Kinetic Modelling of Insitu Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Bone Char and NPK Fertilizers

Kinetic Modelling of Insitu Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Bone Char and NPK Fertilizers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Kinetic Modelling of Insitu Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Bone Char and NPK Fertilizers Obumneme O. Okwonna, Ipeghan J. Otaraku This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-585647/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study investigates the effectiveness of bone char (organic) and NPK (inorganic) fertilizers as stimulants in the degradability of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants on soil. The Physicochemical properties of the hydrocarbon sludge were used to assess the effectiveness of this process over an 8-week period using 0.5 – 3.5kg mass of each fertilizer at different experiments. A first order kinetic model was used to estimate the rate of degradation of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) and total organic carbon (TOC) contaminants and the half-life of the remediation process. The microbial population within the period was also determined. The P-Value (P<0.05) indicate that these fertilizers were effective in degrading these contaminants on the soil, because of the significant difference between the treated and the control soil samples. A direct relationship was observed between with the mass and performance of the fertilizers. With 3.5 kg mass of the fertilizers, rate constants of 0.018 day -1 and 0.019 day -1 were obtained for the removal of the THC and TOC contaminants, respectively using the bone char fertilizer, whereas NPK fertilizer gave rates of 0.03 day -1 and 0.023 day -1 respectively. The performance of the NPK fertilizer is attributable to its Nitrogen and Phosphorous content. The model adequately described the process and showed the effectiveness of both fertilizers in the remediation process. Chemical Engineering kinetic model bioremediation bone char NPK hydrocarbon microbial growth Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Full Text Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revise before peer review 06 Jun, 2021 Editor assigned by journal 01 Jun, 2021 Submission checks completed at journal 01 Jun, 2021 Editor invited by journal 01 Jun, 2021 First submitted to journal 31 May, 2021 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-585647","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":31613390,"identity":"c3417c41-4fbb-4951-90b7-8e11b2b7b7ec","order_by":0,"name":"Obumneme O. Okwonna","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8517-4541","institution":"University of Port Harcourt","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Obumneme","middleName":"O.","lastName":"Okwonna","suffix":""},{"id":31613391,"identity":"25b01ab3-091d-44d5-9cb3-d25deb76357e","order_by":1,"name":"Ipeghan J. Otaraku","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Port Harcourt","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ipeghan","middleName":"J.","lastName":"Otaraku","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2021-06-03 05:33:11","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-585647/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-585647/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":10267579,"identity":"c7819a87-d891-4dba-bd85-8fc4db6603a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:14:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":62916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Soil Texture Triangle ","description":"","filename":"1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/0c1f401ca39d2a2ca27d0716.jpg"},{"id":10267583,"identity":"731a2f9c-412d-48f4-95cb-476322e892a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:14:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":82205,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Bioremediation treatment on Total Hydrocarbon Content","description":"","filename":"2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/cb314c937a93b359023a8e05.jpg"},{"id":10267685,"identity":"d730faaf-11ce-4fc5-a674-95711172264c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:17:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85263,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effect of bioremediation treatment on Total Organic Carbon","description":"","filename":"3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/f8eb5b9d5cd97efd7a1f600f.jpg"},{"id":10267585,"identity":"bb49c9b8-fd4a-4cef-ab09-a25241998226","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:14:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":74755,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Effect of bioremediation treatment on Total Bacteria Count","description":"","filename":"4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/baefe261d7b5bd5b4ae7b39b.jpg"},{"id":10267687,"identity":"c85096f9-697f-4f18-ab81-202110c736c9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:17:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":70148,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Heterotrophic Utilizing Bacteria ","description":"","filename":"5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/291879126569c2f97409fe19.jpg"},{"id":10267580,"identity":"1eb68b8f-e752-4f25-a39b-e51aef984020","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:14:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":61631,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Heterotrophic Utilizing Fungi ","description":"","filename":"6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/6c65d36347ab6853174fa1df.jpg"},{"id":10267686,"identity":"dd31ce50-f99e-45fa-8142-819b7a5033df","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:17:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":494818,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"a: Degradation of THC.\nb: Degradation of TOC.","description":"","filename":"7.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/14151990aec6dc727e4f41b2.jpg"},{"id":10267684,"identity":"962dafef-4873-4df7-b6b1-4ec466afe444","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:17:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":60783,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Biostimulation Efficiency","description":"","filename":"8.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/0e7ea3e5900968f8d0aa619e.jpg"},{"id":10267310,"identity":"6591db53-11e2-46a7-b9cc-3246acc17920","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:11:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50604,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"First Order Kinetic Pattern of THC reduction for the Control Sample","description":"","filename":"9.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/a8367bd5a88b97a1ca044b37.jpg"},{"id":10267309,"identity":"08ec71ec-6548-4249-a1ca-9f83ca47f84b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:11:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66372,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"First Order Kinetic Pattern of THC reduction for Bone Char Treated Soil Samples","description":"","filename":"10.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/78404a510b86e36cfc6954de.jpg"},{"id":10267321,"identity":"47bead00-59d1-4e1c-98ee-03e48135b301","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:11:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":66114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"First Order Kinetic Pattern of THC reduction for NPK Treated Soil Samples","description":"","filename":"11.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/5f1509ab18677c14e7f7ae59.jpg"},{"id":10267318,"identity":"ad0daa6b-5e06-4a8b-8a78-6fa3a4e9b07b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:11:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":50724,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"First Order Kinetic Pattern of TOC reduction for the Control Sample","description":"","filename":"12.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/445ce30c2fd7664744eda63b.jpg"},{"id":10267581,"identity":"fc73f5ca-d8e6-4719-9f6a-a903e9566a75","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:14:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":67291,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"First Order Kinetic Pattern of TOC reduction for Bone Char Treated Soil Samples","description":"","filename":"13.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/7871a3d89fae9c89a83c047b.jpg"},{"id":10267316,"identity":"7c32e7c7-ffd8-474c-9b72-002053c6506e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:11:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":69391,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"First Order Kinetic Pattern of TOC reduction for NPK Treated Soil Samples","description":"","filename":"14.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/faa71ba877ac42d346e7a098.jpg"},{"id":10267320,"identity":"b7bdf61f-ecc3-4180-9537-90e252527602","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:11:47","extension":"jpg","order_by":15,"title":"Figure 15","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":176837,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Pictorial views of experimental site at various stages of treatment","description":"","filename":"15.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1/bf6dbddd2e2acf971517d9a0.jpg"},{"id":13645711,"identity":"980bb741-365b-49db-925c-fe8eea0c6f24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 09:20:59","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1763003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1_covered.pdf"},{"id":10267688,"identity":"5d5aa80e-3f2f-42bf-bf9c-826d0880945f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-06-11 17:17:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1759463,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-585647/v1_covered.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Kinetic Modelling of Insitu Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Bone Char and NPK Fertilizers","fulltext":[{"header":"Full Text","content":"This preprint is available for \u003ca href='/article/rs-585647/latest.pdf' target='_blank'\u003edownload as a PDF\u003c/a\u003e."}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sustainable-environment-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"sere","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sustainable Environment Research](https://sustainenvironres.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/sere/default.aspx","title":"Sustainable Environment Research","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"kinetic model, bioremediation, bone char, NPK, hydrocarbon, microbial growth","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-585647/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-585647/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study investigates the effectiveness of bone char (organic) and NPK (inorganic) fertilizers as stimulants in the degradability of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants on soil. The Physicochemical properties of the hydrocarbon sludge were used to assess the effectiveness of this process over an 8-week period using 0.5 – 3.5kg mass of each fertilizer at different experiments. A first order kinetic model was used to estimate the rate of degradation of the total hydrocarbon content (THC) and total organic carbon (TOC) contaminants and the half-life of the remediation process. The microbial population within the period was also determined. The P-Value (P\u0026lt;0.05) indicate that these fertilizers were effective in degrading these contaminants on the soil, because of the significant difference between the treated and the control soil samples. A direct relationship was observed between with the mass and performance of the fertilizers. With 3.5 kg mass of the fertilizers, rate constants of 0.018 day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.019 day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e were obtained for the removal of the THC and TOC contaminants, respectively using the bone char fertilizer, whereas NPK fertilizer gave rates of 0.03 day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e and 0.023 day\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e respectively. The performance of the NPK fertilizer is attributable to its Nitrogen and Phosphorous content. The model adequately described the process and showed the effectiveness of both fertilizers in the remediation process.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Kinetic Modelling of Insitu Treatment of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Contaminated Soil Using Bone Char and NPK Fertilizers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2021-06-11 17:11:45","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-585647/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revise before peer review","date":"2021-06-07T00:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2021-06-02T01:06:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2021-06-01T23:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2021-06-01T23:00:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Sustainable Environment Research","date":"2021-05-31T09:53:48+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"sustainable-environment-research","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"sere","sideBox":"Learn more about [Sustainable Environment Research](https://sustainenvironres.biomedcentral.com)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/sere/default.aspx","title":"Sustainable Environment Research","twitterHandle":"@BioMedCentral","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC/SO AJ","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"08ea4881-b6a0-4120-b666-fb4b5f5114ad","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 11th, 2021","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[{"id":4899504,"name":"Chemical Engineering"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-01-27T09:34:49+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2021-06-11 17:11:45","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-585647","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-585647","identity":"rs-585647","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"_2-kVJe1T_tPrBINL-cwx","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}