Spatial modeling of tidal and land use impacts on Escherichia coli contamination and fluctuation in Asia’s urban river environmental gradient

In the river, pathogens are the leading cause for rivers to exceed water and health quality standards. The GIS based spatial modeling and analysis were conducted to estimate Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) contaminated river bodies based on environmental and spatial gradients such as dissolved oxygen, pH, tidal, temperature and current in Asia’s urban river located in Kapuas river of Kalimantan. The E. coli was sampled from the river mouth up to the upstream land uses dominated by residential. The E. coli contamination was higher in the river mouth and in residential area as well. Likewise, E. coli contamination was higher during the low tide than high tide. During the high tide, the E. coli contamination were significantly affected by temperature and current (r 2 >0.5). Meanwhile, during the low tide, there were no dominant environmental factors that affect E. coli contamination. Hence, by knowing the spatial model of E. coli contamination driven by tidal, land use and environmental gradients, this paper has contributed to the advance management of water and river system.