Cross-bay winds controlling primary production in Antarctic glacial bay

Cross-bay winds controlling primary production in Antarctic glacial bay | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Cross-bay winds controlling primary production in Antarctic glacial bay Maria Osińska, Agnieszka Herman This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7019995/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 13 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Antarctic glacial bays, because of their high productivity, are vital regions of the Southern Ocean. Certain glacial bays, including our research area, Admiralty Bay, are less favorable for phytoplankton blooms due to their wind-enhanced high energy levels, but they still host biological hotspots. Westerly winds are predominant in Admiralty Bay; the strongest storms are from the east. These winds act perpendicular to the main axis of the bay. The influence of these cross-bay winds on hydrodynamics and their effects on the primary production is examined. A hydrodynamic model was run in seven wind scenarios and coupled to a Lagrangian model tracking iron-rich glacial and bottom waters. The results show that westerly winds impede outflow from the bay and promote the creation of eddies at inner inlet openings. These eddies trap iron-rich particles for periods exceeding a month, forming accumulation areas that stimulate phytoplankton growth. They are located at the same location as the observed feeding hotspots, which occur despite wind-induced weak water column stratification. Easterly winds enhance outflowing currents, flushing out bay waters, negatively impacting local productivity. The study demonstrates how the direction rather than the magnitude of cross-bay winds can either stimulate or limit productivity in glacial bays. Earth and environmental sciences/Climate sciences Biological sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ecology Earth and environmental sciences/Ocean sciences Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files SupplementaryInformation.pdf SupplementaryVideo1.mov Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 30 Jan, 2026 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 28 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Aug, 2025 Reviews received at journal 18 Aug, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 30 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 29 Jul, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 28 Jul, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Jul, 2025 Editor invited by journal 07 Jul, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 04 Jul, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 03 Jul, 2025 First submitted to journal 01 Jul, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7019995","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":493271655,"identity":"a63a0e39-fe17-43ae-9f24-895e25a0e50d","order_by":0,"name":"Maria Osińska","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABO0lEQVRIie2RMWuDQBSAnwhmMel6EiG/oCAIIaUS/4qHoIt0CRSHDkLBLG3nFqS/oV0k48mBk8X1hiwh4OSSLYUWetoiLdqmYyl+cO/evXcfx+MAenr+KKQKEoAI4INVH+X3jsbX7ICSVYr4RUE/vSaCEP5COV4+bcgeDHM0Xm615/v12SjPU1QCnQeDyxgJq5YyzVwtuQIHh2qm4+u4WCjMlpQIqB3I6TkSsrZCHCAyUEtCnkiGMcUPTJTGvGID8qZICNtKXkDyAtSUkLtNXiOu5PRDmZTdCnOA8gu8Zen2MOAKsWtlDkj+RimAqhqfBXm6rqYFvmO2fhJpriXJzmKGO2bJHXFX+oY5uXW3Snmxxjd5smGlf2oeDegj262M7h/Rmow0FRxWOw66jU+QJjPrKBxWenp6ev49b4szb8mshHzfAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"University of Gdańsk","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Maria","middleName":"","lastName":"Osińska","suffix":""},{"id":493271656,"identity":"e90a5884-2e0b-4bc1-ab45-c1cda8db4715","order_by":1,"name":"Agnieszka Herman","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institute of Oceanology of Polish Academy of Sciences","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Agnieszka","middleName":"","lastName":"Herman","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-01 11:53:20","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7019995/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7019995/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-34031-1","type":"published","date":"2026-01-30T15:59:19+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":101690820,"identity":"e0da350a-fb99-4063-bb17-2c9d82bec00d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-02 16:09:29","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2136788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"rktpyxpmtqgkxyjqmjqtzcxffktjhghh.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7019995/v1_covered_3e821141-bcb7-453f-84aa-46ed9aab1209.pdf"},{"id":87946261,"identity":"8666d54e-4063-4473-a845-0b4e944a1e89","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-30 16:23:09","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":2019236,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryInformation.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7019995/v1/165c6d2f1e113857cc46ae33.pdf"},{"id":87946271,"identity":"31025a80-48da-46d4-9794-b2e35ef277a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-30 16:23:12","extension":"mov","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":39125152,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"SupplementaryVideo1.mov","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7019995/v1/f500ae283549e1ac164f7a63.mov"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Cross-bay winds controlling primary production in Antarctic glacial bay","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7019995/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7019995/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Antarctic glacial bays, because of their high productivity, are vital regions of the Southern Ocean. Certain glacial bays, including our research area, Admiralty Bay, are less favorable for phytoplankton blooms due to their wind-enhanced high energy levels, but they still host biological hotspots. Westerly winds are predominant in Admiralty Bay; the strongest storms are from the east. These winds act perpendicular to the main axis of the bay. The influence of these cross-bay winds on hydrodynamics and their effects on the primary production is examined. A hydrodynamic model was run in seven wind scenarios and coupled to a Lagrangian model tracking iron-rich glacial and bottom waters. The results show that westerly winds impede outflow from the bay and promote the creation of eddies at inner inlet openings. These eddies trap iron-rich particles for periods exceeding a month, forming accumulation areas that stimulate phytoplankton growth. They are located at the same location as the observed feeding hotspots, which occur despite wind-induced weak water column stratification. Easterly winds enhance outflowing currents, flushing out bay waters, negatively impacting local productivity. 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