Exploring the Perioperative Infection Control Practices & Incidence of Surgical Site Infections in Rural India

Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) affect around a third of patients undergoing surgeries worldwide, annually. It is heterogeneously distributed with a higher burden in low and middle-income countries. Although rural and semi-urban hospitals cater to 60-70% of the Indian population, scarce data regarding SSI rates are available from such hospitals. The study aimed to determine the prevalent SSI control practices and existing SSI rates in the smaller rural and semi-urban hospitals in India. Methods: This is a prospective study performed in two phases involving surgeons and their hospitals from Indian rural and semi-urban regions. In the first phase, a questionnaire was administered to surgeons enquiring into the perioperative SSI prevention practices and five interested centres were recruited for phase two which documented the rate of SSIs and factors affecting them, Results: There was full compliance towards appropriate perioperative sterilisation practices and postoperative mop count practice at the represented healthcare setups. But prophylactic antimicrobials were continued in the postoperative period in more than 80% of the setups. The second phase of our study documented an overall SSI rate of 7.0%. The SSI rates were influenced by the surgical wound class with dirty wounds recording six times higher rate of infection than clean cases. Conclusions: SSI prevention practices and protocols were in place in all the less-resourced healthcare sets up surveyed. The SSI rates are comparable or lower than other LMIC settings. However, this is accompanied by poor implementation of the antimicrobial stewardship guidelines.