Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru

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Previous studies have suggested a possible relationship between excessive smartphone use and bruxism. However, the evidence on this relationship is still limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to determine the relationship between smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” (not in education, employment or training) young people in two coastal cities in Peru: Piura and Chincha. Methods A cross-sectional, correlational, and exploratory study was conducted. The sample consisted of 195 "NEETs" young people who attended to dental office. Two data collection instruments were used: the Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale (EDAS-18) and the self-reported bruxism questionnaire (CBA). The Chi2 Pearson test was used to analyze the association between the variables. Results In Piura, a significant association was found between smartphone dependence or addiction and bruxism (49.3% of young people with smartphone dependence or addiction had bruxism, p-value = 0.003). However, in Chincha this relationship was not significant. In the latter city, bruxism showed a significant association with gender (men had a higher prevalence of bruxism, p-value = 0.034), but not with smartphone dependence or addiction (p-value = 0.171). In Piura, the proportion of bruxism was 3.77 times higher in those with smartphone dependence or addiction in the simple model (p-value = 0.004), and 5.38 times higher in the adjusted model (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion This study highlights the regional variability in the relationship between smartphone use and bruxism among “NEETs” young people. A significant association is evident in Piura but not in Chincha, which underscores the need for context-adapted interventions to address the effects of excessive technology use on oral health. 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F1000Research 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. Close Copy Citation Details Export Export Citation Sciwheel EndNote Ref. Manager Bibtex ProCite Sente EXPORT Select a format first Track Share ▬ ✚ Research Article Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza 1 , Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda 1 , Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros 1 Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza 1 , Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda 1 , Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros 1 PUBLISHED 01 Aug 2024 Author details Author details 1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Estomatología, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Piura, Piura, 20001, Peru Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing OPEN PEER REVIEW DETAILS REVIEWER STATUS Abstract Background Excessive smartphone use has become a growing public health concern, especially among young people. Previous studies have suggested a possible relationship between excessive smartphone use and bruxism. However, the evidence on this relationship is still limited and inconclusive. This study aimed to determine the relationship between smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” (not in education, employment or training) young people in two coastal cities in Peru: Piura and Chincha. Methods A cross-sectional, correlational, and exploratory study was conducted. The sample consisted of 195 "NEETs" young people who attended to dental office. Two data collection instruments were used: the Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale (EDAS-18) and the self-reported bruxism questionnaire (CBA). The Chi2 Pearson test was used to analyze the association between the variables. Results In Piura, a significant association was found between smartphone dependence or addiction and bruxism (49.3% of young people with smartphone dependence or addiction had bruxism, p-value = 0.003). However, in Chincha this relationship was not significant. In the latter city, bruxism showed a significant association with gender (men had a higher prevalence of bruxism, p-value = 0.034), but not with smartphone dependence or addiction (p-value = 0.171). In Piura, the proportion of bruxism was 3.77 times higher in those with smartphone dependence or addiction in the simple model (p-value = 0.004), and 5.38 times higher in the adjusted model (p-value = 0.001). Conclusion This study highlights the regional variability in the relationship between smartphone use and bruxism among “NEETs” young people. A significant association is evident in Piura but not in Chincha, which underscores the need for context-adapted interventions to address the effects of excessive technology use on oral health. READ ALL READ LESS Keywords Internet Addiction Disorder, Bruxism, Young Adult, Unemployment, NEET Corresponding Author(s) Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros ( [email protected] ) Close Corresponding author: Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros Competing interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information: The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Copyright: © 2024 Yarlequé Mendoza SJ et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. How to cite: Yarlequé Mendoza SJ, Zambrano Uceda KE and Orrego-Ferreyros LA. Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1 ) First published: 01 Aug 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1 ) Latest published: 01 Aug 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1 ) Introduction Smartphones were introduced to the market in 2007 and have since become an indispensable part of life for millions of people worldwide. 1 By 2021, the GSM Association of the Global System for Mobile Communications reported that 75% of people in the world owned a smartphone. 2 , 3 According to the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI), in the first three months of 2023, 89.2% of people aged 6 and over in the country had access to the Internet from a cell phone; this figure exceeds by 7.8% that obtained in 2019. 4 This increase can be justified by its multiple functions such as facilitating communication, vast access to information; it also fulfills the function of a computer, a camera, an entertainment game, a multimedia player and provides access to e-books and thousands of entertainments, education and social interaction applications. 5 , 6 On the other hand, because of the Covid-19 pandemic and the lockdown, changes in lifestyle were generated, 7 so that it was necessary to adapt to virtuality. Also, the figures of young people who are not in education, employment, or training (NEETs) increased, who before the pandemic represented 16.73% of the young population and became 26.82%, this represents a great barrier that limits economic growth and development in the country. 8 The term addiction can be defined as a pathological behavioral condition in which one cannot think or judge rationally due to certain ideas or objects, 9 this addiction leads to a lack of ability to properly manage actions that can have harmful results. 7 Considering the negative impact that smartphone addiction has, it is thought that it is a conditioning factor for the appearance and development of different disorders such as bruxism, which is a condition that consists of a repetitive pattern of the masticatory muscles characterized by clenching and grinding the teeth. 10 , 11 The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between dependence and addiction to the smartphone with bruxism in young NEETs in two coastal cities in Peru: Piura and Chincha. Methods Type and design study The research was cross-sectional, correlational, and has exploratory design. Our study has adhered to the STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) guidelines for cross-sectional studies. The study was approved with Official Letter from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology N° 0109-2023-/UCV/P dated December 20, 2023. We adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Participants The population consisted of 200 patients from the “Odontofamily” dental office in Chincha and 600 patients from the dental department at the “Catacaos Maternal and Child Center” in Piura, from late December 2023 to January 2024. Applying a non-probabilistic convenience sampling for a finite population, a sample of 82 people was established for Chincha and 113 for Piura. The inclusion criteria for the study were: patients of both sexes, between 15 and 29 years old who attended to dental office and the Maternal and Child Center in Chincha and Piura from late December 2023 to January 2024, who were able to sign the written informed consent or informed assent and who did not have any of these three statuses: employed, student or in training. The exclusion criterion was patients with any mental disability or incapacity that prevents them from giving their consent to participate in the study. Instrument and procedures The two variables studied were “smartphone dependence and addiction” and “bruxism”. Two questionnaires were used as data collection instruments, the first is the Smartphone Dependence and Addiction Scale (EDAS-18), which consists of 18 items and proposes three levels of intensity: without dependence (18-37 points), dependence (38-64 points) and addiction (65-90 points). 12 For the evaluation of bruxism, the self-reported bruxism questionnaire (CBA) was used, which consists of 11 questions. Where a score of 0 to 18 indicates improbable bruxism, 19 to 24 indicates probable symptoms of bruxism and 25 or more indicates definite symptoms of bruxism. 13 Statistical analysis As for the statistical analysis of the data, an Excel spreadsheet created with Google Sheets was used to store the data. Then they were examined using JASP 0.18.3. For descriptive statistics, a descriptive table was made with the demographic characteristics, the frequency of bruxism and smartphone dependence or addiction. In addition, scatterplot was created to visually display the scores obtained. To evaluate the relationship between “smartphone dependence and addiction” and “bruxism”, the Pearson's Chi-square (χ 2 ) test was used. The odds ratio of bruxism according to smartphone dependence or addiction was also calculated through logistic regression. A simple model and an adjusted model were created incorporating the sex and age group variables. The analysis was carried out with a confidence level of 95% (p<0.05). Results Table 1 shows that in the city of Chincha, the distribution by sex of young “NEETs” is similar. The group between 25 and 29 years of age stands out with 41.4%. Regarding bruxism, 56.8% are considered to have improbable symptoms, while 22.2% present probable symptoms, and 20.1% show definite symptoms. Regarding smartphone dependence or addiction, a significant 63.4% show dependence, and 2.4% show addiction. Table 1. Sociodemographic characteristics of “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru. City n (%) Chincha Sex Female 41 (50.0) Male 41 (50.0) Age (years) 15 to 19 17 (20.7) 20 to 24 31 (37.8) 25 to 29 34 (41.4) Bruxism Unlikely bruxism 46 (56.8) Probable symptoms of bruxism 18 (22.2) Definite symptoms of bruxism 17 (20.1) Smartphone dependence or addiction No dependence or addiction 28 (34.1) Dependence 52 (63.4) Addiction 2 (2.4) Piura Sex Female 87 (77.0) Male 26 (23.0) Age (years) 15 to 19 29 (25.7) 20 to 24 36 (31.9) 25 to 29 48 (42.5) Bruxism Unlikely bruxism 68 (60.7) Probable symptoms of bruxism 21 (18.7) Definite symptoms of bruxism 23 (20.5) Smartphone dependence or addiction No dependence or addiction 39 (34.5) Dependence 70 (61.9) Addiction 4 (3.5) On the other hand, in Piura, a higher proportion of female participants (77.0%) is observed. The 25-29 age group also stands out with 42.5%. Regarding bruxism, 60.7% report unlikely symptoms, while 18.7% have probable symptoms and 20.5% present definite symptoms. Smartphone dependence or addiction is also notable, with 61.9% showing dependence and 3.5% addiction. Table 2 shows that in Chincha, sex presents a significant association with bruxism, with a p-value of 0.034, where men present higher prevalence (55.0%) of probable or definitive bruxism. However, age and smartphone dependence or addiction did not show statistically significant differences. Table 2. Factors related to bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru. City Bruxism p-value Unlikely bruxism Probable symptoms of bruxism or definite symptoms of bruxism Chincha Sex 0.034 * Female 28 (69.3) 13 (31.7) Male 18 (45.0) 22 (55.0) Age (years) 0.195 15 to 19 7 (41.2) 10 (58.8) 20 to 24 21 (67.7) 10 (32.3) 25 to 29 18 (54.5) 15 (45.4) Smartphone dependence or addiction 0.171 No dependence or addiction 13 (46.4) 15 (53.6) Dependence or addiction 33 (62.3) 20 (37.7) Piura Sex 0.141 Female 49 (57.0) 37 (43.0) Male 19 (73.1) 7 (26.9) Age (years) 0.150 15 to 19 22 (75.9) 7 (24.1) 20 to 24 19 (54.3) 16 (45.7) 25 to 29 27 (56.2) 21 (43.7) Smartphone dependence or addiction 0.003 * No dependence or addiction 31 (79.5) 8 (20.5) Dependence or addiction 37 (50.7) 36 (49.3) * Values with statistical significance. In Piura, although sex and age did not show significant associations, smartphone dependence or addiction did show a significant correlation, with a p-value of 0.003. Here it is observed that those with smartphone dependence or addiction present a higher prevalence (49.3%) of probable or definite bruxism. Table 3 presents PR through two models: a simple model and an adjusted model. In the simple model we observe that, in the population of young “NEETs” in Piura, the proportion of bruxism is 3.77 times higher in those with smartphone dependence or addiction, with a 95% CI [1.53-9.30]. In the adjusted model of the same population of young “NEETs” from Piura, this association is amplified since the group with smartphone dependence or addiction has a proportion of bruxism 5.38 times higher than those without such dependence (95% CI [2.05-14.12]). Table 3. Ratio of Bruxism Proportions by Smartphone Dependence/Addiction in NEET Youth in Two Peruvian Coastal Cities. City Simple Model Adjusted model PR CI 95% p-value PR CI 95% p-value Chincha Sex Female Ref. Male 3.03 0.21 1.33 0.174 Age (years) 15 to 19 Ref. 20 to 24 0.29 0.08 1.06 0.061 25 to 29 0.51 0.14 1.77 0.286 Smartphone dependence or addiction No dependence or addiction Ref. Ref. Dependence or addiction 0.52 0.21 1.33 0.174 0.54 0.20 1.45 0.222 Piura Sex Female Ref. Male 0.35 0.12 1.01 0.052 Age 15 to 19 years old Ref. 20 to 24 years old 3.46 1.09 10.96 0.035 * 25 to 29 years old 3.12 1.03 9.39 0.043 * Smartphone dependence or addiction No dependence or addiction Ref. Ref. Dependence or addiction 3.77 1.53 9.30 0.004 * 5.38 2.05 14.12 0.001 * * Values with statistical significance. The population of young “NEETs” in Chincha shows a different pattern. The proportion of bruxism in those with smartphone dependence is 0.52 times that of those without dependence or addiction (95% CI [0.21-1.33]). Regarding the adjusted model for Chincha, the proportion of bruxism continues to show no significant association with sex, age or smartphone dependence or addiction. These observations suggest that in Chincha, bruxism is not strongly associated with sex, age, or smartphone dependence in the population studied. Discussion Our study revealed a significant association between bruxism and smartphone dependence or addiction in Piura, contrasting with the lack of significant relationship in Chincha. The significant association in Piura indicates that excessive smartphone use may be contributing significantly to the prevalence of bruxism in this population. The lack of a significant relationship in Chincha suggests that other factors may be more directly related to bruxism in this area, or that the way in which technological dependence affects individuals may vary depending on the urban environment and its specific characteristics. 8 Comparing our findings with those of Prado et al., 14 we note that both studies highlight a worrying correlation between intensive smartphone use and oral health problems such as bruxism. What distinguishes our research is the focus on young “NEETs”, 15 this specificity proposes that technological dependence is a generalized problem that has greater effects in groups with certain sociodemographic and economic characteristics. 16 , 17 The observation by Carrillo et al. 18 on the impact of lifestyle changes, such as increased physical inactivity during confinement, and its relationship with increased bruxism, finds a parallel in our results. However, our study was conducted outside periods of confinement, suggesting a more persistent and less circumstantial problem. This aligns with the findings of Emodi-Perlman et al. 19 and Tinastepe and Iscan, 20 who evidence a link between smartphone use and bruxism and reinforce our findings within a global context. On the other hand, the research by Chen et al. 21 expands the picture by linking sleep problems and Internet addiction to health disturbances, which enriches our understanding of how the overuse of digital technologies may affect other aspects of physical and mental well-being as well. 20 , 21 Among the strengths of our study is the focus on young “NEETs”, a segment of the population that is rarely the focus of attention in research on oral health and technology. This specific demographic focus offers crucial insights into how the particularities of this group may influence their relationship with technology and its impact on health. Despite its strengths, our study faced limitations, such as the reliance on self-reports to assess bruxism; this approach, although practical and widely used, may lead to response biases given that participants may underestimate or overestimate their smartphone use or the presence of bruxism symptoms. 22 While these methodological challenges are relevant, they do not delegitimize the validity of our findings. Rather, they highlight the importance of conducting future research using mixed methods, combining self-reports with clinical examinations for bruxism and digital tracking of smartphone use. These more diversified methodological approaches would allow us to validate and deepen our findings, and to explore in greater detail the complex dynamics underlying the relationship between technology and oral health. The identification of a significant relationship between bruxism and smartphone dependence or addiction among socially and economically vulnerable youth, such as the “NEETs” group, underscores the urgent need to study technology dependence, and to consider strategies to prevent bruxism and other related oral health problems. 23 In addition, it is crucial to foster a collaboration between health professionals, educators, parents, and policy makers to create a supportive environment that facilitates young “NEETs” to adopt more balanced and healthy lifestyles. Future actions should include more detailed research that explores the underlying mechanisms of this relationship and evaluates the efficacy of specific interventions for this population. Ethics and consent The study was approved with Official Letter from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Stomatology N° 0109-2023-/UCV/P dated December 20, 2023. We adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Written consent was obtained from all participants. Data availability Underlying data Figshare: Dataset ninis. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.25970653.v2 . 24 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Extended data Figshare: Smartphone Addiction and Dependence Scale – 18 items (SADS-18). DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26210552.v1 . 25 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). Figshare: Self-reported bruxism questionnaire (SRBQ). DOI: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.26210573.v1 . 26 Data are available under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (CC-BY 4.0). References 1. Ratan Z, Parrish A-M, Zaman S, et al. : Smartphone Addiction and Associated Health Outcomes in Adult Populations: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2021 Nov 22; 18 (22): 12257. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text Reference Source 2. Uzunçakmak T, Ayaz-Alkaya S, Akca A: Prevalence and predisposing factors of smartphone addiction, sleep quality and daytime sleepiness of nursing students: A cross-sectional design. Nurse Educ. Pract. 2022 Nov; 65 : 103478. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Reference Source 3. Banco Mundial: Personas que usan Internet (% de la población) - United States. DataBank; 2023. Reference Source 4. Ruiz CR: Estadísticas de las Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación en los hogares. Lima: 2022. Reference Source 5. Ting CH, Chen YY: Smartphone addiction. Adolescent Addiction. Elsevier; 2020; p. 215–40. Reference Source 6. Kemp S: Digital 2022: July Global Statshot Report.2022. Reference Source 7. Simó Sanz C, Martinez Sabater A, Ballestar Tarín ML, et al. : Instrumentos de evaluación del uso problemático del teléfono móvil/Smartphone. Heal Addict y Drog. 2017 Jan 31; 17 (1): 5–14. Publisher Full Text Reference Source 8. Olivella-Cirici M, Garcia-Continente X, Bartroli Checa M, et al. : The problematic use of the mobile phone: cross-sectional analysis of the individual profile and associated factors. Rev. Esp. Salud Publica. 2023 May 3; 97 . Reference Source 9. Tarazona Jiménez J, Vargas Arce D, Huamán Maguiña L, et al. : Los jóvenes NEETs en pandemia y sus determinantes. Econ y Adminstración. 2023; 3 (1). Reference Source 10. Lobbezoo F, Ahlberg J, Raphael KG, et al. : International consensus on the assessment of bruxism: Report of a work in progress. J. Oral Rehabil. 2018 Nov 21; 45 (11): 837–844. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 11. Melo G, Duarte J, Pauletto P, et al. : Bruxism: An umbrella review of systematic reviews. J. Oral Rehabil. 2019 Jul 7; 46 (7): 666–690. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 12. Sánchez-Villena AR, Domínguez-Lara S, Aranda M, et al. : Análisis estructural de la escala de dependencia y adicción al smartphone (EDAS) en universitarios peruanos. Heal Addict y Drog. 2021 Aug 12; 21 (2): 93–113. Publisher Full Text Reference Source 13. Cruz Fierro N, González Ramírez MT, Farfano JV, et al. : Cuestionario de bruxismo autoinformado. Estudio piloto en el noreste de México. Interdiscip Rev Psicol y Ciencias Afines. 2019 Dec 1; 36 (2). Publisher Full Text Reference Source 14. Carrillo-Esper R, Alberto Díaz Ponce-Medrano J, Antonio Garnica-Escamilla M, et al. : Evaluación nutricional en el perioperatorio. Rev Mex Anestesiol. 2017 Apr [cited 2022 Jul 19]; 40 (2): 129–133. Reference Source 15. Prado IM, Perazzo M d F, Abreu LG, et al. : Possible sleep bruxism, smartphone addiction and sleep quality among Brazilian university students during COVID-19 pandemic. Sleep Sci. 2022 Jun 1; 15 (02): 158–167. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 16. Balarezo LG: Generación NEET: Jóvenes Que Ni Estudian Ni Trabajan. Paid XXI. 2019 Sep 27; 9 (1): 77–103. Reference Source 17. Mawn L, Oliver EJ, Akhter N, et al. : Are we failing young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs)? A systematic review and meta-analysis of re-engagement interventions. Syst. Rev. 2017 Dec 25; 6 (1): 16. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 18. Carrillo-Diaz M, Ortega-Martínez AR, Romero-Maroto M, et al. : Lockdown impact on lifestyle and its association with oral parafunctional habits and bruxism in a Spanish adolescent population. Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 2022 Mar 18; 32 (2): 185–193. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text | Free Full Text 19. Emodi-Perlman A, Hochhauser T, Winocur P, et al. : The effect of smartphones on daytime sleepiness, temporomandibular disorders, and bruxism among young adults. Quintessence Int. 2021 May 7; 52 (6): 548–59. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 20. Tinastepe N, Iscan I: Relationship between bruxism and smartphone overuse in young adults. Cranio. 2024 Jan 2; 42 (1): 55–62. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 21. Chen Y-L, Gau SS-F: Sleep problems and internet addiction among children and adolescents: a longitudinal study. J. Sleep Res. 2016 Aug; 25 (4): 458–65. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text 22. Zurita-Cruz JN, Villasís-Keever MÁ: Principales sesgos en la investigación clínica. Rev Alerg México. 2021 Dec 8; 68 (4): 291–299. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text Reference Source 23. Barranca-Enríquez A, Romo-González T: Your health is in your mouth: A comprehensive view to promote general wellness. Front Oral Heal. 2022 Sep 14; 3 . Publisher Full Text 24. Orrego-Ferreyros LA: Dataset ninis. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text 25. Orrego-Ferreyros LA: Smartphone Addiction and Dependence Scale – 18 items. figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text 26. Orrego-Ferreyros LA: Self-reported bruxism questionnaire (SRBQ). figshare. 2024. Publisher Full Text Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Aug 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment Author details Author details 1 Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Estomatología, Universidad Cesar Vallejo, Piura, Piura, 20001, Peru Silvana Jackeline Yarlequé Mendoza Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Katerine Estefani Zambrano Uceda Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Investigation, Project Administration, Resources, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation Luis Alexander Orrego-Ferreyros Roles: Conceptualization, Data Curation, Formal Analysis, Methodology, Project Administration, Software, Supervision, Validation, Visualization, Writing – Original Draft Preparation, Writing – Review & Editing Competing interests No competing interests were disclosed. Grant information The author(s) declared that no grants were involved in supporting this work. Article Versions (1) version 1 Published: 01 Aug 2024, 13:861 https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1 Copyright © 2024 Yarlequé Mendoza SJ et al . This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Download Export To Sciwheel Bibtex EndNote ProCite Ref. Manager (RIS) Sente metrics Views Downloads F1000Research - - PubMed Central info_outline Data from PMC are received and updated monthly. - - Citations open_in_new 0 open_in_new 0 open_in_new SEE MORE DETAILS CITE how to cite this article Yarlequé Mendoza SJ, Zambrano Uceda KE and Orrego-Ferreyros LA. Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.152778.1 ) NOTE: If applicable, it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS track receive updates on this article Track an article to receive email alerts on any updates to this article. TRACK THIS ARTICLE Share Peer review discontinued At the request of the author(s), this article is no longer under peer review. What does this mean? Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Aug 2024 Views 0 Cite How to cite this report: Ceylan A. Reviewer Report For: Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167577.r347972 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-861/v1#referee-response-347972 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. Close Copy Citation Details Reviewer Report 14 Dec 2024 Ali Ceylan , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Karaman, Turkey Not Approved VIEWS 0 https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167577.r347972 Dear author(s), Your study may be unique in terms of technology use and reflecting jaw problems; however, I think that an inadequate research form was prepared at the data collection stage. I would like to express my ... Continue reading READ ALL Dear author(s), Your study may be unique in terms of technology use and reflecting jaw problems; however, I think that an inadequate research form was prepared at the data collection stage. I would like to express my comments on the study. Introduction In the introduction part of the article, after providing general information about the changes caused by the smartphone in the human body and posture, hypotheses that can explain the relationship between it and bruxism should be included. In this respect, I think the introduction part of the article is insufficient. Literature reviews on whether or not there is a relationship between regional differences and bruxism should be included. Methods Why was the population in the 15-29 age group included? Was power analysis performed when determining the sample size before the study? Or was a pilot study conducted during the study and a power analysis conducted as a result? Was a power analysis performed at the end of the study? If so, these should be presented in the statistics section. If not, the sample size may be of concern in terms of bias. Was daily smartphone usage time recorded by the researcher? For example, was 4 hours considered as a cut-off value and above this value was categorized as heavy Discussion What was the reason for the regional difference in the relationship between bruxism and smartphone addiction? At this point, if the daily smart phone usage time of the participants was recorded, it may be important to share these results. Or for what reason and justification did you explain this difference? It is unclear. What do you think is the basis for the different results between gender and bruxism? Which parameter may have caused this difference between the sexes? I think there are not enough questions in the data collection methods. The underlying causes of bruxism should be investigated and these should be included in the research form. For example, swallowing problems, sleep problems or psychogenic factors may also cause bruxism. The fact that only evaluation questions about telephone use were asked does not make the research unique. The fact that the discussion is not sufficiently addressed according to the results of the findings, and that the cause-effect relationship related to the significant parameters is not fully established, makes the study uncertain. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise: exercise, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, spine health, swallowing, smartphones I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. Close READ LESS CITE CITE HOW TO CITE THIS REPORT Ceylan A. Reviewer Report For: Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167577.r347972 ) The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-861/v1#referee-response-347972 NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in all citations of this article. COPY CITATION DETAILS Report a concern Reviewer Response 05 Sep 2025 ALİ CEYLAN , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey 05 Sep 2025 Reviewer Response As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern Respond or Comment COMMENTS ON THIS REPORT Reviewer Response 05 Sep 2025 ALİ CEYLAN , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey 05 Sep 2025 Reviewer Response As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. Competing Interests: No competing interests were disclosed. Close Report a concern COMMENT ON THIS REPORT Comments on this article Comments (0) Version 1 VERSION 1 PUBLISHED 01 Aug 2024 ADD YOUR COMMENT Comment keyboard_arrow_left keyboard_arrow_right Peer review discontinued At the request of the author(s), this article is no longer under peer review. What does this mean? Reviewer Status info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Reviewer Reports Invited Reviewers 1 Version 1 01 Aug 24 read Ali Ceylan , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey Comments on this article All Comments (0) Add a comment Sign up for content alerts Sign Up You are now signed up to receive this alert Browse by related subjects keyboard_arrow_left Back to all reports Reviewer Report 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ceylan A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. 14 Dec 2024 | for Version 1 Ali Ceylan , Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Karaman, Turkey 0 Views copyright © 2024 Ceylan A. This is an open access peer review report distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. format_quote Cite this report speaker_notes Responses (1) Not Approved info_outline Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved The paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. Not approved Fundamental flaws in the paper seriously undermine the findings and conclusions Dear author(s), Your study may be unique in terms of technology use and reflecting jaw problems; however, I think that an inadequate research form was prepared at the data collection stage. I would like to express my comments on the study. Introduction In the introduction part of the article, after providing general information about the changes caused by the smartphone in the human body and posture, hypotheses that can explain the relationship between it and bruxism should be included. In this respect, I think the introduction part of the article is insufficient. Literature reviews on whether or not there is a relationship between regional differences and bruxism should be included. Methods Why was the population in the 15-29 age group included? Was power analysis performed when determining the sample size before the study? Or was a pilot study conducted during the study and a power analysis conducted as a result? Was a power analysis performed at the end of the study? If so, these should be presented in the statistics section. If not, the sample size may be of concern in terms of bias. Was daily smartphone usage time recorded by the researcher? For example, was 4 hours considered as a cut-off value and above this value was categorized as heavy Discussion What was the reason for the regional difference in the relationship between bruxism and smartphone addiction? At this point, if the daily smart phone usage time of the participants was recorded, it may be important to share these results. Or for what reason and justification did you explain this difference? It is unclear. What do you think is the basis for the different results between gender and bruxism? Which parameter may have caused this difference between the sexes? I think there are not enough questions in the data collection methods. The underlying causes of bruxism should be investigated and these should be included in the research form. For example, swallowing problems, sleep problems or psychogenic factors may also cause bruxism. The fact that only evaluation questions about telephone use were asked does not make the research unique. The fact that the discussion is not sufficiently addressed according to the results of the findings, and that the cause-effect relationship related to the significant parameters is not fully established, makes the study uncertain. Is the work clearly and accurately presented and does it cite the current literature? Partly Is the study design appropriate and is the work technically sound? No Are sufficient details of methods and analysis provided to allow replication by others? No If applicable, is the statistical analysis and its interpretation appropriate? Partly Are all the source data underlying the results available to ensure full reproducibility? Partly Are the conclusions drawn adequately supported by the results? No Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. Reviewer Expertise exercise, diabetes mellitus, diabetes mellitus, physiotherapy and rehabilitation, spine health, swallowing, smartphones I confirm that I have read this submission and believe that I have an appropriate level of expertise to state that I do not consider it to be of an acceptable scientific standard, for reasons outlined above. reply Respond to this report Responses (1) Reviewer Response 05 Sep 2025 ALİ CEYLAN, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey Universitesi, Karaman, Turkey As a referee for this study, I believe that the necessary corrections should be made and responses to the criticisms should be provided. View more View less Competing Interests No competing interests were disclosed. reply Respond Report a concern Ceylan A. Peer Review Report For: Smartphone dependence and addiction and bruxism in “NEET” young people in two coastal cities in Peru [version 1; peer review: 1 not approved] . F1000Research 2024, 13 :861 ( https://doi.org/10.5256/f1000research.167577.r347972) NOTE: it is important to ensure the information in square brackets after the title is included in this citation. The direct URL for this report is: https://f1000research.com/articles/13-861/v1#referee-response-347972 Alongside their report, reviewers assign a status to the article: Approved - the paper is scientifically sound in its current form and only minor, if any, improvements are suggested Approved with reservations - A number of small changes, sometimes more significant revisions are required to address specific details and improve the papers academic merit. 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