Probabilistic Approach to Assessing the Radiation Shielding Capabilities of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Modified by Carbonate-to-Phosphate Ratio and Temperature

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Y. Khattari, Ebrahim A. Mahdy This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421590/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This study utilizes the calculated mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) in conjunction with probability theory to evaluate the suitability of various energy regions for medical applications by analyzing the energy of transmitted radiation beams through samples. The findings reveal a strong correlation between the shielding properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) compounds, the unit cell crystalline parameters, and preparation temperature. Notably, an introduction of a probabilistic methodology for transmission energy assessment, identifying the photoelectric process as the most probable scattering process with an average energy of equal 8.7 MeV. Specifically, the outcomes show that CHA compounds with a 4 mol% molar ratio exhibit the most promising characteristics for radiation shielding. An establishment of a connection between their shielding properties and atomic molar volume, preparation temperature, and structural configurations within bioactive networks, providing valuable insights for applications compared to standard glasses like RS-520. Biological sciences/Biochemistry/Biophysical chemistry Biological sciences/Biochemistry Biological sciences/Biophysics Health sciences/Medical research Physical sciences/Materials science hydroxyapatite shielding biomedical applications Monte Carlo simulation XCOM Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 1. Introduction Medical applications of bioactive materials are of past and current interest [ 1 ]. Among many, synthetic bone grafts made from hydroxyapatite (HA)-terminated as Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 - have been the subject of many research works involving many basic-science scientists and medical doctor's researchers [ 2 – 3 ]. Three forms of carbonate-hydroxyapatite (CHA) can form depending on the chemical CO 3 2− substitution into the HA matrix [ 4 ]. The A-type is commonly created by exchanging CO 3 2− ions with OH − ions. This is accomplished by heating the HA at high temperatures in a CO 2 environment [ 5 ]. The B-type is prepared by substituting PO 4 3− ions for CO 3 2− ions. Pre-planned precipitation of a carbonate–apatite from solutions containing Ca, PO 4 3− , and CO 3 2− ions at increased pH produces this form of CHA [ 6 ]. The simultaneous substitution of A- and B-type into HA resulted in a third type called AB-CHA. These three synthetic CHA types have intrinsic chemical, physical, biological, mechanical, and structural properties [ 7 , 8 ]. It is worth noting that; these synthetics CHA types are also affected by the preparation chamber temperature which may lead to a weight loss in HA components [ 9 ]. It is worth noting that bone researchers around the globe have identified different chemical mineral elements (e.g. CO 3 2− , Sr 2+ , Mg 2+ , Co 2+ , Fe 2+ , Zn 2+ ) found within the human bone constitute [ 9 , 10 ]. Among these elemental impurities; carbonate is the amplest type presented that covers about 2–8 wt% of human bone, depending on different health factors of an individual [ 11 , 12 ]. Moreover, the biological and mechanical properties of CHA can be enhanced by introducing new elements in their structure that are generally present in the natural apatite of bone. It is known that introducing trace metal ions (e.g., Ag + , Cu2 + , Mn2 + , Sr2 + ) into CHA crystal structure can affect the crystallinity, morphology, and thus unit cell lattice parameters. This may lead to changes in solubility, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and bioactivity of CHA [ 13 , 14 ]. It is well-known that humans may expose to X- or γ-ray on some occasions in hospitals or clinics [ 15 ]. According to the American College of Radiology recommends limiting lifetime diagnostic radiation exposure to 100 mSv [ 16 ]. This may in turn affects the human bone grafts made from hydroxyapatite [ 17 , 18 ]. Owing to its chemical resemblance to the mineral component of human bone and dental tissue, hydroxyapatite is commonly used in medicine, mainly, as filler material to restore bone defects, to fabricate ceramic implants or coatings on metal implants, and for the preparation of bone cements [ 18 , 19 ]. In accordance with this purpose, we have investigated the γ-ray interaction effects of five bioactive samples as a function of the molar ratio of carbonate to phosphate (CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ) [ 8 ]. Some related physical quantities like molar volume, oxygen molar volume, and oxygen packing density were calculated. Moreover, some substantial parameters for gamma radiation protection namely mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half or tenth value layer (HVL or TVL), photon transmission (TF %), radiation protection effectiveness (RPE %) in a wide energy range of 0.015–15 MeV were calculated. The MAC values found using XCOM was compared with the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. A correlation between these shielding parameters and the structural parameters such as Vickers hardness, and lattice ratio constants on protection performance of the investigated bioactive materials were established. Finally, the effect of temperature on the shielding effectiveness is also discussed given their applications in bone research. 2. Materials and methods 2.1 Material Bioactive materials with promising sintering strength may be tested for radiation shielding for possible medical applications. Among them, a bone ingredient inorganic compound called carbonated hydroxyapatite (carbonated HA) shows a high medical hardness and encourages lattice ratio to be used as a radiation shield with high interaction cross-section with incoming photon radiation. This research work deals with one the of bone's bioactive materials consisting of the different molar ratios of carbonate to phosphate (CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ) from 0.5 to 4. Table 1 displays these bioactive components in detail and the sample coding have been done according to Ref. [ 8 ]. Table 1 Chemical formula, molar fraction, molecular weight, density and molar volume of the investigated samples along with their codes. The data are taken from ref. [ 8 ]. Sample Code Molar fraction (mol%) Molecular weight (g/mol) Density (g/ cm 3 ) Molar volume (cm 3 /mol) Ca 5 (PO 4 ) 3 OH Ca 5 (CO 3 ) 2 OH HA 1.0 0 502.311 6.40 78.48609 0.5CHA 33 67 447.896 8.70 51.4823 1CHA 50 50 419.863 8.62 48.7080 2CHA 67 33 391.831 8.37 46.81374 3CHA 75 25 378.639 8.14 46.51585 4CHA 80 20 370.394 8.06 45.95459 2. Theoretical and computational background The supporting information supplied with this research work provides a comprehensive elucidation of the notation and abbreviations employed in current article, along with references to important literature resources. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 The Physical properties The carbonated hydroxyapatite samples modified at different carbonate to phosphate molar ratios will be discussed for their ability as shielding materials for possible application in the bone industry. Figure 1 details the calculated molar volume (V m ) and oxygenation packing density (OPD). These values are calculated from the measured density of each sample with and without the addition of CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ratio in the series of CHA reflecting the apparent high density (6.4–8.06 g/cm 3 ) of all the studied bone systems (see Table 1 ) [ 8 – 10 ]. The table shows that the density of the compounds is increasing as a function of the CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ratio reflecting the predominant effect on the physical quantities V m and OPD. This may also affect other intrinsic properties such as shielding effectiveness and elastic properties (see subsequent discussion). Figure 1 shows that the V m decreases as this ratio increases and on the contrary, the OPD as a result increases in the same order. This is due partially to the presence of both heavy components CO 3 2− or PO 4 3− within these CHA networking structures. This behavior can be understood as a result of the oxygen packing density reduction in the bone systems. It is noted that the density of the HA sample is 6.4 g/cm 3 , then it jumps to 8.7 g/cm 3 for the samples 0.5 CHA (see Table 1 ). This density decreasing with increased the CO 3 2− molar fraction in the samples attaining a value of 8.06 g/cm 3 for the sample 4CHA. This reduction is expected and attributed to the substitution of lighter compounds (CO 3 2− ) for the heavier ones (PO 4 3− ). This observed density decrease because PO 4 3− has higher molecular weight and density (94.97 g/mol, 3.14 g/cm 3 respectively) than CO 3 2− ( i.e ., 60 g/mol, 2.711 g/cm 3 , respectively). As a consequence of these observations, it can be deduced that: an increase in CO 3 2− content at the expense of PO 4 3− (see Table 2 ) favored the formation of new network structures within the bone matrix [ 12 – 14 ]. Table 2 The density, molar volume, oxygen molar volume (OMV), oxygen packing density (OPD) and Vickers hardness (H v ) of the investigated samples. Sample Code CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− Molar ratio Molar volume (cm 3 /mol) OMV (cm 3 /mol) OPD (g.atom/l) H † v (GPa) HA 0 78.48609 603.73918 1.65634 1.10 0.5CHA 0.5 51.4823 468.0209 2.13666 1.85 1CHA 1.0 48.706 487.08005 2.05305 1.75 2CHA 2.0 46.81374 520.15266 1.92251 1.65 3CHA 3.0 46.51585 516.84275 1.93482 1.45 4CHA 4.0 45.95459 574.43238 1.74085 1.35 † Data taken from ref. [ 8 ]. 3.2 The Shielding properties Figure 2 shows an energy dependence comparison of the MAC values between the XCOM and Phys-X/PSD software for all samples studied in this report in which the pre-factor encoding its molar ratio of CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− . An excellent agreement between the two methods was inferred from the panels with a maximum percentage error of less than 2%. The figure shows a progressive reduction of the MAC values with incoming photon energy. This may indicate the shielding efficiency of the samples reduced as the energy was increased. Investigating the values presented in the Figure and the simulation data obtained from Geant4, one can conclude that as the ratio of CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− is increasing the MAC values also increase indicating the pronounced effect of the CO 3 2− molar component increase in the CHA compounds (see Table 4 ). More data has been included in the supplementary information table for other samples. Table 4 Mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the all studied samples as obtained from Geant4 simulations and XCOM program at different photons energies. The selected energy values are emitted from 152 Eu. Photon Energy (MeV) CHA 0.5CHA 1CHA XCOM Geant4 Dev.% XCOM Geant4 Dev.% XCOM Geant4 Dev.% 0.1228 0.172 0.17117 0.48 0.174 0.17155 1.41 0.175 0.17378 0.70 0.2447 0.119 0.11815 0.72 0.119 0.11827 0.61 0.119 0.11844 0.47 0.2959 0.109 0.10773 1.16 0.11 0.10927 0.66 0.11 0.10904 0.87 0.3443 0.103 0.10243 0.55 0.103 0.10249 0.50 0.103 0.10163 1.33 0.4111 0.095 0.09447 0.55 0.095 0.09463 0.39 0.096 0.09483 1.22 0.444 0.092 0.09077 1.34 0.092 0.09103 1.05 0.092 0.09082 1.28 0.678 0.076 0.07566 0.44 0.077 0.07619 1.05 0.077 0.07591 1.42 1.005 6.30E-02 0.06261 0.62 6.40E-02 0.06339 0.96 6.40E-02 0.06364 0.56 1.086 6.10E-02 0.06026 1.22 6.10E-02 0.06025 1.23 6.10E-02 0.06061 0.63 1.112 0.06 0.05940 1.00 0.06 0.05969 0.52 0.06 0.05977 0.39 1.299 0.056 0.05568 0.58 0.056 0.05532 1.22 0.056 0.05531 1.24 1.458 0.053 0.05265 0.66 0.054 0.05371 0.54 0.054 0.05348 0.96 A comparison between the MAC values for any incoming photon energy revealed that, the sample encoded as 4CH baring the highest MAC values among all the other samples while the least MAC values are obtained for the sample encode as HA. This observed effect can be also correlated with the decrease of OMV (or increase in OPD) consistence with general trend observed in Table 1 and Table 2 . Also, in terms of Vickers hardness value, their values are 1.35 and 1.10 for 4CHA and HA respectively. The latter is an image of how the sample becomes more hard or soft according to its chemical structure and molar composition. Table 3 represents the primitive cell parameters (interatomic bond lengths a and c), their ratio, crystalline size, and the RPE values. It is clear from this table that as the bond length ratio increases (or the unite cell size is decreasing) where the gamma- or X-ray incoming beam encounters multiple scattering centers while passing through the primitive cell different structures, it then attenuates inside the matter in different percentages depending on the structured networking in the glassy system. This phenomenon was seen in the different carbonate-hydroxyapatite samples depending on their intrinsic nature including physico-chemical and structural parameters [ 14 – 16 ]. Table 3 The primitive cell structural parameters, the crystallite size, unite cell structure and the RPE of the investigated samples. Sample Code a (Å) c (Å) a/c Crystallite size (nm( Structure/space group RPE* HA 9.4218(7) 6.8822(5) 0.7305 94.3 Hexagonal/ P63/m 5.908 0.5CHA 9.4152(4) 6.8883(3) 0.7316 81.5 Monoclinic / P63/m 7.965 1CHA 9.4131(4) 6.9145(3) 0.7345 77.2 Monoclinic / P63/m 7.91 2CHA 9.4124(4) 6.9603(3) 0.7394 72.0 Monoclinic/ P63/ 7.699 3CHA 9.4113(4) 6.9724(3) 0.7408 69.1 Monoclinic/ P63/ 7.501 4CHA 9.4011(5) 6.9895(3) 0.7435 68.5 Hexagonal/ P63/m or P6 7.434 * RPE is evaluated for γ-radiation with energies between 60 and 510 keV for possible medical diagnostics. The data presented for RPE is evaluated at photon energy of E = 411 keV and sample thickness of 0.1 cm. Furthermore, a huge drop in the calculated MAC values as a function of incoming photon energy in the lower energy regime where the photoelectric absorption (PA) is the predominant scattering process inside the material. But, for E > 0.6 MeV, the MAC values for all samples are energy independent and all follow the same constant trend. The bioactive nature of these samples enforced a comparison between their properties and those available in the literature terminated as bioactive materials or glasses [ 26 – 27 ]. A similar trend in MAC was reported for SiO2–Na2O- P2O5–CaO-B2O3 bioactive glasses [ 28 ], PbO–BaO–B 2 O 3 glasses [ 29 ], TeO 2 –Er 2 O 3 –ZnO glasses [ 30 ], and PbO–Li 2 O–B 2 O 3 glasses [ 31 ]. This steep diminishing in MAC with increasing energy suggests that as the photon energy is increased, the bio-glasses will no longer be capable to shield the incoming photons mainly those that carry high energy-momentum flux. For example, the data depicted in Fig. 2 shows that the MAC values are high at E = 39.5 keV taking the values between 1.01915 and 1.17118 cm 2 /g for sample 4CH and HA respectively. This essential shielding factor reduces to 0.0650303 (for 4CH) and 0.064705982 (for HA) cm 2 /g at E = 964.1 keV. The high values of MAC at E = 39.5 keV can be understood based on the PA phenomenon at low incoming photon energy. This fact is also responsible for the fast decrease in MAC between these two emitted photon energy values as explained very recently by Khattari et al. [ 25 ]. The minimum values seen in Fig. 2 is corresponding to the photon energy of 1458 keV at which the MAV value is 0.023 cm2/g for the sample with 0 mol% of CO 3 2− ( i.e. , CHA). The calculated MAC values for the CHA-4CH samples are an essential measure, which assists directly to obtain another shielding factor such as the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC). It is usually used for relating and characterizing the penetration of X- or γ-ray photons in any shielding material including bioglass. Therefore, the Phy-X/PSD software is utilized for calculating LAC values for the HA bioglass systems with various CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ratios at different photon energies between 245 and 1410 keV. The molar fraction dependence of LAC values is depicted in Fig. 3 for all the samples under study at selected incoming photon energy. Figure 3 revealed the following facts about this shielding parameter: (1) when the CO 3 2− component is absent from the sample, it showed a relatively lowest LAC values among all studied samples regardless of the photon energy; (2) then LAC values increased sharply at CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− =0.5; (3) a steep drop in LAC is then observed for the rest of samples for all selected energies. For example, the largest value of LAC was found at 244.7 KeV which equals to 1.035, 1.028, 1.00079, 0.97458, 0.96584 cm − 1 for the samples 0.5HA, 1HA, 2CH, 3CH, 4CH bioglass respectively. Notice, at this low energy as pointed above the PA cross-section probability process scales partially on the atomic number according to the empirical relation: Z 4–5 . Thus, the molecular structure of examined samples contains 20 Ca 40 and 15 P 30 as the heaviest elements evolving within its structure which may account for the occurrence probability of this process. Also, another key point inferred from Fig. 3 , is the rate of change at which LAC values behavior at the low and high molar ratio for various energetic photons. Exemplified by the samples 4CH and HA, this rate was − 0.42701, and − 0.33503 respectively. This a clear evidence that the shielding efficiency of the samples increasing with decreases the molar ratio of CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− . The sample transmission to γ–ray as a function of the photon incoming energy is displaced in Fig. 4 at different sample thicknesses (x = 0.1-1.0 cm). For the incoming photon energy range, the sample showed the same trend in the shielding protection against the lower energy. Also, it seems that the glass sample loses its protection capability when the beam's energy exceeds a critical value (commented on below). The same characteristic behavior was also confirmed by different research groups [ 32 – 34 ]. The sample transmission can be rationalized by establishing the relationship of beam-matter interaction probability viz density in a certain like-hood: For a denser medium, the scattering centers inside the material increase resulting in a possibility of more attenuated beams than less dense ones. Figure 5 shows the plotted RPE as a function of sample thickness. The data presented here at moderate energy of 689 keV. When the molecular component CO 3 2− is absent from the compound, then the RPE shows its worst protection against the incoming radiation. While for other samples where the CO 3 2− is present even at the lower molecular ratio, then the RPE is improved by a factor of 1.5 a thickness of 0.6 cm. The Figure shows also, that the best protective material against radiation is the sample encoded by 0.5CHA. This important result is in agreement with the results obtained from the previous figures. The lowest RPE is started at the sample's thickens of 0.1 cm ( i.e. , maximum TF) and vice versa. This a clear evidence that the presence of the component PO 4 3− within the molecular structure resulted in a high protective martial due to their intrinsic structure. The primitive cell of PO 4 3− has the geometrical form of tetrahedral with four double bonds connecting four pairs of chemical bonds. This may account for their high protective power against radiation. As the molar ratio increases, the number of tetrahedral decreases of PO 4 3− while the trigonal planar molecular geometry of CO 3 2− is increasing, resulting in less protective material. According to this dedication, one concluded that the molecular composition ( i.e. , CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− molar ratio) plays a vital role in the attenuation strength of the current bioglass. These essential results can be also understood partially by considering the influence of the atomic number (as a replacement of CO 3 2− by PO 4 3− ) contribution to the radiation attenuation inside the matter in addition to the geometrical structure of the unit cell. As pointed out above, the sample encoded as HA possesses the best RPE. To explain the effect of replacement of CO 3 2− by PO 4 3− on the protection strength of the HA-4CHA bioglass, a simple numerical estimation of RPE with the highest and lowest CO 3 2− content in the sample ( i.e. , 0.5CHA and 4CHA). The substitution of CO 3 2− from 0.5 mol% to 4 mol% results in a decrease in the RPE from 6.396–5.963% at sample thickness x = 0.1 cm; while from 17.988–16.845% at x = 0.6 cm, and finally from 48.367–45.928% at x = 1.0 cm. In addition to the structural and geometrical constraints imposed on the system as discussed above, another important factor that may account for this phenomenon since that Ca has a higher atomic number than the P which may add a piece of evidence on the effect of the atomic number on the shielding effectiveness of the material. Furthermore, the calculated RPE values for all samples showed that with a thickness of 0.8 cm, the sample 0.5CHA becomes a very good shield material where the RPE changes from 6.396% (at x = 0.1 cm) to 41.069% ( at x = 1.0 cm). For the 1CHA, the RPE changes from 6.349–40.833% at the same sample thickness. Other samples showed less tendency as a protective shield against radiation as displaced in Fig. 5 and Table 3 . Therefore, in designing a medical shield material as a human protective shield from these compounds, factors such as the molar ratio CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− , sample thickness in addition to the incoming used radiation energy which illuminates persons in the medical laboratory must be taken into account. Other factors that could also affect the shielding strength are primitive cell aspect ratio ( i.e. , a/c) and compounds preparation temperature as will be discussed in the next paragraph. Figure 6 shows a comparison between the ratio of the tenth value layer (TVL) of the samples CHA to 0.5CHA (TVL CHA /TVL 0.5CHA ). The two samples were selected due to their highest and lowest TVL values respectively. The Figure shows this ratio at selected incoming photon energy in three distinct scattering regions: in the low scattering region, this ratio was found to be 1.45 which indicates clearly that the CHA sample is more protective against the incoming beam that the 0.5 CHA sample. In the intermediate and high energy scattering regions, it seems that both samples have the same protective shielding power against the radiation. In general, increasing the molar ratio of the CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− of the CHA bioglass 4-folded leads to a decrease in the TVL by a factor of 1.1. This is in juxtaposition with the results gained from the LAC trends. Also, it is noted that the rapid descending in the TVL values in the energy range 0.015 to 0.15 MeV indicates that the CHA composition has a pronounced effect on the shielding properties in the low energy region which is dominated by the photoelectric scattering process. Above this critical energy value, the chemical molar composition has a less role in the shielding protection abilities as is clear from Fig. 6 . As a complementary result, a plot of the HLV at two selected photon energies is depicted in Fig. 7 . The necessity of this figure lies in comparing the shielding capacity of the current investigated samples with different types of bio-glasses already reported previously in the literature. Thus, the HVL of the current samples was compared with two predominant and widely used glasses, namely, RS-360 and RS-520 [ 35 ]. The Figure shows that obtained results of HVL in comparison with other bio-glasses at two selected energies E = 411 keV and E = 1010 keV. At E = 411 keV, The CHA sample has better HVL than RS-520, but at E = 1010 keV, all the CHA samples have less HVL than other glasses. The transmission energy probability has been calculated assuming that the incoming photon beam undergoes multiple scattering processes according to its own carried energy. These probabilities processes are divided into three distinct values according to their respective energy region as the beam interacted with matter. Namely, the beam's energy spectrum is divided into low ( i.e. , 0.015 < E < 0.2), intermediate ( i.e. , 0.3 < E < 1.25), and high ( i.e. , 1.5 < E < 15) MeV energy region. This nominated division was chosen according to the lead scattering process as the energy beam transmitted the specimen. Accordingly, the probabilities were given the statistical names: P(PA), P(CS), and P(PP) for the photoelectric absorption, coherent, and pair production scattering process. The obtained results for the full-range energy spectrum of the incident photon beam are listed in Table S2. The Table shows that in the low energy spectrum, the dominant process in the PA has a probability of about 82% among the other probabilistic processes. This is true for all studied samples. Then, as the beam's energy increases, the CS process is starting to increase in the expense of the PA process keeping at the same time PP probability very low. For example, for the sample encoded as 2CHA: P(AA) = 0.823, P(CS) = 0.177 while P(PP) = 0 in the low energy region, while in the intermediate energy region these values become: P(AA) = 0.657, P(CS) = 0.32 while P(PP) = 0.23, finally P(AA) = 0.24, P(CS) = 0.11 while P(PP) = 0.965 in the high energy region. The table display obvious evidence that the expected frequency of the scattering process depends on different parameters of the chosen statistical model such as the beam's incoming energy and their corresponding probabilistic inference in a certain energy likelihood. These observations have been garlanded by measuring the statistically expected transmitted energy for the sample using the simple probability theory of statistical mean. The expected transmitted energy value ( i.e . ) is calculated using the relation and the results are shown in Table 5 . The table shows that when a sample is irradiated by a spectrum of γ-ray with incoming energy 0.015 < E < 15 MeV, then different expected transmitted energy values through the sample will occur. This occurrence depends entirely on the energy range and the scattering process that takes place within the sample. Exemplified by the sample enclosed 2CHA, the best-transmitted energy beam is in the order of 8.7 MeV when the PP is the most probable scattering process among others. Other samples show less but almost equal penetrated energy when the same process is dominated. Examining other scattering processes accumulating inside the sample, it seems that the PA process has the least emerging energy value among other these statistical measures. For the CS process, the value of the transmitted energy is about 0.7 MeV averaged over all samples. This led the author to conclude that when designing a bioactive glass-ceramic composite for biomedical applications, such shielding parameters may be taken into account when designing it for orthopedic or dental interventions [ 25 ]. Table 5 The expectation values of the emerged energy values in different scattering processes as indicated. Refer to Table S2 (in supplementary materials) for the scattering processes codes. P(Process): represents the probability of the indicated process. The expected beam transmitted energy through the sample is denoted as . Sample code Process Probability 0.0.015 < E < 0.2 0.3 < E < 1.25 1.5 < E < 15 CHA P(PA) 81.28352 30.32164 0.68649 0.37901 P(CS) 18.71648 67.34825 1.67114 0.67994 P(PP) 0 2.33011 97.64237 8.07355 0.5CHA P(PA) 81.75033 31.10917 1.02162 0.41326 P(CS) 18.24967 66.5987 2.4106 0.73463 P(PP) 0 2.29213 96.56778 7.98461 1CHA P(PA) 82.01313 31.55585 1.04751 0.41914 P(CS) 17.98687 66.17423 2.4194 0.73179 P(PP) 0 2.26992 96.53309 7.98157 2CHA P(PA) 82.29653 32.0444 1.07581 0.42557 P(CS) 17.70347 65.71018 2.42828 0.72862 P(PP) 0 96.49592 96.49592 8.70876 3CHA P(PA) 82.43381 32.2912 6.48597 0.87397 P(CS) 17.56619 65.4757 2.16358 0.70482 P(PP) 0 2.2331 91.35045 7.55372 4CHA P(PA) 82.52407 32.75707 1.0997 0.43331 P(CS) 17.47593 65.32725 2.43667 0.7261 P(PP) 0 2.22529 96.46363 7.9755 To wreathe the above results, the shielding properties were rationalized as a function of the sample's preparation temperature. The behavior of these parameters can be understood by examining the MAC values against temperature. Therefore, the MAC values at selected energies were plotted versus temperature as indicated in Fig. 8 . To analyze the results presented in this Figure, we choose to discuss the shielding features obtained for sample 4CHA due to its high CO 3 2− molar fraction. In the low energy region, the MAC values started from 2.35 cm 2 /g at T = 60°C, then dropped abruptly to 2.2 at T = 143°C, and then gradually decreased to 2.1 at T = 900°C. The rate of change of the MAC values with respect to temperature is found to be (-3.1/ ×10 − 4 ) via least-square linear fit. This observed rapid decrease may be attributed to the intrinsic change in the primitive cell structure of the compound from Hexagonal structure with group summary "P63/m" to Monoclinic/ P63 at T = 440°C and finally to back to Hexagonal/ P63/m or P6 as the temperature increased to T = 900°C. Moreover, the MAC values decreased furthermore in the intermediate energy range between 0.64 and 0.55 cm 2 /g, and when E > 5.0 MeV, it attains very low values of ca. 0.02 cm 2 /g entire temperature range. The Figure indicted that the apparent effect of temperature on the attenuation capacity of the bioglass samples in conjugation with a change in the crystal structure [ 8 ]. The net crowned symmetry from the current study is illustrated in Fig. 9 . The obtained RPE (RPE = 1-TF) and the measured H v values are depicted versus the unite cell aspect parameters c/a ratio to infer the correlated relationship between the shielding and structural features of the samples. The RPE increases very rapidly from 38–48%, simultaneously, the Vickers hardness value also responded in the same way by an increase from 1.1 to 1.85 GPa when the aspect ratio is just changed from 0.73059 to 0.7316. Then, both physical parameters decrease with increasing the aspect ratio from their maximum values to 46% and 1.35 GPa respectively at c/a = 0.7435. The RPE coefficient has different values indicating the varying attenuation power against the incoming beam for all samples studied here. Of course, this attenuation power may vary at different photon energy. It should be noted that the values displayed in this Figure are calculated at a photon energy of E = 689 keV and a sample thickness of 0.8 cm. The Figure also shows the relation between the crystalline structure and the micro-hardness on the shielding protection which may be utilized as a measuring tool when coating these types of bioactive materials in medical applications [ 25 ]. 4. Conclusions In this study, the impact of varying the CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ratio (ranging from 0.5 to 4) on the radiation shielding capabilities of CHA was systematically investigated. Three distinct shielding parameters were employed to assess the efficacy of CHA in radiation protection. The research unveiled that increasing the CO 3 2− /PO 4 3− ratio significantly influenced the MAC, HVL, and TVL parameters. We correlated these shielding parameters with the unit cell c/a ratio and the preparation temperature of CHA. Furthermore, the study revealed that the of V m , OPD, and H v of CHA exhibited variations associated with the MAC parameter. These findings suggest that the dominant scattering process within the material plays a crucial role in determining the average transmitted beam energy. Specifically, the study showed that the average transmitted beam energy is 8.1 MeV, 0.73 MeV, and 0.42 MeV for PP (Photoelectric Process), CS (Compton Scattering), and PA (Pair Annihilation) scattering processes, respectively. Most notably, the introduction of carbonate substitution demonstrated a significant enhancement in the shielding effectiveness against radiation. This discovery highlights the substantial potential of using carbonate-substituted CHA as a bioactive coating material for bone graft biomaterials. Declarations Data Availability The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request Acknowledgment The authors would like to thank The Hashemite University and National Research Centre (Egypt) for the generous financial support. CRediT authorship contribution statement Z.Y. Khattari and Ebrahim A. Mahdy: Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Software, Investigation, Data curation, Conceptualization; Funding No Fund Additional Information (Competing Interests Statement) The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest Consent for Publication All authors approved the version References J.P. Lafon, E. Champion, D. Bernache-Assollant, Processing of AB-type carbonated hydroxyapatite Ca 10 – x (PO 4 ) 6–x (CO 3 ) x (OH) 2–x–2y (CO 3 ) y ceramics with controlled composition, J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 28 (2008) 139–147. C. Rey, B. Collins, T. Goehl, I.R. Dickson, M. Glimcher, The carbonate environment in bone mineral: are solution-enhanced Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy study, Calcif. Tissue Int. 45 (1989) 157–164. M. Vignoles, G. Bonel, D.W. Holcomb, R.A. Young, Influence of preparation conditions on the composition of type B carbonated hydroxyapatite and on the localization of the carbonate ions, Calcif. Tissue Int. 43 (1988) 33–40. L.G. Ellies, D.G.A. Nelson, J.D.B. Featherstone, Crystallographic structure and surface morphology of sintered carbonated apatites, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 22 (1988)541–553. C.C. Kee, H. Ismail, M.N. Ahmad Fauzi, Effect of synthesis technique and carbonate content on the crystallinity and morphology of carbonated hydroxyapatite, J. Mater. Sci. Technol. 29 (2013) 761–764. A. Krajewski, M. Mazzocchi, P.L. Buldini, A. Ravaglioli, A.Tinti, P. Taddei, C. Fagnano, Synthesis of carbonated hydroxyapatites: efficiency of the substitution and critical evaluation of analytical methods, J. Mol. Struct. 744–747(2005) 221–228. I. Ezekiel, S.R. Kasim, Y.M. Baba Ismail, M.N. Ahmad Fauzi, Nanoemulsion synthesis of carbonated hydroxyapatite nanopowders: effect of variant CO32–/PO43 – molar ratios on phase, morphology, and bioactivity, Ceram. Int. 44 (2018)13082–13089. Marjan Safarzadeh, S. Ramesh, C.Y. Tan, Hari Chandran, Y.C. Ching, Ahmad Fauzi Mohd Noor, S. Krishnasamy, W.D. Teng, Sintering behaviour of carbonated hydroxyapatite prepared at different carbonate and phosphate ratios, Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y, 59, 73–80 (2020) Š. Monika, Substituted hydroxyapatites for biomedical applications: a review Substituted hydroxyapatites for biomedical applications : a review, Ceram. Int. 41 (8) (2015) 9203–9231. S. Lala, M. Ghosh, P.K. Das, D. Das, T. Kar, S.K. Pradhan, Magnesium substitution in carbonated hydroxyapatite: structural and microstructural characterization by Rietveld's refinement, Mater. Chem. Phys. 170 (2016) 319–329. S. Sprio, et al., Physico-chemical properties and solubility behaviour of multi-substituted hydroxyapatite powders containing silicon, Mater. Sci. Eng. C 28 (1) (2008) 179–187. B.I. Yanny Marliana, I. Wimpenny, O. Bretcanu, K. Dalgarno, A.J. El Haj, Development of multi-substituted hydroxyapatite nanopowders as biomedical materials for bone tissue engineering applications, J. Biomed. Mater. Res. A (2017) 1–11. J.D. Pasteris, B. Wopenka, J.J. Freeman, K. Rogers, E.Valsami-Jones, J.A. van der Houwen, M.J. Silva, Lack of OH – in nanocrystalline apatite as a function of degree of atomicorder: implications for bone and biomaterials, Biomaterials 25 (2004) 229–238. J.C. Merry, I.R. Gibson, S.M. Best, W. Bonfield, Synthesis and characterization of carbonate hydroxyapatite, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 9 (1998) 779–783. The 2007 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. ICRP publication 103. Annals of the ICRP 2007;37:1–332. American College of Radiology. Dose Index Registry. Available at: http://www.acr.org/Quality- Safety/National-Radiology-Data-Registry/Dose-Index-Registry. Accessed January 28, 2020. Osborn JF, Newesely H. The material science of calcium phosphate ceramics. Biomaterials. 1980;1(2):108–111. Jarcho M. Calcium phosphate ceramics as hard tissue prosthetics. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1981;157:259–278. Metsger DS, Driskell TD, Paulsrud JR. Tricalcium phosphate ceramic–a resorbable bone implant: review and current status. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 1982;105(6):1035–1038. ANSI/ANS-6.4.3 (W2001), Geometric Progression Gamma-Ray Buildup Factor Coefficients, American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois., 1991. Berger, M.J. and Hubbell, J.H., n.d. XCOM: Photon Cross-Sections Database, Web Version 1.2. M. J. Berger, J. H. Hubbell, S. M. Seltzer, J. Chang, J. S. Coursey, R. Sukumar, D. S. Zucker and K. Olsen, NIST Stand. Ref. Database, 1998, 8, 87. E. Şakar, Ö.F. Özpolat, B. Alım, M.I. Sayyed, M. Kurudirek, Phy-X/PSD: Development of a user friendly online software for calculation of parameters relevant to radiation shielding and dosimetry, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 166 (2020) 108496. Agostinelli, Sea, John Allison, K. al Amako, John Apostolakis, H. Araujo, Pedro Arce, Makoto Asai et al. "GEANT4—a simulation toolkit." Nuclear instruments and methods in physics research section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 506, no. 3 (2003): 250–303. Z.Khattari, M. S. Al-Buriahi, Monte Carlo simulations and Phy-X/PSD study of radiation shielding effectiveness and elastic properties of barium zinc aluminoborosilicate glasses, Radiation Physics and Chemistry 195 (2022) 110091. Hench, L.L., 1991. Bioceramics: from concept to clinic. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 74, 1487–1510. Hench, L.L., Splinter, R.J., Allen, W.C., Greenlee, T.K., 1971. Bonding mechanisms at the interface of ceramic prosthetic materials. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 5 (6), 117–141. Nuha Al-Harbi, Yas Al-Hadeethi, Ahmed Samir Bakry, Mechanical and radiation shielding features of bioactive glasses: SiO2-Na2O-CaO-P2O5-B2O3 for utilization in dental applications, Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 552 (2021) 120489. Narveer Singh, Kanwar Jit Singh, Kulwant Singh, Harvinder Singh, Gamma-ray attenuation studies of PbO-BaO-B2O3 glass system, Radiat. Meas. 41 (2006) 84–88. S.A. Tijani, S.M. Kamal, Y. Al-Hadeethi, M. Arib, M.A. Hussein, S. Wageh, L.A. Dim, Radiation shielding properties of transparent erbium zinc tellurite glass system determined at medical diagnostic energies, J. Alloys Compd. 741 (2018) 293–299. Ashok Kumar, Gamma ray shielding properties of PbO-Li2O-B2O3 glasses, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 136 (2017) 50–53. R. Divina, G. Sathiyapriya, K. Marimuthu, A. Askin, M.I. Sayyed, elastic Structural, optical and γ-ray shielding behavior of Dy 3+ ions doped heavy metal incorporated borate glasses, J Non Cryst Solids 545 (2020), 120269. Y. Al-Hadeethi, M.I. Sayyed, BaO–LiO–BO glass systems: potential utilization in gamma radiation protection, Prog. Nucl. Energy 129 (2020), 103511. Saurabh Kapoor, Daniela Brazete, C Inˆes, Pereira, Gaurav Bhatia, Manpreet Kaur, Luis F. Santos, Dipanjan Banerjee, Ashutosh Goel, Jos´e M.F. Ferreira, Impact of transition metal ions on the structure and bioactivity of alkali-free bioactive glasses, J Non Cryst Solids 506 (2019) 98–108. Parminder Kaur, K.J. Singh, Sonika Thakur, Prabhjot Singh, B.S. Bajwa, Investigation of bismuth borate glass system modified with barium for structural and gamma-ray shielding properties, Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 206 (2019) 367–377. Scheme Scheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Supplemantryinformation.rtf floatimage1.jpeg Schematic 1. Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations for gamma transmission experiment setup. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-4421590","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":311631358,"identity":"e1b8308d-0afa-4454-8efb-96aad76d3fdf","order_by":0,"name":"Z. Y. Khattari","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Hashemite University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Z.","middleName":"Y.","lastName":"Khattari","suffix":""},{"id":311631359,"identity":"d665a839-8373-49ed-8d04-d9bf91ab419e","order_by":1,"name":"Ebrahim A. Mahdy","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAxElEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNgYeBgkefhCDFC0WcpINJGqpMDY4QKwWfrHDzx68bZNI3Hwj+dmDDxUM8vxiB/BrkZydZm44F6hl2w0gY8YZBsOZsxPwazG4nWAmzQvWAmYwJABF8Guxv53+Daxl8wwwgwgtBtI5YFuMDSRyiLRF4nZOmeSccxJyEmfelEnOOCNB2C/8s9O3Sbwpq+PhbwcyPlTYyPNLE9ACBoygGBEAq5QgQjkY/AHZd4BY1aNgFIyCUTDSAAATkz87b9QkGQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"National Research Centre","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ebrahim","middleName":"A.","lastName":"Mahdy","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-05-14 22:53:23","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421590/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421590/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":58141138,"identity":"6de81281-fffb-410d-8aa1-5ea71f5f013f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":261821,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eMolar volume (V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) and oxygen packing density (OPD) were calculated as a function of the molar ratio [CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2-\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3-\u003c/sup\u003e] for CHA samples. These values were obtained from the measured density and molar ratio presented in ref. [8].\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/924778dc4e923f2222cc151d.jpeg"},{"id":58141462,"identity":"879051ce-96c7-4f20-850b-58ba45db2b20","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:42:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":75870,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison between the mass attenuation coefficients calculated from XCOM and Phys-X for the CHA samples as indicated in the figure.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"groupimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/4bc641049ecca80bd4062393.jpeg"},{"id":58141148,"identity":"8c8a1a65-af7e-46c9-aebe-057f4fee8d02","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":627812,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eLinear mass attenuation coefficient as a function of carbonate to phosphate (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2−\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3−\u003c/sup\u003e) molar ratios at selected incoming photon energy (in MeV) for all samples.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/40a873fec11703e8df7d767b.jpeg"},{"id":58141139,"identity":"9d94ecee-6d18-4226-9ee2-fcbd58581d60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":196002,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe transmission coefficient of the incident gamma-ray photons as a function of beam energy at a specific sample thickness as indicated in the figure.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"groupimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/cc42b61986ce752e275b2207.jpeg"},{"id":58141146,"identity":"5162e959-755b-4168-9a78-b739f2ec7a01","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":387215,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe Radiation protection efficiency (RPE) for the CHA samples as a function of thicknesses at an incident photon energy 0.689 MeV. The figure shows the RPE is lower for pure carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) sample and greatest at carbonate to phosphate (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2−\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3−\u003c/sup\u003e) molar ratios =0.5.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/7b8e323660a9e92dd0e8407d.jpeg"},{"id":58141149,"identity":"74854cbf-b990-44ac-bdb5-fc41cbd34641","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":262968,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe ratio between the tenth value layer of the sample CHA to 0.5CHA. The two samples were selected due to their highest and lowest TVL values respectively. Above energy E \u0026gt;400 keV, almost the two samples have the same TVL attenuation power against the incoming radiations.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/4900fe74f5d00460e4ec6365.jpeg"},{"id":58141142,"identity":"86654948-084a-4119-816d-aa2c52d13b17","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":54441,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eComparison between the half-value layer for the current investigated samples with other standard bio-glasses used for radiation shielding medical applications at two selected incoming photon energy of 411 keV (\u003cem\u003eleft\u003c/em\u003e) and 1010 keV (\u003cem\u003eright\u003c/em\u003e). The HVL for all current samples at these selected energies is lower when compared other with bio-glasses.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"groupimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/4afe675be2b54dbf72c09f74.jpeg"},{"id":58141141,"identity":"f103b698-bb83-47ca-8a38-617519b63f47","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":86243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe mass attenuation coefficient for the sample 4CHA as a function of temperature. The data extracted from ref. [1] while the sample 4CHA losses its weight as a function of temperature. (\u003cem\u003eLeft\u003c/em\u003e) panel \u0026amp; (\u003cem\u003eright\u003c/em\u003e) one represents\u003cem\u003e high\u003c/em\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cem\u003elow\u003c/em\u003e incoming photon energy respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"groupimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/0b5fa1f816151e297ea5bdb5.jpeg"},{"id":58141464,"identity":"75750a4f-f8aa-49b2-99ed-f7f97ef8f9ac","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:42:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":278369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eSummary of the variation of the radiation protection effectiveness (RPE %) and Vickers Hardness (H\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e) as a function of the structural parameters (\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e is the half diagonal and, \u003cem\u003ec\u003c/em\u003e is the radial crack length of the indentation) \u003cem\u003ec/a\u003c/em\u003e ratio. The values are calculated at incoming photon energy of E=689 keV and sample thickness 0.8 cm.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/9bf33c0ce315d75987ac9f97.jpeg"},{"id":58446073,"identity":"9262848c-a21c-48df-bf9b-cff0e72ecd37","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-16 14:14:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":3080425,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/40efb70b-4c96-454b-a18b-bc14c6f87923.pdf"},{"id":58141144,"identity":"5ae0e1a0-63f3-41d9-bb36-3af3b3acfc5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:34:54","extension":"rtf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":140363,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Supplemantryinformation.rtf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/460c41d0017ffd7253a0b171.rtf"},{"id":58141463,"identity":"9903ddb7-3643-4267-b35c-147de67914ab","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-06-11 17:42:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":330016,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSchematic 1\u003c/strong\u003e. Geant4 Monte Carlo simulations for gamma transmission experiment setup.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-4421590/v1/dd045f6b999306fe5a42c9b4.jpeg"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Probabilistic Approach to Assessing the Radiation Shielding Capabilities of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Modified by Carbonate-to-Phosphate Ratio and Temperature","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eMedical applications of bioactive materials are of past and current interest [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e]. Among many, synthetic bone grafts made from hydroxyapatite (HA)-terminated as Ca\u003csub\u003e10\u003c/sub\u003e(PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e)\u003csub\u003e6\u003c/sub\u003e(OH)\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e- have been the subject of many research works involving many basic-science scientists and medical doctor's researchers [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Three forms of carbonate-hydroxyapatite (CHA) can form depending on the chemical CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e substitution into the HA matrix [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. The A-type is commonly created by exchanging CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ions with OH\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ions. This is accomplished by heating the HA at high temperatures in a CO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e environment [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. The B-type is prepared by substituting PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ions for CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ions. Pre-planned precipitation of a carbonate\u0026ndash;apatite from solutions containing Ca, PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, and CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ions at increased pH produces this form of CHA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe simultaneous substitution of A- and B-type into HA resulted in a third type called AB-CHA. These three synthetic CHA types have intrinsic chemical, physical, biological, mechanical, and structural properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. It is worth noting that; these synthetics CHA types are also affected by the preparation chamber temperature which may lead to a weight loss in HA components [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. It is worth noting that bone researchers around the globe have identified different chemical mineral elements (e.g. CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, Sr\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mg\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Co\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Fe\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e, Zn\u003csup\u003e2+\u003c/sup\u003e) found within the human bone constitute [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Among these elemental impurities; carbonate is the amplest type presented that covers about 2\u0026ndash;8 wt% of human bone, depending on different health factors of an individual [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, the biological and mechanical properties of CHA can be enhanced by introducing new elements in their structure that are generally present in the natural apatite of bone. It is known that introducing trace metal ions (e.g., Ag\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Cu2\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Mn2\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e, Sr2\u003csup\u003e+\u003c/sup\u003e) into CHA crystal structure can affect the crystallinity, morphology, and thus unit cell lattice parameters. This may lead to changes in solubility, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and bioactivity of CHA [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is well-known that humans may expose to X- or γ-ray on some occasions in hospitals or clinics [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e]. According to the American College of Radiology recommends limiting lifetime diagnostic radiation exposure to 100 mSv [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. This may in turn affects the human bone grafts made from hydroxyapatite [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e]. Owing to its chemical resemblance to the mineral component of human bone and dental tissue, hydroxyapatite is commonly used in medicine, mainly, as filler material to restore bone defects, to fabricate ceramic implants or coatings on metal implants, and for the preparation of bone cements [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn accordance with this purpose, we have investigated the γ-ray interaction effects of five bioactive samples as a function of the molar ratio of carbonate to phosphate (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. Some related physical quantities like molar volume, oxygen molar volume, and oxygen packing density were calculated. Moreover, some substantial parameters for gamma radiation protection namely mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), half or tenth value layer (HVL or TVL), photon transmission (TF %), radiation protection effectiveness (RPE %) in a wide energy range of 0.015\u0026ndash;15 MeV were calculated. The MAC values found using XCOM was compared with the results obtained from Monte Carlo simulations. A correlation between these shielding parameters and the structural parameters such as Vickers hardness, and lattice ratio constants on protection performance of the investigated bioactive materials were established. Finally, the effect of temperature on the shielding effectiveness is also discussed given their applications in bone research.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e2.1 Material\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eBioactive materials with promising sintering strength may be tested for radiation shielding for possible medical applications. Among them, a bone ingredient inorganic compound called carbonated hydroxyapatite (carbonated HA) shows a high medical hardness and encourages lattice ratio to be used as a radiation shield with high interaction cross-section with incoming photon radiation. This research work deals with one the of bone's bioactive materials consisting of the different molar ratios of carbonate to phosphate (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) from 0.5 to 4. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays these bioactive components in detail and the sample coding have been done according to Ref. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChemical formula, molar fraction, molecular weight, density and molar volume of the investigated samples along with their codes. The data are taken from ref. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolar fraction\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(mol%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolecular weight (g/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDensity\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/ cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolar volume (cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCa\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e(PO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eOH Ca\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e5\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e(CO\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e\u003cb\u003eOH\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e502.311\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.48609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e447.896\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e419.863\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.7080\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e391.831\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.81374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e378.639\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.51585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e370.394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.95459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"2. Theoretical and computational background","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe supporting information supplied with this research work provides a comprehensive elucidation of the notation and abbreviations employed in current article, along with references to important literature resources.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results and Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec6\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.1 The Physical properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe carbonated hydroxyapatite samples modified at different carbonate to phosphate molar ratios will be discussed for their ability as shielding materials for possible application in the bone industry. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e details the calculated molar volume (V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e) and oxygenation packing density (OPD). These values are calculated from the measured density of each sample with and without the addition of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ratio in the series of CHA reflecting the apparent high density (6.4\u0026ndash;8.06 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) of all the studied bone systems (see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. The table shows that the density of the compounds is increasing as a function of the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ratio reflecting the predominant effect on the physical quantities V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e and OPD. This may also affect other intrinsic properties such as shielding effectiveness and elastic properties (see subsequent discussion). Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows that the V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e decreases as this ratio increases and on the contrary, the OPD as a result increases in the same order. This is due partially to the presence of both heavy components CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e or PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e within these CHA networking structures. This behavior can be understood as a result of the oxygen packing density reduction in the bone systems. It is noted that the density of the HA sample is 6.4 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, then it jumps to 8.7 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e for the samples 0.5 CHA (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). This density decreasing with increased the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e molar fraction in the samples attaining a value of 8.06 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e for the sample 4CHA. This reduction is expected and attributed to the substitution of lighter compounds (CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) for the heavier ones (PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e). This observed density decrease because PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e has higher molecular weight and density (94.97 g/mol, 3.14 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e respectively) than CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e., 60 g/mol, 2.711 g/cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively). As a consequence of these observations, it can be deduced that: an increase in CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e content at the expense of PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (see Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e) favored the formation of new network structures within the bone matrix [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR13\" citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe density, molar volume, oxygen molar volume (OMV), oxygen packing density (OPD) and Vickers hardness (H\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e) of the investigated samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e Molar ratio\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMolar volume (cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOMV\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e/mol)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOPD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g.atom/l)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eH\u003csup\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/sup\u003e\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(GPa)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e78.48609\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e603.73918\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65634\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.4823\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e468.0209\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.13666\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.706\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e487.08005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.05305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.81374\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e520.15266\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.92251\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.51585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e516.84275\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.95459\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e574.43238\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.74085\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026dagger;\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e Data taken from ref. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec7\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e3.2 The Shielding properties\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows an energy dependence comparison of the MAC values between the XCOM and Phys-X/PSD software for all samples studied in this report in which the pre-factor encoding its molar ratio of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e. An excellent agreement between the two methods was inferred from the panels with a maximum percentage error of less than 2%. The figure shows a progressive reduction of the MAC values with incoming photon energy. This may indicate the shielding efficiency of the samples reduced as the energy was increased. Investigating the values presented in the Figure and the simulation data obtained from Geant4, one can conclude that as the ratio of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e is increasing the MAC values also increase indicating the pronounced effect of the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e molar component increase in the CHA compounds (see Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). More data has been included in the supplementary information table for other samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMass attenuation coefficient (MAC) of the all studied samples as obtained from Geant4 simulations and XCOM program at different photons energies. The selected energy values are emitted from \u003csup\u003e152\u003c/sup\u003eEu.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePhoton Energy\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(MeV)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCHA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5CHA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1CHA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXCOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeant4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDev.%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXCOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeant4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDev.%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eXCOM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeant4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDev.%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1228\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.172\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17117\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.174\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17155\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.175\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11815\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11827\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.119\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11844\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2959\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.109\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10773\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10927\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10904\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3443\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10243\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10249\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10163\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4111\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09447\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.095\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09483\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09103\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.092\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09082\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.678\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.076\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07566\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.077\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.07591\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.005\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.30E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06339\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.40E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06364\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.086\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06026\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06025\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.10E-02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06061\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.112\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05940\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05969\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05977\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.299\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05568\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05532\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.056\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05531\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.458\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.053\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05265\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05371\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.054\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.05348\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.96\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA comparison between the MAC values for any incoming photon energy revealed that, the sample encoded as 4CH baring the highest MAC values among all the other samples while the least MAC values are obtained for the sample encode as HA. This observed effect can be also correlated with the decrease of OMV (or increase in OPD) consistence with general trend observed in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e. Also, in terms of Vickers hardness value, their values are 1.35 and 1.10 for 4CHA and HA respectively. The latter is an image of how the sample becomes more hard or soft according to its chemical structure and molar composition. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e represents the primitive cell parameters (interatomic bond lengths a and c), their ratio, crystalline size, and the RPE values. It is clear from this table that as the bond length ratio increases (or the unite cell size is decreasing) where the gamma- or X-ray incoming beam encounters multiple scattering centers while passing through the primitive cell different structures, it then attenuates inside the matter in different percentages depending on the structured networking in the glassy system. This phenomenon was seen in the different carbonate-hydroxyapatite samples depending on their intrinsic nature including physico-chemical and structural parameters [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR15\" citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe primitive cell structural parameters, the crystallite size, unite cell structure and the RPE of the investigated samples.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"7\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample Code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026Aring;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ec\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(\u0026Aring;)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ea/c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCrystallite size\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(nm(\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStructure/space group\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003csub\u003eRPE*\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4218(7)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8822(5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7305\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexagonal/ P63/m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.908\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4152(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8883(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7316\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoclinic / P63/m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.965\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4131(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9145(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7345\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e77.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoclinic / P63/m\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4124(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9603(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7394\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoclinic/ P63/\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.699\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4113(4)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9724(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7408\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMonoclinic/ P63/\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.501\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4011(5)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9895(3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7435\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHexagonal/ P63/m or P6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.434\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003e* RPE is evaluated for γ-radiation with energies between 60 and 510 keV for possible medical diagnostics. The data presented for RPE is evaluated at photon energy of E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;411 keV and sample thickness of 0.1 cm.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFurthermore, a huge drop in the calculated MAC values as a function of incoming photon energy in the lower energy regime where the photoelectric absorption (PA) is the predominant scattering process inside the material. But, for E\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;0.6 MeV, the MAC values for all samples are energy independent and all follow the same constant trend. The bioactive nature of these samples enforced a comparison between their properties and those available in the literature terminated as bioactive materials or glasses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e]. A similar trend in MAC was reported for SiO2\u0026ndash;Na2O- P2O5\u0026ndash;CaO-B2O3 bioactive glasses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e], PbO\u0026ndash;BaO\u0026ndash;B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e glasses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e], TeO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;Er\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u0026ndash;ZnO glasses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e], and PbO\u0026ndash;Li\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u0026ndash;B\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e glasses [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. This steep diminishing in MAC with increasing energy suggests that as the photon energy is increased, the bio-glasses will no longer be capable to shield the incoming photons mainly those that carry high energy-momentum flux. For example, the data depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e shows that the MAC values are high at E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.5 keV taking the values between 1.01915 and 1.17118 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g for sample 4CH and HA respectively. This essential shielding factor reduces to 0.0650303 (for 4CH) and 0.064705982 (for HA) cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g at E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;964.1 keV. The high values of MAC at E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;39.5 keV can be understood based on the PA phenomenon at low incoming photon energy. This fact is also responsible for the fast decrease in MAC between these two emitted photon energy values as explained very recently by Khattari et al. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The minimum values seen in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e is corresponding to the photon energy of 1458 keV at which the MAV value is 0.023 cm2/g for the sample with 0 mol% of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, CHA). The calculated MAC values for the CHA-4CH samples are an essential measure, which assists directly to obtain another shielding factor such as the linear attenuation coefficient (LAC). It is usually used for relating and characterizing the penetration of X- or γ-ray photons in any shielding material including bioglass. Therefore, the Phy-X/PSD software is utilized for calculating LAC values for the HA bioglass systems with various CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ratios at different photon energies between 245 and 1410 keV. The molar fraction dependence of LAC values is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e for all the samples under study at selected incoming photon energy. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e revealed the following facts about this shielding parameter: (1) when the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e component is absent from the sample, it showed a relatively lowest LAC values among all studied samples regardless of the photon energy; (2) then LAC values increased sharply at CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e =0.5; (3) a steep drop in LAC is then observed for the rest of samples for all selected energies. For example, the largest value of LAC was found at 244.7 KeV which equals to 1.035, 1.028, 1.00079, 0.97458, 0.96584 cm\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for the samples 0.5HA, 1HA, 2CH, 3CH, 4CH bioglass respectively. Notice, at this low energy as pointed above the PA cross-section probability process scales partially on the atomic number according to the empirical relation: Z\u003csup\u003e4\u0026ndash;5\u003c/sup\u003e. Thus, the molecular structure of examined samples contains \u003csub\u003e20\u003c/sub\u003eCa\u003csup\u003e40\u003c/sup\u003e and \u003csub\u003e15\u003c/sub\u003eP\u003csup\u003e30\u003c/sup\u003e as the heaviest elements evolving within its structure which may account for the occurrence probability of this process. Also, another key point inferred from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, is the rate of change at which LAC values behavior at the low and high molar ratio for various energetic photons. Exemplified by the samples 4CH and HA, this rate was \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.42701, and \u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;0.33503 respectively. This a clear evidence that the shielding efficiency of the samples increasing with decreases the molar ratio of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e. The sample transmission to γ\u0026ndash;ray as a function of the photon incoming energy is displaced in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e at different sample thicknesses (x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1-1.0 cm). For the incoming photon energy range, the sample showed the same trend in the shielding protection against the lower energy. Also, it seems that the glass sample loses its protection capability when the beam's energy exceeds a critical value (commented on below). The same characteristic behavior was also confirmed by different research groups [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR33\" citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. The sample transmission can be rationalized by establishing the relationship of beam-matter interaction probability viz density in a certain like-hood: For a denser medium, the scattering centers inside the material increase resulting in a possibility of more attenuated beams than less dense ones. Figure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e shows the plotted RPE as a function of sample thickness. The data presented here at moderate energy of 689 keV. When the molecular component CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e is absent from the compound, then the RPE shows its worst protection against the incoming radiation. While for other samples where the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e is present even at the lower molecular ratio, then the RPE is improved by a factor of 1.5 a thickness of 0.6 cm. The Figure shows also, that the best protective material against radiation is the sample encoded by 0.5CHA. This important result is in agreement with the results obtained from the previous figures. The lowest RPE is started at the sample's thickens of 0.1 cm (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, maximum TF) and vice versa. This a clear evidence that the presence of the component PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e within the molecular structure resulted in a high protective martial due to their intrinsic structure. The primitive cell of PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e has the geometrical form of tetrahedral with four double bonds connecting four pairs of chemical bonds. This may account for their high protective power against radiation. As the molar ratio increases, the number of tetrahedral decreases of PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e while the trigonal planar molecular geometry of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e is increasing, resulting in less protective material. According to this dedication, one concluded that the molecular composition (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e molar ratio) plays a vital role in the attenuation strength of the current bioglass. These essential results can be also understood partially by considering the influence of the atomic number (as a replacement of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e by PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e) contribution to the radiation attenuation inside the matter in addition to the geometrical structure of the unit cell. As pointed out above, the sample encoded as HA possesses the best RPE. To explain the effect of replacement of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e by PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e on the protection strength of the HA-4CHA bioglass, a simple numerical estimation of RPE with the highest and lowest CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e content in the sample (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, 0.5CHA and 4CHA). The substitution of CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e from 0.5 mol% to 4 mol% results in a decrease in the RPE from 6.396\u0026ndash;5.963% at sample thickness x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1 cm; while from 17.988\u0026ndash;16.845% at x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.6 cm, and finally from 48.367\u0026ndash;45.928% at x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0 cm. In addition to the structural and geometrical constraints imposed on the system as discussed above, another important factor that may account for this phenomenon since that Ca has a higher atomic number than the P which may add a piece of evidence on the effect of the atomic number on the shielding effectiveness of the material. Furthermore, the calculated RPE values for all samples showed that with a thickness of 0.8 cm, the sample 0.5CHA becomes a very good shield material where the RPE changes from 6.396% (at x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.1 cm) to 41.069% ( at x\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1.0 cm). For the 1CHA, the RPE changes from 6.349\u0026ndash;40.833% at the same sample thickness. Other samples showed less tendency as a protective shield against radiation as displaced in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e and Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e. Therefore, in designing a medical shield material as a human protective shield from these compounds, factors such as the molar ratio CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e, sample thickness in addition to the incoming used radiation energy which illuminates persons in the medical laboratory must be taken into account. Other factors that could also affect the shielding strength are primitive cell aspect ratio (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, a/c) and compounds preparation temperature as will be discussed in the next paragraph.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFigure \u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e shows a comparison between the ratio of the tenth value layer (TVL) of the samples CHA to 0.5CHA (TVL\u003csub\u003eCHA\u003c/sub\u003e/TVL\u003csub\u003e0.5CHA\u003c/sub\u003e). The two samples were selected due to their highest and lowest TVL values respectively. The Figure shows this ratio at selected incoming photon energy in three distinct scattering regions: in the low scattering region, this ratio was found to be 1.45 which indicates clearly that the CHA sample is more protective against the incoming beam that the 0.5 CHA sample. In the intermediate and high energy scattering regions, it seems that both samples have the same protective shielding power against the radiation. In general, increasing the molar ratio of the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e of the CHA bioglass 4-folded leads to a decrease in the TVL by a factor of 1.1. This is in juxtaposition with the results gained from the LAC trends. Also, it is noted that the rapid descending in the TVL values in the energy range 0.015 to 0.15 MeV indicates that the CHA composition has a pronounced effect on the shielding properties in the low energy region which is dominated by the photoelectric scattering process. Above this critical energy value, the chemical molar composition has a less role in the shielding protection abilities as is clear from Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e. As a complementary result, a plot of the HLV at two selected photon energies is depicted in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. The necessity of this figure lies in comparing the shielding capacity of the current investigated samples with different types of bio-glasses already reported previously in the literature. Thus, the HVL of the current samples was compared with two predominant and widely used glasses, namely, RS-360 and RS-520 [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e]. The Figure shows that obtained results of HVL in comparison with other bio-glasses at two selected energies E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;411 keV and E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1010 keV. At E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;411 keV, The CHA sample has better HVL than RS-520, but at E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1010 keV, all the CHA samples have less HVL than other glasses. The transmission energy probability has been calculated assuming that the incoming photon beam undergoes multiple scattering processes according to its own carried energy. These probabilities processes are divided into three distinct values according to their respective energy region as the beam interacted with matter. Namely, the beam's energy spectrum is divided into low (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, 0.015\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2), intermediate (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, 0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.25), and high (\u003cem\u003ei.e.\u003c/em\u003e, 1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15) MeV energy region. This nominated division was chosen according to the lead scattering process as the energy beam transmitted the specimen. Accordingly, the probabilities were given the statistical names: P(PA), P(CS), and P(PP) for the photoelectric absorption, coherent, and pair production scattering process. The obtained results for the full-range energy spectrum of the incident photon beam are listed in Table S2. The Table shows that in the low energy spectrum, the dominant process in the PA has a probability of about 82% among the other probabilistic processes. This is true for all studied samples. Then, as the beam's energy increases, the CS process is starting to increase in the expense of the PA process keeping at the same time PP probability very low. For example, for the sample encoded as 2CHA: P(AA)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.823, P(CS)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.177 while P(PP)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0 in the low energy region, while in the intermediate energy region these values become: P(AA)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.657, P(CS)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.32 while P(PP)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.23, finally P(AA)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.24, P(CS)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.11 while P(PP)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.965 in the high energy region. The table display obvious evidence that the expected frequency of the scattering process depends on different parameters of the chosen statistical model such as the beam's incoming energy and their corresponding probabilistic inference in a certain energy likelihood.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese observations have been garlanded by measuring the statistically expected transmitted energy for the sample using the simple probability theory of statistical mean. The expected transmitted energy value ( \u003cem\u003ei.e\u003c/em\u003e. \u0026lt;E\u0026gt;) is calculated using the relation \u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e and the results are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e. The table shows that when a sample is irradiated by a spectrum of γ-ray with incoming energy 0.015\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15 MeV, then different expected transmitted energy values through the sample will occur. This occurrence depends entirely on the energy range and the scattering process that takes place within the sample. Exemplified by the sample enclosed 2CHA, the best-transmitted energy beam is in the order of 8.7 MeV when the PP is the most probable scattering process among others. Other samples show less but almost equal penetrated energy when the same process is dominated. Examining other scattering processes accumulating inside the sample, it seems that the PA process has the least emerging energy value among other these statistical measures. For the CS process, the value of the transmitted energy is about 0.7 MeV averaged over all samples. This led the author to conclude that when designing a bioactive glass-ceramic composite for biomedical applications, such shielding parameters may be taken into account when designing it for orthopedic or dental interventions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe expectation values of the emerged energy values in different scattering processes as indicated. Refer to Table S2 (in supplementary materials) for the scattering processes codes. P(Process): represents the probability of the indicated process. The expected beam transmitted energy through the sample is denoted as \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026gt;.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"6\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSample code\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProcess Probability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0.015\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;1.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;E\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026lt;E\u0026gt;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eCHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.28352\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.32164\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68649\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37901\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.71648\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e67.34825\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.67114\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.67994\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.33011\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e97.64237\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.07355\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.5CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81.75033\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.10917\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02162\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41326\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.24967\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.5987\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4106\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73463\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29213\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.56778\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.01313\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.55585\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.04751\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41914\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.98687\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.17423\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4194\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73179\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.26992\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.53309\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98157\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.29653\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0444\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07581\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42557\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.70347\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.71018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.42828\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72862\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.49592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.49592\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.70876\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.43381\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2912\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.48597\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.87397\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.56619\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.4757\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.16358\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.70482\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.35045\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.55372\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4CHA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.52407\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.75707\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43331\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(CS)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.47593\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e65.32725\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.43667\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7261\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP(PP)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.22529\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.46363\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9755\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo wreathe the above results, the shielding properties were rationalized as a function of the sample's preparation temperature. The behavior of these parameters can be understood by examining the MAC values against temperature. Therefore, the MAC values at selected energies were plotted versus temperature as indicated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e. To analyze the results presented in this Figure, we choose to discuss the shielding features obtained for sample 4CHA due to its high CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e molar fraction. In the low energy region, the MAC values started from 2.35 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;60\u0026deg;C, then dropped abruptly to 2.2 at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;143\u0026deg;C, and then gradually decreased to 2.1 at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;900\u0026deg;C. The rate of change of the MAC values with respect to temperature is found to be (-3.1/ \u0026times;10\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;4\u003c/sup\u003e) via least-square linear fit. This observed rapid decrease may be attributed to the intrinsic change in the primitive cell structure of the compound from Hexagonal structure with group summary \"P63/m\" to Monoclinic/ P63 at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;440\u0026deg;C and finally to back to Hexagonal/ P63/m or P6 as the temperature increased to T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;900\u0026deg;C. Moreover, the MAC values decreased furthermore in the intermediate energy range between 0.64 and 0.55 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g, and when E\u0026thinsp;\u0026gt;\u0026thinsp;5.0 MeV, it attains very low values of ca. 0.02 cm\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e/g entire temperature range. The Figure indicted that the apparent effect of temperature on the attenuation capacity of the bioglass samples in conjugation with a change in the crystal structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe net crowned symmetry from the current study is illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e. The obtained RPE (RPE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1-TF) and the measured H\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e values are depicted versus the unite cell aspect parameters c/a ratio to infer the correlated relationship between the shielding and structural features of the samples. The RPE increases very rapidly from 38\u0026ndash;48%, simultaneously, the Vickers hardness value also responded in the same way by an increase from 1.1 to 1.85 GPa when the aspect ratio is just changed from 0.73059 to 0.7316. Then, both physical parameters decrease with increasing the aspect ratio from their maximum values to 46% and 1.35 GPa respectively at c/a\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.7435. The RPE coefficient has different values indicating the varying attenuation power against the incoming beam for all samples studied here. Of course, this attenuation power may vary at different photon energy. It should be noted that the values displayed in this Figure are calculated at a photon energy of E\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;689 keV and a sample thickness of 0.8 cm. The Figure also shows the relation between the crystalline structure and the micro-hardness on the shielding protection which may be utilized as a measuring tool when coating these types of bioactive materials in medical applications [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, the impact of varying the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ratio (ranging from 0.5 to 4) on the radiation shielding capabilities of CHA was systematically investigated. Three distinct shielding parameters were employed to assess the efficacy of CHA in radiation protection. The research unveiled that increasing the CO\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e/PO\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u0026minus;\u003c/sup\u003e ratio significantly influenced the MAC, HVL, and TVL parameters. We correlated these shielding parameters with the unit cell c/a ratio and the preparation temperature of CHA. Furthermore, the study revealed that the of V\u003csub\u003em\u003c/sub\u003e, OPD, and H\u003csub\u003ev\u003c/sub\u003e of CHA exhibited variations associated with the MAC parameter. These findings suggest that the dominant scattering process within the material plays a crucial role in determining the average transmitted beam energy. Specifically, the study showed that the average transmitted beam energy is 8.1 MeV, 0.73 MeV, and 0.42 MeV for PP (Photoelectric Process), CS (Compton Scattering), and PA (Pair Annihilation) scattering processes, respectively. Most notably, the introduction of carbonate substitution demonstrated a significant enhancement in the shielding effectiveness against radiation. This discovery highlights the substantial potential of using carbonate-substituted CHA as a bioactive coating material for bone graft biomaterials.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgment\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors would like to thank The Hashemite University and National Research Centre (Egypt) for the generous financial support.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCRediT authorship contribution statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eZ.Y. Khattari and Ebrahim A. Mahdy:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; review \u0026amp; editing, Writing \u0026ndash; original draft, Visualization, Software, Investigation, Data curation, Conceptualization;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo Fund\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAdditional Information (Competing Interests Statement)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for Publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;All authors approved the version\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eJ.P. Lafon, E. Champion, D. 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Dim, Radiation shielding properties of transparent erbium zinc tellurite glass system determined at medical diagnostic energies, J. Alloys Compd. 741 (2018) 293\u0026ndash;299.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAshok Kumar, Gamma ray shielding properties of PbO-Li2O-B2O3 glasses, Radiat. Phys. Chem. 136 (2017) 50\u0026ndash;53.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eR. Divina, G. Sathiyapriya, K. Marimuthu, A. Askin, M.I. Sayyed, elastic Structural, optical and γ-ray shielding behavior of Dy\u003csup\u003e3+\u003c/sup\u003e ions doped heavy metal incorporated borate glasses, J Non Cryst Solids 545 (2020), 120269.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eY. Al-Hadeethi, M.I. Sayyed, BaO\u0026ndash;LiO\u0026ndash;BO glass systems: potential utilization in gamma radiation protection, Prog. Nucl. Energy 129 (2020), 103511.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eSaurabh Kapoor, Daniela Brazete, C Inˆes, Pereira, Gaurav Bhatia, Manpreet Kaur, Luis F. Santos, Dipanjan Banerjee, Ashutosh Goel, Jos\u0026acute;e M.F. Ferreira, Impact of transition metal ions on the structure and bioactivity of alkali-free bioactive glasses, J Non Cryst Solids 506 (2019) 98\u0026ndash;108.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eParminder Kaur, K.J. Singh, Sonika Thakur, Prabhjot Singh, B.S. Bajwa, Investigation of bismuth borate glass system modified with barium for structural and gamma-ray shielding properties, Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 206 (2019) 367\u0026ndash;377.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"},{"header":"Scheme ","content":"\u003cp\u003eScheme 1 is available in the Supplementary Files section\u003c/p\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"hydroxyapatite, shielding, biomedical applications, Monte Carlo simulation, XCOM","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421590/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421590/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis study utilizes the calculated mass attenuation coefficient (MAC) in conjunction with probability theory to evaluate the suitability of various energy regions for medical applications by analyzing the energy of transmitted radiation beams through samples. The findings reveal a strong correlation between the shielding properties of carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA) compounds, the unit cell crystalline parameters, and preparation temperature. Notably, an introduction of a probabilistic methodology for transmission energy assessment, identifying the photoelectric process as the most probable scattering process with an average energy of equal 8.7 MeV. Specifically, the outcomes show that CHA compounds with a 4 mol% molar ratio exhibit the most promising characteristics for radiation shielding. An establishment of a connection between their shielding properties and atomic molar volume, preparation temperature, and structural configurations within bioactive networks, providing valuable insights for applications compared to standard glasses like RS-520.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Probabilistic Approach to Assessing the Radiation Shielding Capabilities of Carbonated Hydroxyapatite Modified by Carbonate-to-Phosphate Ratio and Temperature","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-06-11 17:34:49","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-4421590/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"ed6d8b03-3e11-40a8-9248-462e7b14d849","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 11th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":32936414,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry/Biophysical chemistry"},{"id":32936415,"name":"Biological sciences/Biochemistry"},{"id":32936416,"name":"Biological sciences/Biophysics"},{"id":32936417,"name":"Health sciences/Medical research"},{"id":32936418,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-06-16T14:06:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-06-11 17:34:49","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-4421590","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-4421590","identity":"rs-4421590","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}