Effects of Adding Rumen-Protected Palm Oil in Diet on Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Health Indices in Kivircik Ewes

Effects of Adding Rumen-Protected Palm Oil in Diet on Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Health Indices in Kivircik Ewes | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of Adding Rumen-Protected Palm Oil in Diet on Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Health Indices in Kivircik Ewes Gulcin Satir, Utku Akturk, Musa Yavuz, Hayati Köknaroğlu This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1879182/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Apr, 2023 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 3% rumen-protected palm oil on milk fatty acid profile and lipid health indices in Kivircik ewes. For this purpose Kivircik ewes with approximately the same body weight were used. Treatment increased the palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk compared to the control group (p<0.05) and tended to increase saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). An increase in SFA and MUFA was attributed to an increase in palmitic acid and oleic acid (C18:1), respectively. Results indicated that n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.61-2.63, indicating that milk fat produced in this study had health-promoting effect. Inclusion of palm oil in the diet tended to increase desirable fatty acids (DFA) regardless of week milk sampled (p>0.05). Even treatment did not improve atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), health-promoting index (HPI), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio, they were still in the range reported in the literature thus implying that milk obtained from this study was not harmful to consumer’s health. Results showed that adding rumen-protected palm oil is an effective method to increase the energy density of ration and thus energy intake of ewes required during lactation without negatively affecting lipid health indices. dairy ewes rumen-protected palm oil fatty acids lipid health indices Introduction Although milk fat obtained from dairy ewes is economically important in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, is it used essentially for fermented dairy products, practices about the appropriate dietary treatments to increase potentially beneficial fatty acids in ewes milk fat are still not clear (Boyazoglu and Moran-Fehr 2001). Regional animal breeding programs in the world are aimed at increasing both milk and meat yields of domestic ewe breeds, and new technological developments are integrated into the field. In addition to cow milk production, sheep and goat breeding are also carried out in Turkey. Sheep rearing is generally done by small family villagers and farmers and small ruminants are usually kept on natural pastures. In recent years, the sustainability of ewe breeding has decreased due to the feeding of animals, high feed costs, insufficient subsidies, and the inability of breeders to market their products at affordable prices. In order to solve these problems, studies are carried out to examine the existing structural features of the ewes, to identify and develop the problems, and to make the socio-economic conditions suitable with various suggestions. Kivircik breed, which is widely grown in Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey (mostly in the Marmara region), and some provinces of the Aegean and Mediterranean Region, stands out with its thin tail and tasty meat. It is a sheep breed that is well adapted to climatic conditions (Ekiz et al. 2022 ). The high number of ewes (75.369 heads) in Turkey (TUIK 2022) and wide pasture resources explain the production potential of sheep products. According to 2021 data, the sheep population has been updated as 45.177.690 as of 2020. It ranks 8th among the world countries in the terms of sheep population (TUIK 2022). Animal products such as yoghurt and high-quality cheeses are obtained from sheep’s milk, which is the most valuable and sold in large quantities. The total amount of milk produced in Turkey is 22.960.379 tons of which 1.521.455 tons (6.6%), is sheep milk (TUIK 2022). Factors affecting both the amount and composition of ewes milk and genetic variation are the basic selection criteria in regions where dairy ewes milk production is important. Environmental factors such as feeding should be taken into account to determine the milk yield capacity of ewes (Park et al. 2007 ). During the lactation period, dairy ewes have high energy requirements and optimum feeding is essential to meet this energy demand. Given the limited food intake capacity during lactation, ewes need additional fat sources to meet their high energy requirements and to maintain minimum dietary fiber intake for rumen fermentation (Bianchi et al. 2018a ). According to studies, vegetable oils, including essential oils and seed oils are used to help meet energetic requirements in dairy animals. This method may be ineffective in some cases, as high dietary fat levels reduce the digestion of dry matter in the rumen, resulting in reduced energy availability (Ferrer et al. 2005 ). One way to decrease the effect of oil on dry matter digestion is to include the oil in the diet in the protected form. Many oils in the form of protected fat can be used as a good energy source in the diet of ruminants. Palm oil is a common oil source in diets for ruminants in milk production systems (Moallem 2018 ). Palm oil is composed of SFAs (86%: including palmitic acid and stearic acid) and 14% unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including oleic acid, polyunsaturated linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid (Table 1 ). Table 1 Fatty acid profile of palm oil (% of total fatty acids) Component palm oil Myristic acid (C14:0) 1.13 Palmitic acid (C16:0) 80.14 Stearic (C18:0) 4.53 Oleic (C18:1) 11.78 Linoleic (C18:n2) 2.28 Eicosatrienoic ( C20: 3n3) 0.13 SFA % 85.80 UFA % 14.19 MUFA % 1.12 PUFA % 13.07 Total fat (%) 99.99 The bioactive components of ewes milk can make this dairy product as a functional food. Since the fatty acid profile of ewes milk consists of short and medium-chain fatty acids, it is a beneficial characteristic for lipid malabsorption syndrome. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition of ewe milk is mainly based on SFA, such as lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and palmitic acid (C16:0). These fatty acids have hypercholesterolemic characteristics which increase the risk of cardiac diseases, compromising the consumption of dairy ewe milk products (Zhang et al. 2006 ; Branciari et al. 2012 ). Recent studies have focused on the fatty acid content of milk and its various effects on human health. Animal studies integrating ruminant nutrition and milk FA composition are necessary for different situations, including fat supplementation and feed sources. According to the studies, the addition of palm oil in the ruminant diet increased milk production as well as increased fat levels in the milk (Mosley et al. 2007 ; Bianchi et al. 2014 ). This can affect the lipidic metabolism and fatty acid profile in milk that could be linked to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding 3% rumen-protected palm oil on milk fatty acid profile and lipid health indices in Kivircik ewes. Materials And Methods Animals and dietary treatments In the study, 14 Kivircik ewes at two years of age and with approximately the same bodyweight (52.57 ± 5.80 kg) were used. Ewes were divided into two groups (7 ewes in each) in which the control group was fed a control diet, whereas the treatment group received rumen-protected palm oil which corresponded to 3% of the ration. Ration was fed twice a day and consisted of 40% of roughage and 60% concentrate. As roughage wheat straw was fed and as a concentrate, manufactured feed having 16% crude protein, 2.2% crude oil, and 10% crude fiber was fed. The manufactured concentrate feed label indicated that it included wheat bran, corn, sunflower meal, barley, wheat, sunflower hulls, molasses, dried distiller grain soluble (DDGS), soybean, limestone, vitamin-mineral premixes. In order to protected palm oil, it was protected with calcium salts and was bought from Royal Feed Add. Co. Proximate analysis of protected palm oil is provided in Table 2 . The experiment lasted for 4 weeks during which ewes were weighed every week. Ewes were milked twice a day and at evening milking of the second and fourth week, 100 ml of milk were obtained for further analysis. Table 2 Diet chemical composition - concentrate (%) Crude protein 16 Crude fat 2.20 Crude fiber 10 Sodium 0.5 Ashes 9 Vitamin A (IU/kg) 12000 Vitamin E (mg/kg) 40 Vitamin D 3 (IU/kg) 2200 Vitamin B 1 (IU/kg) 4000 Vitamin B 2 (mg/kg) 6000 Vitamin B 5 (mg/kg) 12 Vitamin B 6 (IU/kg) 5000 Manganese (mg/kg) 50 Iron (mg/kg) 65 Zinc (mg/kg) 50 Copper (mg/kg) 8 Iodine (mg/kg) 0.8 Selenium (mg/kg) 0.3 Cobalt (mg/kg) 0.15 Fatty Acid Analysis Kivircik ewes milk samples were taken into tubes and stored at -20 ºC until analysis of fatty acids. In the analysis phase, it was first left to thawing 4 ± 1ºC melt at refrigeration temperature and after homogenization, it was prepared for the extraction and esterification of lipids. Milk fat was determined using a 2:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol. The obtained milk fat was dried at 50°C in a vacuum rotary evaporator overnight. Total milk fat content of ewes milk samples was expressed as % fat (w/w) per 100 g of milk. The procedure for methyl esterification of fatty acids (FAMEs) was performed using ISO 12966 methods (ISO 2011). Determination of FAME composition and quantification of the individual FAME was performed by using a Perkin Elmer Gas Chromatography (GC) system (Auto system GLX, Shelton, U.S.A.) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a fused silica capillary column (SP™-2380, 100 m × 0.20 mm × 0.25 µm ID). GC conditions were performed as follows: Helium was used as the carrier gas, applying a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injector and detector temperatures were 280°C and 260°C, respectively. The oven temperature-programmed run started at 120°C for 2 min, then was increased at 5°C/min to 220°C, and held for 10 min. Individual FAMEs were identified by comparing with the retention times of FAME standards and quantified using the calibration curves established for individual FAME (Dominguez et al. 2022). Retention times and areas were computed automatically. FAME samples were determined by comparing the relative retention times of their peaks from samples obtained from the standards (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The fatty acid from the ewe milk samples was calculated as the relative % of each separate fatty acid as a percentage of the total of all fatty acids found in the sample. Other known fatty acid combinations and ratios were expressed by using the fatty acid data including total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), total saturated fatty acids (SFA), and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Health Lipid Indices (Hli) The milk fatty acid profile was used to calculate the indices for healthy milk fat consumption detailed below. In addition, different nutritional lipid indices have been used to evaluate the health effects of milk and other dairy products in various studies. PUFA/SFA is an index normally used to assess the impact of diet on cardiovascular health (CVH). The linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6)/α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n-3) ratio was also calculated (n-6/n-3). In general, a ratio of PUFA to SFA above 0.45 and a ratio of n-6/n-3 below 4.0 are required in the diet to combat lifestyle diseases such as coronary heart disease and cancers (Simopoulos 2002 ). Desirable fatty acids (DFA) were expressed as the sum of UFA and C18:0 (stearic acid) according to the formula as follows (Medeiros et al. 2014 ). DFA = ∑UFA + C18:0 The atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices were calculated according to the following formulae proposed by Ulbricht and Southgate ( 1991 ). AI = C12:0 + (4 × C14:0) + C16:0 / ∑UFA TI= (C14:0 + C16:0 + C18:0) / [(0.5 × ∑MUFA) + (0.5 × ∑n-6 PUFA) + (3 × ∑n-3 PUFA) + (n-3/n-6) The health-promoting index (HPI) was proposed by Chen et al., 2004 to assess the nutritional value of milk fat, which focuses on the effect of FA composition on CVD. HPI = ∑UFA / [C12:0 + (4 × C14:0) + C16:0] The hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio (h/H) ratio was calculated according to the formula reported by Chen and Liu ( 2020 ). h/H = (C18:1 n-9 cis + ∑PUFA) / (C12:0 + C14:0 + C16:0) Statistical Analysis Statistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA package (version 26.0). Non-parametric multivariate analysis was applied to data through the test of Mann-Whitney. SFA, MUFA, and PUFA were analyzed using descriptive statistics for unexpected variables. Mean, min. and max. values were calculated from the scattered data, and central tendency variables were evaluated with a normality test. The Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons between the weeks, control, and treatment groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the difference between 2–4 weeks of lactation. The results were shown as mean and standard deviation. Effects were considered significant when p<0.05. Results And Discussion Effect of treatment on fatty acids composition of Kivircik ewe milk is provided in Table 3 . Adding 3% palm oil into the ration (treatment group) increased the palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk compared to the control group (p < 0.05). In a study examining the effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows, Mosley et al. ( 2007 ) found that milk palmitic acid concentration increased linearly as intake of palm oil increased. Similar results also were reported by Steele and Moore ( 1968 ) who found dramatic increases in palmitic acid in milk with increased dietary intake of palmitic acid. They reported that the concentration of palmitic acid in milk increased from 38.7% in controls to 60.7% in the cows supplemented with palmitic acid. In this study, adding 3% palm oil into the ration increased palmitic acid concentration in ewe milk from 28–36% (control vs treatment). There have been other studies showing that the inclusion of palmitic acid in ration increased palmitic acid concentration in milk (Noble et al. 1969 ; Banks et al. 1976 ). In our study, we used rumen-protected palm oil aiming it be used in the small intestine. In a similar purpose to make palmitic acid available in the small intestine by using duodenal infusions of 500 g of palmitic acid (98% purity), Enjalbert et al. ( 2000 ) reported that concentrations of palmitic acid in milk were increased by 30% compared with controls. In our study, palmitic acid concentration in rumen-protected palm oil was 80% (Table 1 ) and as adding 3% palm oil into the ration increased palmitic acid concentration in ewe milk from 28–36%, this corresponded to a 29% increase in palmitic acid concentration in milk. Table 3 Milk fatty acid profile in Kivircik ewes fed a basal diet (C) and mixed diet containing 60 g/day of palm oil (3%) Treatment Item Week 2 Week 4 C + palm oil (3%) C +palm oil (3%) Butyric (C4:0) ND * ND ND ND Caproic acid (C6:0) ND ND ND ND Caprilic acid (C8:0) ND ND ND ND Capric (C10:0) 0.264 ± 0.045 0.286 ± 0.045 0.218 ± 0.053 0.270 ± 0.053 Undecilic acid (C11:0) ND ND ND ND Lauric ( C12:0) 0.168 ± 0.026 0.180 ± 0.026 0.180 ± 0.047 0.276 ± 0.047 Tridecilic acid (C13:0) ND ND ND ND Myristic (C14:0) 0.480 ± 0.075 0.578 ± 0.075 0.458 ± 0.076 0.524 ± 0.076 Myristoleic (C14:1) ND ND ND ND Pentadecilic(C15:0) ND ND ND ND Pentadeconoic (C15:1) ND ND ND ND Palmitic (C16:0) 1.160 ± 0.207 b 1.938 ± 0.207 a 1.120 ± 0.225 b 1.948 ± 0.225 a Palmitoleic (C16:1) ND ND ND ND Heptadecanoic (C17:0) ND ND ND ND Heptadecanoleic (C17:1) ND ND ND ND Stearic (C18:0) 0.478 ± 0.090 0.558 ± 0.090 0.396 ± 0.070 0.468 ± 0.070 Oleic (C18:1) 1.202 ± 0.247 1.348 ± 0.247 0.872 ± 0.144 1.154 ± 0.144 Elaidic (C18:1 trans) ND ND ND ND Linoleic (C18:n2) 0.100 ± 0.024 B 0.114 ± 0.024 B 0.164 ± 0.084 A 0.208 ± 0.049 A Linolelaidic (C18:2 trans) ND ND ND ND Linolenic ALA ( C18:3) 0.038 ± 0.060 B 0.136 ± 0.060 B 0.270 ± 0.084 A 0.240 ± 0.084 A Gamalinolenic (C18:3n6) ND ND ND ND Arachidic (C20:0) ND ND ND ND Eicosenoic (C20:1) ND ND ND ND Eicosadioenic (C20:2) ND ND ND ND Eicosatrienoic ( C20: 3n3) ND ND ND ND Eicosatrienoic ( C20: 3n6) 0.156 ± 0.089 B 0.128 ± 0.089 B 0.336 ± 0.136 A 0.482 ± 0.136 A Eicosatetraenoic ( C20: 4) ND ND ND ND Eicosapentaenoic ( C20: 4) ND ND ND ND Heneicosanoic (C21:0) ND ND ND ND Behenic (C22:0) ND ND ND ND Erusic (C22:1) ND ND ND ND Docosadieonic (C22:2) ND ND ND ND Docosahexaenoic (C22:6) ND ND ND ND Tricosoneic (C23:0) ND ND ND ND Lignoseric (C24:0) ND ND ND ND Nervonic (C24:1) ND ND ND ND Trans fatty acids ND ND ND ND Saturated fatty acids (SFA) 2.570 ± 0.408 3.552 ± 0.408 2.372 ± 0.419 3.480 ± 0.419 Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (A) 1.218 ± 0.245 1.390 ± 0.245 0.872 ± 0.149 1.170 ± 0.149 Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (B) 0.252 ± 0.143 B 0.378 ± 0.143 B 0.776 ± 0.263 A 0.930 ± 0.263 A Unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (A + B) 1.470 ± 0.330 1.768 ± 0.330 1.642 ± 0.369 2.100 ± 0.369 Total fat (%) 4.040 ± 0.706 5.320 ± 0.706 4.0140 ± 0.729 5.580 ± 0.729 *ND: not detected a,b Means with a different superscript in the same row within the same week differ (p<0.05) A,B Means with a different superscript in the same row differ (p<0.05) Regardless of treatment, compared to the 2nd week, linoleic (C18:2n2), linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3 n6) content increased in the 4th week (p < 0.05). Similar to our results were reported by Bianchi et al. ( 2014 ) who found that the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy ewes increased linoleic (C18:2 n2), linolenic acid (C18:3) content of milk as days on feed progressed (60 vs 120 days). SFA, UFA, MUFA, and PUFA values are given in Table 3 . Even though there was no significant difference in SFA and MUFA, the treatment group tended to have higher SFA and MUFA content than the control group (p > 0.05) and regardless of treatment, SFA and MUFA content tended to decrease in 4th week (p > 0.05). Mosley et al. ( 2007 ) reported that as intake of palm oil increased, this caused an increase in the concentration of SF and a decrease in total MUFA in Holstein cow milk. This partially agrees with our results as in our study adding rumen-protected palm oil into the ration both increased SFA and MUFA (Table 3 ). An increase in SFA with adding rumen-protected palm oil into the ration would be expected as it significantly increased the concentration of palmitic acid in milk (Table 3 ). An increase in MUFA could be attributed to an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) however the exact reason for this increase in oleic acid is not known. Similar results to ours were found by Bianchi et al. ( 2018b ) who found that the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy ewes both increased SFA and MUFA in milk. In a study, it has been observed that the total content of SFA, which may also have adverse effects on human health increased after 6% palm oil was added. It is stated that some SFAs are associated with coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, and increases in low-density lipoprotein (Bianchi et al. 2018a ). Zong et al. ( 2016 ) noted that although the total concentration of SFAs increased, the content of lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) acids decreased, which could lead to a beneficial outcome for consumers as these fatty acids are linked with reducing coronary heart disease. Even though treatment did not have a significant effect on PUFA content (p > 0.05), PUFA content increased in the 4th week (p < 0.05). Similar results to this were reported by Mosley et al. ( 2007 ) who found that palm oil intake tended to increase PUFA in Holstein cow milk. In another study, Bianchi et al. ( 2018b ) found that the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy ewes increased PUFA as days on feed progressed (60 vs 120 days). Effect of treatment on health lipid indices (HLI) of Kivircik ewe milk is provided in Table 4 . The fatty acid profile of dairy fat determines the nutritional quality of dairy products in terms of a health standpoint. There are different indices used for assessing diet nutrition value and consumer health. Of the HLI, the most important and commonly used ones are PUFA/SFA, n-6/n-3, desirable fatty acids (DFA), atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), health-promoting index (HPI), and h/H (hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic acids). Table 4 Health Lipid Indices in Kivircik ewes fed a basal diet (C) and mixed diet containing 60 g/day of palm oil (3%) Treatment Item Week 2 Week 4 C + palm oil (3%) C +palm oil (3%) PUFA/SFA 0.12 Ab 0.10 Ab 0.30 Aa 0.27 Aa n-6/n-3 2.63 Aa 0.84 Ba 0.61 Ab 0.87 Aa Desirable fatty acids (DFA) 1.95 2.33 2.04 2.57 Atherogenicity index (AI) 2.21 2.51 1.90 2.06 Thrombogenicity index (TI) 1.57 1.14 0.57 1.05 Health-promoting index (HPI) 0.45 0.40 0.52 0.49 hypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic (h/H) 0.82 0.64 0.83 0.65 A,B Means with a different superscript in the same row differ (p<0.05) a,b Means with a different superscript in the same row within the same week differ (p<0.05) PUFA/SFA is the most commonly used index for evaluating the nutritional value of foods and the impact of diet on cardiovascular health. It is stated that PUFA and SFA have the opposite effect on cholesterol metabolism, where PUFA in the diet decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol thus serum cholesterol level, and SFA increases serum cholesterol. Thus higher PUFA/SFA ratio is preferred (Chen and Liu 2020 ). Even though treatment did not have a significant effect on PUFA/SFA content (p > 0.05) in our study, PUFA/SFA content increased in the 4th week (p < 0.05). Simopoulos ( 2002 ) stated that in a diet, PUFA/SFA ratio which is above 0.45 is recommended for fighting coronary heart diseases and cancer. In our study, PUFA/SFA ratio ranged between 0.10–0.33 which was lower than recommended ration. The reason for this is the higher contributions of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 acids in total SFA. Mierlita ( 2018 ) found that PUFA/SFA ratio in Turcana dairy ewes either grazed part-time or supplemented with hemp seed had PUFA/SFA ratio ranging between 0.106 and 0.175. The n-6/n-3 is another commonly used ratio to assess the nutritional value and health benefit of animal fat (Pilarczyk et al. 2005 ), and its level below 4.0 is recommended for human consumption to combat lifestyle diseases such as coronary heart disease and cancers (Simopoulos 2002 ). In our study n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.61–2.63, indicating that milk fat produced in this study had health-promoting effect. Mierlita ( 2018 ) found that the n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.86–1.37 in milk from Turcana dairy ewes fed indoor or part-time grazed supplemented with hemp seed or not. In a study comparing the fatty acid profile of indigenous Indian cow milk with exotic and crossbred counterparts, Sharma et al. ( 2018 ) found n-6/n-3 ratio in indigenous cattle milk was lower than in others, documenting that indigenous cow milk was superior to other milk. As it is given in the formula, desirable fatty acids (DFA) is the sum of unsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid and are considered beneficial as it reduces plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols (Mensink et al. 2003 ). A higher DFA value denotes that the product is healthier. In this study, the inclusion of palm oil in the diet tended to increase the DFA value regardless of the week of milk sampled (p > 0.05). Similar results to ours were found by Atti et al. ( 2006 ) and Kasapidou et al. ( 2021 ) who reported that ewe milk obtained from semi-intensive production or pasture-based system had higher DFA values. As can be observed from the formula of AI, it shows the relationship between the sum of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 which are considered pro-atherogenic as they favor the adhesion of lipids to cells of the circulatory and immunological systems, and total UFAs which are anti-atherogenic as they inhibit the accumulation of plaque and reduce the levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and esterified fatty acids. Thus, low levels of AI are regarded as a healthy situation from a health standpoint (Yurchenko et al. 2018 ). Regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had a similar AI (p > 0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to increase AI within the same week (p > 0.05). The reason for AI to increase with the inclusion of palm oil is that it significantly increased 16:0 content. In our study, AI ranged between 1.90–2.51 which was in the range values (1.42–5.13) reported for dairy products by Chen and Liu ( 2020 ). Research showed that dietary treatment is the main factor influencing the AI (Chen and Liu 2020 ) however, the stage of lactation, grazing season, and some other factors may affect AI in dairy products (Lauciene et al. 2019 ). Thrombogenicity index (TI) values are given in Table 4 . Regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had similar TI (p > 0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to decrease TI in the second week, whereas tended to increase at 4th week (p > 0.05). The thrombogenic index is calculated by dividing pro-thrombogenic FAs (C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0) to anti-thrombogenic FAs (MUFAs and the n-3 and n-6 families). Research indicated that lower TI is beneficial for cardiovascular health (Ulbricht and Southgate 1991 ), thus consuming foods with a lower TI would be recommended. Chen and Liu ( 2020 ) reported that for dairy products TI ranged between 0.39 and 5.04. Considering the values reported by Chen and Liu ( 2020 ) our results were in the range and can be regarded as healthy. Health-promoting index (HPI) values are given in Table 4 . Regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had similar HPI (p > 0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to decrease HPI within the same week (p > 0.05). HPI is the inverse of the AI and dairy products having higher HPI are considered healthier. Different studies conducted on dairy products such as milk and cheese showed that it ranged from 0.16 to 0.68 (Chen et al. 2004 ; Bobe et al. 2007; Bonanno et al. 2016 ; Giorgio et al. 2019 ). In our study, HPI ranged between 0.40–0.52 which fell into the range reported by other researchers. In a study comparing the effects of intensive and semi-intensive production on sheep milk nutritional indices, Kasapidou et al. ( 2021 ) found that milk from ewes reared in the semi-intensive farms had higher HPI than those reared in intensive farms (0.359 vs 0.465). Hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) values are given in Table 4 . Higher values of the h/H ratio are desirable (Santos Silva et al. 2002) as it is associated with the effect of fatty acid composition on cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had similar h/H (p > 0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to decrease h/H within the same week (p > 0.05). Even though the inclusion of palm oil into ration decreased the h/H ratio in our study, the values were still in the range reported in the literature as they ranged between 0.32–1.19 in dairy products (Ivanova et al. 2015 ; Sinanoglou et al. 2015 ; Mierlita 2018 ; Ahmad et al. 2019 ; Salles et al. 2019 ). Conclusion Adding rumen-protected palm oil which accounts for 3% of the ration increased the milk fat percentage in Kivircik ewes. The inclusion of rumen-protected palm oil into the ration both increased SFA and MUFA due to increases in palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), respectively. Ration including 3% palm oil increased palmitic acid concentration in ewe milk from 28–36%, considering that palmitic acid concentration in rumen-protected palm oil was 80% this corresponded to a 29% increase in palmitic acid concentration in milk. The fatty acid profile determines the nutritional quality of dairy products and there have been different indices used for assessing the diet’s nutrition value and consumer health. Our results showed that adding 3% rumen-protected palm oil into ration improved the health profile of ewe milk considering the n-6/n-3, DFA values, and even though it did not improve AI, TI, HPI, and h/H indices they were still in the range reported in the literature thus implying that milk obtained from this study was not harmful to consumer’s health. Results showed that adding rumen-protected palm oil can be an effective method to increase energy intake and total fat in milk without negatively affecting nutritional health indices. Declarations Author contribution GS participated to all tasks, performed chemical analysis and wrote the first draft of manuscript, and finished the actual version of the manuscript UA participated in the design of the study and all tasks and helped to draft the manuscript. MY conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. HK performed the statistical analysis and final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Ethical approval This study was conducted on a commercial ewes farm outside the university and all procedures were components of routine management, thus animal ethics application was not required and waived. Conflict of Interest The authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest relative to the work that is reported in this article. Data availability The datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request. References Ahmad, N., Manzoor, M. F. Shabbir, U., Ahmed, S., Ismail, T., Saeed, F., Nisa, M., Anjum, F. and Hussain, S., 2019. Health lipid indices and physicochemical properties of dual fortified yogurt with extruded flaxseed omega fatty acids and fibers for hypercholesterolemic subjects. Food Science and Nutrition, 8(1), 273–280. Atti, N., Rouissi, H. and Othmane, M. H., 2006. 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Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: Two prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ, 355, 5796. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 13 Apr, 2023 Read the published version in Tropical Animal Health and Production → Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1879182","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":135461576,"identity":"1379e8cf-1827-4549-b571-d62f5d7987d1","order_by":0,"name":"Gulcin Satir","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA7klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFAC5gaGBDDNwPiAgQ3ESiCkhRGihYeZgdkAruUAIS0gwMPAwCZBlBb5iMTGDw931Mnbs/M+q/xRdpiBnz3HgPnjHtxaDG8kNksknjls2MPMbnab59xhBsmeNwYMB57h0TIjsY0hse0AYw8zG9ttxrbDDAY3coBa8LgMqqXOHqSl8CdQiz0hLfISYC3MiSAtDLwgWyQIaDHgeQj0S9vh5J7DbMzSPOfSeSTOPCs4cAafLe3JBz/+bKuzbe8/xvjxR5m1HH978sYHFfhsQZfjARF4NABtacAnOwpGwSgYBaMABAAiCVBecSlDtQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1862-6434","institution":"Suleyman Demirel University: Suleyman Demirel Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Gulcin","middleName":"","lastName":"Satir","suffix":""},{"id":135461577,"identity":"fd35161c-7dcb-4554-b78d-4d4412bc2e42","order_by":1,"name":"Utku Akturk","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Isparta Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Utku","middleName":"","lastName":"Akturk","suffix":""},{"id":135461578,"identity":"59c77abf-7ada-4740-a314-194356fac8b1","order_by":2,"name":"Musa Yavuz","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Isparta Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Musa","middleName":"","lastName":"Yavuz","suffix":""},{"id":135461579,"identity":"c8c96fce-4784-4264-95f1-f1b7496fa251","order_by":3,"name":"Hayati Köknaroğlu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Isparta Uygulamali Bilimler Universitesi","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Hayati","middleName":"","lastName":"Köknaroğlu","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-20 18:51:16","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1879182/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1879182/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03580-w","type":"published","date":"2023-04-14T00:00:00+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":38681787,"identity":"8b44101e-e17d-48f9-9f3e-154473cd0194","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2023-06-16 18:07:54","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":258447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1879182/v1/d78026bd-95cf-4cec-b77a-589c74cd14a8.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Effects of Adding Rumen-Protected Palm Oil in Diet on Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Health Indices in Kivircik Ewes","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eAlthough milk fat obtained from dairy ewes is economically important in the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern countries, is it used essentially for fermented dairy products, practices about the appropriate dietary treatments to increase potentially beneficial fatty acids in ewes milk fat are still not clear (Boyazoglu and Moran-Fehr 2001). Regional animal breeding programs in the world are aimed at increasing both milk and meat yields of domestic ewe breeds, and new technological developments are integrated into the field. In addition to cow milk production, sheep and goat breeding are also carried out in Turkey. Sheep rearing is generally done by small family villagers and farmers and small ruminants are usually kept on natural pastures. In recent years, the sustainability of ewe breeding has decreased due to the feeding of animals, high feed costs, insufficient subsidies, and the inability of breeders to market their products at affordable prices. In order to solve these problems, studies are carried out to examine the existing structural features of the ewes, to identify and develop the problems, and to make the socio-economic conditions suitable with various suggestions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eKivircik breed, which is widely grown in Bulgaria, Greece, Turkey (mostly in the Marmara region), and some provinces of the Aegean and Mediterranean Region, stands out with its thin tail and tasty meat. It is a sheep breed that is well adapted to climatic conditions (Ekiz et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2022\u003c/span\u003e). The high number of ewes (75.369 heads) in Turkey (TUIK 2022) and wide pasture resources explain the production potential of sheep products. According to 2021 data, the sheep population has been updated as 45.177.690 as of 2020. It ranks 8th among the world countries in the terms of sheep population (TUIK 2022). Animal products such as yoghurt and high-quality cheeses are obtained from sheep\u0026rsquo;s milk, which is the most valuable and sold in large quantities. The total amount of milk produced in Turkey is 22.960.379 tons of which 1.521.455 tons (6.6%), is sheep milk (TUIK 2022).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFactors affecting both the amount and composition of ewes milk and genetic variation are the basic selection criteria in regions where dairy ewes milk production is important. Environmental factors such as feeding should be taken into account to determine the milk yield capacity of ewes (Park et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eDuring the lactation period, dairy ewes have high energy requirements and optimum feeding is essential to meet this energy demand. Given the limited food intake capacity during lactation, ewes need additional fat sources to meet their high energy requirements and to maintain minimum dietary fiber intake for rumen fermentation (Bianchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e). According to studies, vegetable oils, including essential oils and seed oils are used to help meet energetic requirements in dairy animals. This method may be ineffective in some cases, as high dietary fat levels reduce the digestion of dry matter in the rumen, resulting in reduced energy availability (Ferrer et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e). One way to decrease the effect of oil on dry matter digestion is to include the oil in the diet in the protected form. Many oils in the form of protected fat can be used as a good energy source in the diet of ruminants. Palm oil is a common oil source in diets for ruminants in milk production systems (Moallem \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Palm oil is composed of SFAs (86%: including palmitic acid and stearic acid) and 14% unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs), including oleic acid, polyunsaturated linoleic acid, and alpha-linolenic acid (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid profile of palm oil (% of total fatty acids)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eComponent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epalm oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyristic acid (C14:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalmitic acid (C16:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStearic (C18:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleic (C18:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinoleic (C18:n2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosatrienoic ( C20: 3n3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSFA %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUFA %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMUFA %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFA %\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal fat (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e99.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe bioactive components of ewes milk can make this dairy product as a functional food. Since the fatty acid profile of ewes milk consists of short and medium-chain fatty acids, it is a beneficial characteristic for lipid malabsorption syndrome. On the other hand, the fatty acid composition of ewe milk is mainly based on SFA, such as lauric acid (C12:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and palmitic acid (C16:0). These fatty acids have hypercholesterolemic characteristics which increase the risk of cardiac diseases, compromising the consumption of dairy ewe milk products (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e; Branciari et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Recent studies have focused on the fatty acid content of milk and its various effects on human health. Animal studies integrating ruminant nutrition and milk FA composition are necessary for different situations, including fat supplementation and feed sources. According to the studies, the addition of palm oil in the ruminant diet increased milk production as well as increased fat levels in the milk (Mosley et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e; Bianchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e). This can affect the lipidic metabolism and fatty acid profile in milk that could be linked to human health. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of adding 3% rumen-protected palm oil on milk fatty acid profile and lipid health indices in Kivircik ewes.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnimals and dietary treatments\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the study, 14 Kivircik ewes at two years of age and with approximately the same bodyweight (52.57\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.80 kg) were used. Ewes were divided into two groups (7 ewes in each) in which the control group was fed a control diet, whereas the treatment group received rumen-protected palm oil which corresponded to 3% of the ration. Ration was fed twice a day and consisted of 40% of roughage and 60% concentrate. As roughage wheat straw was fed and as a concentrate, manufactured feed having 16% crude protein, 2.2% crude oil, and 10% crude fiber was fed. The manufactured concentrate feed label indicated that it included wheat bran, corn, sunflower meal, barley, wheat, sunflower hulls, molasses, dried distiller grain soluble (DDGS), soybean, limestone, vitamin-mineral premixes. In order to protected palm oil, it was protected with calcium salts and was bought from Royal Feed Add. Co. Proximate analysis of protected palm oil is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. The experiment lasted for 4 weeks during which ewes were weighed every week. Ewes were milked twice a day and at evening milking of the second and fourth week, 100 ml of milk were obtained for further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDiet chemical composition - concentrate (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude protein\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude fat\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrude fiber\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSodium\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAshes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin A (IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin E (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin D\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e (IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2200\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin B\u003csub\u003e1\u003c/sub\u003e (IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin B\u003csub\u003e5\u003c/sub\u003e (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVitamin B\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e (IU/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5000\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eManganese (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIron (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZinc (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCopper (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIodine (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSelenium (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCobalt (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eFatty Acid Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKivircik ewes milk samples were taken into tubes and stored at -20 \u0026ordm;C until analysis of fatty acids. In the analysis phase, it was first left to thawing 4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1\u0026ordm;C melt at refrigeration temperature and after homogenization, it was prepared for the extraction and esterification of lipids. Milk fat was determined using a 2:1 mixture of chloroform and methanol.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe obtained milk fat was dried at 50\u0026deg;C in a vacuum rotary evaporator overnight. Total milk fat content of ewes milk samples was expressed as % fat (w/w) per 100 g of milk. The procedure for methyl esterification of fatty acids (FAMEs) was performed using ISO 12966 methods (ISO 2011). Determination of FAME composition and quantification of the individual FAME was performed by using a Perkin Elmer Gas Chromatography (GC) system (Auto system GLX, Shelton, U.S.A.) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and a fused silica capillary column (SP\u0026trade;-2380, 100 m \u0026times; 0.20 mm \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m ID). GC conditions were performed as follows: Helium was used as the carrier gas, applying a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. The injector and detector temperatures were 280\u0026deg;C and 260\u0026deg;C, respectively. The oven temperature-programmed run started at 120\u0026deg;C for 2 min, then was increased at 5\u0026deg;C/min to 220\u0026deg;C, and held for 10 min. Individual FAMEs were identified by comparing with the retention times of FAME standards and quantified using the calibration curves established for individual FAME (Dominguez et al. 2022). Retention times and areas were computed automatically. FAME samples were determined by comparing the relative retention times of their peaks from samples obtained from the standards (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). The fatty acid from the ewe milk samples was calculated as the relative % of each separate fatty acid as a percentage of the total of all fatty acids found in the sample. Other known fatty acid combinations and ratios were expressed by using the fatty acid data including total unsaturated fatty acids (UFA), total saturated fatty acids (SFA), and total monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch2\u003eHealth Lipid Indices (Hli)\u003c/h2\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe milk fatty acid profile was used to calculate the indices for healthy milk fat consumption detailed below. In addition, different nutritional lipid indices have been used to evaluate the health effects of milk and other dairy products in various studies. PUFA/SFA is an index normally used to assess the impact of diet on cardiovascular health (CVH). The linoleic acid (LA, C18:2 n-6)/α-linolenic acid (ALA, C18:3 n-3) ratio was also calculated (n-6/n-3). In general, a ratio of PUFA to SFA above 0.45 and a ratio of n-6/n-3 below 4.0 are required in the diet to combat lifestyle diseases such as coronary heart disease and cancers (Simopoulos \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). Desirable fatty acids (DFA) were expressed as the sum of UFA and C18:0 (stearic acid) according to the formula as follows (Medeiros et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDFA = \u0026sum;UFA\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:0\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe atherogenicity (AI) and thrombogenicity (TI) indices were calculated according to the following formulae proposed by Ulbricht and Southgate (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eAI\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;C12:0 + (4 \u0026times; C14:0)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003e\u0026sum;UFA\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eTI= (C14:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C18:0) / [(0.5 \u0026times; \u0026sum;MUFA) + (0.5 \u0026times; \u0026sum;n-6 PUFA) + (3 \u0026times; \u0026sum;n-3 PUFA) + (n-3/n-6)\u003c/em\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe health-promoting index (HPI) was proposed by Chen et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e to assess the nutritional value of milk fat, which focuses on the effect of FA composition on CVD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eHPI = \u0026sum;UFA\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003e[C12:0 + (4 \u0026times; C14:0)\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0]\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic fatty acid ratio (h/H) ratio was calculated according to the formula reported by Chen and Liu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eh/H = (C18:1 n-9 cis + \u0026sum;PUFA)\u003c/em\u003e \u003cspan type=\"BoldItalic\" class=\"BoldItalic\" name=\"Emphasis\"\u003e/\u003c/span\u003e \u003cem\u003e(C12:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C14:0\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;C16:0)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eStatistical analysis was performed using the STATISTICA package (version 26.0). Non-parametric multivariate analysis was applied to data through the test of Mann-Whitney. SFA, MUFA, and PUFA were analyzed using descriptive statistics for unexpected variables. Mean, min. and max. values were calculated from the scattered data, and central tendency variables were evaluated with a normality test. The Bonferroni test was used for multiple comparisons between the weeks, control, and treatment groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to verify the difference between 2\u0026ndash;4 weeks of lactation. The results were shown as mean and standard deviation. Effects were considered significant when p\u0026lt;0.05.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eEffect of treatment on fatty acids composition of Kivircik ewe milk is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Adding 3% palm oil into the ration (treatment group) increased the palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk compared to the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). In a study examining the effect of varying levels of fatty acids from palm oil on feed intake and milk production in Holstein cows, Mosley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) found that milk palmitic acid concentration increased linearly as intake of palm oil increased. Similar results also were reported by Steele and Moore (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1968\u003c/span\u003e) who found dramatic increases in palmitic acid in milk with increased dietary intake of palmitic acid. They reported that the concentration of palmitic acid in milk increased from 38.7% in controls to 60.7% in the cows supplemented with palmitic acid. In this study, adding 3% palm oil into the ration increased palmitic acid concentration in ewe milk from 28\u0026ndash;36% (control vs treatment). There have been other studies showing that the inclusion of palmitic acid in ration increased palmitic acid concentration in milk (Noble et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1969\u003c/span\u003e; Banks et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1976\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, we used rumen-protected palm oil aiming it be used in the small intestine. In a similar purpose to make palmitic acid available in the small intestine by using duodenal infusions of 500 g of palmitic acid (98% purity), Enjalbert et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2000\u003c/span\u003e) reported that concentrations of palmitic acid in milk were increased by 30% compared with controls. In our study, palmitic acid concentration in rumen-protected palm oil was 80% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) and as adding 3% palm oil into the ration increased palmitic acid concentration in ewe milk from 28\u0026ndash;36%, this corresponded to a 29% increase in palmitic acid concentration in milk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMilk fatty acid profile in Kivircik ewes fed a basal diet (C) and mixed diet containing 60 g/day of palm oil (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"5\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ palm oil (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+palm oil (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eButyric (C4:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003csup\u003e*\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaproic acid (C6:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCaprilic acid (C8:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCapric (C10:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.264\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.286\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.218\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUndecilic acid (C11:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLauric ( C12:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.168\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.180\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.276\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.047\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTridecilic acid (C13:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyristic (C14:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.480\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.578\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.075\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.458\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.524\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMyristoleic (C14:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadecilic(C15:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePentadeconoic (C15:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalmitic (C16:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.160\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.207\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.938\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.207\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.120\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.225\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.948\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.225\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePalmitoleic (C16:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptadecanoic (C17:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeptadecanoleic (C17:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStearic (C18:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.478\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.558\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.090\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.396\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.468\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.070\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOleic (C18:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.202\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.348\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.247\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.872\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.154\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.144\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eElaidic (C18:1 trans)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinoleic (C18:n2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.114\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.024\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.164\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.208\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.049\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinolelaidic (C18:2 trans)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLinolenic ALA ( C18:3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.038\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.136\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.060\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.270\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.240\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.084\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGamalinolenic (C18:3n6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eArachidic (C20:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosenoic (C20:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosadioenic (C20:2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosatrienoic ( C20: 3n3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosatrienoic ( C20: 3n6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.089\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.128\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.089\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.336\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.136\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.482\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.136\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosatetraenoic ( C20: 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEicosapentaenoic ( C20: 4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHeneicosanoic (C21:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBehenic (C22:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eErusic (C22:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocosadieonic (C22:2)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDocosahexaenoic (C22:6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTricosoneic (C23:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLignoseric (C24:0)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNervonic (C24:1)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrans fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSaturated fatty acids (SFA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.570\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.552\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.372\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.480\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.419\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) (A)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.218\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.390\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.245\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.872\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.170\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.149\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.252\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.143\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.378\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.143\u003csup\u003eB\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.776\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.263\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.930\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.263\u003csup\u003eA\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnsaturated fatty acids (UFA) (A\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.470\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.768\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.330\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.642\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.100\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.369\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal fat (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.040\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.320\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0140\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.580\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.729\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e*ND: not detected\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e Means with a different superscript in the same row within the same week differ (p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"5\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eA,B\u003c/sup\u003eMeans with a different superscript in the same row differ (p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegardless of treatment, compared to the 2nd week, linoleic (C18:2n2), linolenic acid (C18:3) and eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3 n6) content increased in the 4th week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similar to our results were reported by Bianchi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e) who found that the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy ewes increased linoleic (C18:2 n2), linolenic acid (C18:3) content of milk as days on feed progressed (60 vs 120 days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSFA, UFA, MUFA, and PUFA values are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Even though there was no significant difference in SFA and MUFA, the treatment group tended to have higher SFA and MUFA content than the control group (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) and regardless of treatment, SFA and MUFA content tended to decrease in 4th week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Mosley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) reported that as intake of palm oil increased, this caused an increase in the concentration of SF and a decrease in total MUFA in Holstein cow milk. This partially agrees with our results as in our study adding rumen-protected palm oil into the ration both increased SFA and MUFA (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). An increase in SFA with adding rumen-protected palm oil into the ration would be expected as it significantly increased the concentration of palmitic acid in milk (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). An increase in MUFA could be attributed to an increase in oleic acid (C18:1) however the exact reason for this increase in oleic acid is not known. Similar results to ours were found by Bianchi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e) who found that the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy ewes both increased SFA and MUFA in milk. In a study, it has been observed that the total content of SFA, which may also have adverse effects on human health increased after 6% palm oil was added. It is stated that some SFAs are associated with coronary heart disease, insulin resistance, and increases in low-density lipoprotein (Bianchi et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018a\u003c/span\u003e). Zong et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e) noted that although the total concentration of SFAs increased, the content of lauric (12:0) and myristic (14:0) acids decreased, which could lead to a beneficial outcome for consumers as these fatty acids are linked with reducing coronary heart disease.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEven though treatment did not have a significant effect on PUFA content (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05), PUFA content increased in the 4th week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similar results to this were reported by Mosley et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e) who found that palm oil intake tended to increase PUFA in Holstein cow milk. In another study, Bianchi et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018b\u003c/span\u003e) found that the addition of palm oil in the diet of dairy ewes increased PUFA as days on feed progressed (60 vs 120 days).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffect of treatment on health lipid indices (HLI) of Kivircik ewe milk is provided in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. The fatty acid profile of dairy fat determines the nutritional quality of dairy products in terms of a health standpoint. There are different indices used for assessing diet nutrition value and consumer health. Of the HLI, the most important and commonly used ones are PUFA/SFA, n-6/n-3, desirable fatty acids (DFA), atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), health-promoting index (HPI), and h/H (hypocholesterolemic/ hypercholesterolemic acids).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth Lipid Indices in Kivircik ewes fed a basal diet (C) and mixed diet containing 60 g/day of palm oil (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"7\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTreatment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eItem\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWeek 4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c5\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+ palm oil (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e+palm oil (3%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFA/SFA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003csup\u003eAb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003csup\u003eAb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003csup\u003eAa\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003csup\u003eAa\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en-6/n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.63\u003csup\u003eAa\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84\u003csup\u003eBa\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003csup\u003eAb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003csup\u003eAa\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDesirable fatty acids (DFA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAtherogenicity index (AI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrombogenicity index (TI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth-promoting index (HPI)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ehypocholesterolaemic/hypercholesterolaemic (h/H)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003eA,B\u003c/sup\u003eMeans with a different superscript in the same row differ (p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"9\"\u003e\u003csup\u003ea,b\u003c/sup\u003e Means with a different superscript in the same row within the same week differ (p\u0026lt;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePUFA/SFA is the most commonly used index for evaluating the nutritional value of foods and the impact of diet on cardiovascular health. It is stated that PUFA and SFA have the opposite effect on cholesterol metabolism, where PUFA in the diet decreases low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol thus serum cholesterol level, and SFA increases serum cholesterol. Thus higher PUFA/SFA ratio is preferred (Chen and Liu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Even though treatment did not have a significant effect on PUFA/SFA content (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) in our study, PUFA/SFA content increased in the 4th week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Simopoulos (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e) stated that in a diet, PUFA/SFA ratio which is above 0.45 is recommended for fighting coronary heart diseases and cancer. In our study, PUFA/SFA ratio ranged between 0.10\u0026ndash;0.33 which was lower than recommended ration. The reason for this is the higher contributions of C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 acids in total SFA. Mierlita (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) found that PUFA/SFA ratio in Turcana dairy ewes either grazed part-time or supplemented with hemp seed had PUFA/SFA ratio ranging between 0.106 and 0.175.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe n-6/n-3 is another commonly used ratio to assess the nutritional value and health benefit of animal fat (Pilarczyk et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e), and its level below 4.0 is recommended for human consumption to combat lifestyle diseases such as coronary heart disease and cancers (Simopoulos \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). In our study n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.61\u0026ndash;2.63, indicating that milk fat produced in this study had health-promoting effect. Mierlita (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) found that the n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.86\u0026ndash;1.37 in milk from Turcana dairy ewes fed indoor or part-time grazed supplemented with hemp seed or not. In a study comparing the fatty acid profile of indigenous Indian cow milk with exotic and crossbred counterparts, Sharma et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e) found n-6/n-3 ratio in indigenous cattle milk was lower than in others, documenting that indigenous cow milk was superior to other milk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs it is given in the formula, desirable fatty acids (DFA) is the sum of unsaturated fatty acids and stearic acid and are considered beneficial as it reduces plasma cholesterol and triacylglycerols (Mensink et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). A higher DFA value denotes that the product is healthier. In this study, the inclusion of palm oil in the diet tended to increase the DFA value regardless of the week of milk sampled (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Similar results to ours were found by Atti et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e) and Kasapidou et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) who reported that ewe milk obtained from semi-intensive production or pasture-based system had higher DFA values.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs can be observed from the formula of AI, it shows the relationship between the sum of C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0 which are considered pro-atherogenic as they favor the adhesion of lipids to cells of the circulatory and immunological systems, and total UFAs which are anti-atherogenic as they inhibit the accumulation of plaque and reduce the levels of phospholipids, cholesterol, and esterified fatty acids. Thus, low levels of AI are regarded as a healthy situation from a health standpoint (Yurchenko et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had a similar AI (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to increase AI within the same week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The reason for AI to increase with the inclusion of palm oil is that it significantly increased 16:0 content. In our study, AI ranged between 1.90\u0026ndash;2.51 which was in the range values (1.42\u0026ndash;5.13) reported for dairy products by Chen and Liu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Research showed that dietary treatment is the main factor influencing the AI (Chen and Liu \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) however, the stage of lactation, grazing season, and some other factors may affect AI in dairy products (Lauciene et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThrombogenicity index (TI) values are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had similar TI (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to decrease TI in the second week, whereas tended to increase at 4th week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). The thrombogenic index is calculated by dividing pro-thrombogenic FAs (C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0) to anti-thrombogenic FAs (MUFAs and the n-3 and n-6 families). Research indicated that lower TI is beneficial for cardiovascular health (Ulbricht and Southgate \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1991\u003c/span\u003e), thus consuming foods with a lower TI would be recommended. Chen and Liu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) reported that for dairy products TI ranged between 0.39 and 5.04. Considering the values reported by Chen and Liu (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) our results were in the range and can be regarded as healthy.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHealth-promoting index (HPI) values are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had similar HPI (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to decrease HPI within the same week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). HPI is the inverse of the AI and dairy products having higher HPI are considered healthier. Different studies conducted on dairy products such as milk and cheese showed that it ranged from 0.16 to 0.68 (Chen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Bobe et al. 2007; Bonanno et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e; Giorgio et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). In our study, HPI ranged between 0.40\u0026ndash;0.52 which fell into the range reported by other researchers. In a study comparing the effects of intensive and semi-intensive production on sheep milk nutritional indices, Kasapidou et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e) found that milk from ewes reared in the semi-intensive farms had higher HPI than those reared in intensive farms (0.359 vs 0.465).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) values are given in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. Higher values of the h/H ratio are desirable (Santos Silva et al. 2002) as it is associated with the effect of fatty acid composition on cholesterol and the risk of cardiovascular disease. In this study, regardless of treatments, ewe milk from all treatment groups had similar h/H (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) even though adding 3% palm oil into the ration tended to decrease h/H within the same week (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). Even though the inclusion of palm oil into ration decreased the h/H ratio in our study, the values were still in the range reported in the literature as they ranged between 0.32\u0026ndash;1.19 in dairy products (Ivanova et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Sinanoglou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Mierlita \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e; Ahmad et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Salles et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eAdding rumen-protected palm oil which accounts for 3% of the ration increased the milk fat percentage in Kivircik ewes. The inclusion of rumen-protected palm oil into the ration both increased SFA and MUFA due to increases in palmitic acid (16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1), respectively. Ration including 3% palm oil increased palmitic acid concentration in ewe milk from 28\u0026ndash;36%, considering that palmitic acid concentration in rumen-protected palm oil was 80% this corresponded to a 29% increase in palmitic acid concentration in milk.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe fatty acid profile determines the nutritional quality of dairy products and there have been different indices used for assessing the diet\u0026rsquo;s nutrition value and consumer health. Our results showed that adding 3% rumen-protected palm oil into ration improved the health profile of ewe milk considering the n-6/n-3, DFA values, and even though it did not improve AI, TI, HPI, and h/H indices they were still in the range reported in the literature thus implying that milk obtained from this study was not harmful to consumer\u0026rsquo;s health. Results showed that adding rumen-protected palm oil can be an effective method to increase energy intake and total fat in milk without negatively affecting nutritional health indices.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contribution\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGS participated to all tasks, performed chemical analysis and wrote the first draft of manuscript, and finished the actual version of the manuscript UA participated in the design of the study and all tasks and helped to draft the manuscript. MY conceived of the study and participated in its design and coordination. HK performed the statistical analysis and final version of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthical approval\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study was conducted on a commercial ewes farm outside the university and all procedures were components of routine management, thus animal ethics application was not required and waived.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflict of Interest\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that they have no conflicts of interest relative to the work that is reported in this article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets generated and analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eAhmad, N., Manzoor, M. F. 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Effects of feeding oilseeds rich in linoleic and linolenic fatty acids to lactating ewes on cheese yield and on fatty acid composition of milk and cheese. Animal Feed Science Technology, 127, 220\u0026ndash;233.\u003c/li\u003e\n \u003cli\u003eZong, G., Li, Y., Wanders, A. J., Alssema, M., Zock, P. L., Willett, W. C., Hu, F. B. and Sun, Q., 2016. Intake of individual saturated fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in US men and women: Two prospective longitudinal cohort studies. BMJ, 355, 5796.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"dairy ewes, rumen-protected palm oil, fatty acids, lipid health indices ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1879182/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1879182/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of adding 3% rumen-protected palm oil on milk fatty acid profile and lipid health indices in Kivircik ewes. For this purpose Kivircik ewes with approximately the same body weight were used. Treatment increased the palmitic acid (C16:0) content of milk compared to the control group (p\u0026lt;0.05) and tended to increase saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA). An increase in SFA and MUFA was attributed to an increase in palmitic acid and oleic acid (C18:1), respectively. Results indicated that n-6/n-3 ratio ranged between 0.61-2.63, indicating that milk fat produced in this study had health-promoting effect. Inclusion of palm oil in the diet tended to increase desirable fatty acids (DFA) regardless of week milk sampled (p\u0026gt;0.05). Even treatment did not improve atherogenicity index (AI), thrombogenicity index (TI), health-promoting index (HPI), and hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic (h/H) ratio, they were still in the range reported in the literature thus implying that milk obtained from this study was not harmful to consumer’s health. Results showed that adding rumen-protected palm oil is an effective method to increase the energy density of ration and thus energy intake of ewes required during lactation without negatively affecting lipid health indices.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of Adding Rumen-Protected Palm Oil in Diet on Milk Fatty Acid Profile and Lipid Health Indices in Kivircik Ewes","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-09-12 20:39:10","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1879182/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"0bcc4a0c-468e-470b-bf95-eb4d48f85a2a","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 12th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2023-06-16T18:07:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-1879182","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03580-w","journal":{"identity":"tropical-animal-health-and-production","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Tropical Animal Health and Production"},"publishedOn":"2023-04-14 00:00:00","publishedOnDateReadable":"April 14th, 2023"},"versionCreatedAt":"2022-09-12 20:39:10","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s11250-023-03580-w","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-023-03580-w","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1879182","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1879182","identity":"rs-1879182","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"WrCJVZZCHTDjtuVLN7oU0","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}