba ) and mammals ( Alouatta clamitans, Didelphis aurita ), identified by LABFAUNA (unpublished data). Although known as parasites of rodents and passerines, A. parkeri can also parasitize nonhuman and human primates, emphasizing the relevance of the tick to other possible hosts and the dissemination of pathogens (Lima et al. 2023 ). A. dubitatum, A. ovale, A. sculptum and H. juxtakochi were rarely found in the present study, with only one individual host for each tick species. A. sculptum and A. dubitatum are common in natural or anthropogenic areas where capybaras ( Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris ) occur (Barros-Battesti et al. 2024 ). A female adult porcupine from the Jardim Peri neighborhood, near Cantareira State Park in northern São Paulo city, was the host for an A. dubitatum nymph. The porcupine in which A. sculptum was found was also a female, from Varginha Natural Park, located in the Alto Tietê River Basin, which has many flooded areas. According to the literature, A. dubitatum usually occurs in greater numbers in the most flooded or consistently humid areas, while A. scultpum is rarer in these environments and dominant in drier forested areas or more open areas where capybaras feed, commonly on grasses and shrubs (Queirogas et al. 2012 ). There are records of human parasitism by all active stages of A. sculptum in Brazil, making it the main anthropophilic species in the country (Nogueira et al. 2022 ). It is an important vector of the bacterium Rickettsia rickettsii , the etiological agent of a serious zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks in Brazil, called Brazilian Spotted Fever (Barros-Battesti et al. 2024 ). A. ovale is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, where its adult stage is mainly associated with the Order Carnivora (Barros-Battesti et al. 2024 ), while rodents of the family Cricetidae are the main hosts of the immature stages (Nava et al. 2017 ). The main hosts for H. juxtakochi are artiodactyls (Cervidae) for adults; Passeriformes (several families) and Mammalia (several orders) for immatures in the Neotropical region (Barros-Battesti et al. 2024 ). It can be found that parasitizing rodents from the families Cricetidae, Dasyproctidae, Erethizontidae and Sciuridae (Nava et al. 2017 ). The host of this tick was a male adult porcupine, from Embu das Artes city. Male adults corresponded to the largest number sampled, with 89 individuals, followed by adult females (59), larvae (58) and nymphs (17). In the literature, there are a few reports of A. longirostre nymphs on porcupines of at least four different species, including C. spinosus (Fonseca 1933 , Nava et al. 2010 , Gonzalez et al. 2017, Teixeira et al. 2017 ). All together, these results suggest that porcupines might also play an important role as hosts for immature stages of A. longirostre (Luz et al. 2018 ). Indeed, the obvious difficulty of collecting immature ticks (small specimens) on the skin of a porcupine might have contributed to limited number of field records (Luz et al. 2018 ), which perhaps also explains the low number of nymphs found here. Our finding of an A. longirostre male attached to porcupine spine is preceded by Fonseca ( 1933 ), who reported A. longirostre males attached to the spine of two S. villosus porcupines, and more recently by Luz and coworkers ( 2018 ), who reported three A. longirostre females attached to C. subspinosus spines. Here, we found a male with this behavior. Fonseca ( 1933 ) speculated that the tick hypostome would penetrate the spine until deeper enough to feed on liquids inside the spine. However, Luz and colleagues ( 2018 ) demonstrated that hypostome did not break the external surface of the spine and suggest that ticks attach to the spine for a short period until they can find a more suitable site for blood feeding. Interestingly, the tick behavior of attaching the spine of porcupines has also been confirmed to occur with A. parkeri (Luz et al. 2018 ). The origin of the porcupines in this study is closed and related to the location of the Wildlife Triage Center, located in Anhanguera Park, west region of São Paulo. Most of the animals sampled came from this region and its surroundings. The growing number of cases of poxvirus in C. spinosus in this region of the city (Zwarg et al. 2024 ) and the recent possible association with ticks as vectors responsible for transmission (Martins et al. 2025 ) raises an alert for the scientific community working in the conservation of neotropical porcupines. Conclusion The ticks that commonly infest free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine ( Coendou spinosus ) residing in the city of São Paulo and surrounding areas belong to the genus Amblyomma , the main one being Amblyomma longisrostre . We provide the first record of H. juxtakochi parasitizing C. spinosus . The information obtained in this work can contribute to knowledge and conservation of porcupines, comparative ecology studies of ticks, and to the development of environmental surveillance strategies. Declarations Conflict of Interest: The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Consent for participation and publication The authors have consented to the submission of this case report to the journal. Footnote this article originated from a thesis. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. Funding: The authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article. Author Contribution All authors contributed to the study conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ticiana Zwarg and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Acknowledgement We thank the all the technicians and employees of Wildlife Management and Conservation Center, Wildlife Division, Green and Environment Secretariat, São Paulo City Hall. We also thank the all the technicians and employees of Laboratory of Identification and Research of Synanthropic Fauna of the Center for Zoonosis Control – São Paulo City Hall (LABFAUNA-DVZ-PMSP) and Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of São Paulo (FMVZ-USP). We thank the illustrator Fernando Igor for the images. Data Availability The datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. References Abreu EF, Casali D, Costa-Araújo R, Garbino GST, Libardi GS, Loretto D, Loss AC, Marmontel M, Moras LM, Nascimento MC, Oliveira ML, Pavan SE, Tirelli FP (2024) Lista de Mamíferos do Brasil (2024-1). 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Sá","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAqElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACPmbmhgMgBj+IYGwgQgsbMyNEi2QD0VpgygwOEK2FnbHxwM8ddfLGN9KfPWDccY84hx3sPXPYcNuNHHMDxjPFxGk5wNt2gBGohU2CsS2BSFv+ttXZb56R/ox4LYd525gTN0gkmJGgRbbtcPKMM2/MDRLPEKGFn//w4Y9v2+ps+9uBIfZxBxFaUGxkIFEDSMsoGAWjYBSMAmwAAGWvORs3HRwPAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of São Paulo","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Lilian","middleName":"Rose M.","lastName":"Sá","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-10-28 17:22:41","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7971894/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7971894/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-026-01122-1","type":"published","date":"2026-03-13T15:59:46+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":96241044,"identity":"7c650223-7a1a-402d-a697-25504137450c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:55","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6938347,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"RecordsforticksAcariIxodidaeonfreerangingParaguayanhairydwarfporcupine.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/a6c8d096e1c35d85be703f4f.docx"},{"id":95854392,"identity":"13bda134-d3e3-498c-9286-f51d382d3c41","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 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16:24:20","extension":"html","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":176194,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/de68c8cdeb8a332cb5344d4a.html"},{"id":96241307,"identity":"ea318702-b01b-4e7f-9328-5baa338fcceb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:10:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2863460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTicks found on \u003cem\u003eCoendou spinosus\u003c/em\u003e. a) Female of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e, in dorsal region (ID 115754); b) Female of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e, dorsal region (ID 101799); c) Larvae of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e, ear (ID 99521); d) Male of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma parkeri\u003c/em\u003e (ID 106400), in the same of animal of item a; e) Male of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e, dorsal region (ID 126353); f) Female (left) and male (right) of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre \u003c/em\u003e(ID 106900).\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/f1f1facb79fe8bb22f11a181.png"},{"id":95854395,"identity":"3813ee83-eea9-46af-a873-f237dc849842","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 16:24:20","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":2540959,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eOne male of \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e attached to the porcupine' spine (ID 138561). a) The tick legs were free with no direct contact with host skin; b) Detail of tick ganathosoma attached to the porcupine spine.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/8217a3a7f6f65be0946850d9.png"},{"id":96240994,"identity":"503a7228-010d-40b8-91b6-59373a837e11","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:09:49","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":855761,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePreferred areas of the body of porcupine for infestation of thicks. Illustrator: Fernando Igor.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage319.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/e8d014a6c8b0dfea18b7790b.png"},{"id":96240267,"identity":"1cdad375-39c5-4622-8ec4-7ca20d4c647c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-19 07:08:43","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":339496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSee image above for figure legend\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/8f4977dfe1132250fa39794e.png"},{"id":104739979,"identity":"8675e4ee-9c1b-4e5e-a7dc-d1e0a8386245","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-03-16 16:14:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":7096336,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/359450e1-21d7-4dba-9a61-5ac11bbc2b2a.pdf"},{"id":95854393,"identity":"e19662f5-d235-48d2-a9e0-08c7765b8bca","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-13 16:24:19","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":53675,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementalTableS1.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7971894/v1/94efdbe5213dd69c726d8602.docx"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Records for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) from State of São Paulo, Brazil","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eTicks and tick-borne diseases have spread since the mid-twentieth century largely due to major anthropogenic changes impacting natural ecosystems (Fish \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Studies provide evidence that climate change has contributed to the expanded range of ticks (Beard et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Mammals are more parasitized by ticks than birds, reptiles, and amphibians. Some species feed only on a narrow range of host groups; others are host species specific, and others are less selective, feeding a wide range of animals (Sonenshine \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e). Among mammals, rodents are preferred for the immature stages of ixodid ticks (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNew World porcupines (family Erethizontidae) are nocturnal and arboreal rodents with prehensile tails and with hairs modified into sharped quills (Emmons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). Erethizontids are distributed from Canada to Uruguay and Argentina (Emmons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e, Voss \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In Brazil, the Erethizontinae subfamily contains 12 Neotropical species of porcupines, 11 included in the \u003cem\u003eCoendou\u003c/em\u003e genus and one species of the \u003cem\u003eChaetomys\u003c/em\u003e genus (Abreu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). These animals are arboreal herbivores (Eisenberg \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1978\u003c/span\u003e, Eisenberg and Redford \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1989\u003c/span\u003e), being found mainly in forest environments (Marinho-Filho and Emmons 2016). \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e is the species that occurs in southeastern Brazil, eastern Paraguay, northern Uruguay, and northeastern Argentina (Bonvicino et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e), however, this distribution is under constant review due to changes in the taxonomy of the species. The most common name for \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e is \u0026ldquo;Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine\u0026rdquo; (Voss \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). According to the IUCN Red List, \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e is classified as \u0026ldquo;least concern\u0026rdquo; in terms of extinction risk (Roach and Naylor \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). As cryptic animals, rarely observed in the wild and underrepresented in collections, there are several gaps in the knowledge of most porcupine species (Leite et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e, Voss et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Feij\u0026oacute; and Langguth \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, Mendes Pontes et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePorcupines can be also observed in forest fragments in urban areas, in the canopy of secondary forests, and near human communities (Marinho-Filho and Emmons 2016, Roach and Naylor \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). Housing construction closer to forested areas has led to porcupines sometimes being hunted for meat (Emmons \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e), which facilitates human exposure and risk to pathogens hosted by this species. Being close to cities also means being close to highways and streets, where these animals are subject to being run over (Teixeira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). We reported a growing increase in the number of porcupines received in the Wildlife Management and Conservation Center, Wildlife Division, Green and Environment Secretariat, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo City Hall, in the years 2007 to 2022, and the causes include the expansion of deforestation and the fragmentation and reduction of natural habitats by anthropogenic activities (Zwarg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). There is little information in the literature about diseases or death causes in porcupines. The main general cause of death of porcupines rescued was trauma or polytrauma resulting from predation, being run over, electric net accident among others. Infectious causes account for the second most prevalent case of death, such as toxoplasmosis and poxvirosis (Zwarg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e, Zwarg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Zwarg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). The neotropical porcupines are natural hosts of hemoparasites such as \u003cem\u003eTrypanosoma\u003c/em\u003e sp. and \u003cem\u003eBabesia\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Thoisy et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eMycoplasma\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Valente et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Zwarg et al. personal communication, unpublished data) and \u003cem\u003eBartonella\u003c/em\u003e sp. (Bassini-Silva et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), endoparasites (\u003cem\u003eProsthenorchis luhei\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eHymenolepis diminuta\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTrichuris opaca\u003c/em\u003e) (Kuniy and Brasileiro \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and filariid larvae (\u003cem\u003eDipetalonema\u003c/em\u003e spp.) (Parisotto et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e; Zwarg et al. personal communication, unpublish data), in addition to being highly infected by \u003cem\u003eGiardia\u003c/em\u003e sp. cysts and \u003cem\u003eCryptosporidium\u003c/em\u003e sp. oocysts without clinical changes (Soares et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e). Toxoplasmosis appears to be an important disease that has recently been reported in these animals (Santos et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Zwarg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNeotropical porcupines are natural hosts of lice (\u003cem\u003eEutrichophilus\u003c/em\u003e sp.) (Brum et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, Lignon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e), mites (Busi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e) and are also host for ticks (Labruna et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Dantas-Torres 2010). \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e spp. parasitizes a wide variety of domestic and wild animals, and approximately 100 species are found predominantly in tropical and subtropical areas (Zajak and Conboy 2012). In Brazil, \u003cem\u003eCoendou spinosus\u003c/em\u003e has been reported as hosts for \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e (McIntosh et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e, Barros and Baggio \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e, Valente et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e, Acosta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e, Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e), A. \u003cem\u003eparkeri\u003c/em\u003e (Labruna et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e, Luz et al. 2023, Valente et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), A. \u003cem\u003eovale\u003c/em\u003e (Arzua et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), A. \u003cem\u003esculptum\u003c/em\u003e (Arzua et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e) A. \u003cem\u003edubitatum\u003c/em\u003e (Acosta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eRhipicephalus microplus\u003c/em\u003e (Valente et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). Porcupines maintain a unique ecological relationship with ticks, particularly with \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e, which are frequently associated with Erethizontidae hosts (Labruna et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Luz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe close ecological association between porcupines and human settlements raises significant concerns about potential zoonotic spillover pathways (Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e, Friant et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In the Neotropical region, hard ticks are the main arachnid vectors of pathogens for humans, domestic and wild animals (Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, some species are relevant to animal health and public health (Guglielmone and Robbins \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e, Nogueira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e), since they transmit bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eAnaplasma\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eBorrelia\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eEhrlichia\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eRickettsia\u003c/em\u003e, as well as protozoa such as \u003cem\u003eBabesia, Cytauxzoon, Hepatozoon, Rangelia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eTheileria\u003c/em\u003e (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, Nava et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). For porcupines, \u003cem\u003eEutrichophilus lice, A. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e, and particularly \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e ticks may play a role in Brazilian porcupinepox virus (BPoPV) transmission (Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe frequency of rodent-borne diseases has been steadily rising in recent years due to several drivers, including the emergence of new pathogens, environmental shifts, climatic changes, and anthropogenic activities, such as urbanization, deforestation, and agricultural intensification (Shehata et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). Threat reduction, for both endemic and emerging rodent-borne diseases, requires understanding the ecological mechanisms driving spillover and applying these insights for prevention (Friant et al \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e). In this context, it includes knowledge about rodent ticks, which are involved in the indirect transmission of diseases. Besides, rodents are poorly represented in the collections of Brazilian zoos, and they have been little considered in medical and zootechnical research (Lange and Schimidt 2014). In our knowledge, this is the first study focused on ticks from wild neotropical porcupine, \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e. The objective of this study is to present the identified ticks collected from \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e received at a triage center of wildlife in the city of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, from 1996 to 2025.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e This study has authorization for data collection and laboratory analysis of biological materials from the following institutions: SISBIO (n\u0026ordm; 79891-2); Ethics Committee on the Use of Animals of the School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (CEUA/FMVZ n\u0026ordm; 1221260122-ID 009657); and Technical Committee for Scientific Evaluation of the Secretariat for Green and Environment of the Municipality of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (n\u0026ordm; 6027.2021/0012190-2). The activity of access to Genetic Heritage was registered in SisGen, in compliance with the provisions of Law No. 13,123/2015 and its regulations (registration number: A429CFC).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe current report comprises identification records of larvae, nymphs and adult ticks that were collected from Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupines (\u003cem\u003eC. spinosus)\u003c/em\u003e in the Southeast region of Brazil. The Wildlife Management and Conservation Center, Wildlife Division, Green and Environment Secretariat, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo City Hall (DFS, -23.421479, -46.787048) is a triage center of wildlife in S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, Brazil, and develops actions to protect and conserve the wildlife of the municipality, metropolitan region, and that originating from seizures, in actions to combat trafficking. One of its main activities involves veterinary care with laboratory support aimed at the recovery of animals rescued and sent to the service. Animals brought to the service are generally found injured or in conflict situations and are taken by residents or police officers.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFrom July 1996 to June 2025 (29 years), DFS received 381 \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e. Ticks from a total of 100 individual hosts were collected, which represents a sampling effort of 26.25% of the total number of animals received in the period. The remaining 281 animals were not investigated for the presence of ticks.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Tick ​​collections were performed during the initial examination of the animal, as soon as it was received for care, or during the necroscopic examination, when dead. All specimens were manually collected from different \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e and preserved in 70% ethanol until morphological analysis. The anatomical locations where ticks were found attached to porcupines were not recorded in a systematic way in all situations, but it was done for 100 porcupines. Samples were morphologically analyzed and identified based on pictorial and dichotomic taxonomic keys for the identification of the genus, the species and different life stages of the ticks (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e, Labruna et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e, Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIdentifications were carried out at the Laboratory of Identification and Research of Synanthropic Fauna of the Center for Zoonosis Control \u0026ndash; S\u0026atilde;o Paulo City Hall (LABFAUNA-DVZ-PMSP) and in the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (FMVZ-USP).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003ePorcupines were analyzed for date of entry into the service, origin, age, and sex. The age of the animals was estimated according to the morphological characteristics based on the eruption of the upper incisor teeth and the maturation of the coat, according to Voss and Angermann (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e) and Caldara-Junior and Leite (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Sexing was performed by exposing genitals. The mean intensity of ticks on porcupines was determined for each tick species according to the method of Bush et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1997\u003c/span\u003e). In this case, mean intensity was calculated by dividing the total number of ticks by the number of infested hosts (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe origin of the tick-infested porcupines were analyzed according to the 11 geopolitical regions of the state (Cavararo \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e): S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (SP), Sorocaba (SO), Bauru (BA), Mar\u0026iacute;lia (MA), Presidente Prudente (PP), Ara\u0026ccedil;atuba (AR), S\u0026atilde;o Jos\u0026eacute; do Rio Preto (SJRP), Ribeir\u0026atilde;o Preto (RB), Araraquara (ARR), Campinas (CP), and S\u0026atilde;o Jos\u0026eacute; dos Campos (SJC).\u0026zwnj;\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003eA total of 223 specimens of ticks, comprising 58 larvae, 17 nymphs and 148 adults (89 males and 59 females) were collected from the 100 porcupines. Some animals presented mixed infestations, with two different tick species (10 porcupines) or even three tick species at the same time (one animal). The most frequent and abundant tick species was \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e, with samples from 86 animals (86/100; 86%), followed by \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e (18/100; 18%), \u003cem\u003eA. dubitatum\u003c/em\u003e (1/100; 1%), \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma ovale\u003c/em\u003e (1/100; 1%), \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma sculptum (\u003c/em\u003e1/100; 1%) and \u003cem\u003eHaemaphysalis juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e (1/100; 1%). From 4 animals (4/100; 4%), the \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e species was not identified (\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e spp.). Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the distribution of ticks on porcupines.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eData on the ticks that were collected from 100 individual Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupines (\u003cem\u003eCoendou spinosus)\u003c/em\u003e from the S\u0026atilde;o Paulo Metropolitan region and surrounding cities in Brazil, from July 1996 to June 2025\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTick species\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNumber of ticks according to stage\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNo. infested porcupines n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 (%)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMean intensity\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eLarvae\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNymphs\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFemales\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e173\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e86 (86)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma parkeri\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18 (18)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma sculptum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma dubitatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma ovale\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eHaemaphysalis juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (1)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e spp.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4 (4)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e59\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e223\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e100 (100)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOverall, mean intensity was 2.2 ticks/infested porcupine, with \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e presenting the highest mean intensity values, 2.0 ticks/infested host (the mean intensity value of 5.8 for \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e spp. larvae is not considered in this comparison because it could represent two or more unidentified \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e species). Data is in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Detailed information (geographical location, date of collection, age of host, number of ticks per stage and species) for each of the tick-infested porcupine is given in Supplemental Table \u003cspan refid=\"MOESM1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003eS1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdult ticks were mostly found on the nape, dorsal region of the body, and rarely on the tail (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; a, b, e). The immature ticks (larvae and nymphs) preferred to settle on the ears (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e \u0026ndash; c). No ticks were found in the ventral, cervical, and genital regions. One adult tick was found on the ventral surface of the thoracic member. One of the males of \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e was attached to the porcupine's spine (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e), and the tick legs were free, with no direct contact with host skin. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e illustrates these preferred areas of the body of porcupine for infestation of thicks. Regarding the host profile, ticks were collected from 87 adult porcupines (87/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;87%), 7 juveniles (7/100\u0026ndash;7%), and 5 pups (5/100\u0026ndash;5%). For one animal, age information was not available (1/100\u0026ndash;1%). Fifty-two animals were females (52/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;52%) and 31 animals were males (31/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;31%). The sex of 17 animals was not identified (17/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;17%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e Most of the tick-infested animals came from the city of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (64/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;64%), followed by the cities of Franco da Rocha, with 7 animals (7/100\u0026ndash;7%), Cotia (4/100\u0026ndash;4%), Caieiras and Jundia\u0026iacute;, with 3 animals each (3/100\u0026ndash;3%) and Diadema and Embu das Artes, with 2 animals each (2/100\u0026ndash;2%). The cities of Atibaia, Barueri, Cajamar, Carapicu\u0026iacute;ba, Francisco Morato, Ibi\u0026uacute;na, Itapecerica da Serra, Itapevi, Louveira, Mairipor\u0026atilde;, Osasco, Santana de Parna\u0026iacute;ba, Sorocaba, Tabo\u0026atilde;o da Serra and Vargem Grande Paulista participated with 1 animal each (1/100\u0026ndash;1%). All these cities are located close to S\u0026atilde;o Paulo city at a distance ranging from 15 (Osasco) to 100 km (Sorocaba). Considering the classification of geopolitical regions, 93 hosts (93%) came from the S\u0026atilde;o Paulo region, 5 (5%) were collected from the Campinas region and only 2 (2%) from the Sorocaba region (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOf the animals found in S\u0026atilde;o Paulo city, the corresponding local geopolitical zones were: West Zone, with 27 animals (27/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;27%); South Zone, with 12 animals (12/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;12%); North Zone, with 13 animals (13/100\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;13%) and East Zone, with 9 animals (9/100\u0026ndash;9%). Twenty-seven of the 64 animals found in S\u0026atilde;o Paulo came from green areas as parks (27/64\u0026ndash;42.18%). The parks with the largest number of participating animals were Anhanguera Municipal Park (8 animals \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;8/27\u0026ndash;29.63%), Juquery State Park (4 animals \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4/27\u0026ndash;14.81%) and Alberto L\u0026ouml;fgren State Park (3 animals \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3/27\u0026ndash;11.11%). There was no information for the origin of 5 animals from S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (5/64\u0026ndash;7.81%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present study, \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e was found infested by six tick species: \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre, A. dubitatum, A. ovale, A. parkeri, A. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eHaemaphysalis juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e within the S\u0026atilde;o Paulo Metropolitan region and surrounding cities. To the authors' knowledge, we provide the first record of \u003cem\u003eH. juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e parasitizing \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e was the tick species with the largest number, and it was collected from 86 porcupines. This tick species is widely distributed throughout Brazil. The adult stage usually parasitizes rodents of the family Erethizontidae (porcupines), and the immature stages parasitize birds mostly of the order Passeriformes (Guglielmone et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e); recent surveys by LABFAUNA showed that \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e nymphs were collected from 21 different bird species monitored by the Wildlife Division/SVMA (unpublished data). The data is in accordance with the fact that porcupines of the family Erethizontidae, including \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e, are indeed the most important hosts for the adult stage of \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e (Nava et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and could also play an important role as host for immature forms of \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e as pointed before (Luz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). In the Amazon state, it has been recorded parasitizing \u003cem\u003eCoendou\u003c/em\u003e sp., \u003cem\u003eCoendou prehensilis\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eCoendou nycthemera\u003c/em\u003e (Luz et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Few records of this tick species have been made on mammals other than porcupines (Barros et al. 2024), like in \u003cem\u003eBlastocerus dichotomus\u003c/em\u003e (Arzua et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eBradypus torquatus\u003c/em\u003e (Luz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), domestic dogs (Moraes-Filho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eEira barbara\u003c/em\u003e (Keirans \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1982\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eNectomys squamipes\u003c/em\u003e (Gazeta et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e), \u003cem\u003eTrinomys dimidiatus\u003c/em\u003e (Silveira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eLeontopithecus chrysomelas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eLeontopithecus rosalia\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eSapajus nigritus\u003c/em\u003e (Martins et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e has rarely been reported biting humans (Guglielmone et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e); however, there are five records of specimens identified by LABFAUNA collected from humans, with three reports of bites by this tick (adults, one male and two females - unpublished data), it may highlighted potential hidden risk for tick-borne pathogen transmission\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe second most collected tick species from porcupines was \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e, with 18 infested hosts. The main hosts for this species are members of the Order Rodentia (Erethizontidae Family) for adults; Rodentia (Erethizontidae) and neotropical Primates (Atelidae Family) for nymphs; and Passeriformes (several families) for larvae (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It is an endemic species of Brazil, with records of human parasitism by nymphs in the Brazilian territory (Nogueira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). LABFAUNA has two records of \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e nymphs on humans, both with reports of parasitism (unpublished data). In monitoring carried out by the Wildlife Division/SVMA, \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e nymphs were collected on birds (\u003cem\u003eTurdus rufiventris, Chaetura meridionalis, Megascops choliba\u003c/em\u003e) and mammals (\u003cem\u003eAlouatta clamitans, Didelphis aurita\u003c/em\u003e), identified by LABFAUNA (unpublished data). Although known as parasites of rodents and passerines, \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e can also parasitize nonhuman and human primates, emphasizing the relevance of the tick to other possible hosts and the dissemination of pathogens (Lima et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2023\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eA. dubitatum, A. ovale, A. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eH. juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e were rarely found in the present study, with only one individual host for each tick species. \u003cem\u003eA. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eA. dubitatum\u003c/em\u003e are common in natural or anthropogenic areas where capybaras (\u003cem\u003eHydrochoerus hydrochaeris\u003c/em\u003e) occur (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). A female adult porcupine from the Jardim Peri neighborhood, near Cantareira State Park in northern S\u0026atilde;o Paulo city, was the host for an \u003cem\u003eA. dubitatum\u003c/em\u003e nymph. The porcupine in which \u003cem\u003eA. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e was found was also a female, from Varginha Natural Park, located in the Alto Tiet\u0026ecirc; River Basin, which has many flooded areas. According to the literature, \u003cem\u003eA. dubitatum\u003c/em\u003e usually occurs in greater numbers in the most flooded or consistently humid areas, while \u003cem\u003eA. scultpum\u003c/em\u003e is rarer in these environments and dominant in drier forested areas or more open areas where capybaras feed, commonly on grasses and shrubs (Queirogas et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). There are records of human parasitism by all active stages of \u003cem\u003eA. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e in Brazil, making it the main anthropophilic species in the country (Nogueira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). It is an important vector of the bacterium \u003cem\u003eRickettsia rickettsii\u003c/em\u003e, the etiological agent of a serious zoonotic disease transmitted by ticks in Brazil, called Brazilian Spotted Fever (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eA. ovale\u003c/em\u003e is widely distributed in the Neotropical region, where its adult stage is mainly associated with the Order Carnivora (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), while rodents of the family Cricetidae are the main hosts of the immature stages (Nava et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The main hosts for \u003cem\u003eH. juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e are artiodactyls (Cervidae) for adults; Passeriformes (several families) and Mammalia (several orders) for immatures in the Neotropical region (Barros-Battesti et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). It can be found that parasitizing rodents from the families Cricetidae, Dasyproctidae, Erethizontidae and Sciuridae (Nava et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). The host of this tick was a male adult porcupine, from Embu das Artes city.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMale adults corresponded to the largest number sampled, with 89 individuals, followed by adult females (59), larvae (58) and nymphs (17). In the literature, there are a few reports of \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e nymphs on porcupines of at least four different species, including \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e (Fonseca \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e, Nava et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, Gonzalez et al. 2017, Teixeira et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). All together, these results suggest that porcupines might also play an important role as hosts for immature stages of \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e (Luz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Indeed, the obvious difficulty of collecting immature ticks (small specimens) on the skin of a porcupine might have contributed to limited number of field records (Luz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), which perhaps also explains the low number of nymphs found here.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur finding of an \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e male attached to porcupine spine is preceded by Fonseca (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e), who reported \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e males attached to the spine of two \u003cem\u003eS. villosus\u003c/em\u003e porcupines, and more recently by Luz and coworkers (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e), who reported three \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e females attached to \u003cem\u003eC. subspinosus\u003c/em\u003e spines. Here, we found a male with this behavior. Fonseca (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1933\u003c/span\u003e) speculated that the tick hypostome would penetrate the spine until deeper enough to feed on liquids inside the spine. However, Luz and colleagues (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) demonstrated that hypostome did not break the external surface of the spine and suggest that ticks attach to the spine for a short period until they can find a more suitable site for blood feeding. Interestingly, the tick behavior of attaching the spine of porcupines has also been confirmed to occur with \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e (Luz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe origin of the porcupines in this study is closed and related to the location of the Wildlife Triage Center, located in Anhanguera Park, west region of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo. Most of the animals sampled came from this region and its surroundings. The growing number of cases of poxvirus in \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e in this region of the city (Zwarg et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e) and the recent possible association with ticks as vectors responsible for transmission (Martins et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2025\u003c/span\u003e) raises an alert for the scientific community working in the conservation of neotropical porcupines.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ticks that commonly infest free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (\u003cem\u003eCoendou spinosus\u003c/em\u003e) residing in the city of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo and surrounding areas belong to the genus \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma\u003c/em\u003e, the main one being \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longisrostre\u003c/em\u003e. We provide the first record of \u003cem\u003eH. juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e parasitizing \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e. The information obtained in this work can contribute to knowledge and conservation of porcupines, comparative ecology studies of ticks, and to the development of environmental surveillance strategies.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eConflict of Interest:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eConsent for participation and publication\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors have consented to the submission of this case report to the journal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFootnote\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethis article originated from a thesis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFunding:\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors received no financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll authors contributed to the study conception and design. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Ticiana Zwarg and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe thank the all the technicians and employees of Wildlife Management and Conservation Center, Wildlife Division, Green and Environment Secretariat, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo City Hall. We also thank the all the technicians and employees of Laboratory of Identification and Research of Synanthropic Fauna of the Center for Zoonosis Control \u0026ndash; S\u0026atilde;o Paulo City Hall (LABFAUNA-DVZ-PMSP) and Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (FMVZ-USP). We thank the illustrator Fernando Igor for the images.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAbreu EF, Casali D, Costa-Ara\u0026uacute;jo R, Garbino GST, Libardi GS, Loretto D, Loss AC, Marmontel M, Moras LM, Nascimento MC, Oliveira ML, Pavan SE, Tirelli FP (2024) Lista de Mam\u0026iacute;feros do Brasil (2024-1). 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Anais\u0026hellip; Jo\u0026atilde;o Pessoa (PB) UFPB, Dispon\u0026iacute;vel em: \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps//www.even3.com.br/anais/ii-patocon-simposio-internacional-sobre-patologia-veterinaria-para-conservacao-de-fauna-465429/862265-CAUSAS-DE-RECEBIMENTO-E-DE-MORTE-DE-OURICOS-CACHEIROS-(COENDOU-SPINOSUS)-PELA-DIVISAO-DA-FAUNA-SILVESTRE---SAO-PA\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"https://www.even3.com.br/anais/ii-patocon-simposio-internacional-sobre-patologia-veterinaria-para-conservacao-de-fauna-465429/862265-CAUSAS-DE-RECEBIMENTO-E-DE-MORTE-DE-OURICOS-CACHEIROS-(COENDOU-SPINOSUS)-PELA-DIVISAO-DA-FAUNA-SILVESTRE---SAO-PA\" targettype=\"URL\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZwarg T, Joppert AM, Souza AJS, Hora AS, S\u0026aacute; LRM (2023) Perfil dos ouri\u0026ccedil;os-cacheiros apresentando les\u0026otilde;es cut\u0026acirc;neas caracter\u0026iacute;sticas de poxvirose no estado de S\u0026atilde;o Paulo (2007\u0026ndash;2023). In: XXVII Semana Cient\u0026iacute;fica Benjamin Eurico Malucelli, S\u0026atilde;o Paulo. Anais da XXVII Semana Cient\u0026iacute;fica Benjamin Eurico Malucelli, 2023\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eZwarg T, Souza AJS, Soares RM, Hora AS, Brand\u0026atilde;o PE, Lucato FA, S\u0026aacute; LRM (2025) Poxvirus and Toxoplasma gondii co-infection in a free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (\u003cem\u003eCoendou spinosus\u003c/em\u003e), Brazil. Braz J Vet Res Anim Sci 62:e231962. \u003cspan class=\"ExternalRef\"\u003e\u003cspan class=\"RefSource\"\u003ehttps://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2024.231962\u003c/span\u003e\u003cspan address=\"10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2024.231962\" targettype=\"DOI\" class=\"RefTarget\"\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Amblyomma, Erethizontidae, parasitology, rodents","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7971894/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7971894/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eTicks and tick-borne diseases have spread since the mid-twentieth century largely due to major anthropogenic changes impacting natural ecosystems. The Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine \u003cb\u003e(\u003c/b\u003e\u003cem\u003eCoendou spinosus\u003c/em\u003e) is a medium sized rodent found in the southeast of Brazil. There is little information about the presence and diversity of ticks on porcupines. The objective of this study is to present the identified ticks collected from \u003cem\u003eC. spinosus\u003c/em\u003e received at a triage center of wildlife in the city of S\u0026atilde;o Paulo, from 1996 to 2025 (almost 30 years). Ticks from a total of 100 free-ranging porcupines were collected. A total of 223 ticks in various life stages were analyzed. Fifty-eight larvae, 17 nymphs, and 148 adults were identified. Of these, 89 were males and 59 were females. Some animals presented mixed infestations, with more than one tick species. The most sampled species were \u003cem\u003eAmblyomma longirostre\u003c/em\u003e, with samples from 86 animals, followed by \u003cem\u003eA. parkeri\u003c/em\u003e (18 animals), \u003cem\u003eA. dubitatum\u003c/em\u003e (1 animal), \u003cem\u003eA. ovale\u003c/em\u003e (1 animal), \u003cem\u003eA. sculptum\u003c/em\u003e (1 animal), and \u003cem\u003eHaemaphysalis juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e (1 animal). This is the first report of the presence of \u003cem\u003eHaemaphysalis juxtakochi\u003c/em\u003e parasitizing this porcupine species, to the authors' knowledge. One of the males of \u003cem\u003eA. longirostre\u003c/em\u003e was attached to the porcupine's spine, a rare description. Ticks are important vectors of several animal and zoonotic diseases. This work contains information that can contribute to knowledge and conservation of porcupines, and to the development of environmental surveillance strategies.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Records for ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on free-ranging Paraguayan hairy dwarf porcupine (Coendou spinosus) from State of São Paulo, Brazil","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-13 16:24:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7971894/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"b2afdc0c-da01-48cf-8ec5-b222074e142c","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 13th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-16T16:09:15+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-7971894","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-026-01122-1","journal":{"identity":"experimental-and-applied-acarology","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Experimental and Applied Acarology"},"publishedOn":"2026-03-13 15:59:46","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 13th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-13 16:24:15","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10493-026-01122-1","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-026-01122-1","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7971894","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7971894","identity":"rs-7971894","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}