An Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities

An Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article An Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Subha Jayaram, Kalpana Kosalram This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8019912/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Caregivers of adults with disabilities are experiencing various degrees of depression, anxiety and stress and they are significantly affecting their quality of life. The core objective of this research was to assess the levels of depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. The data are gathered from 271 primary caregivers of adults with disabilities through interview schedule. Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS 21) Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) are used. The findings explicate that major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities have moderate depression and anxiety and extremely severe stress. Significant difference prevailed amongst depression and marital status, significant difference is noticed amongst anxiety and age, and marital status and significant difference is witnessed amongst stress and age and marital status of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Meanwhile, nearly two thirds of them are having high level of quality of life. Depression, anxiety and stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly and negatively related with their quality of life. Further, education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, while stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Anxiety Depression Disability Primary Caregivers Quality of Life Stress Introduction A primary caregiver is as an informal caregiver or family caregiver, any individual, who is caring family members or friends living with disability (Schulz et al.2020; Cejalvo et al.2025). In Indian household, prevailing family traditions and cultural practices often place the responsibility of the spouse to provide caregiving for the family members for longer period of time (Chakraborty et al.2023). As caregiving becomes a part of family, it often turns into a daily and regular responsibility, providing care and support at home and it’s unpaid, and the caregiving burden becomes prolonged as the population continues to age. Primary caregiver is crucial for development of individual giving necessary supports in terms of physical, emotion and psychology which forms attachment and wellbeing of individual, and he or she is highly important for socio-emotional and cognitive development of persons, and he or she is playing a significant role in generating confidence, promoting health relation and giving stability. Therefore, caregiving is unpaid, taxing work and is highly challenging task for caregivers. The continuous caregiving can diminish the caregiver’s psychological health and augment the danger of developing mental health issues (Soh et al.2025) and they are also encountering high magnitude of depression, anxiety and stress due to their caregiving activities for adults with disabilities (Schulz et al.2020) and their socio-economic attributes are also significantly contributing to them (Cai et al 2025). Caregiving is consuming a lot of time which gives very little time for rest, self-care and personal desires. Primary caregivers are having feeling of isolation from their friends and family, and they are facing conflicts for balancing their caregiving work with other family obligations. Caregiving is leading to financial problems because of losing income from away from their jobs and or costs relating with care making a considerable financial burden to caregivers. Caregivers are also holding feeling of a loss of control over their lives and defenselessness or aggravation if they feel their attempts are failed to give benefits to individuals who are cared by them. If caregivers have experienced severe depression, it will lead to suicidal thoughts, and they often neglect their health (Lawang et al. 2015; Huang et al.2018). Besides, caregivers are generally experiencing anxiety because of daily demands in giving care and perturbing about well-being of their loved ones and they are also disturbed a lot due to lack of money, resources and competencies required for giving effective caregiving is increasing their anxiety (Hudson et al. 2013). In addition, insufficient support from healthcare professionals and other personal and family responsibilities are creating heavy pressure constantly (Marri et al. 2019). Lack of knowledge on existing and future condition of loved ones and disruptions in personal life are largely contributing to anxiety of caregivers, and they are experiencing higher degree of anxiety (Beesley et al.2017). Further, caregivers are usually emotional hurt due to condition of their loved ones, and they are getting annoyed, feeble and irritated. The process of looking declining condition of loved ones is the main source for sorrowfulness and contributing to their stressful condition (Antony et al. 2010). Loss of identity, isolation, overload, conflicting expectations, insufficient support, lack of privacy, and lack of breaks and lack of time for relaxation are highly contributing to stress level of caregivers (Kaur, S., & Ghosh,2021). Stress of caregivers is articulated in terms of pressure and tensions arising out of their families that are unavoidably facing the imbalance among their real capacities and responsibilities in their caregiving (Lim and Lee, 2010). Thus, caregivers of adults with disabilities experience various degree of depression, anxiety and stress and they are significantly affecting their quality of life. Quality of life is a multifaceted aspect of an individual which highlights the interconnectedness of four domains such as social relationship, psychological health, environmental health and physical health (Medina-Moragas et al.2024). Few caregivers are having pleasure, satisfaction, pride and a sense of proximity with disabled persons. Physical disability of patients, behavioural distractions and performance of caregiving are adversely impacting quality of life of caregivers and lack of support is also relating with their low quality of life. Meanwhile, quality of life of caregivers is influenced by their roles, stress, anxiety, depression, exhaustion and lack of time for relaxation and leisure and at the same time, they are also exhibiting positive emotions. With this backdrop, it is imperative to assess depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Methods Sampling The current investigation is carried out in Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu state of India because this is one of the districts having the highest adults with disabilities in the state. Multistage random sampling is adopted for choosing primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. The data are gathered from 271 primary caregivers of adults with disabilities through interview schedule. Inclusion criteria for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities consists of a woman, aged 18 to 60 years, who is care giving for an adult having disabilities in a household for a minimum of one year is chosen, the degree of disabilities can be congenital, acquired or emerged later in life. Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS 21) Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL - BREF) are used. Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS 21) Scale This scale is having three aspects namely depression, anxiety, and stress and it has totally 21 items. Subscale depression, anxiety and anxiety scores are generated by totaling the scores of items in each subscale and multiplying by two. Cronbach alpha value for reliability of this scale is good as it is varying from 0.74 to 0.90. World Health Organisation Quality of Life- Bref (WHOQOL BREF) This is having 26 items in four areas, namely physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment health. Domain scores are converted into 0 to 100 and higher values are representing better quality of life and reliability is good for different areas of WHOQOL BREF (Cronbach alpha 0.66-0.84). Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics are used to comprehend profile of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, severity of depression, anxiety and stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. ANOVA test is employed to examine difference in depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile. The relation amongst depression, anxiety and stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is studied through correlation analysis. The regression analysis is adopted to predict quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities on the basis of their depression, anxiety, stress and profile. Results Profile of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities The profile of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are given in Table 1. The results explicate that 39.48% of them are in 41-50 years of age, while, 8.49% of them are 21- 30 years age, 52.40% of them are illiterates, while 5.17% of them are under graduates and 82.65% of them are married, while, 5.17% of them are unmarried. Table 1. Profile of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Profile Frequency(n=271) % Age 21- 30 Years 23 8.49 31-40 Years 55 20.30 41-50 Years 107 39.48 51-60 Years 86 31.73 Education Illiterate 142 52.40 Primary 71 26.20 Secondary 44 16.23 Under Graduation 14 5.17 Marital Status Unmarried 14 5.17 Married 224 82.65 Widow 33 12.18 Severity of Depression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities The severity of depression among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 2. The results demonstrate that 36.90% of them are having moderate depression, while, 4.80% of them are normal. Besides, 33.21% of them are having extremely severe depression. Table 2. Severity of Depression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Severity Frequency % Normal 13 4.80 Mild 18 6.64 Moderate 100 36.90 Severe 50 18.45 Extremely Severe 90 33.21 Total 271 100.00 Depression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile The difference in depression among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given in Table 3. Table 3. Depression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile Profile N M SD F Sig. Age 21- 30 Years 23 24.96 13.18 1.018 .385 31-40 Years 55 25.31 9.75 41-50 Years 107 22.95 9.80 51-60 Years 86 22.91 8.50 Education Illiterate 142 23.28 9.46 0.526 .665 Primary 71 24.34 10.44 Secondary 44 24.14 9.45 Under Graduation 14 21.14 10.04 Marital Status Unmarried 14 29.71 12.45 5.200 .006 Married 224 23.73 9.74 Widow 33 20.00 6.73 The depression is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 31-40 years (M=25.31; SD=9.75) in comparison with their other ages. Significant difference is not existed amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age as F value of 1.018 is not significant. The depression is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding primary education (M=24.34; SD=10.44) in contrast with rest of education. Significant difference is not witnessed amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education since F value of 0.526 is not significant. The depression is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in married status (M=29.71; SD=12.45) when compared to remaining marital statuses. Significant difference is exhibited amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status because of F value of 5.200 is significant in 1% level. Severity of Anxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities The severity of anxiety among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 4. The results explicate that 33.21% of them are having moderate anxiety, while, 5.53% of them are having mild anxiety. Meantime, 29.15% of them are having extremely severe anxiety. Table 4. Severity of Anxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Severity Frequency % Normal 43 15.87 Mild 15 5.53 Moderate 90 33.21 Severe 44 16.24 Extremely Severe 79 29.15 Total 271 100.00 Anxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile The difference in anxiety among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given in Table 5. Table 5. Anxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile Profile N M SD F Sig. Age 21- 30 Years 23 9.13 7.21 8.367 .000 31-40 Years 55 12.87 7.12 41-50 Years 107 16.65 8.20 51-60 Years 86 16.23 7.31 Education Illiterate 142 15.83 7.15 2.541 .057 Primary 71 15.75 8.82 Secondary 44 12.59 7.74 Under Graduation 14 12.57 10.03 Marital Status Unmarried 14 13.57 4.31 4.826 .009 Married 224 14.63 8.07 Widow 33 19.03 7.14 The anxiety is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 41-50 years (M=16.65; SD=8.20) in comparing their other ages. Significant difference is found amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age due to significant of F value (8.367) in 1% level. The anxiety is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding who are illiterates (M=15.83; SD=7.15) as compared to rest of educations. Significant difference is not noticed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education in view of non significant of F value (2.541). The anxiety is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in widow status (M=19.03; SD=7.14) in relative to remaining marital statuses. Significant difference is observed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status as an outcome of significant of F value (4.826) in 1% level. Severity of Stress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities The severity of stress among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 6. The results disclose that 78.23% of them are having extremely severe stress, while 3.69% of them are having mild stress. In addition, 8.12% of them are normal. Table 6. Severity of Stress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Severity Frequency % Normal 22 8.12 Mild 10 3.69 Moderate 15 5.53 Severe 12 4.43 Extremely Severe 212 78.23 Total 271 100.00 Stress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile The difference in stress among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given in Table 7. Table 7. Stress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile Profile N M SD F Sig. Age 21- 30 Years 23 11.13 8.67 5.491 .001 31-40 Years 55 14.69 6.76 41-50 Years 107 17.48 8.16 51-60 Years 86 16.81 6.68 Education Illiterate 142 16.61 6.81 1.076 .360 Primary 71 16.56 8.46 Secondary 44 14.77 7.63 Under Graduation 14 14.00 11.23 Marital Status Unmarried 14 15.29 7.51 8.176 .000 Married 224 15.49 7.49 Widow 33 21.09 7.37 The stress is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 41-50 years (M=17.48; SD=8.16) as against their other ages. F value of 5.491 is significant in 1% level revealing that stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their age. The stress is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding who are illiterate (M=16.61; SD=6.81) as opposed to rest of educations. F value of 1.076 is not significant implying that stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is not significantly differing amongst their education. The stress is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in widow status (M=21.09; SD=7.37) in than remaining marital statuses. F value of 8.176 is significant in 1% level revealing that stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their marital status. Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities The quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 8. The results explain that 73.43% of having high level, while, 0.74% of them are having low level of quality of life. Table 8. Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Level of Quality of Life Frequency % Low 2 0.74 Moderate 70 25.83 High 199 73.43 Total 271 100.00 Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile The difference in quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given in Table 9. Table 9. Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile Profile N M SD F Sig. Age 21- 30 Years 23 77.83 12.16 7.526 .000 31-40 Years 55 71.73 7.43 41-50 Years 107 70.11 8.14 51-60 Years 86 69.01 7.33 Education Illiterate 142 68.84 6.66 9.440 .000 Primary 71 71.47 8.91 Secondary 44 72.93 7.67 Under Graduation 14 79.57 15.56 Marital Status Unmarried 14 73.93 5.55 2.789 .063 Married 224 70.95 8.49 Widow 33 68.03 8.76 Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 21- 30 years (Mean=77.83; SD=12.16) have better quality of life when compared to other ages and it is significantly differing among their ages (F=7.526; P=.000). Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding under graduation (Mean=79.57; SD=15.56) have better quality of life than rest of educations and it is significantly differing among their educations (F=9.440; P=.000). Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in unmarried status (Mean=73.93; SD=5.55) have better quality of life as compared to remaining marital statuses and it is not significantly differing among their marital status (F=2.789; P=.063). Relation amongst Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities The relation amongst depression, anxiety and stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is studied through correlation analysis and the outcome is given in 10. Table 10. Relation amongst Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities Particulars Depression Anxiety Stress Quality of Life Depression 1.00 Anxiety -0.09 ** 1.00 Stress -0.14 ** -0.27 ** 1.00 Quality of Life -0.13 ** -0.23 ** -0.29 ** 1.00 ** Significant in 1% level. The correlation coefficient between depression and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is -0.13, the correlation coefficient between anxiety and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is -0.23 and the correlation coefficient between stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is -0.29. It explicates that depression, anxiety and stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life in 1% level. Prediction of Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities based on their Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Profile The regression analysis is employed to predict quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities based on their depression, anxiety, stress and profile and the outcome is given in 11. Table 11. Outcomes of Regression Analysis Teaching Strategies Regression co-efficient (Unstandardized) t-Value Sig. Constant 71.242 17.880 .000 Depression .073 1.467 .144 Anxiety .190 1.555 .121 Stress -.437 3.465 .001 Age -.645 .992 .322 Education 2.242 3.494 .001 Marital Status -.019 .016 .988 The regression coefficients of education (β = 2.242l; P=.001) and stress (β = -.437; P=.001) are significant and the model 1 is also significant at 1% level (R 2 = 0.18; Adj. R 2 = 0.16; F = 9.301) and it explains that 16.00% variation in quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. It is inferred that education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, while stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Keeping other things constant, 1% increase in education, quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities will be increased by 2.24% and 1% increase in stress, quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities will be decreased by 0.44% Discussion The finding explicates that major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having moderate degree of depression and it is confirmed by the study of Odedra et al. (2021).This finding is not supported by some of earlier studies Denno et al. (2013), Lou et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2016), Casado et al. (2017), Al-shareef et al. (2019), Zhong et al. (2020), Lane et al. (2022), Wister et al. (2022), Chakraborty et al. (2023), Liang et al. (2024) and Cai et al. (2025) as most of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are experiencing higher degree of depression and is not also supported by the finding of Khan et al.(2021) as it is minimal among them. The finding also reveals that significant difference is seen amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status and it is supported by the outcome of Chakraborty et al. (2023), while, it is not proved by the finding of Odedra et al. (2021), Lane et al. (2022) and Abbas et al.(2024). Besides, significant difference is not found amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age and it is confirmed by the finding of Odedra et al. (2021) and Abbas et al.(2024) and it is contrast with finding of Al-shareef et al. (2019), Lane et al. (2022) and Chakraborty et al. (2023) as it is significantly differing among their age. Further, significant difference is also not found amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education and it is confirmed by the finding of Al-shareef et al. (2019), Lane et al. (2022) and Abbas et al.(2024), while, it is not proved by the finding of Chakraborty et al. (2023). Further, higher proportion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having moderate degree of anxiety and it is supported by the findings of Lima et al.(2019) and Khan et al.(2025). This outcome is not supported by the studies of Loh et al.(2017), Giebel et al. (2020), Bergmann and Wagner, (2021), Nielsen-Scott et al.(2022), Lane et al. (2022), Bailey et al.(2022), Mak et al. (2023), Zwar et al. (2023), Lord et al.(2023) and Soh et al.(2025) as majority of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having higher degree of anxiety and it is contrast with the finding of VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025)as it is mild among them. The finding also demonstrates that significant difference is found amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age and it is supported by the finding of Lima et al.(2019), Marlow et al.(2022), VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025), Le et al.(2025) and Jin et al.(2025).Furthermore, significant difference is not noticed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education and it is confirmed by the finding of Le et al.(2025) and Jin et al.(2025) and it is not proved by the finding of Lima et al.(2019) and VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025). Meanwhile, significant difference is observed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status and it is supported by the outcome of Lima et al.(2019) and Marlow et al.(2022), Le et al.(2025) and Jin et al.(2025) and it is not supported by the studies of VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025). Besides, major proportion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is having extremely severe stress. This is not supported by the findings of Bellin et al.(2015), Kim(2017), Johnson et al.(2018), Kaur et al.(2023), Baishya(2024), Cejalvo et al.(2025) and Escobedo-Aedo(2025) as majority of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having higher degree of stress and it is contrast with the finding of Kaur and Ghosh(2021), Valero-Moreno et al.(2022) and Singh and Chauhan(2024) as it is moderate among them and by Kalia et al.(2021) as it is severe. Stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their age and it is supported by the finding of Bellin et al.(2015) and Kim(2017), Escobedo-Aedo(2025) and Valero-Moreno et al.(2022) and not by Kaur and Ghosh(2021) and Singh and Chauhan(2024) Stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is not significantly differing amongst their education and it is not supported by the finding of Kim(2017), Johnson et al.(2018) and Kaur and Ghosh(2021) and Cejalvo et al.(2025). Stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their marital status and it is supported by the outcome of Kim(2017), Escobedo-Aedo(2025) and Cejalvo et al.(2025). The finding elucidate that major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having high level of quality of life. This is not supported by the findings of Lorito et al.(2021) and Gaspar et al.(2023) as it is moderate and it is contrast with the finding of Couto et al.(2022), Dereje et at.(2024) and Malaha et al(2025) as it is good and by Srivastava et al.(2016) and Oliveira et al,(2017), Gnanaselvam et al.(2018) and Kochuvilayil and Varma(2024) as it is low. Quality of life Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing among their age and it is supported by the studies of Lorito et al.(2021), Gaspar et al.(2023), Dereje et at.(2024) and Malaha et al(2025). Quality of life Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing among their education and it is supported by the studies of Malaha et al(2025). Quality of life Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing among their marital status and it is supported by the findings of Oliveira et al,(2017) and Dereje et at.(2024) and it is not supporting by the findings of Malaha et al(2025). Furthermore, depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life and it is confirmed by the studies of Kim(2017), Wan‑Fei et al.(2017), Abeasi(2021) and Uhm et al.(2023). Meantime, anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life and it is supported by the studies of Wan‑Fei et al.(2017) and Higgins et al.(2021). Besides, stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life and it is on par with findings of Kim(2017), Kantanis et al.(2024), Zewudie et al.(2025) and Agadi and Uthayya(2025). In addition, education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, and it is supported by the finding of Zewudie et al.(2025). while, stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and it is on par with finding of Kantanis et al.(2024) and no much studies are carried out in these aspects in earlier periods. Limitation The study considers only female caregivers of an individual with disability, limiting the generalizability to male caregivers or caregivers of infectious diseases of caregivers of children with disabilities. Only one block of a district was included in this study, so the results cannot be generalized. As the study is cross-sectional, we could not find a causal interpretation. There could be a recall bias as the participants could have misremembered memories. Primary male caregivers might be accessible, along with disabled adults living independently who are also caregivers. Conclusion Major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities have moderate depression and anxiety and also extremely severe stress. Significant difference is prevailed amongst depression and marital status, significant difference is noticed amongst anxiety and age and marital status and significant difference is witnessed amongst stress and age and marital status of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Meanwhile, nearly two third of them are having high level of quality of life. Depression, anxiety and stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly and negatively related with their quality of life. Further, education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, while, stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Declarations Funding The authors did not receive financial support / assistance from any organization for this research work. Compliance and Ethical Statements Conflict of Interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest Ethical Approval This study was approved by the independent review committee of Tamil Nadu Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Approval No: IEC/2024/04, 21st Aug 2024 ). All participants were provided with detailed information about the purpose of the study. All investigations were condcuted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, oral & written informed consent was obtained from the participants. Information collected was treated in confidence, and the anonymity of the participants was maintained throughout. Consent to Participate Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Consent to Publish The authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the data included in this article. Authors Contribution Both authors contributed equally to the study conception, design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Third Party Material Approval The approval to use both DASS 21 and WHOQOL BREF Data Availability Statement Data available on request from the authors: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Dr. Kalpana B Kolsarm [email protected] , upon reasonable request. 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In Indian household, prevailing family traditions and cultural practices often place the responsibility of the spouse to provide caregiving for the family members for longer period of time (Chakraborty et al.2023). As caregiving becomes a part of family, it often turns into a daily and regular responsibility, providing care and support at home and it\u0026rsquo;s unpaid, and the caregiving burden becomes prolonged as the population continues to age. Primary caregiver is crucial for development of individual giving necessary supports in terms of physical, emotion and psychology which forms attachment and wellbeing of individual, and he or she is highly important for socio-emotional and cognitive development of persons, and he or she is playing a significant role in generating confidence, promoting health relation and giving stability. Therefore, caregiving is unpaid, taxing work and is highly challenging task for caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe continuous caregiving can diminish the caregiver\u0026rsquo;s psychological health and augment the danger of developing mental health issues (Soh et al.2025) and they are also encountering high magnitude of depression, anxiety and stress due to their caregiving activities for adults with disabilities (Schulz et al.2020) and their socio-economic attributes are also significantly contributing to them (Cai et al 2025). Caregiving is consuming a lot of time which gives very little time for rest, self-care and personal desires. Primary caregivers are having feeling of isolation from their friends and family, and they are facing conflicts for balancing their caregiving work with other family obligations. Caregiving is leading to financial problems because of losing income from away from their jobs and or costs relating with care making a considerable financial burden to caregivers. Caregivers are also holding feeling of a loss of control over their lives and defenselessness or aggravation if they feel their attempts are failed to give benefits to individuals who are cared by them.\u0026nbsp;If caregivers have experienced severe depression, it will lead to suicidal thoughts, and they often neglect their health (Lawang et al. 2015; Huang et al.2018). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides, caregivers are generally experiencing anxiety because of daily demands in giving care and perturbing\u0026nbsp;about well-being of their loved ones and they are also disturbed a lot due to lack of money, resources and competencies required for giving effective caregiving is increasing their anxiety (Hudson et al. 2013).\u0026nbsp;In addition, insufficient support from healthcare professionals and other personal and family responsibilities are creating heavy pressure constantly (Marri et al. 2019). Lack of knowledge on existing and future condition of loved ones and disruptions in personal life are largely contributing to anxiety of caregivers, and they are experiencing higher degree of anxiety (Beesley et al.2017).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, caregivers are usually emotional hurt due to condition of their loved ones, and they are getting annoyed, feeble and irritated. The process of looking declining condition of loved ones is the main source for sorrowfulness and contributing to their stressful condition (Antony et al. 2010). Loss of identity, isolation, overload, conflicting expectations, insufficient support, lack of privacy, and lack of breaks and lack of time for relaxation are highly contributing to stress level of caregivers (Kaur, S., \u0026amp; Ghosh,2021). Stress of caregivers is articulated in terms of pressure and tensions arising out of their families that are unavoidably facing the imbalance among their real capacities and responsibilities in their caregiving (Lim and Lee, 2010). Thus, caregivers of adults with disabilities experience various degree of depression, anxiety and stress and they are significantly affecting their quality of life.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of life is a multifaceted aspect of an individual which highlights the interconnectedness of four domains such as social relationship, psychological health, environmental health and physical health (Medina-Moragas et al.2024). Few caregivers are having pleasure, satisfaction, pride and a sense of proximity with disabled persons. Physical disability of patients, behavioural distractions and performance of caregiving are adversely impacting quality of life of caregivers and lack of support is also relating with their low quality of life. Meanwhile, quality of life of caregivers is influenced by their roles, stress, anxiety, depression, exhaustion and lack of time for relaxation and leisure and at the same time, they are also exhibiting positive emotions. With this backdrop, it is imperative to assess depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSampling\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe current investigation is carried out in Tiruvallur district in Tamil Nadu state of India because this is one of the districts having the highest adults with disabilities in the state. Multistage random sampling is adopted for choosing primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. The data are gathered from 271 primary caregivers of adults with disabilities through interview schedule. Inclusion criteria for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities consists of a woman, aged 18 to 60 years, who is care giving for an adult having disabilities in a household for a minimum of one year is chosen, the degree of disabilities can be congenital, acquired or emerged later in life. Depression, Anxiety and Stress\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e(DASS 21) Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL - BREF) are used.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS 21) Scale\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis scale is having three aspects namely depression, anxiety, and stress and it has totally 21 items. Subscale depression, anxiety and anxiety scores are generated by totaling the scores of items in each subscale and multiplying by two. \u0026nbsp; Cronbach alpha value for reliability of this scale is good as it is varying from 0.74 to 0.90.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWorld Health Organisation Quality of Life- Bref (WHOQOL BREF)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis is having 26 items in four areas, namely physical health, psychological health, social relationships and environment health. Domain scores are converted into 0 to 100 and higher values are representing better quality of life and reliability is good for different areas of WHOQOL BREF (Cronbach alpha 0.66-0.84).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eDescriptive statistics are used to comprehend profile of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, severity of depression, anxiety and stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. ANOVA test is employed to examine difference in depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile. The relation amongst depression, anxiety and stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is studied through correlation analysis. The regression analysis is adopted to predict quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities on the basis of their depression, anxiety, stress and profile.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eProfile of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/strong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe profile of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are given in Table 1. The results explicate that 39.48% of them are in 41-50 years of age, while, 8.49% of them are 21- 30 years age, 52.40% of them are illiterates, while 5.17% of them are under graduates and 82.65% of them are married, while, 5.17% of them are unmarried.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eProfile of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency(n=271)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21- 30 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-60 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.40\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder Graduation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.17\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 49px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 31px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 18px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeverity of Depression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe severity of depression among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 2. The results demonstrate that 36.90% of them are having moderate depression, while, 4.80% of them are normal. Besides, 33.21% of them are having extremely severe depression.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 2.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSeverity of Depression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e271\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eDepression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe difference in depression among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein Table 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eDepression among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21- 30 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.18\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.018\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.385\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.80\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-60 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.50\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.28\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.665\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.34\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder Graduation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.04\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.45\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.200\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.006\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe depression is higher for primary caregivers of adults with\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003edisabilities in age of 31-40 years (M=25.31; SD=9.75) in comparison with their other ages. Significant difference is not existed amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age as F value of 1.018 is not significant. The depression is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding primary education (M=24.34; SD=10.44) in contrast with rest of education. Significant difference is not witnessed amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education since F value of 0.526 is not significant. The depression is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in married status (M=29.71; SD=12.45) when compared to remaining marital statuses. Significant difference is exhibited amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status because of F value of 5.200 is significant in 1% level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeverity of Anxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe severity of anxiety among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 4. The results explicate that 33.21% of them are having moderate anxiety, while, 5.53% of them are having mild anxiety. Meantime, 29.15% of them are having extremely severe anxiety.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 4.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSeverity of Anxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.24\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e29.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e271\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAnxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe difference in anxiety among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein Table 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 5.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eAnxiety among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21- 30 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.367\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.87\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.65\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-60 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.541\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.057\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.82\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.59\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder Graduation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.31\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.826\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.009\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.07\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe anxiety is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 41-50 years (M=16.65; SD=8.20) in comparing their other ages. Significant difference is found amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age due to significant of F value (8.367) in 1% level. The anxiety is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding who are illiterates (M=15.83; SD=7.15) as compared to rest of educations. Significant difference is not noticed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education in view of non significant of F value (2.541). The anxiety is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in widow status (M=19.03; SD=7.14) in relative to remaining marital statuses. Significant difference is observed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status as an outcome of significant of F value (4.826) in 1% level.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSeverity of Stress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe severity of stress among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 6. The results disclose that 78.23% of them are having extremely severe\u0026nbsp;stress, while 3.69% of them are having mild\u0026nbsp;stress. In addition, 8.12% of them are normal.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 6.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eSeverity of Stress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSeverity\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNormal\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMild\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSevere\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eExtremely Severe\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e212\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e78.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e271\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe difference in stress among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein Table 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 7.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eStress among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21- 30 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.491\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.69\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.48\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-60 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.68\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.61\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.81\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.076\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.360\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.46\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.77\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.63\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder Graduation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.29\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.51\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.176\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.09\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.37\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe stress is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 41-50 years (M=17.48; SD=8.16) as against their other ages. F value of 5.491 is significant in 1% level revealing that stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their age. The stress is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding who are illiterate (M=16.61; SD=6.81) as opposed to rest of educations. F value of 1.076 is not significant implying that stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is not significantly differing amongst their education. The stress is higher for primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in widow status (M=21.09; SD=7.37) in than remaining marital statuses. F value of 8.176 is significant in 1% level revealing that stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their marital status.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is given in Table 8. The results explain that 73.43% of having high level, while, 0.74% of them are having low level of quality of life.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 8.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eQuality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLevel of Quality of Life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eModerate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 55px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTotal\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e271\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 22px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e100.00\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eQuality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe difference in quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their profile is given\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ein Table 9.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 9.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eQuality of Life of\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003ePrimary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities and their Profile\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProfile\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eF\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21- 30 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.83\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.16\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.526\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e31-40 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.73\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.43\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41-50 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e107\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51-60 Years\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e86\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.01\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eIlliterate\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e142\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.66\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.440\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"4\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrimary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.47\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.91\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSecondary\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e72.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.67\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnder Graduation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e79.57\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.56\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUnmarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e73.93\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.55\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.789\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd rowspan=\"3\" valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.063\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e224\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.95\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 26px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWidow\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 17px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e68.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 13px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePrimary caregivers of adults with disabilities in age of 21- 30 years (Mean=77.83; SD=12.16) have better quality of life when compared to other ages and it is significantly differing among their ages (F=7.526; P=.000). Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities holding under graduation (Mean=79.57; SD=15.56) have better quality of life than rest of educations and it is significantly differing among their educations (F=9.440; P=.000). Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities in unmarried status (Mean=73.93; SD=5.55) have better quality of life as compared to remaining marital statuses and it is not significantly differing among their marital status (F=2.789; P=.063).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRelation amongst Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relation amongst depression, anxiety and stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is studied through correlation analysis and the outcome is given in 10.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 10.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eRelation amongst Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eParticulars\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.09\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.14\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.27\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eQuality of Life\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.13\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.23\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-0.29\u003csup\u003e**\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 20px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003csup\u003e**\u0026nbsp;\u003c/sup\u003eSignificant in 1% level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe correlation coefficient between depression and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is -0.13, the correlation coefficient between anxiety and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is -0.23 and the correlation coefficient between stress and quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is -0.29. It explicates that depression, anxiety and stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life in 1% level.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePrediction of Quality of Life of Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities based on their Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Profile\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression analysis is employed to predict quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities based on their depression, anxiety, stress and profile and the outcome is given in 11.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 11.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eOutcomes of Regression Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" width=\"100%\" class=\"fr-table-selection-hover\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeaching Strategies\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRegression co-efficient\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e(Unstandardized)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003et-Value\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSig.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eConstant\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.880\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.000\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eDepression\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.073\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.467\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.144\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnxiety\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.190\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.555\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.121\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStress\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.437\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.465\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.645\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.992\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.322\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEducation\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.242\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.494\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.001\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 28px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMarital Status\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 36px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-.019\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 19px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.016\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd style=\"width: 15px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e.988\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe regression coefficients of education (\u0026beta; = 2.242l; P=.001) and stress (\u0026beta; = -.437; P=.001) are significant and the model 1 is also significant at 1% level (R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e = 0.18; Adj. R\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e= 0.16; F = 9.301) and it explains that 16.00% variation in quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. It is inferred that education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, while stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Keeping other things constant, 1% increase in education, quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities will be increased by 2.24% and 1% increase in stress, quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities will be decreased by 0.44%\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe finding explicates that major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having moderate degree of depression and it is confirmed by the study of Odedra et al. (2021).This finding is not supported by some of earlier studies Denno et al. (2013), Lou et al. (2015), Wang et al. (2016), Casado et al. (2017), Al-shareef et al. (2019), \u0026nbsp;Zhong et al. (2020), Lane et al. (2022), Wister et al. (2022),\u0026nbsp;Chakraborty et al. (2023),\u0026nbsp;Liang et al. (2024) and\u0026nbsp;Cai et al. (2025) as most of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are experiencing higher degree of depression and is not also supported by the finding of Khan et al.(2021) as it is minimal among them.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe finding also reveals that significant difference is seen amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status and it is supported by the outcome of\u0026nbsp;Chakraborty et al. (2023), while,\u0026nbsp;it is not proved by the finding of Odedra et al. (2021), Lane et al. (2022) and Abbas et al.(2024). Besides, significant difference is not found amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age and it is confirmed by the finding of Odedra et al. (2021) and Abbas et al.(2024) and it is contrast with finding of Al-shareef et al. (2019), Lane et al. (2022) and\u0026nbsp;Chakraborty et al. (2023)\u0026nbsp;as it is significantly differing among their age. Further, significant difference is also not found amongst depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education and it is confirmed by the finding of Al-shareef et al. (2019), Lane et al. (2022) and Abbas et al.(2024), while, it is not proved by the finding of\u0026nbsp;Chakraborty et al. (2023).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurther, higher proportion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having moderate degree of anxiety and it is supported by the findings of Lima et al.(2019) and Khan et al.(2025). This outcome is not supported by the studies of Loh et al.(2017), Giebel et al. (2020), Bergmann and Wagner, (2021), Nielsen-Scott et al.(2022), Lane et al. (2022), \u0026nbsp;Bailey et al.(2022), \u0026nbsp;Mak et al. (2023), Zwar et al. (2023), Lord et al.(2023) and \u0026nbsp;Soh et al.(2025) as majority of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having higher degree of anxiety \u0026nbsp;and it is contrast with the finding of VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025)as it is mild among them.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe finding also demonstrates that significant difference is found amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their age and it is supported by the finding of Lima et al.(2019), Marlow et al.(2022), VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025), Le et al.(2025) and Jin et al.(2025).Furthermore, significant difference is not noticed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their education and it is confirmed by the finding of Le et al.(2025) and \u0026nbsp;Jin et al.(2025) and \u0026nbsp;it is not proved by the finding of Lima et al.(2019) and VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025). Meanwhile, significant difference is observed amongst anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and their marital status and it is supported by the outcome of Lima et al.(2019) and Marlow et al.(2022), Le et al.(2025) and Jin et al.(2025) \u0026nbsp;and it is not supported by the studies of VidyalakshmI and Nelson(2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBesides, major proportion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is having extremely severe\u0026nbsp;stress. This is not supported by the findings of Bellin et al.(2015), Kim(2017), Johnson et al.(2018), Kaur et al.(2023), Baishya(2024), Cejalvo et al.(2025) and Escobedo-Aedo(2025) as majority of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having higher degree of stress and it is contrast with the finding of Kaur and Ghosh(2021), Valero-Moreno et al.(2022) and Singh and Chauhan(2024) as it is moderate among them and by Kalia et al.(2021) as it is severe.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their age and it is supported by the finding of Bellin et al.(2015) and Kim(2017), Escobedo-Aedo(2025) and Valero-Moreno et al.(2022) \u0026nbsp;and not by Kaur and Ghosh(2021) and Singh and Chauhan(2024) Stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is not significantly differing amongst their education and it is not supported by the finding of Kim(2017), Johnson et al.(2018) and Kaur and Ghosh(2021) and Cejalvo et al.(2025). Stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing amongst their marital status and it is supported by the outcome of Kim(2017), Escobedo-Aedo(2025) and \u0026nbsp;Cejalvo et al.(2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe finding elucidate that major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities are having high level of quality of life. This is not supported by the findings of Lorito et al.(2021) and Gaspar et al.(2023) as it is moderate and it is contrast with the finding of \u0026nbsp;Couto et al.(2022), Dereje et at.(2024) and Malaha et al(2025) as it is good and by Srivastava et al.(2016) and Oliveira et al,(2017), \u0026nbsp;Gnanaselvam et al.(2018) and Kochuvilayil and Varma(2024) \u0026nbsp;as it is low.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuality of life Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing among their age and it is supported by the studies of Lorito et al.(2021), Gaspar et al.(2023), Dereje et at.(2024) and Malaha et al(2025). Quality of life Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing among their education and it is supported by the studies of Malaha et al(2025). Quality of life Primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly differing among their marital status and it is supported by the findings of Oliveira et al,(2017) and Dereje et at.(2024) and it is not supporting by the findings of Malaha et al(2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFurthermore, depression of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life and it is confirmed by the studies of Kim(2017), Wan‑Fei et al.(2017), Abeasi(2021) and Uhm et al.(2023). Meantime, anxiety of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life and it is supported by the studies of Wan‑Fei et al.(2017) and Higgins et al.(2021). Besides, stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is negatively and significantly related with their quality of life and it is on par with findings of Kim(2017),\u0026nbsp;Kantanis et al.(2024),\u0026nbsp;Zewudie et al.(2025) and Agadi and Uthayya(2025).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn addition, education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, and it is supported by the finding of \u0026nbsp; Zewudie et al.(2025). while, stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities and it is on par with finding of\u0026nbsp;Kantanis et al.(2024) and no much studies are carried out in these aspects in earlier periods.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eLimitation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe study considers only female caregivers of an individual with disability, limiting the generalizability to male caregivers or caregivers of infectious diseases of caregivers of children with disabilities. Only one block of a district was included in this study, so the results cannot be generalized. As the study is cross-sectional, we could not find a causal interpretation. There could be a recall bias as the participants could have misremembered memories. Primary male caregivers might be accessible, along with disabled adults living independently who are also caregivers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eMajor portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities have moderate depression and anxiety and also extremely severe stress. Significant difference is prevailed amongst depression and marital status, significant difference is noticed amongst anxiety and age and marital status and significant difference is witnessed amongst stress and age and marital status of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Meanwhile, nearly two third of them are having high level of quality of life. Depression, anxiety and stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly and negatively related with their quality of life. Further, education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, while, stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors did not receive financial support / assistance from any organization for this research work.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompliance and Ethical Statements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there is no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical Approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was approved by the independent review committee of Tamil Nadu Directorate of Public Health and Preventive Medicine (Approval No:\u0026nbsp;\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003eIEC/2024/04, 21st Aug 2024\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e). All participants were provided with detailed information about the purpose of the study. All investigations were condcuted according to the Declaration of Helsinki, oral \u0026amp; written informed consent was obtained from the participants. Information collected was treated in confidence, and the anonymity of the participants was maintained throughout.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Participate\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eInformed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent to Publish\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors affirm that human research participants provided informed consent for publication of the data included in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBoth authors contributed equally to the study conception, design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eThird Party Material Approval\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe approval to use both DASS 21 and WHOQOL BREF\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData available on request from the authors: The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author Dr. Kalpana B Kolsarm [email protected], upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWe sincerely thank Integrated Rural Community Development Society, Tiruvallur, for facilitating the field support during data collection.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAbinet Zewudie, Gari Hunduma, Mandaras Tariku, Dawud Wedaje, Hamdi Fekredin Zakaria, Abdi Temesgen, Dawit Abdi, Hirko Assefa, \u0026amp; Rudwan Yasin.(2025). 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Levels of depression and anxiety among informal caregivers during the covid-19 pandemic: A study based on the Canadian longitudinal study on aging. \u003cem\u003eThe Journals of Gerontology: Series B, 77\u003c/em\u003e(9), 1740-1757.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eXun Ci Soh, Andree Hartanto, Naoki Ling, Mary Reyes, Lester Sim, \u0026amp; Nadyanna M. Majeed.(2025). Prevalence of depression, anxiety, burden, burnout, and stress in informal caregivers: An umbrella review of meta-analyses. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Gerontology and Geriatrics Plus, 2\u003c/em\u003e, 1-23.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eYaqin Zhong, Jian Wang, \u0026amp; Stephen Nicholas.(2020). Social support and depressive symptoms among family caregivers of older people with disabilities in four provinces of urban China: The mediating role of caregiver burden. BMC Geriatrics, \u003cem\u003e20\u003c/em\u003e(3),1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZwar, L., K\u0026uml;onig, H.H., \u0026amp; Hajek, A. (2023). Mental health, social integration and support of informal caregivers during the second wave of the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based representative study from Germany. \u003cem\u003eArchives of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 114\u003c/em\u003e, 1-10.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Anxiety, Depression, Disability, Primary Caregivers, Quality of Life, Stress","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8019912/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8019912/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Caregivers of adults with disabilities are experiencing various degrees of depression, anxiety and stress and they are significantly affecting their quality of life. The core objective of this research was to assess the levels of depression, anxiety, stress and quality of life among primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. The data are gathered from 271 primary caregivers of adults with disabilities through interview schedule. Depression, Anxiety and Stress (DASS 21) Scale and World Health Organization Quality of Life BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) are used. The findings explicate that major portion of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities have moderate depression and anxiety and extremely severe stress. Significant difference prevailed amongst depression and marital status, significant difference is noticed amongst anxiety and age, and marital status and significant difference is witnessed amongst stress and age and marital status of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities. Meanwhile, nearly two thirds of them are having high level of quality of life. Depression, anxiety and stress of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities is significantly and negatively related with their quality of life. Further, education is positively and significantly predicting quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities, while stress is significantly and negatively predicating quality of life of primary caregivers of adults with disabilities.","manuscriptTitle":"An Assessment of Depression, Anxiety, Stress and Quality of Life among Primary Caregivers of Adults with Disabilities","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-11-27 15:29:02","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8019912/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-02-11T07:10:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-02-05T18:37:56+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"222306702461353729082876610887497968918","date":"2026-02-05T18:06:12+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"244521384371965592995736787129842010027","date":"2026-02-02T12:33:21+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"241375652457665114601947588364097360475","date":"2026-01-07T05:34:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"186221611079403328891514818541782095601","date":"2025-12-02T16:22:40+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-11-24T14:06:42+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"131520187242515365419338256515577055710","date":"2025-11-19T17:04:00+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"48256953314133592378427083409605502080","date":"2025-11-19T15:43:51+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-11-19T14:44:57+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T14:24:18+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-11-06T14:23:04+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Discover Psychology","date":"2025-11-03T13:45:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"discover-psychology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"discpsy","sideBox":"Learn more about [Discover Psychology](https://www.springer.com/44202)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Discover Psychology","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Discover Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"da129b4f-415a-4ec7-a3c0-23d21d615369","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 27th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-03-06T09:53:42+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-27 15:29:02","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8019912","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8019912","identity":"rs-8019912","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}