Using dual-calibrated functional MRI to map brain oxygen supply and consumption in multiple sclerosis

Evidence suggests that cerebrovascular function and oxygen consumption are altered in multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we quantified the vascular and oxygen metabolic MRI burden in patients with MS (PwMS) and assessed the relationship between these MRI measures of and metrics of damage and disability. In PwMS and in matched healthy volunteers, we applied a newly developed dual-calibrated fMRI method of acquisition and analysis to map grey matter (GM) cerebral blood flow (CBF), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO 2 ) and effective oxygen diffusivity of the capillary network (D C ). We also quantified physical and cognitive function in PwMS and controls. There was no significant difference in GM volume between 22 PwMS and 20 healthy controls ( p =0.302). Significant differences in CBF (PwMS vs. controls: 44.91 ± 6.10 vs. 48.90 ± 5.87 ml/100g/min, p =0.010), CMRO 2 (117.69 ± 17.31 vs. 136.49 ± 14.48 μmol/100g/min p <0.001) and D C (2.70 ± 0.51 vs. 3.18 ± 0.41 μmol/100g/mmHg/min, p =0.002) were observed in the PwMS. No significant between-group differences were observed for OEF (PwMS vs. controls: 0.38 ± 0.09 vs. 0.39 ± 0.02, p =0.358). Regional analysis showed widespread reductions in CMRO 2 and D C for PwMS compared to healthy volunteers. There was a significant correlation between physiological measures and T2 lesion volume, but no association with current clinical disability. Our findings demonstrate concurrent reductions in oxygen supply and consumption in the absence of an alteration in oxygen extraction that may be indicative of a reduced demand for oxygen (O 2 ), an impaired transfer of O 2 from capillaries to mitochondria, and/or a reduced ability to utilise O 2 that is available at the mitochondria. With no between-group differences in GM volume, our results suggest that changes in brain physiology may precede MRI-detectable GM loss and thus may be one of the pathological drivers of neurodegeneration and disease progression.