Implicit but not explicit exposure to threat conditioned stimulus prevents spontaneous recovery of threat potentiated startle responses in humans

ABSTRACT It has long been posited that threat learning operates and forms under an affective and a cognitive learning system that are supported by different brain circuits. A primary drawback in exposure-based therapies is the high rate of relapse when higher order inhibitory structures failed to inhibit the emotional responses driven by the defensive circuit. It has been shown that implicit exposure of fearful stimuli leads to a long-lasting reduction of avoidance behavior in patients with phobia through the facilitation of fear processing areas in the absence of subjective fear. Despite the potential benefits of this approach in the treatment of phobias and PTSD, implicit exposure to fearful stimuli is still under-investigated. Here, we used unconscious presentation of threat-conditioned stimuli in healthy humans, using a continuous flash suppression technique. We found that implicit exposure of a conditioned stimulus reduced, on the following day, defensive responses to the conditioned stimulus measured by threat-potentiated startle responses but not by the electrodermal activity. Our results suggest that implicit exposure using CFS might facilitate the modulation of the affective component of fearful memories, representing an important therapeutic target to further advance exposure-based psychotherapies.