Microflow-Driven Uniform Self-Assembly of Buried Interfaces Enables Scalable, Air-Processed Perovskite Modules

Microflow-Driven Uniform Self-Assembly of Buried Interfaces Enables Scalable, Air-Processed Perovskite Modules | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Microflow-Driven Uniform Self-Assembly of Buried Interfaces Enables Scalable, Air-Processed Perovskite Modules Shaohang Wu, Kai Sun, Haoyang Zhang, Xinyu Tong, Qian Chen, Mengen Ma, and 13 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9201221/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Scaling perovskite solar cells (PSCs) to large-area, durable modules requires buried interfaces that form uniformly under manufacturing-relevant coating conditions, yet this remains difficult to achieve. Here we report a microflow-driven strategy that enables a bilayer NiOₓ/self-assembled monolayer (SAM) contact in perovskite films processed entirely in ambient air. Evaporation-driven Marangoni recirculation transports π-conjugated SAM molecules to the NiOₓ surface, where strong anchoring promotes dense and uniform coverage. A porous matrix stabilizer homogenizes the solvent vapour flux above the wet film, equalizing the flow field and enabling uniform SAM transport and interfacial assembly over large areas. The resulting inverted rigid PSCs achieve a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 26.2% (blade-coated, 0.113 cm²), rigid mini-modules achieve a certified PCE of 24.1% (blade-coated, aperture area 20.41 cm²), and flexible large-area modules achieve a certified PCE of 21.13% (slot-die-coated, aperture area 617.4 cm²), placing their performance among the highest reported at these respective scales. Encapsulated modules retain 91% of their initial PCE after 1,000 h of one-sun maximum power point tracking and 93.7% after 1,128 h under damp heat (85 °C/85% relative humidity). These results establish solvent microflow as a controllable lever for scalable, efficient and stable perovskite photovoltaics. Physical sciences/Materials science/Materials for energy and catalysis/Solar cells Physical sciences/Energy science and technology/Renewable energy/Solar energy/Photovoltaics/Solar cells Full Text Additional Declarations There is NO Competing Interest. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9201221","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":627177691,"identity":"79daaeb7-4df1-41f9-9997-1df3f32d567d","order_by":0,"name":"Shaohang 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