Sumatra Elephant-friendly Village Model (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck) in the Small Pocket of the Giam Siak Elephant Population Riau Province

Sumatra Elephant-friendly Village Model (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck) in the Small Pocket of the Giam Siak Elephant Population Riau Province | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Sumatra Elephant-friendly Village Model (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck) in the Small Pocket of the Giam Siak Elephant Population Riau Province Endi Lesmana, Yusni Ikhwan Siregar, Zulkarnaini Saleh, Fitmawati Sikumbang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9506689/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The conflict between elephants and humans makes this animal have a unique position, namely on the one hand this animal is protected by law and must be preserved, but on the other hand this animal causes great losses that result in victims on both sides. Efforts to solve the problem of elephant-human conflict cannot be done by killing or destroying it as is done with other disturbing pests, because elephants are protected animals. Therefore, it is necessary to find solutions so that elephants can benefit development and society. This study is to analyze the conservation of Sumatran elephants through partnerships between village communities and related parties. This study uses a literature study by utilizing secondary data from various institutions and journals. Conflicts between elephants and communities require comprehensive solutions with the concept of collaboration, habitat protection and community empowerment through the development of elephant-friendly village models. Village Model Sumatran Elephant Small Siak Giam Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 INTRODUCTION National development is a series of sustainable development efforts that cover all aspects of the life of the community, nation and state for the welfare of the community in meeting the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs. The implementation of spatial planning aims to create a comfortable, productive, and sustainable space at a time when it is still facing severe challenges, this is shown by the many problems that reflect that the quality of our living space is still far from these ideals. These problems include the increasing frequency of conflicts between elephants and humans. The Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is one of Indonesia's rich fauna which is included in the endangered and feared extinction. This animal has been protected since 1931 using the Ordinance on the Protection of Wild Animals Number 134 and 226 and strengthened by the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 234/Kpts/Um/1972 and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7 of 1999 concerning the Preservation of Plant and Animal Species. Meanwhile, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) classifies elephants in the list of Appendix 1 which are wildlife that cannot be traded internationally, either ivory or other body parts (CITES, 2000). According to Fabio Berzaghia (2023), elephants play an important role in regulating the earth's atmosphere through its impact on the carbon cycle and maintaining the diversity of plant species by creating openings in vegetation, which allows for the growth of new plants. The extinction of elephants will have an impact on the loss of about 361 million metric tons of carbon sequestration per year. With the development of development in Riau Province, especially development in the field of plantations, transmigration, and with the increasing clearing of forest areas, resulting in the narrowing of forest areas as elephant habitats. This causes the fragmentation of elephant habitats and makes the elephant population separate. With the narrowing of the forest area and the insufficient availability of natural food, the elephants will look for places where food is available until they enter the human cultivation area so that the problem of human-elephant conflict arises, namely elephants enter plantation, agriculture and settlements around their habitat, causing damage and losses. According to Otto Soemarwoto ( 1992 ). Indonesia's economic growth must not be separated from environmental sustainability and balance which in the context of sustainable development and to realize the welfare of a just community needs to be supported by environmentally friendly technology and firm policies. According to Otto Soemarwoto (1985). If the production in the agricultural sector increases and is followed by higher farmers' income, it will also affect the level of population needs for the area of agricultural cultivation. And vice versa, if the production in the agricultural sector decreases and is followed by the income of farmers who are getting lower, it will also affect the increase in the area of agricultural cultivation. If this condition continues to be left unchecked, it will trigger the desire of the population to expand the agricultural cultivation area to forest areas. This causes the pressure of the population on forest areas to be higher. In conditions like this, namely the rampant conflict between elephants and humans, this animal has a unique position, namely on the one hand this animal is protected by law and must be preserved, but on the other hand this animal causes great losses that result in victims on both sides. Efforts to solve the problem of elephant conflict with humans cannot be done by killing or destroying it as is done with other disturbing pests, because elephants are protected animals. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution so that elephants can benefit development and society. In Riau Province, the elephant population is spread across 8 sub-populations (Elephant Pockets), where their existence is mostly outside the conservation area and even outside the forest area with a total area of 844,490.4 Ha. One of the sub-populations (Elephant Pockets) is the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket located in Bengkalis Regency and Siak Regency which has an area of 108,426.89 ha. The Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket is a buffer zone of the Giam Siak Kecil Biosphere Reserve - Bukit Batu. The Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Population Pocket is a habitat for Sumatran elephants in conservation areas and industrial forest areas. Where at this time the elephant habitat has changed due to increased human activities for the expansion of plantation areas and residential areas. The existence of residential areas in elephant habitats with an increasing population will have an impact on the survival of Sumatran elephants. With the increasingly narrow elephant habitat and insufficient availability of natural feed, these elephants will look for places where food is widely available until they enter human cultivation areas so that the problem of human-elephant conflict arises, namely elephants enter plantation, agricultural and residential areas around their habitats, causing damage and losses that are not small. In the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket, there are several villages that are passed by elephant groups, where in the period 2019 to 2023 there were 27 incidents of conflict between elephants and humans. The related villages are Tumang Village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering, Bencah Umbai, Tebing Serai Village, Serai Wangi Village, Melibur Village, Beringin Village, Kotopait Beringin Village, Titian Antui Village and Muara Basung Village. The efforts that have been made by the government in dealing with elephant-human conflicts are in the form of expelling and relocating elephants to their habitats, besides that the community also manages conflicts traditionally by making sounds from carbide cannons, using torches en masse and others. Conflict resolution between elephants and humans carried out by the community by installing electric fences in areas passed by elephant groups. Anthropocentrism that considers elephants as pests will have an impact on the survival of Sumatran elephants and damage the ecological balance Regarding the phenomenon of conflict between elephants and communities, mitigation efforts are needed as a strategy to prevent and an early warning system. The comprehensive solution chosen by the government is the elephant-friendly village model that prioritizes the conservation of Sumatran elephants through partnerships between village communities and related parties. By paying attention to the needs of elephants and involving the community, this model seeks to create harmony between human life and elephant habitat. The implementation of elephant-friendly village model activities can be carried out with 3 concepts, namely collaboration, habitat protection and community empowerment. Collaboration is an effort to develop village communities, governments and conservation organizations. Habitat protection is carried out by maintaining elephant corridors and natural habitats and preventing new land clearing. Community empowerment is an effort to involve the community and make decisions related to elephant conservation. METHODOLOGY This study was carried out in villages located in the Siak Giam Kecil Elephant Population Pocket in Bengkalis and Siak Regencies. The strategy for implementing activities with periodic assistance methods to community groups by village facilitators placed in the village located in the Siak Kecil Giam Elephant Population Pocket in Bengkalis Regency. The mechanism for implementing the activity is carried out with steps as shown in Fig. 1 . RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Region mapping Based on the diet in natural forests, elephants need a large enough roaming area to meet their basic needs to survive. If the basic needs are met, the elephant's movement will not move or change the elephant's roaming pattern, which tends not to change based on its natural movement behavior. However, if there is an increase in human activity to expand the plantation area in the roaming area, it will cause changes in the diet and natural movement of elephants. The impact of these changes will cause elephants to enter agricultural areas and residential areas. In Riau Province, the rapid development of development, especially development in the field of plantations, transmigration, and with the increasing clearing of forest areas due to increased human activities will have an impact on increasing conflicts between elephants and humans. This is an obstacle in conservation efforts for the animals themselves and if left unchecked, it will affect the rate of extinction in the future. Therefore, real action is needed to protect elephants and their natural habitats with the best management of elephant habitats in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Population Pocket, which is an Industrial Forest area and a small part of the conservation area in Riau Province. However, this Elephant Population Pocket is surrounded by oil palm cultivation development areas and residential areas. The existence of residential areas around the area with an increasing population will increase population activity in forest exploitation for plantations, settlements have an impact on declining quality and reducing the area of elephant habitat. The Little Giam Elephant Pocket is located in Bengkalis Regency and Siak Regency, Riau Province which has an area of 108,426.89 ha which is part of the Sumatran Elephant habitat population. Where at this time the area is encroached by human activities to expand the plantation area which causes habitat fragmentation for animals. This will have an impact on the condition of the elephant habitat which results in the disconnection of the roaming area (homerange) to find a source of feed. If this condition continues to be left unchecked, it will have an impact on the survival of Sumatran Elephants in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket area. The implementation of the mapping of the cruising area is carried out by identifying and determining important zones for elephants such as migration corridors, sources of feed and drinking water using direct observation methods in the field and analysis of GPS Collar data. Based on the results of direct observations in the field and located in Lubuk Jering village and Tasik Betung village in January 2024, elephant group activity was found on the land cover of plantation forests and open land. In this activity, it was assisted by drone equipment to facilitate the search for the position of Sumatran Elephants from above. Monitoring activities of Sumatran elephants are presented in figure 2. Based on the results of monitoring elephant movement patterns using GPS Collar from January 2023 to February 2024, 2 groups of elephants were found, namely the Nae and Almira Elephant Groups. The data obtained from the GPS Collar was then obtained using the Arcgis program to get a spatial view of the movements of the Sumatran Elephant. The results of monitoring Sumatran elephants are presented in figure 3. Based on the results of monitoring elephant movement patterns using GPS Collar from January 2023 to February 2024, 2 groups of elephants were found, namely the Nae and Almira Elephant Groups. The data obtained from the GPS Collar was then obtained using the Arcgis program to get a spatial view of the movements of these Sumatran Elephants. Based on the results of the analysis using a geographical information system, the villages passed by the Gajah Nae group in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket consisted of 5, namely Tumang/Tasik Betung village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering and Bencah Umbai. Meanwhile, the village passed by the Gajah Nae elephant group outside the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket was Muara Kelantan Village. The villages passed by the Gajah Nae elephant group consisted of 6 villages located in the administrative area of Siak Regency. However, the villages passed by the Gajah Almira group include Tumang/Tasik Betung Village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering Village, Bencah Umbai Village, and Muara Kelantan Village located in Siak Regency. Meanwhile, the villages located in Bengkalis Regency consist of 7 villages, namely Tebing Serai Village, Serai Wangi Village, Melibur Village, Beringin Village, Kotopait Beringin Village, Titian Antui Village and Muara Basung Village Based on the results of individual monitoring of Sumatran elephants in Siak Regency using GPS collar and spatial data, it was found that the group of elephants with the roaming area is presented in figure 4. Based on the results of individual monitoring of Sumatran elephants in Siak Regency and Bengkalis Regency using GPS collar and spatial data, it was also found that the Almira elephant group with the roaming area is presented in figure 5. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for elephant conflict is focused on monitoring elephant movements using GPS collars . This technology visualizes spatial data for conflict mitigation, such as in Gunung Leuser and Tesso Nilo National Parks, to minimize negative interactions between humans and elephants in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket. Geographic Information System (GIS) is built to increase creativity and innovation as well as spur software development through the development of web-based Geographic Information Systems, so that it can help government programs, especially for disaster management. Geographic Information System itself is defined as an information system used to enter, store, recall, process, analyze and produce geospatial referenced data or geospatial data, to support decision-making in planning and management of land use, natural resources, transportation environment, municipal facilities, and other public services (Prahasta, 2001). Participatory Planning The movement of elephants in their home-range is often influenced by the seasons (change of seasons). During the rainy season, elephants prefer mountain rainforests or primary rainfall because the food in them is sufficient for their living needs. During the dry season, herds of elephants will head to secondary rainforests and especially in lowland forests and swamp forests, because that is where food and water sources are usually found when other places experience drought, besides water for drinking is also used to wallow to compensate for the scorching sunlight. Santiapillai (1987), Elephants require a movement area with an area ranging from 600 ha to 700 ha. The home range also provides cover for wildlife that functions as a place to forage, hide, shelter, provide a place for social activities, sleep, a place to mate, and a place to raise children. WWF (2005). Naturally, elephants roam in groups following a certain path that remains in one year of exploration. The elephant's cruising distance can reach 7 km in one night, even in the dry season or the fruit season in the forest can reach 15 km per day The speed of elephants walking and running in the forest (for short distances) and in swamps exceeds the speed of humans in the same terrain. Elephants are also able to swim across deep rivers using their trunks as 'snorkels' or breathing pipes. A roaming area or home range is an area that is regularly used by a group of wildlife populations to roam/travel in an effort to meet feed/drink needs and meet other needs. Wildlife lives in a roaming area with a specific ecological niche. The roaming area of a type of wildlife, depends on its behavioral characteristics (including with its group), and the chemical and physical properties of the habitat (Moen 1973). The roaming area of Asian elephants in the Malaysian rainforest varies between 32.4 and 166.9 km2 (Olivier 1978). The roaming area of elephant groups units in primary forests is twice as large as that of roaming areas in secondary forests (WWF 2005). The home range of Sumatran elephants that are maintained is a minimum of 165 km2 in primary forests and 60 km2 in secondary forests (Sinaga 2000). Jeheskel Shoshani, John F. Eisenberg (1982), Asian elephants eat a variety of different types of feed using more variety in their habitat. However, at this time the natural source of feed is in the bush. Asian elephants eat various types of grass feed, low-woody plants, and forest plants. Asian elephants need shade as their daily needs. Based on the results of observations in the field in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket area, it was found that the types of seedling-level elephant feed and herbs known as palatabiility of Sumatran Elephant feed were found as many as 25 species with 13 families which are potential plants that are a potential source of feed for Sumatran Elephants that have been identified. The types of elephant feed in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket are as shown in table 1. Table 1. Types of Sumatran Elephant Feed in Small Siak Giraffe Pockets No. Region Name Scientific Name Family 1. Teased Grass Cyperus rotundus Cyperaceae 2. Grass From Cayratia trifolia L. Vitaceae 3. Squirting Squirt Mikania micrantha kunth Asteraceae 4. Stuttgart Imperata cylindrica Poaceae 5. Wire Grass Lycopodium cernuum L. Lycopodium 6. Cattail grass Pennisetum polystachion Poaceae 7. Grass Krisan (Rija-Rija) Scleria sumatrensis Cyperaceae 8. Fox Tail (Perennial Grass) Setaria parviflora Poaceae 9. Minjangan Grass Choromolaesia odorata Asteraceae 10. Akasia Acacia mangium Fabaceae 11. São Paulo Phyllanthus urunaria Euphorbiaceae 12. Krinyuh Eupathorium odoratum Asteraceae 13. Merbau Intsia bijuga Fabaceae 14. Harendong Melastoma malabathricum Melastomaceae 15. Buffalo grass Paspalum conjugatum Poaceae 16. Gelam Melaleuca leucadendron L. Myrtaceae 17. Pack a log Nephrolepis sp. Polypodiaceae 18. Pakis Nephrolepis biserrata Schott Polypodiaceae 19. Prumpung Phragmites karka Poaceae 20. Needle grass Andropogon aciculatus L. Poaceae 21. Sematong - - 22. Anggrung Trema orientalis L. (Blume) Ulmaceae 23. Kawatan Cynodon dactylon (L) Pres Poaceae 24. Rumput setaria Setaria sphacelata Graminae Elephants are mammals that eat grass and leaves, this makes their natural instinct to look for food sources in the form of forage from plants in nature. Elephants also need tree plants for supporting food that is rich in mineral salts and calcium. This serves to strengthen their ivory, bones, and teeth. In addition, elephants require a total of 5% - 10% of their body weight. Based on the results of the observation activities of elephant feed in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 6. Based on the results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket at the seedling level, it was found that the type of grass that Sumatran elephants prefer. The results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 7. Based on the results of the observation of elephant feed activities of the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket at the seedling level, it was found that the types of grasses preferred by Sumatran elephants were found. The results of the observation of elephant feed activities of the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 8. Based on the results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Small Elephant Pocket at the tree level, it was found that the types of Acacia, Meniran, Krinyuh, Merbau, Harendong, Buffalo grass, Gelam, Prumpung, and Sematong which are preferred by Sumatran elephants. The results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 9. Elephants are mammals that need a large amount of water as their source of drink. At night, groups of elephants will go to rivers or swamps to find water for drinking and take a group bath in an effort to maintain interaction between their groups. The water needed to drink ranges from 20-30 straws from their trunks. In the dry season, elephants can find water sources in the swamps by stepping on their front feet at the bottom of the swamp, so that the footprint becomes a source of drinking. Elephants require more food and drinking sources than other animals. Therefore, to meet their basic needs in obtaining food and drink sources, elephants need a home range with a large area. This roaming area usually includes several types of vegetation. The increase in human activities in the agricultural sector has an impact on the disconnection of elephant roaming areas and results in changes in the daily movement patterns of elephants. The increasing human activities such as encroachment of forests into plantations will have an impact on the decline in the quality of natural food sources that support life and the ability of the environment to accommodate elephants. Santiapillai (1987), Elephants require a movement area with an area ranging from 600 ha to 700 ha. The home range also provides cover for wildlife that functions as a place to forage, hide, shelter, provide a place for social activities, sleep, a place to mate, and a place to raise children. A roaming area or home range is an area that is regularly used by wildlife population groups to roam/travel in an effort to meet the needs of feed/drink and meet other needs. Wildlife lives in a roaming area with a certain ecological niche. The roaming area of a species of wild animal, depending on its behavioral characteristics (including its group), and the chemical and physical properties of the habitat (Moen 1973). The home range of Sumatran elephants that are maintained is a minimum area of 165 km2 in primary forests and 60 km2 in secondary forests (Sinaga 2000). In order to protect a safe habitat for elephants as a safe zone, community empowerment is needed through participatory planning. Participatory planning is carried out by involving village communities in designing conservation measures that suit the needs of the community. Participatory planning is carried out based on the results of monitoring elephant movement patterns in villages passed by elephant groups in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket with a total of 13 villages. The results of area mapping are needed as a basis for the formation and training of elephant care community groups for conflict mitigation and handling. Learning models and approaches in community empowerment using Participatory Research and Development (PRD). The expected achievements in the formation and training of community groups are: 1) Reducing community losses caused by conflicts with the formation of independent village-based teams in handling human elephant conflicts 2) The village community has specially made equipment to anticipate elephant-human conflicts. 3) Economic empowerment of the community team mitigates conflicts with commodity planting programs that suit needs, starting from the aspects of selecting the right commodities, innovative agricultural techniques, the use of modern technology and environmentally friendly sustainable approaches According to Primahardani, I., Mulyadi, A., Syahza, A., Restuhadi, F. (2022). Strategies for empowering rural communities, strengthening village institutions, strengthening cooperation institutions and optimizing economic benefits are strategic things to realize sustainable forest management. This forest management strategy is in line with the Riau Province SDGs in supporting sustainable development. According to Syahza, A., Meiwanda, G., Tampubolon, D., (2023), the role of institutions in supporting sustainability is very necessary to provide input and consideration for the development of actors in the context of local economic development. The results of the research by Indrawati, H., Caska, C., Hermita, N., Sumarno, S. and Syahza, A. (2023), There are three categories of factors that influence SMEs to adopt environmentally friendly innovations: technology, environmental, and organizational. From these factors, organizational factors emerged as the main determinants of the adoption of environmentally friendly innovations among SMEs in the country Participatory Planning Process Based on the results of the analysis using a geographic information system, the 13 villages passed by the elephant group in the pocket of the small Giam Siak elephant population are conservation forests, Animal Sanctuaries, Sebanga Elephant Training Centers, and Permanent Production Forest Areas (HP) which have changed their function to oil palm plantations. The increase in human activity and the pressure on agricultural land around the area have reduced the quality of natural food sources. This is due to the disconnection of elephant roaming areas which has an impact on the decline of elephant food sources. Encroachment activities that cause changes in forest function into agricultural areas. The increase in human activity in the agricultural sector has an impact on the disconnection of elephant roaming areas and results in changes in the daily movement pattern of elephants. The increasing human activities such as forest encroachment into plantations will have an impact on the decline in the quality of natural food sources that support life and the ability of the habitat environment to accommodate elephants. Based on observations in the field, an integrated effort is needed in Sumatran elephant conservation efforts as an effort to manage elephant life corridors as part of the management plan for priority Sumatran elephant conservation areas. In the participatory planning process, the working principle of steps that are in accordance with the needs of the community is needed, namely: 1) Information on activities is carried out openly to the public 2) The implementation of activities is carried out through cooperation and group activities between communities, village officials and communities in reducing obstacles in the program 3) It does not lead to special circles in society or groups so as not to cause divisions 4) It is necessary to coordinate horizontally and vertically 5) There is no need to have a superior attitude or feel the most knowledgeable about every opportunity to implement the program. 6) There is no need to make promises to anyone, but prove it with seriousness of performance in the context of the work program that has been set. According to Suharto (2005), research on community participation and development focuses on efforts to help community members who have similar interests to work together, identify common needs, and then carry out joint activities to meet these needs. According to Nasdian (2014), there are three approaches to community assistance including the self-help approach, the conflict approach and technical assistance. The community empowerment process is directed at independence and strengthening the ability of the community to be directly involved in the development process (Fetterman & Wandersman, 2007) The results of the research by Mayarni, M., Syahza, A., Siregar, SH, et al. (2023). illustrating that passive institutional governance is caused by constraints in knowledge of horticultural crop management, nutrient utilization processes, and sustainable agricultural group management techniques in the aspects of government regulation and empowerment of surrounding companies through CSR, it was found that the variables of community management and economic development have a positive influence on society. Joint Implementation Joint implementation carried out by the community, government, and other stakeholders working together to implement elephant-friendly villages. It is necessary to encourage community involvement in the development of elephant-friendly village models to be implemented together in the following activities: 1) Role in planning, Villagers participate in decision-making related to elephant conservation in their area 2) Joint monitoring, the community is involved in monitoring and reporting the presence of elephants and potential conflicts 3) Shared ownership, the community has a sense of responsibility for elephant conservation efforts 4) Economic Management, Villagers manage and obtain economic benefits from ecotourism programs or local products The implementation of elephant-friendly village model activities is ecologically, economically and socially, including the following; 1) Protecting populations and habitats from the threat of extinction 2) Improving economic welfare and villager involvement 3) Developing conservation-based tourism that benefits the community 4) Creating a balance between human needs and elephant conservation. According to Keraf (2002), local/traditional wisdom is not only about the knowledge and understanding of the community about humans and how good relationships are between humans, but also about knowledge, understanding and customs about humans, nature and how relationships among the inhabitants of this ecological community should be built Solihin and Satria (2007) stated that the solution to overcome problems related to resource management is to grant management rights to local communities in accordance with the social, economic, political, cultural, and characteristic characteristics of resources in the surrounding area. Meanwhile, Priyatna (2003) argued that it is the social conditions of the local community that shape the existing resource management pattern, therefore it is very important to pay attention to community factors in utilizing and utilizing existing resources. Tambunan (2008) stated that the principle of conservation is an effort that is consciously made by the community to preserve the resources they have for an indefinite period of time. This aims for resources to be able to withstand changes in the social, economic, political, religious and technological contexts of modem. Lubuk larangan is an example of conservation practice that is based on the local knowledge of the community about its environment. The community (local population) has the capacity of knowledge to utilize natural resources, this has inadvertently had consequences for conservation efforts. According to Eckersley (1992 in Setiawan, 2006) that environmental sustainability will not be realized if environmental justice is not guaranteed, especially the welfare of the community. Therefore, a strategy is needed to be able to implement it, including: The first strategy is to make structural changes to the legal framework and political practices of natural resource management, especially those that provide more opportunities and control for regions, local communities and farmers to access natural resources (land, forestry, mining and marine). In this case, it is more in favor of local communities and farmers and limits the authority of the state that is too excessive (state-capital-civil society relations). The second strategy concerns the strengthening of local community and peasant institutions. Anthropological Perspective and Human Perspective According to Tasrifin Tahara ( in Andi, Akhbar and Syarifuddin, 2007) that historically, perspective is intended to start from natural determinism ( geographical determinism ), which assumes the factors of geography and the natural physical environment as absolute determinants of the types of cultural culture, the method of cultural ecology that makes the variables of the natural environment in explaining certain aspects of human culture. Neofunctionalism with assumptions. The equilibria of closed ecosystems that can self-regulate ( self-regulating systems), cultural materialism with an institutionalized cost-benefit balance , to the ecology of Darwinism with optimal fitness in response or adaptation for survival. According to Munsi Lampe in Andi et al, 2007) there are three perspectives of human ecology that are considered relevant for aspects of local wisdom, namely 1) Political ecology approach resources belonging to the community or not at all, and to small-scale indigenous communities who are trapped in the midst of the modernization process 2) An ecosystem approach Seeing the components of humans and the environment as a balanced ecosystem and 3) Constructivism approach 4) The paradigm of communism and paternalism from the perspective of constructivism. In this case, both the human component and the natural resource environment are seen as subjects who interact and negotiate to benefit each other profitably through environmentally conscious means 5) Action and consequences approach (Progressive Contextual Explanatory Model) According to Vayda (in Ritohardoyo, 2006) that the progressive contextual approach emphasizes the following: a. Human activities in relation to the environment b. The causes of the occurrence of activities and the consequences of the activity are good for environment and humans as actors of activities. According to Nababan (1995), the principles of conservation in traditional natural resource management are as follows: 1) Respect that promotes harmony (harmony) The relationship between humans and the surrounding environment. In this case, traditional society is more inclined to view itself as part of nature itself. 2) A sense of ownership that is exclusive to the community over a certain area or type of natural resource as a communal property esource. This sense of belonging binds all residents to maintain and secure this shared resource from outsiders. In solving problems in utilizing limited natural resources, there is a local knowledge system that provides capabilities to the community, including: a) Adaptability in the use of simple technology that is appropriate and saves energy (input) according to local natural conditions b) A system of allocation and enforcement of customary rules that can secure common property resources from overuse, both by the community itself and by the outside community (immigrants). In this case, traditional societies already have customary institutions and laws that regulate all aspects of community life in a certain social unit c) A mechanism for the equitable distribution of crops or resources that can prevent excessive disparities in traditional societies, The absence of social jealousy or anger will prevent theft or use of resources outside the applicable customary rules According to Supriatna (2008), in general, the role of the community itself is determined by three things, namely: 1) The extent to which local knowledge can be valued and utilized in forming a good conservation area management system 2) How much do the local community members care about their nature so that they are able to encourage efforts to protect and manage natural resources and the environment inside and outside the Region 3) How many benefits (material and non-material) can be received by the community from the conservation area so that its existence has a continuous beneficial value According to Primack, J., Supriatna, M., and Krawadibrata, P. (1998), the rate of species extinction is very high and accelerated by human activities (deforestation, land conversion, poaching). Conservation cannot rely only on theory, but must use an interdisciplinary approach (biological, ecological, socio-economic) that involves habitat management, population studies, and pro-environmental policies. In-situ efforts (protecting species in their natural habitats) through the establishment of conservation areas are the main strategies to maintain ecosystem sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary Biodiversity protection in Indonesia requires urgent action, integrated between science, government policies, and active community participation to prevent further extinction. CONCLUSION The development of an elephant-friendly village model is carried out with the following steps: 1. Region mapping As a result of area mapping and geographic information system analysis, 2 groups of elephants were found through 13 villages in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket, namely Tumang/Tasik Betung Village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering and Bencah Umbai administratively located in the Siak Regency area. Meanwhile, other villages are Tebing Serai Village, Serai Wangi Village, Melibur Village, Beringin Village, Kotopait Beringin Village, Titian Antui Village and Muara Basung Village in Bengkalis Regency. 2. Participatory Planning Process In the participatory planning process, the working principle of the steps is needed Conservation measures that are in accordance with the needs of the community, namely: a. Conservation programs are publicly informed to the public b. The conservation program is carried out through cooperation and group activities between communities, village officials and communities in reducing obstacles in the program c. It does not lead to special circles in society or groups so as not to cause divisions d. It is necessary to coordinate horizontally and vertically e. There is no need to have a superior attitude or feel the most knowledgeable about every opportunity to implement the program. f. There is no need to make promises to anyone, but prove it with seriousness of performance in the context of the work program that has been set. 3. Joint Implementation In joint implementation and encouraging community involvement in the development of elephant-friendly village models, community involvement and active role are needed in the following activities, namely: a. Role in planning, Villagers participate in decision-making related to elephant conservation in their area b. Joint monitoring, the community is involved in monitoring and reporting the presence of elephants and potential conflicts c. Shared ownership, the community has a sense of responsibility for elephant conservation efforts d. Economic Management, Villagers manage and obtain economic benefits from ecotourism programs or local products Declarations Author Contribution 1. Prof. D.A, as Director of the Postgraduate Program at Riau University2. Prof. Dr. Ir. E, Coordinator of the Environmental Science Doctoral Program at Riau University3. Prof. Dr. Ir. Y. I. S, M.Sc., as Promotor, who attentively encouraged, provided guidance, and input towards the completion of this dissertation proposal.4. Prof. Dr. Ir. Z, M.Si., as Co-Promotor I and Prof. Dr. F, S.Si., M.Si., as Co-Promotor II, who attentively encouraged, provided guidance, and input towards the completion of this dissertation proposal. References Andi, Akhbar and Syarifuddin. 2007 . Revealing the Environmental Wisdom of Andi, Akhbar and Syarifuddin. 2007 . Revealing the Environmental Wisdom of South Sulawesi, PPLH Regional Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua. State Ministry of Environment and Masagena Presss, Makassar Fabio Berzaghi, François Bretagnolle, Clémentine DurandBessart ,and Stephen Blake.2023. Megaherbivores modify forest structure and increase carbon stocks through multiple pathways. Stanford University, Stanford, CA. 120 (5) e2201832120 Fetterman,D &Wanderson,A.(2007) Empowerment Evaluation: Yesterday,Today, Tomorrow. American Journal of Evaluation.2007; 28; 197 Indrawati, H., Caska, C., Hermita, N., Sumarno, S. and Syahza, A. (2023), "Adoption of Green Innovation in SMEs in Indonesia: What Factors Determine It?", International Journal of Innovation Sciences, Jil. before printing No. before printing. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIS-02-2023-0047 Jeheskel Shoshani, John F. Eisenberg, Elephas maximus, Mammalian Species , Issue 182, 18 June 1982, Pages 1–8, https://doi.org/10.2307/3504045 Keraf, A.S. 2002. Environmental Ethics. Kompas. Jakarta Mayarni, M., Syahza, A., Siregar, SH, et al. (2023). The Influence of Community Economic Development and Peatland Governance on Society 5.0. Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 7(2): 1843. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v7i2.1843 Moen, A.N 1973. Wildlife Ecology and Analytical Approach. W.H. Freeman and Company. San Nababan, A. 1995. Traditional Wisdom and Environmental Conservation in Indonesia. CSIS Journal of Analysis. Traditional Wisdom Culture and Environmental Conservation. 14 (6) : 26- 37 Nasdian, 2014. Community development. Jakarta ; Indonesian Torch Library Foundation. Prahasta, (2001). Basic Concepts of Geographic Information System, Informatics, Bandung Primahardani, I., Mulyadi, A., Syahza, A., Restuhadi, F. (2022). Sustainability strategy for industrial plantation forest management in Riau province, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, Vol. 17, No.2, p.399-411. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170205 Primack, J., Supriatna, M., and Krawadibrata, P. 1998. Conservation Biology. Indonesian Torch Foundation. Jakarta. Priyatna, 2003. Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution. Fika Hati Aneska. Jakarta Ritohardoyo, S. 2006. Human Ecology Teaching Materials. Faculty of Geography. UGM. Yogyakarta. Santiapillai, C. 1987. Action Plan for Asian Elephant Conservation-A Country by Country Analysis. Unpublished report of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group. World Wildlife Fund for Nature. Gland, Switzerland. Sinaga. 2000. Conservation of Sumatran Elephants, Between Hope and Reality. Main Report on the Universe and Development. 10 : 16-20 Suharto, E. (2005). Building a community to empower the community. Bandung: Refika Aditama Soemarwoto, Environmental Ecology and Development, (Jakarta: Djambatan 2nd Edition, 1985) p. IX Soemarwoto, Otto. Indonesia in the Global Environmental Issue Scene / Otto Soemarwoto .1992 Supriatna, J. 2008. Preserving Indonesian Nature. Indonesian Torch Foundation. Jakarta Syahza, A., Meiwanda, G., Tampubolon, D., (2023), Strengthening Palm Oil Policy in Riau Province Based on Local Institutional Strengthening in Riau Bengkalis Province, IAPA 2022 International Conference and International Indonesia Conference on Interdisciplinary Studies (IICIS), Social Sciences KnE, Volume 8, Number 5. Pages 447–462. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i5.13016 Tambunan, T.2008. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Measure the Competitiveness of Cooperatives and SMEs in Indonesia. Ghalia Indonesia. Bogor. WWF 2005. Getting to Know the Sumatran Elephant. Retrieved April 20, 2019. At 19.00 WIB. Source http://www.wwf.or.id/?5484/Mengenal-Gajah-Sumatra. Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Lesmana","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA0klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACg4MNDMwM/CBmQgEpWiQbQFoMiNTCCNJicADMJkI9v3TzxoMz/ljLG59fnfjhgQGDPL/YAfxaJOccKzi4sS3dcNuNt5slgA4znDk7gYCrbuQYHHzYcJhx242zG0BaEgxuE9BiD9Ly4M9h+80zzm7+QZQWAwmglg1shxM38PduI84WiRtpBQdntqUnz7jBu80iwUCCsF/4ZyRv/tjzx9q2v//s5ps/Kmzk+aUJaEGyD6xSgljlYPsOkKJ6FIyCUTAKRhIAAOCKTIfSypgBAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC","orcid":"","institution":"Doctor of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Riau","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Endi","middleName":"","lastName":"Lesmana","suffix":""},{"id":630472150,"identity":"a948db06-27b9-42c0-99cf-08f2ad0d697c","order_by":1,"name":"Yusni Ikhwan Siregar","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Doctor of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Riau","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yusni","middleName":"Ikhwan","lastName":"Siregar","suffix":""},{"id":630472151,"identity":"e0aeff1f-0967-4eed-bfb3-b4c3390142f1","order_by":2,"name":"Zulkarnaini Saleh","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Doctor of Environmental Science, Postgraduate Program, Universitas Riau","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Zulkarnaini","middleName":"","lastName":"Saleh","suffix":""},{"id":630472153,"identity":"1def2fe2-ea5a-40f5-9d4b-dea6ad9bb21f","order_by":3,"name":"Fitmawati Sikumbang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Faculty Of Mathematic And Science, Biology Major, Universitas Riau","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fitmawati","middleName":"","lastName":"Sikumbang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-04-23 12:24:48","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9506689/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9506689/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":107985467,"identity":"47136df4-58e4-4cdb-a52d-33acda601628","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 09:17:09","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32667,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eFlowchart for Implementing the Elephant-Friendly Village Mode\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) Region mapping\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eArea mapping is carried out by identifying and determining important zones for elephants such as migration corridors, sources of feed and drinking water\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) Participatory planning\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipatory planning is carried out by involving the village community in designing conservation measures that suit the needs of the community\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec) Co-implementation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJoint implementation carried out by the community, government, and other stakeholders working together to implement elephant-friendly villages\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/3c5bc6def1d9a1b50163bef1.png"},{"id":107985470,"identity":"a07fc148-3e2f-4c24-8a90-6deaeee1218c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 09:17:09","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":270187,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eIndividual monitoring of Sumatran elephants using drones\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/ee9bea3096933dfba8cb5a80.png"},{"id":107985468,"identity":"cd880bf0-c0fd-4cf6-b2a0-cc4ef5aebdd1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 09:17:09","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":219916,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe monitoring results found 3 Sumatran elephants\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/f310d67ae4ed793cae0105ed.png"},{"id":108007673,"identity":"4edfc4bc-1a6c-423f-a334-9cb7a2157d27","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 13:01:20","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":581636,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of individual monitoring of elephants named with groups Nae\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"4.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/189586286e84b38e14ec035d.png"},{"id":108006988,"identity":"a2afc50e-e9cb-4c35-b074-192e9ef36583","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 12:58:07","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":118774,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eResults of individual monitoring of elephants named with groups Almira\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/f2d91e63e76a6af9f8dbb772.png"},{"id":107985472,"identity":"38621341-f15a-4df2-8d71-cab2542453a8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 09:17:09","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":361363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eObservation of Elephant Feed Type of Small Giam Siak Elephant Bag at the seedling level\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/36061cc27543f1347a7c39a1.png"},{"id":108180962,"identity":"a6bfab04-f470-433a-ad5b-4f1f6138c2d3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 08:55:45","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":328838,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eObservation Results of Elephant Feed Type Elephant Bag Giam Siak Type grasses.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/82f56ba1d58ee0fa56d16006.png"},{"id":107985473,"identity":"27295e1e-7e60-473a-9cd2-1c8310ba1ea5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 09:17:09","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":276029,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eObservation of Elephant Feed Pocket Elephant Bag Small Siak Type Stuttgart\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/19a20effc8cae77d073ab16d.png"},{"id":107985475,"identity":"038382b1-0900-4a79-b7d9-ae6cf447ddc0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 09:17:09","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":321352,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eObservation of Elephant Feed Pocket Elephant Bag Small Siak type Acacia, Meniran, Krinyuh, Merbau, Harendong, Buffalo grass, Squirrels, Squirrels, and Squirrels\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/2d751a7f899b053e051e1925.png"},{"id":109081056,"identity":"f859926d-56fd-4f24-8fa9-2d0025fec456","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-12 11:55:57","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3245139,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9506689/v1/11bc3ab7-021b-4154-be1a-fd5c82dfde6a.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eSumatra Elephant-friendly Village Model (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck) in the Small Pocket of the Giam Siak Elephant Population Riau Province\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"INTRODUCTION","content":"\u003cp\u003eNational development is a series of sustainable development efforts that cover all aspects of the life of the community, nation and state for the welfare of the community in meeting the needs of the present without reducing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implementation of spatial planning aims to create a comfortable, productive, and sustainable space at a time when it is still facing severe challenges, this is shown by the many problems that reflect that the quality of our living space is still far from these ideals. These problems include the increasing frequency of conflicts between elephants and humans.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Sumatran elephant (Elephas maximus sumatranus) is one of Indonesia's rich fauna which is included in the endangered and feared extinction. This animal has been protected since 1931 using the Ordinance on the Protection of Wild Animals Number 134 and 226 and strengthened by the Decree of the Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No. 234/Kpts/Um/1972 and Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 7 of 1999 concerning the Preservation of Plant and Animal Species. Meanwhile, CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna) classifies elephants in the list of Appendix 1 which are wildlife that cannot be traded internationally, either ivory or other body parts (CITES, 2000).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to Fabio Berzaghia (2023), elephants play an important role in regulating the earth's atmosphere through its impact on the carbon cycle and maintaining the diversity of plant species by creating openings in vegetation, which allows for the growth of new plants. The extinction of elephants will have an impact on the loss of about 361\u0026nbsp;million metric tons of carbon sequestration per year.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWith the development of development in Riau Province, especially development in the field of plantations, transmigration, and with the increasing clearing of forest areas, resulting in the narrowing of forest areas as elephant habitats. This causes the fragmentation of elephant habitats and makes the elephant population separate. With the narrowing of the forest area and the insufficient availability of natural food, the elephants will look for places where food is available until they enter the human cultivation area so that the problem of human-elephant conflict arises, namely elephants enter plantation, agriculture and settlements around their habitat, causing damage and losses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Otto Soemarwoto (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). Indonesia's economic growth must not be separated from environmental sustainability and balance which in the context of sustainable development and to realize the welfare of a just community needs to be supported by environmentally friendly technology and firm policies.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAccording to Otto Soemarwoto (1985). If the production in the agricultural sector increases and is followed by higher farmers' income, it will also affect the level of population needs for the area of agricultural cultivation. And vice versa, if the production in the agricultural sector decreases and is followed by the income of farmers who are getting lower, it will also affect the increase in the area of agricultural cultivation. If this condition continues to be left unchecked, it will trigger the desire of the population to expand the agricultural cultivation area to forest areas. This causes the pressure of the population on forest areas to be higher.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conditions like this, namely the rampant conflict between elephants and humans, this animal has a unique position, namely on the one hand this animal is protected by law and must be preserved, but on the other hand this animal causes great losses that result in victims on both sides. Efforts to solve the problem of elephant conflict with humans cannot be done by killing or destroying it as is done with other disturbing pests, because elephants are protected animals. Therefore, it is necessary to find a solution so that elephants can benefit development and society.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn Riau Province, the elephant population is spread across 8 sub-populations (Elephant Pockets), where their existence is mostly outside the conservation area and even outside the forest area with a total area of 844,490.4 Ha. One of the sub-populations (Elephant Pockets) is the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket located in Bengkalis Regency and Siak Regency which has an area of 108,426.89 ha. The Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket is a \u003cem\u003ebuffer zone of\u003c/em\u003e the Giam Siak Kecil Biosphere Reserve - Bukit Batu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Population Pocket is a habitat for Sumatran elephants in conservation areas and industrial forest areas. Where at this time the elephant habitat has changed due to increased human activities for the expansion of plantation areas and residential areas. The existence of residential areas in elephant habitats with an increasing population will have an impact on the survival of Sumatran elephants. With the increasingly narrow elephant habitat and insufficient availability of natural feed, these elephants will look for places where food is widely available until they enter human cultivation areas so that the problem of human-elephant conflict arises, namely elephants enter plantation, agricultural and residential areas around their habitats, causing damage and losses that are not small.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket, there are several villages that are passed by elephant groups, where in the period 2019 to 2023 there were 27 incidents of conflict between elephants and humans. The related villages are Tumang Village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering, Bencah Umbai, Tebing Serai Village, Serai Wangi Village, Melibur Village, Beringin Village, Kotopait Beringin Village, Titian Antui Village and Muara Basung Village.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe efforts that have been made by the government in dealing with elephant-human conflicts are in the form of expelling and relocating elephants to their habitats, besides that the community also manages conflicts traditionally by making sounds from carbide cannons, using torches en masse and others. Conflict resolution between elephants and humans carried out by the community by installing electric fences in areas passed by elephant groups. Anthropocentrism that considers elephants as pests will have an impact on the survival of Sumatran elephants and damage the ecological balance\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding the phenomenon of conflict between elephants and communities, mitigation efforts are needed as a strategy to prevent and an early warning system. The comprehensive solution chosen by the government is the elephant-friendly village model that prioritizes the conservation of Sumatran elephants through partnerships between village communities and related parties. By paying attention to the needs of elephants and involving the community, this model seeks to create harmony between human life and elephant habitat.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe implementation of elephant-friendly village model activities can be carried out with 3 concepts, namely collaboration, habitat protection and community empowerment. Collaboration is an effort to develop village communities, governments and conservation organizations. Habitat protection is carried out by maintaining elephant corridors and natural habitats and preventing new land clearing. Community empowerment is an effort to involve the community and make decisions related to elephant conservation.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"METHODOLOGY","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis study was carried out in villages located in the Siak Giam Kecil Elephant Population Pocket in Bengkalis and Siak Regencies. The strategy for implementing activities with periodic assistance methods to community groups by village facilitators placed in the village located in the Siak Kecil Giam Elephant Population Pocket in Bengkalis Regency. The mechanism for implementing the activity is carried out with steps as shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e "},{"header":"RESULTS AND DISCUSSION","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion mapping\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the diet in natural forests, elephants need a large enough roaming area to meet their basic needs to survive. If the basic needs are met, the elephant\u0026apos;s movement will not move or change the elephant\u0026apos;s roaming pattern, which tends not to change based on its natural movement behavior. However, if there is an increase in human activity to expand the plantation area in the roaming area, it will cause changes in the diet and natural movement of elephants. The impact of these changes will cause elephants to enter agricultural areas and residential areas.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn Riau Province, the rapid development of development, especially development in the field of plantations, transmigration, and with the increasing clearing of forest areas due to increased human activities will have an impact on increasing conflicts between elephants and humans. This is an obstacle in conservation efforts for the animals themselves and if left unchecked, it will affect the rate of extinction in the future. Therefore, real action is needed to protect elephants and their natural habitats with the best management of elephant habitats in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Population Pocket, which is an Industrial Forest area and a small part of the conservation area in Riau Province. However, this Elephant Population Pocket is surrounded by oil palm cultivation development areas and residential areas. The existence of residential areas around the area with an increasing population will increase population activity in forest exploitation for plantations, settlements have an impact on declining quality and reducing the area of elephant habitat.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe Little Giam Elephant Pocket is located in Bengkalis Regency and Siak Regency, Riau Province which has an area of 108,426.89 ha which is part of the Sumatran Elephant habitat population. Where at this time the area is encroached by human activities to expand the plantation area which causes habitat fragmentation for animals. This will have an impact on the condition of the elephant habitat which results in the disconnection of the roaming area \u003cem\u003e(homerange)\u003c/em\u003e to find a source of feed. If this condition continues to be left unchecked, it will have an impact on the survival of Sumatran Elephants in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket area.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe implementation of the mapping of the cruising area is carried out by identifying and determining important zones for elephants such as migration corridors, sources of feed and drinking water using direct observation methods in the field and \u003cem\u003eanalysis of GPS Collar\u003c/em\u003e data.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of direct observations in the field and located in Lubuk Jering village and Tasik Betung village in January 2024, elephant group activity was found on the land cover of plantation forests and open land. In this activity, it was assisted by drone equipment to facilitate the search for the position of Sumatran Elephants from above. Monitoring activities of Sumatran elephants are presented in figure 2.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of monitoring elephant movement patterns using GPS Collar from January 2023 to February 2024, 2 groups of elephants were found, namely the Nae and Almira Elephant Groups. The data obtained from the GPS Collar was then obtained using the Arcgis program to get a spatial view of the movements of the Sumatran Elephant. The results of monitoring Sumatran elephants are presented in figure 3.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of monitoring elephant movement patterns using GPS Collar from January 2023 to February 2024, 2 groups of elephants were found, namely the Nae and Almira Elephant Groups. The data obtained from the GPS Collar was then obtained using the Arcgis program to get a spatial view of the movements of these Sumatran Elephants.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the analysis using a geographical information system, the villages passed by the Gajah Nae group in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket consisted of 5, namely Tumang/Tasik Betung village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering and Bencah Umbai. Meanwhile, the village passed by the Gajah Nae elephant group outside the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket was Muara Kelantan Village. The villages passed by the Gajah Nae elephant group consisted of 6 villages located in the administrative area of Siak Regency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHowever, the villages passed by the Gajah Almira group include Tumang/Tasik Betung Village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering Village, Bencah Umbai Village, and Muara Kelantan Village located in Siak Regency. Meanwhile, the villages located in Bengkalis Regency consist of 7 villages, namely Tebing Serai Village, Serai Wangi Village, Melibur Village, Beringin Village, Kotopait Beringin Village, Titian Antui Village and Muara Basung Village\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of individual monitoring of Sumatran elephants in Siak Regency using GPS collar and spatial data, it was found that the group of elephants with the roaming area is presented in figure 4.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of individual monitoring of Sumatran elephants in Siak Regency and Bengkalis Regency using GPS collar and spatial data, it was also found that the Almira elephant group with the roaming area is presented in figure 5.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for elephant conflict is focused on monitoring elephant movements using \u003cem\u003eGPS collars\u003c/em\u003e. This technology visualizes spatial data for conflict mitigation, such as in Gunung Leuser and Tesso Nilo National Parks, to minimize negative interactions between humans and elephants in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGeographic Information System (GIS) is built to increase creativity and innovation as well as spur software development through the development of web-based Geographic Information Systems, so that it can help government programs, especially for disaster management. Geographic Information System itself is defined as an information system used to enter, store, recall, process, analyze and produce geospatial referenced data or geospatial data, to support decision-making in planning and management of land use, natural resources, transportation environment, municipal facilities, and other public services (Prahasta, 2001).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipatory Planning\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe movement of elephants in their home-range is often influenced by the seasons (change of seasons). During the rainy season, elephants prefer mountain rainforests or primary rainfall because the food in them is sufficient for their living needs. During the dry season, herds of elephants will head to secondary rainforests and especially in lowland forests and swamp forests, because that is where food and water sources are usually found when other places experience drought, besides water for drinking is also used to wallow to compensate for the scorching sunlight.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantiapillai (1987), Elephants require a movement area with an area ranging from 600 ha to 700 ha. The home range also provides cover for wildlife that functions as a place to forage, hide, shelter, provide a place for social activities, sleep, a place to mate, and a place to raise children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eWWF (2005). Naturally, elephants roam in groups following a certain path that remains in one year of exploration. The elephant\u0026apos;s cruising distance can reach 7 km in one night, even in the dry season or the fruit season in the forest can reach 15 km per day The speed of elephants walking and running in the forest (for short distances) and in swamps exceeds the speed of humans in the same terrain. Elephants are also able to swim across deep rivers using their trunks as \u0026apos;snorkels\u0026apos; or breathing pipes.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA roaming area or \u003cem\u003ehome range\u003c/em\u003e is an area that is regularly used by a group of wildlife populations to roam/travel in an effort to meet feed/drink needs and meet other needs. Wildlife lives in a roaming area with a specific ecological niche. The roaming area of a type of wildlife, depends on its behavioral characteristics (including with its group), and the chemical and physical properties of the habitat (Moen 1973). \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe roaming area of Asian elephants in the Malaysian rainforest varies between 32.4 and 166.9 km2 (Olivier 1978). The roaming area of elephant groups units in primary forests is twice as large as that of roaming areas in secondary forests (WWF 2005). The \u0026nbsp;home \u003cem\u003erange of\u003c/em\u003e Sumatran elephants that are maintained is a minimum of 165 km2 in primary forests and 60 km2 in secondary forests (Sinaga 2000).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJeheskel Shoshani, John F. Eisenberg (1982), \u0026nbsp;Asian elephants eat a variety of different types of feed using more variety in their habitat. However, at this time the natural source of feed is in the bush. Asian elephants eat various types of grass feed, low-woody plants, and forest plants. Asian elephants need shade as their daily needs.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of observations in the field in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket area, it was found that the types of seedling-level elephant feed and herbs known as \u003cem\u003epalatabiility\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eof Sumatran Elephant feed were found as many as 25 species with 13 families which are potential plants that are a potential source of feed for Sumatran Elephants that have been identified. The types of elephant feed in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket are as shown in table 1.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTable 1.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eTypes of Sumatran Elephant Feed in Small Siak Giraffe Pockets\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ctable border=\"0\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\"\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNo.\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eScientific Name\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFamily\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTeased Grass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCyperus rotundus\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrass From\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCayratia trifolia L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eVitaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSquirting Squirt\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMikania micrantha kunth\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStuttgart\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eImperata cylindrica\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e5.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWire Grass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eLycopodium cernuum L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eLycopodium\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCattail grass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePennisetum polystachion\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGrass Krisan (Rija-Rija)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eScleria sumatrensis\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eCyperaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFox Tail (Perennial Grass)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetaria parviflora\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMinjangan Grass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eChoromolaesia odorata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAkasia\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAcacia mangium\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eS\u0026atilde;o Paulo\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhyllanthus urunaria\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eEuphorbiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKrinyuh\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eEupathorium odoratum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAsteraceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMerbau\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eIntsia bijuga\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFabaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e14.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eHarendong\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelastoma malabathricum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMelastomaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBuffalo grass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePaspalum conjugatum\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGelam\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eMelaleuca leucadendron L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMyrtaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e17.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePack a log\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephrolepis sp.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypodiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e18.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePakis\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNephrolepis biserrata\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSchott\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePolypodiaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e19.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePrumpung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003ePhragmites karka\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eNeedle grass\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eAndropogon aciculatus L.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSematong\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e-\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAnggrung\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eTrema orientalis\u003c/em\u003e L. (Blume)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eUlmaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e23.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eKawatan\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eCynodon dactylon\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(L) Pres\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePoaceae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 47px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 170px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRumput setaria\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 189px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eSetaria sphacelata\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd valign=\"top\" style=\"width: 130px;\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGraminae\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElephants are mammals that eat grass and leaves, this makes their natural instinct to look for food sources in the form of forage from plants in nature. Elephants also need tree plants for supporting food that is rich in mineral salts and calcium. This serves to strengthen their ivory, bones, and teeth. In addition, elephants require a total of 5% - 10% of their body weight. Based on the results of the observation activities of elephant feed in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 6.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket at the seedling level, it was found that the type of grass that Sumatran elephants prefer. The results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 7.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the observation of elephant feed activities of the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket at the seedling level, it was found that the types of grasses preferred by Sumatran elephants were found. The results of the observation of elephant feed activities of the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 8.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Small Elephant Pocket at the tree level, it was found that the types of Acacia, Meniran, Krinyuh, Merbau, Harendong, Buffalo grass, Gelam, Prumpung, and Sematong which are preferred by Sumatran elephants. The results of the observation of elephant feed activities in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket as shown in figure 9.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElephants are mammals that need a large amount of water as their source of drink. At night, groups of elephants will go to rivers or swamps to find water for drinking and take a group bath in an effort to maintain interaction between their groups. The water needed to drink ranges from 20-30 straws from their trunks. In the dry season, elephants can find water sources in the swamps by stepping on their front feet at the bottom of the swamp, so that the footprint becomes a source of drinking.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eElephants require more food and drinking sources than other animals. Therefore, to meet their basic needs in obtaining food and drink sources, elephants need a home range with a large area. This roaming area usually includes several types of vegetation.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in human activities in the agricultural sector has an impact on the disconnection of elephant roaming areas and results in changes in the daily movement patterns of elephants. The increasing human activities such as encroachment of forests into plantations will have an impact on the decline in the quality of natural food sources that support life and the ability of the environment to accommodate elephants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSantiapillai (1987), Elephants require a movement area with an area ranging from 600 ha to 700 ha. The home range also provides cover for wildlife that functions as a place to forage, hide, shelter, provide a place for social activities, sleep, a place to mate, and a place to raise children.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA roaming area or \u003cem\u003ehome range\u003c/em\u003e is an area that is regularly used by wildlife population groups to roam/travel in an effort to meet the needs of feed/drink and meet other needs. Wildlife lives in a roaming area with a certain ecological niche. The roaming area of a species of wild animal, depending on its behavioral characteristics (including its group), and the chemical and physical properties of the habitat (Moen 1973). The \u0026nbsp;home \u003cem\u003erange of\u003c/em\u003e Sumatran elephants that are maintained is a minimum area of 165 km2 in primary forests and 60 km2 in secondary forests (Sinaga 2000).\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn order to protect a safe habitat for elephants as a safe zone, community empowerment is needed through participatory planning. Participatory planning is carried out by involving village communities in designing conservation measures that suit the needs of the community. Participatory planning is carried out based on the results of monitoring elephant movement patterns in villages passed by elephant groups in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket with a total of 13 villages. The results of area mapping are needed as a basis for the formation and training of elephant care community groups for conflict mitigation and handling. Learning models and approaches in community empowerment using Participatory Research and Development (PRD). The expected achievements in the formation and training of community groups are:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Reducing community losses caused by conflicts with the formation of independent village-based teams in handling human elephant conflicts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The village community has specially made equipment to anticipate elephant-human conflicts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Economic empowerment of the community team mitigates conflicts with commodity planting programs that suit needs, starting from the aspects of selecting the right commodities, innovative agricultural techniques, the use of modern technology and environmentally friendly sustainable approaches\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to\u0026nbsp;Primahardani, I., Mulyadi, A., Syahza, A., Restuhadi, F. (2022).\u0026nbsp;Strategies for empowering rural communities, strengthening village institutions, strengthening cooperation institutions and optimizing economic benefits are strategic things to realize sustainable forest management. This forest management strategy is in line with the Riau Province SDGs in supporting sustainable development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Syahza, A., Meiwanda, G., Tampubolon, D., (2023), the role of institutions in supporting sustainability is very necessary to provide input and consideration for the development of actors in the context of local economic development.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the research by Indrawati, H., Caska, C., Hermita, N., Sumarno, S. and Syahza, A. (2023), There are three categories of factors that influence SMEs to adopt environmentally friendly innovations: technology, environmental, and organizational. From these factors, organizational factors emerged as the main determinants of the adoption of environmentally friendly innovations among SMEs in the country\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipatory Planning Process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBased on the results of the analysis using a geographic information system, the 13 villages passed by the elephant group in the pocket of the small Giam Siak elephant population are conservation forests, Animal Sanctuaries, Sebanga Elephant Training Centers, and Permanent Production Forest Areas (HP) which have changed their function to oil palm plantations. The increase in human activity and the pressure on agricultural land around the area have reduced the quality of natural food sources. This is due to the disconnection of elephant roaming areas which has an impact on the decline of elephant food sources. Encroachment activities that cause changes in forest function into agricultural areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe increase in human activity in the agricultural sector has an impact on the disconnection of elephant roaming areas and results in changes in the daily movement pattern of elephants. The increasing human activities such as forest encroachment into plantations will have an impact on the decline in the quality of natural food sources that support life and the ability of the habitat environment to accommodate elephants. Based on observations in the field, an integrated effort is needed in Sumatran elephant conservation efforts as an effort to manage elephant life corridors as part of the management plan for priority Sumatran elephant conservation areas.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the participatory planning process, the working principle of steps that are in accordance with the needs of the community is needed, namely:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Information on activities is carried out openly to the public\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The implementation of activities is carried out through cooperation and group activities between communities, village officials and communities in reducing obstacles in the program\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;It does not lead to special circles in society or groups so as not to cause divisions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;It is necessary to coordinate horizontally and vertically\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;There is no need to have a superior attitude or feel the most knowledgeable about every opportunity to implement the program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e6) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;There is no need to make promises to anyone, but prove it with seriousness of performance in the context of the work program that has been set.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Suharto (2005), research on community participation and development focuses on efforts to help community members who have similar interests to work together, identify common needs, and then carry out joint activities to meet these needs. According to Nasdian (2014), there are three approaches to community assistance including the self-help approach, the conflict approach and technical assistance. The community empowerment process is directed at independence and strengthening the ability of the community to be directly involved in the development process (Fetterman \u0026amp; Wandersman, 2007)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe results of the research by Mayarni, M., Syahza, A., Siregar, SH, et al. (2023). illustrating that passive institutional governance is caused by constraints in knowledge of horticultural crop management, nutrient utilization processes, and sustainable agricultural group management techniques in the aspects of government regulation and empowerment of surrounding companies through CSR, it was found that the variables of community management and economic development have a positive influence on society.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eJoint Implementation\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eJoint implementation carried out by the community, government, and other stakeholders working together to implement elephant-friendly villages. It is necessary to encourage community involvement in the development of elephant-friendly village models to be implemented together in the following activities:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1)\u0026nbsp;Role in planning, Villagers participate in decision-making related to elephant conservation in their area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2)\u0026nbsp;Joint monitoring, the community is involved in monitoring and reporting the presence of elephants and potential conflicts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3)\u0026nbsp;Shared ownership, the community has a sense of responsibility for elephant conservation efforts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4)\u0026nbsp;Economic Management, Villagers manage and obtain economic benefits from ecotourism programs or local products\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe implementation of elephant-friendly village model activities is ecologically, economically and socially, including the following;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Protecting populations and habitats from the threat of extinction\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Improving economic welfare and villager involvement\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Developing conservation-based tourism that benefits the community\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Creating a balance between human needs and elephant conservation.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Keraf (2002), local/traditional wisdom is not only about the knowledge and understanding of the community about humans and how good relationships are between humans, but also about knowledge, understanding and customs about humans, nature and how relationships among the inhabitants of this ecological community should be built\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSolihin and Satria (2007) stated that the solution to overcome problems related to resource management is to grant management rights to local communities in accordance with the social, economic, political, cultural, and characteristic characteristics of resources in the surrounding area. Meanwhile, Priyatna (2003) argued that it is the social conditions of the local community that shape the existing resource management pattern, therefore it is very important to pay attention to community factors in utilizing and utilizing \u0026nbsp;existing resources.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTambunan (2008) stated that the principle of conservation is an effort that is consciously made by the community to preserve the resources they have for an indefinite period of time. This aims for resources to be able to withstand changes in the social, economic, political, religious and technological contexts of modem. Lubuk larangan is an example of conservation practice that is based on the local knowledge of the community about its environment. The community (local population) has the capacity of knowledge to utilize natural resources, this has inadvertently had consequences for conservation efforts.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Eckersley (1992 \u003cem\u003ein\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eSetiawan, 2006) that environmental sustainability will not be realized if environmental justice is not guaranteed, especially the welfare of the community. Therefore, a strategy is needed to be able to implement it, including: The first strategy is to make structural changes to the legal framework and political practices of natural resource management, especially those that provide more opportunities and control for regions, local communities and farmers to access natural resources (land, forestry, mining and marine). In this case, it is more in favor of local communities and farmers and limits the authority of the state that is too excessive (state-capital-civil society relations). The second strategy concerns the strengthening of local community and peasant institutions. Anthropological Perspective and Human Perspective\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Tasrifin Tahara (\u003cem\u003ein\u003c/em\u003e Andi, Akhbar and Syarifuddin, 2007) that historically, perspective is intended to start from \u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;natural determinism\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e(\u003cem\u003egeographical determinism\u003c/em\u003e), which assumes the factors of geography and the natural physical environment as absolute determinants of \u0026nbsp;the types of cultural culture, the method \u003cem\u003eof cultural ecology\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ethat makes the variables of the natural environment in explaining certain aspects of human culture.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eNeofunctionalism\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ewith assumptions. The \u003cem\u003eequilibria\u003c/em\u003e of closed ecosystems that can self-regulate (\u003cem\u003eself-regulating systems),\u003c/em\u003e cultural materialism with\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;an institutionalized\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003ecost-benefit\u003cem\u003e\u0026nbsp;balance\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e , to the ecology of Darwinism with optimal fitness in response or adaptation for \u003cem\u003esurvival.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Munsi Lampe \u003cem\u003ein\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003eAndi \u0026nbsp; \u003cem\u003eet al,\u0026nbsp;\u003c/em\u003e2007) there are three perspectives of human ecology that are considered relevant for aspects of local wisdom, namely \u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Political ecology approach\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eresources belonging to the community or not at all, and to small-scale indigenous communities who are trapped in the midst of the modernization process\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;An ecosystem approach\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSeeing the components of humans and the environment as a balanced ecosystem and\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Constructivism approach\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e4) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The paradigm of communism and paternalism from the perspective of constructivism. In this case, both the human component and the natural resource environment are seen as subjects who interact and negotiate to benefit each other profitably through environmentally conscious means\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e5) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Action and consequences approach (Progressive Contextual Explanatory Model)\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Vayda (in Ritohardoyo, 2006) that the progressive contextual approach emphasizes the following:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. Human activities in relation to the environment\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb. The causes of the occurrence of activities and the consequences of the activity are good for\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; environment and humans as actors of activities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Nababan (1995), the principles of conservation in traditional natural resource management are as follows:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Respect that promotes harmony (harmony)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe relationship between humans and the surrounding environment. In this case, traditional society is more inclined to view itself as part of nature itself.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A sense of ownership that is exclusive to the community over a certain area or type of natural resource as \u0026nbsp;a \u003cem\u003ecommunal property esource.\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis sense of belonging binds all residents to maintain and secure this shared resource from outsiders. In solving problems in utilizing limited natural resources, there is a local knowledge system that provides capabilities to the community, including:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Adaptability in the use of simple technology that is appropriate and saves energy (input) according to local natural conditions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A system of allocation and enforcement of customary rules that can secure common property resources from overuse, both by the community itself and by the outside community (immigrants). In this case, traditional societies already have customary institutions and laws that regulate all aspects of community life in a certain social unit\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;A mechanism for the equitable distribution of crops or resources that can prevent excessive disparities in traditional societies, The absence of social jealousy or anger will prevent theft or use of resources outside the applicable customary rules\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Supriatna (2008), in general, the role of the community itself is determined by three things, namely:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e1) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The extent to which local knowledge can be valued and utilized in forming a good conservation area management system\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e2) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;How much do the local community members care about their nature so that they are able to encourage efforts to protect and manage natural resources and the environment inside and outside the Region\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3) \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;How many benefits (material and non-material) can be received by the community from the conservation area so that its existence has a continuous beneficial value\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAccording to Primack, J., Supriatna, M., and Krawadibrata, P. (1998), the rate of species extinction is very high and accelerated by human activities (deforestation, land conversion, poaching). Conservation cannot rely only on theory, but must use an interdisciplinary approach (biological, ecological, socio-economic) that involves habitat management, population studies, and pro-environmental policies. In-situ efforts (protecting species in their natural habitats) through the establishment of conservation areas are the main strategies to maintain ecosystem sustainability. Therefore, it is necessary Biodiversity protection in Indonesia requires urgent action, integrated between science, government policies, and active community participation to prevent further extinction.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"CONCLUSION","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe development of an elephant-friendly village model is carried out with the following steps:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e1. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eRegion mapping\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs a result of area mapping and geographic information system analysis, 2 groups of elephants were found through 13 villages in the Giam Siak Kecil Elephant Pocket, namely Tumang/Tasik Betung Village, Olak Village, Lubuk Umbut Village, Lubuk Jering and Bencah Umbai administratively located in the Siak Regency area. Meanwhile, other villages are Tebing Serai Village, Serai Wangi Village, Melibur Village, Beringin Village, Kotopait Beringin Village, Titian Antui Village and Muara Basung Village in Bengkalis Regency.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e2. \u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eParticipatory Planning Process\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the participatory planning process, the working principle of the steps is needed\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eConservation measures that are in accordance with the needs of the community, namely:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Conservation programs are publicly informed to the public\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;The conservation program is carried out through cooperation and group activities between communities, village officials and communities in reducing obstacles in the program\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;It does not lead to special circles in society or groups so as not to cause divisions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;It is necessary to coordinate horizontally and vertically\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ee. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;There is no need to have a superior attitude or feel the most knowledgeable about every opportunity to implement the program.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ef. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp; There is no need to make promises to anyone, but prove it with seriousness of performance in the context of the work program that has been set.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e3. \u0026nbsp;Joint Implementation\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn joint implementation and encouraging community involvement in the development of elephant-friendly village models, community involvement and active role are needed in the following activities, namely:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ea. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Role in planning, Villagers participate in decision-making related to elephant conservation in their area\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eb. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Joint monitoring, the community is involved in monitoring and reporting the presence of elephants and potential conflicts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ec. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Shared ownership, the community has a sense of responsibility for elephant conservation efforts\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ed. \u0026nbsp; \u0026nbsp;Economic Management, Villagers manage and obtain economic benefits from ecotourism programs or local products\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003ch2\u003eAuthor Contribution\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003e1. Prof. D.A, as Director of the Postgraduate Program at Riau University2. Prof. Dr. Ir. E, Coordinator of the Environmental Science Doctoral Program at Riau University3. Prof. Dr. Ir. Y. I. S, M.Sc., as Promotor, who attentively encouraged, provided guidance, and input towards the completion of this dissertation proposal.4. Prof. Dr. Ir. Z, M.Si., as Co-Promotor I and Prof. Dr. F, S.Si., M.Si., as Co-Promotor II, who attentively encouraged, provided guidance, and input towards the completion of this dissertation proposal.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eAndi, Akhbar and Syarifuddin. 2007 . Revealing the Environmental Wisdom of Andi, Akhbar and Syarifuddin. 2007 . Revealing the Environmental Wisdom of South Sulawesi, PPLH Regional Sulawesi, Maluku and Papua. State Ministry of Environment and Masagena Presss, Makassar\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eFabio Berzaghi, François Bretagnolle, Clémentine DurandBessart ,and Stephen Blake.2023. 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Sustainability strategy for industrial plantation forest management in Riau province, Indonesia. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, Vol. 17, No.2, p.399-411. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.170205\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePrimack, J., Supriatna, M., and Krawadibrata, P. 1998. Conservation Biology. Indonesian Torch Foundation. Jakarta. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003ePriyatna, 2003. Arbitration and Alternative Dispute Resolution. Fika Hati Aneska. Jakarta\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRitohardoyo, S. 2006. Human Ecology Teaching Materials. Faculty of Geography. UGM. Yogyakarta.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSantiapillai, C. 1987. Action Plan for Asian Elephant Conservation-A Country by Country Analysis. Unpublished report of the IUCN/SSC Asian Elephant Specialist Group. World Wildlife Fund for Nature. Gland, Switzerland.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSinaga. 2000. Conservation of Sumatran Elephants, Between Hope and Reality. 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Pages 447–462. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v8i5.13016\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eTambunan, T.2008. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Measure the Competitiveness of Cooperatives and SMEs in Indonesia. Ghalia Indonesia. Bogor.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eWWF 2005. Getting to Know the Sumatran Elephant. Retrieved April 20, 2019. At 19.00 WIB. Source http://www.wwf.or.id/?5484/Mengenal-Gajah-Sumatra.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Village Model, Sumatran Elephant, Small Siak Giam","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9506689/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9506689/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"The conflict between elephants and humans makes this animal have a unique position, namely on the one hand this animal is protected by law and must be preserved, but on the other hand this animal causes great losses that result in victims on both sides. Efforts to solve the problem of elephant-human conflict cannot be done by killing or destroying it as is done with other disturbing pests, because elephants are protected animals. Therefore, it is necessary to find solutions so that elephants can benefit development and society. This study is to analyze the conservation of Sumatran elephants through partnerships between village communities and related parties. This study uses a literature study by utilizing secondary data from various institutions and journals. Conflicts between elephants and communities require comprehensive solutions with the concept of collaboration, habitat protection and community empowerment through the development of elephant-friendly village models.","manuscriptTitle":"Sumatra Elephant-friendly Village Model (Elephas Maximus Sumatranus Temminck) in the Small Pocket of the Giam Siak Elephant Population Riau Province","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-28 09:17:04","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9506689/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"694406c3-3e45-44be-ad0c-a2a1def83a75","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Rejected","date":"2026-04-30T14:08:22+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T06:07:55+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T06:07:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-04-30T14:25:50+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-28 09:17:04","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9506689","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9506689","identity":"rs-9506689","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}