Brazing stainless steel with high chromium nickel alloy

Brazing stainless steel with high chromium nickel alloy | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Brazing stainless steel with high chromium nickel alloy Svitlana Maksymova, Vitalii Voronov, Petro Kovalchuk This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259392/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Review Version 1 posted 5 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract High-temperature brazing of dissimilar joints is an important task today for many industries, including aviation and energy, in the manufacture of critical components. This work presents the results of micro-X-ray spectral investigations of the interfacial boundary between the filler metal and the base metal after spreading of brazing fillers based on the Ni-Mn-Si-Cu and Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B systems on stainless steel 12Kh18N10T and heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR. The influence of brazing temperature on the filler metal structure formation after spreading was determined. The features of the structure formation of brazed joints during high-temperature vacuum brazing of dissimilar joints between stainless steel and heat-resistant nickel alloy are shown. The results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis demonstrated that when using the filler based on the Ni-Mn-Si-Cu system, the microstructure of brazed joints in dissimilar joints contains a solid solution and a eutectic component crystallized in the central zone of the brazed seam, which consists of a solid solution and nickel silicide. When using the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler, needle-like chromium borides and nickel silicides crystallize along the grain boundaries of the solid solution in the brazed joint structure. The obtained results showed that reducing the silicon concentration (from 7–1%) in the filler and additional boron alloying provides an increase in shear strength up 176 to 315 MPa. brazing dissimilar joints brazing filler metal microstructure micro-X-ray spectral analysis stainless steel heat-resistant nickel alloy Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 1 Introduction Nickel-based alloys with high chromium content are characterized by excellent corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties after hardening. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a chromium oxide film that forms on the surface of the alloy, providing protection at elevated temperatures. These alloys are used in the energy sector for the production of gas turbines, nuclear generators, and in motorsport for manufacturing exhaust valves in racing engines, fasteners, spindles, and other components. Dissimilar joints are widely used across various industrial sectors, including aviation, transportation, energy, and others. One of the main reasons for employing such joints is the need to reduce production costs by combining materials with different physical, mechanical, and technological properties [ 1 – 3 ]. With the rapid development of modern technologies, the use of dissimilar joints has become especially relevant in the production of aircraft engines, where combinations of nickel-based alloys and stainless steels are increasingly employed. This provides the necessary balance between strength, thermal resistance, and resistance to aggressive environments. Nickel-based heat-resistant alloys exhibit excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, such as high-temperature strength, resistance to oxidation, and corrosion resistance. These qualities make them indispensable for key components like turbine disks and blades [ 4 , 5 ]. Among the most widely used heat-resistant nickel-based alloys are Nimonic 80A, Inconel 600, 625, 718, Rene 41, and others [ 6 – 8 ]. Austenitic stainless steels with chromium content ranging from 16 to 26% and nickel content from 6 to 12% (grades AISI 304, 321, 316, etc.) have an austenitic structure that ensures their thermal and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures [ 9 ]. Due to these properties, austenitic steels are widely used in high-temperature and aggressive environments, including power engineering (heat exchangers, heating elements), the chemical industry, and other sectors. However, when joining heat-resistant nickel alloys with austenitic stainless steels by welding, there is a high risk of hot and cold cracking. This is caused by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients of the materials being joined, segregation of alloying elements in the heat-affected zone, and the formation of brittle phases (such as Laves phases) [ 2 , 3 , 8 ]. To join nickel-based alloys with stainless steels, both welding and brazing methods are used [ 1 – 4 ]. Welding of Inconel-type alloys with austenitic stainless steels presents challenges due to significant differences in their chemical compositions, melting temperatures, and thermal expansion. These differences lead to hot cracking, microstructural defects (e.g., Laves phases), and segregation of alloying elements in the heat-affected zone. Such defects reduce the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of the joint, making it difficult to ensure long-term reliability, especially under high-temperature and aggressive conditions [ 2 , 3 , 8 – 14 ]. Brazing is also used for joining nickel-based alloys and stainless steels [ 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 – 9 ]. Brazing dissimilar metals—such as nickel alloys like Nimonic 80A and Inconel 600, 625, 718, KhN77TYuR with austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304, 316L, 410, 904L)—is a complex technological process that involves several metallurgical challenges affecting the joint's quality and reliability [ 6 ]. One such challenge is the presence of an oxide film on the surface, which is difficult to remove. Therefore, vacuum brazing at a specific temperature that facilitates the decomposition of oxides is recommended. For joining heat-resistant nickel alloys with stainless steels, complex nickel-based brazing filler metal with silicon and boron as melting-point depressants are commonly used. Alternatively, nickel- or copper-based brazing filler metal or Ni–Cu systems alloyed with significant amounts of manganese (20–35 wt.%) and silicon (up to 8 wt.%), as well as additions of chromium, cobalt, tungsten, niobium, and rare earth elements, are applied to improve mechanical and technological properties [ 15 , 16 ]. However, using Ni–Cr–B–Si system brazing filler metal to join such materials can lead to the formation of brittle solid phases (e.g., chromium borides and nickel silicides) in the central zone of the brazed seam. These phases not only reduce the joint's strength but also locally decrease corrosion and heat resistance due to chromium-depleted areas [ 15 – 19 ]. To minimize or prevent the formation of these phases, it is recommended to use extended brazing cycles or post-brazing heat treatment. Another critical factor is maintaining a narrow brazing gap (less than 50 µm), which facilitates the diffusion of brazing filler metal components into the base metal [ 9 , 19 ]. However, these measures significantly increase the process time and, consequently, the cost of production. Ni–Cu brazing filler metals alloyed with a high content of manganese are developed considering the characteristics of Cu–Mn and Ni–Mn alloy systems, which exhibit a eutectic temperature minimum in their phase diagrams. In such alloys, manganese plays a key role in achieving the desired melting temperature [ 15 , 16 ]. Adding silicon to Ni-(Cu)-Mn alloys results in the formation of an eutectic structure [ 15 ]. When brazing joints of stainless steels and heat-resistant nickel alloys using such brazing filler metal, there is a risk of forming continuous eutectic layers that deteriorate the mechanical properties of the brazed joint [ 20 ]. The main disadvantages of manganese-rich brazing filler metal include their low corrosion resistance and high manganese evaporation during vacuum brazing. This can lead to changes in the brazing filler metal’s chemical composition and increased susceptibility to pore formation in the brazed seam [ 15 , 16 ]. The aim of this work is to determine the influence of the alloying system of nickel- and copper-nickel-based brazing filler metal on the formation of structure and mechanical strength of dissimilar brazed joints between stainless steel (12Kh18N10T) and heat-resistant nickel alloy (KhN77TYuR). 2 Investigation methods and materials For the experimental investigations, stainless steel 12Kh18N10T (chemically similar to AISI 321H) and a heat-resistant high-chromium nickel-based alloy KhN77TYuR were used as base materials (Table 1 ). The latter contains an increased concentration of chromium and is chemically similar to the NIMONIC 75 and NIMONIC 80A alloy series. Steel 12Kh18N10T is resistant to corrosion and chemically aggressive compounds, possesses high mechanical strength, and is easy to machine. Its optimal combination of high performance characteristics and cost-effectiveness allows it to be widely used in various industrial sectors. Table 1 Chemical composition of the materials Grade Chemical elements, wt. % Ni Cr Ti Al Fe Si Mn B P C Co Cu KhN77TYuR Bal. 19.0–22.0 2.4–2.8 0.6-1.0 до 1.0 до 0.6 до 0.4 до 0.01 до 0.015 до 0.07 - - 12Kh18N10T 9.0–11.0 17.0–19.0 0.4-1.0 - Bal. до 0.8 до 2.0 - до 0.035 до 0.12 - до 0.3 BMF No 1 Bal. - - - - 7.0 24,50 - 0.02 - 0.0-0.1 4.5 BMF No 2 28.0–30.0 - - - 1.0-1.5 0.8–1.2 27.0–30.0 0.15–0.25 0.1–0.2 - 4.0–6.0 Bal. The filler metals were melted on a cold copper substrate in an argon protective atmosphere using laboratory equipment and an arc heating source (Kemppi MasterTig AC/DC 2300). To improve the homogeneity of the alloy, the ingots were remelted five times with inversion between each melting. Spreading and brazing experiments were carried out in a vacuum furnace with radiation heating, under a working chamber pressure of 1.3 × 10⁻³ Pa. The brazing temperatures were 1160°C and 1060°C, with a holding time of 1 minute. After cooling, the samples with the filler metal were sectioned perpendicular to the base metal plate, and metallographic cross-sections were prepared using standard procedures. For metallographic analysis and examination of chemical heterogeneity, a Tescan Mira 3 LMU scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. Micro X-ray spectral analysis and determination of the local elemental distribution in individual phases were performed using an Oxford Instruments X-Max 80 mm² energy-dispersive spectrometer, equipped with the INCA software package. The microsections were examined without chemical etching in BSE mode at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV. For mechanical testing, lap-joint specimens (Fig. 1 ) with a fixed brazing gap of 50 µm were fabricated. The heating temperature was monitored using a thermocouple attached directly to the specimen, with a measurement error of 0.5%. The heating rate was 21–27°C/min, while the cooling rate after brazing was 30–40°C/min in the temperature range 1160–600°C, and 3.7°C/min in the range 600–200°C. Tensile strength tests were conducted at room temperature using a ZDM-10 universal testing machine. The specimen preparation and brazing procedure are shown in Fig. 2 . 3 Results and discussion The experimental results showed that both filler metals exhibited good wettability on the base metal, forming relatively small contact angles of approximately 6 degrees. Metallographic and micro-X-ray spectral analyses confirmed that, during the spreading of filler metal No. 1 on 12Kh18N10T steel at 1160°C, the main structural component of the brazing filler metal droplet is a solid solution based on the Ni–Mn–Cu system, enriched with iron up to 5.87 wt.% (Fig. 2 , Fig. 3 ). Figure 3 Chemical composition of individual phases in filler metal No. 1 after spreading on stainless steel Along the grain boundaries of the solid solution, a silicide phase based on nickel crystallizes—(NiMnCuFeCr)ₓSi γ , containing 12.67 wt.% silicon. Based on its stoichiometry, this phase corresponds to the most common compound of the Ni₃Si type [ 21 ]. It contains small amounts of chromium, iron, and copper, and is part of the eutectic structure. Evidently, the elevated brazing temperature promotes the activation of diffusion processes [ 22 ], which are driven by the concentration gradients at the interface between the filler metal and the base material, and by the non-equilibrium crystallization conditions. These factors lead to enrichment of the filler metal with elements from the base metal and to the formation of complex silicides. In addition, a second silicide phase is formed in the shape of well-defined inclusions that do not contain chromium or copper - (NiMnFe)ₓSi γ , with the silicon concentration rising to 15.27 wt.% (Table 3 ). According to the binary phase diagram of the Ni–Si system [ 21 ], two phases are formed in the silicon concentration range of 10–20 wt.%: γ and β₃ (Fig. 3 ). In the β₃ phase, the silicon concentration increases but does not exceed 13.75 wt.%. In the γ-phase, the silicon concentration rises to 15.9 wt.%. Based on its stoichiometry, the γ-phase can be attributed to the Ni₅Si₃ compound. These silicides are among the most stable, including in terms of oxidation resistance. It should be noted that in some areas of the joint, cracks are observed along the interphase boundary between the eutectic and the regularly shaped silicide phase (Fig. 4 b), which indicates differences in their properties—particularly brittleness and the excessively high brazing temperature [ 20 ]. When brazing dissimilar materials—heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR with 12Kh18N10T steel—using the (Ni–Mn–Si–Cu) filler metal at 1160°C, a similar structural formation is observed in the fillet area (Fig. 4 a) and the brazed seam (Fig. 4 b). The main phase is a solid solution based on the nickel–manganese system, enriched with iron (15.56 wt. %), chromium (10.44 wt.%), and containing a small amount of silicon (2.58 wt.%). In the silicide phase located in the central zone of the seam, the silicon content increases to 13.13 wt. %, while iron decreases to 1.42 wt.% (Table 2). Micro cracks are observed within this phase, but are absent in the solid solution (Fig. 4 a, b). ’1213 The presence of microcracks significantly reduces the operational reliability of brazed joints under the specified service conditions. To minimize defect formation, further investigations of the filler metal spreading and brazing processes were carried out at a reduced heating temperature of 1060°C. Microstructural analysis of filler metal No. 1 after spreading on the surface of the KhN77TYuR heat-resistant nickel alloy revealed that the resulting structure consists of a primary phase—a solid solution based on nickel, observed as well-defined oval bright grains. Along the grain boundaries, a eutectic constituent crystallizes, consisting of a silicide phase (NiMn)Siₓ and a nickel-based solid solution (Fig. 5 a, Table 3 ). Table 3 Chemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal after spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR at T = 1060°C Spectrum No Chemical elements, wt. % Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu 1 0.00 12.76 0.08 0.00 22.51 0.00 63.66 0.98 2 0.00 3.07 0.06 0.12 23.93 0.14 68.00 4.69 3 0.31 1.44 1.22 45.79 9.50 0.20 40.30 1.24 4 0.00 6.88 0.00 0.07 23.98 0.12 65.21 3.75 5 0.82 0.28 2.53 21.83 0.40 0.51 73.62 0.00 In the base metal zone adjacent to the filler metal, a diffusion zone is formed that differs from the original structure of the base material. In this zone, penetration of filler metal components is observed along the grain boundaries, forming thin dark layers enriched in chromium (Table 3 , Spectrum 3). During the spreading of the filler metal over the stainless-steel surface at 1060°C, the morphological features and phase composition of the structure remain unchanged (Fig. 5 b, Table 4 ). At the interface between the filler metal and the base metal, localized penetration of the filler metal is detected along the grain boundaries of the base material to a depth not exceeding 5 µm. Table 4 Chemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal after spreading on stainless steel at T = 1060°C Spectrum No Chemical elements, wt. % Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 1 11.15 0.00 0.09 20.54 0.41 0.19 65.10 2.52 2 3.93 0.00 0.11 19.82 0.45 0.30 69.41 5.97 3 7.84 0.00 0.00 20.79 0.42 0.35 67.08 3.52 4 3.40 0.00 0.34 21.04 1.41 0.53 68.58 4.71 5 0.47 0.26 17.79 1.35 70.81 0.32 8.64 0.35 During brazing of dissimilar joints between heat-resistant nickel alloy and stainless steel with filler metal No. 1 (Ni–Mn–Si–Cu) at 1060°C, a eutectic structure also forms in the brazed seam. However, the morphology of this structure differs from that observed after spreading the filler metal on the surface. In this case, the eutectic is primarily localized in the central part of the seam (Fig. 6 ) and exhibits a characteristic skeletal structure with central symmetry and an ordered arrangement of phases — a nickel-based solid solution and a silicide phase. According to Shail’s classification, this eutectic structure corresponds to the normal eutectic type with an ordered distribution of the second phase — silicide (NiMn)ₓSi [ 23 ]. Results of the local micro-X-ray spectral analysis showed that the maximum silicon content in the silicide phases reaches 13.31 wt.%, whereas in the solid solution its concentration is significantly lower, about 3.45 wt.% (Table 5 , Spectrum 1), which correlates well with the binary phase diagram data (Fig. 3 ). The brazed seam exhibits a homogeneous distribution of manganese, with concentrations ranging from 21.90 to 23.05 wt. % (Fig. 6 , Table 5 ). Table 5 Chemical composition of individual phases in the brazed dissimilar joint of the heat-resistant KhN77TYuR nickel alloy with stainless steel Spectrum No Chemical elements, wt. % Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Ni Cu 1 0.00 13.31 0.15 0.50 22.15 0.31 62.68 0.90 2 0.08 3.45 0.08 2.11 21.84 2.04 64.13 6.27 3 0.10 7.25 0.08 1.08 23.05 1.08 61.68 5.68 KhN77TYuR 0.75 0.16 2.36 21.52 0.50 0.48 74.22 0.00 12Kh18N10T 0.08 0.40 0.30 17.97 1.32 71.39 8.54 0.00 In the zone adjacent to the base metal, a nickel-based solid solution crystallizes (Fig. 6 , Table 4 , Spectrum 2). Within the grains of the solid solution, an increased copper concentration of 6.27 wt.% is observed, while in the silicides, the copper concentration significantly decreases to 0.90 wt.%. The solid solution also contains minor amounts of iron (2.04 wt.%) and chromium (2.11 wt.%) (Table 5 ). The results obtained from scanning electron beam analysis of the brazed seam correlate well with previous studies and confirm the increased silicon concentration and decreased copper concentration in the silicide phase and eutectic constituent (Fig. 7 ). Analysis of the micro-X-ray spectral results indicates that at an elevated temperature (1160°C), the concentration of manganese decreases both in the silicide phase (Fig. 8 a) and in the solid solution (Fig. 8 b), which can be explained by the high vapor pressure of manganese. Additionally, at the higher brazing temperature, the iron concentration in the solid solution increases to 15.56% (Fig. 8 b). These findings are attributed to active diffusion processes and partial dissolution of iron during brazing at 1160°C. Reducing the brazing temperature to 1060°C ensured the retention of manganese in the brazed seam—in both the silicide phase and the solid solution—and decreased the concentrations of chromium and iron in the solid solution. When using filler metal No. 2 (Cu–Ni–Mn–Co–Fe–Si–B), where the silicon content was reduced from 7–1% and boron was additionally introduced (up to 0.25%), the influence of the filler metal’s chemical composition on the structure and properties of brazed joints was studied. The use of boron as a melting point depressant promotes a reduction in melting temperature and improves wetting of the base metal. According to the results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis, after spreading filler metal No. 2 (Cu–Ni–Mn–Co–Fe–Si–B) on 12Kh18N10T steel, the main phase of the filler metal is a solid solution based on the copper–manganese–nickel system (Fig. 9 a, Table 6 ). Table 6 Chemical composition of individual phases (corresponding to Fig. 9 b) Spectrum No Chemical elements, wt. % B Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 1 - 7.07 - 0.10 34.02 1.34 4.22 44.74 8.51 2 19.72 0.00 - 41.09 27.79 6.36 1.74 1.45 1.85 3 - 0.79 - 0.54 25.37 2.79 3.00 28.42 39.09 Base metal - 0.41 0.27 18.08 1.30 71.11 - 8.83 - At the grain boundaries of this phase, nickel silicides crystallize, containing 7.07% silicon, a small amount of iron (1.34%), and traces of chromium (Fig. 9 , Table 6 , Spectrum 3). In the base metal near the interface with the filler metal, a diffusion zone about 23 µm wide is observed, containing a small amount of boride phase (CrₓB γ ), which is concentrated along the grain boundaries of the base metal (Fig. 9 c). Boron is insoluble both in the nickel matrix of the brazed seam and in the base material, and its diffusion activity is significantly higher than that of other filler metal elements. Therefore, it actively diffuses from the liquid seam metal into the base material and forms a network of boride phases in the diffusion zone [ 24 , 25 ]. The amount of dispersed boride precipitates decreases with depth away from the interphase boundary into the base metal. To confirm the reliability of the previous results shown in Fig. 9 , elemental spectra obtained during the chemical composition analysis of the silicide (d) and boride (e) phases using energy-dispersive spectrometry are presented. When spreading filler metal No. 2 on the KhN77TYuR nickel alloy at 1060°C, the formation of needle-like chromium borides is observed. These borides are concentrated at the interface between the filler metal and the base metal, as well as occurring as isolated inclusions within the solid solution matrix of the filler metal (Fig. 10 a, Table 7 ). Table 7 Chemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal and base metal after spreading on the nickel alloy (corresponding to Fig. 10 ) Chemical composition of individual phases corresponding to Fig. 10 a Spectrum No Chemical elements, wt. % B Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 1 5.77 - - 0.32 70.40 8.79 0.83 1.88 7.44 4.58 2 5.45 0.12 0.32 0.61 47.93 11.93 1.15 2.13 25.86 4.49 3 - 0.25 0.56 0.41 3.94 22.67 1.50 3.39 36.97 30.31 4 - 0.72 0.26 2.34 21.75 0.51 0.52 0.00 73.90 0.00 Chemical composition of individual phases corresponding to Fig. 10 b 1 (2) 13.67 - 0.24 5.64 60.72 11.86 1.35 2.42 4.09 0.00 3 - - 6.90 0.34 0.64 32.46 0.30 2.24 46.99 10.13 4 - - 0.65 0.24 1.95 24.53 0.66 2.57 32.90 36.49 Additionally, nickel silicides containing up to 6.90 wt.% silicon crystallize along the grain boundaries of the solid solution matrix in the filler metal (Fig. 10 b, Table 7 ). It should be noted that closer to the boundary with the base material, the filler metal shows somewhat higher concentrations of iron and chromium (Table 7 , Fig. 10 a). This can be explained by the shorter distance to the base metal, which facilitates mutual diffusion processes. Local chemical composition analysis of individual phases in the central zone of the filler metal revealed an increase in copper concentration in the solid solution and a decrease in nickel concentration. During high-temperature vacuum brazing with filler metal No. 2 (Cu–Ni–Mn–Co–Fe–Si–B) of dissimilar joints between the high-chromium heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR and 12Kh18N10T steel, the morphological features of the structure formation observed during spreading are preserved. Local micro-X-ray spectral analysis showed that in the area of the fillet, a structure characteristic of the filler metal in its initial state forms. The brazed seam is dense and defect-free, with the main constituent being a solid solution of Ni–Cu–Mn with variable concentration. In some areas of the filler metal, nickel silicides and chromium borides crystallize as discrete particles along the grain boundaries of the solid solution (Fig. 11 , Table 8 ). Table 8 Chemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal after spreading on the nickel alloy (corresponding to Fig. 11 b) Spectrum No Chemical elements, wt. % B C Al Si Ti Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu 1 - 8.03 0.00 5.51 0.30 0.51 28.32 0.86 2.34 47.72 6.42 2 10.08 7.69 0.00 0.12 0.00 53.58 13.72 6.46 4.08 3.26 1.01 3 - 8.54 0.09 0.60 0.15 2.04 21.89 3.39 3.29 36.19 23.81 4 6.55 9.26 0.23 0.35 1.33 40.82 9.15 1.58 1.12 26.71 2.88 5 - 8.11 0.64 0.20 2.19 19.52 0.29 0.45 0.10 68.51 0.00 6 - 7.31 0.06 0.36 0.26 15.84 1.30 61.96 0.31 12.22 0.36 Chromium borides are concentrated at the interface between the filler metal and the KhN77TYuR alloy, as well as in some areas of the weld seam in the form of isolated discrete needle-like inclusions. The results of mechanical tests on brazed lap joints made of dissimilar materials 12Kh18N10T + KhN77TYuR using filler metal No. 1 showed that reducing the brazing temperature from 1160 to 1060°C leads to an increase in shear strength by approximately 60–64 MPa (Fig. 12 ), which correlates well with the results of microstructural studies. Further increase in shear strength up to 315 MPa was achieved using the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler metal system, which has a reduced silicon content down to 1% and boron up to 0.25%. 4 Conclusions Micro-X-ray spectral investigations showed that after spreading of filler metal No. 1 (Ni-Mn-Si-Cu) at 1160°C, a structure is formed consisting of a matrix — a nickel-based solid solution — and eutectic. The eutectic is represented by a silicide phase (NiMnCuFeCr) x Si y containing up to 12.67% silicon combined with the solid solution. Additionally, a separate silicide phase (NiMnFe) x Si y appears as well-formed inclusions with an increased silicon content up to 15.27%. Microcracks are occasionally observed at the interface between this phase and the eutectic; however, they do not propagate into the bulk of the solid solution. During brazing of dissimilar materials -stainless steel and the nickel alloy KhN77TYuR - the silicide phase crystallizes in the central zone of the brazed joint. Reducing the heating temperature to 1060°C promotes the formation of a structure where the matrix is represented by a solid solution in the form of grains, with an eutectic constituent precipitating along grain boundaries. Similar morphology is observed in brazed joints: skeletal eutectic is mainly concentrated in the central part of the joint. During spreading of filler metal No. 2 (Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B) on the surface of stainless steel (T = 1060°C, τ = 1 min) and the heat-resistant nickel alloy, a solid solution of variable composition based on Ni-Cu-Mn is formed. Nickel silicides and chromium borides locally crystallize along the grain boundaries of this solid solution. The filler metal penetrates into the near-surface zones of the steel, forming a network of borides along grain boundaries to a depth of up to 23 µm. Needle-like chromium borides also form at the filler metal – KhN77TYuR alloy interface. The structure of joints produced under these conditions exhibits similar features. Mechanical testing results of brazed lap joints made from dissimilar materials (12Kh18N10T + KhN77TYuR) indicate that lowering the brazing temperature from 1160 to 1060°C using the Ni-Mn-Si-Cu filler metal increases shear strength by 60–64%. The maximum shear strength, reaching 310–320 MPa, was recorded when using the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler metal system with reduced silicon content (down to 1%) and boron (up to 0.2%). Declarations Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Authors Contribution Svitlana Maksymova: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing original draft, Editing. Vitalii Voronov: Investigation, Writing original draft, Formal analysis. Petro Kovalchuk: Investigation, Processing of research results. Funding This work was financially supported by the by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Follow the decision of the Department of Materials Science of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (grant number 0122U002197). 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Procedia Eng 75:66–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.11.013 Li N, Wang G, Wang T, Jiang S, Fen J (2019) Weldability of Inconel 718 and 304 stainless steel by electron beam welding. Trans China Weld Institution 40(2):82–85. https://doi.org/10.12073/j.hjxb.2019400047 Kourdani A, Derakhshandeh-Haghighi R (2018) Evaluating the properties of dissimilar metal welding between Inconel 625 and 316L stainless steel by applying different welding methods and consumables. Metall Mater Trans A 49:1231–1243. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-018-4469-7 Khorunov VF (2008) Osnovy payki tonkostennykh konstruktsiy iz vysokolegirovannykh stalei. Naukova dumka, Kyiv Ermolaev GV, Kvasnitskii VV, Kvasnitskii VF, Maksymova SV, Khorunov VF, Chigaryov VV (2015) Brazing of materials: Manual. NUK, Mykolaiv American Welding Society (2007) Brazing handbook, 5th edn. American Welding Society, Miami (FL) Roberts P (2013) Industrial brazing practice, 2nd edn. CRC, Boca Raton (FL) Miyazawa Y, Ariga T (1992) Brazing of Inconel 600 and SUS304 stainless steel with use of rapidly solidified nickel-base brazing foil. Mater Trans JIM 33(5):509–518. https://doi.org/10.2320/matertrans1989.33.509 Martin E, Hugues J, Andrieu E, Rocchi J (2018) Metallurgical and mechanical behavior of brazed thin alloys sheets assemblies. Int J Eng Res Sci (IJOER) 4(4):77–87 Massalski TB (1990) Binary Alloy Phase Diagrams. ASM International, Metals Park (CD) Maksymova SV (2023) Influence of diffusion processes on the structure of brazed joints of titanium aluminides. Curr Top Emerg Issues Mater Sci 2:14–29. https://doi.org/10.9734/bpi/cteims/v2/5554A Taran YN, Mazur VI (1978) Struktura evtekticheskikh splavov. Metallurgiya, Moscow Rabinkin A (2013) High temperature brazing: filler metals and processing. In: Seculic D (ed) Advances in brazing: science, technology and applications. Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge Maksymova SV (2007) Amorphous brazing filler metal for brazing stainless steel and titanium and the structure of brazed joints. Adhes Melts Brazing Mater 40:70–81 Cite Share Download PDF Status: Under Review Version 1 posted Reviewers agreed at journal 05 Sep, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 28 Aug, 2025 Editor invited by journal 24 Aug, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 18 Aug, 2025 First submitted to journal 10 Aug, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-7259392","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":507186062,"identity":"7498dbc8-b59f-45b9-a62f-3c8a9e6b3b53","order_by":0,"name":"Svitlana Maksymova","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0158-5760","institution":"Institut elektrozvaruvanna imeni E O Patona Nacional'na akademia nauk Ukraini","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Svitlana","middleName":"","lastName":"Maksymova","suffix":""},{"id":507186063,"identity":"79445a1e-af12-4097-a40c-ab295c6be061","order_by":1,"name":"Vitalii Voronov","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut elektrozvaruvanna imeni E O Patona Nacional'na akademia nauk Ukraini","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vitalii","middleName":"","lastName":"Voronov","suffix":""},{"id":507186064,"identity":"154438e6-5a09-4617-97ee-3156afc1ca2c","order_by":2,"name":"Petro Kovalchuk","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Institut elektrozvaruvanna imeni E O Patona Nacional'na akademia nauk Ukraini","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Petro","middleName":"","lastName":"Kovalchuk","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-07-31 07:51:36","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259392/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259392/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":90696532,"identity":"cb666e22-a7ad-4099-89fe-d35198c9d885","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":87007,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 1\u003c/strong\u003e Schematic of specimens for mechanical testing\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/d536e548eb74fd761944d919.jpeg"},{"id":90696535,"identity":"6f311cac-0a14-4187-a5fd-f3c231513201","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":247570,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003e Typical brazing cycle\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/a760e0d18563afa62ee49d04.jpeg"},{"id":90697389,"identity":"88e403d3-c641-46f4-b1e3-de14b8e21748","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:46:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":480713,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 2\u003c/strong\u003e Microstructure of filler metal drop No. 1 (Ni-Mn-Si-Cu) after spreading on 12Kh18N10T steel\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/5190630e56f20faa6ed3b240.jpeg"},{"id":90696889,"identity":"9b012ee3-4ceb-4567-9874-bb3ca28d19e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:38:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":444257,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c/strong\u003e Chemical composition of individual phases in filler metal No. 1 after spreading on stainless steel\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage4.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/e256adc84f3f82cde194e7fa.jpeg"},{"id":90696882,"identity":"01d20c62-7276-4bd9-a99b-77f018481ef2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:38:12","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":85338,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 3\u003c/strong\u003e Binary phase diagram of the Ni–Si system [21]\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/282d0b67ae562325ea769976.png"},{"id":90696539,"identity":"eb1d6498-ff51-49a5-b677-d92b98525516","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":456026,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 4\u003c/strong\u003e Microstructure of the fillet area (a) and the brazed seam (b) of the KhN77TYuR – 12Kh18N10T joint\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/bee4ff5bc160a3f4376eecf7.jpeg"},{"id":90696890,"identity":"cb46fe18-f320-4934-a90a-7e7e5051b5f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:38:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":509868,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 5\u003c/strong\u003e Microstructure of filler metal No. 1 (Ni–Mn–Cu–Si) after spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR (a) and on stainless steel (b)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/ca08104548db74a8db8fe9fa.jpeg"},{"id":90696540,"identity":"9ff67cbb-c75a-4033-a6c9-3dface97523a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":8,"title":"Figure 8","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":545546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 6\u003c/strong\u003e Microstructure of the brazed seam of the dissimilar joint between stainless steel and the KhN77TYuR nickel alloy using filler metal No. 1 (Ni–Mn–Si–Cu) at T = 1060 °C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/fdd0d90e2bf343b39ceb3313.jpeg"},{"id":90696551,"identity":"04e5cc5a-f719-4737-b075-a74588fe8642","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":9,"title":"Figure 9","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":445990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 7\u003c/strong\u003e Electron image of the microstructure of the brazed seam (a) and qualitative elemental maps of silicon (b), nickel (c), chromium (d), copper (e), and manganese (f) of the dissimilar joint between stainless steel and KhN77TYuR nickel alloy using filler metal No. 1 (Ni–Mn–Cu–Si) at a brazing temperature of 1060 °C\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/f04d490d93847e5aff7671f9.jpeg"},{"id":90696544,"identity":"4b351da8-3324-4fd4-ae74-f2e27d24ef25","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":10,"title":"Figure 10","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":326781,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 8\u003c/strong\u003e Element distribution in phases depending on brazing \u003cem\u003etemperature \u003c/em\u003e(1160 °C and 1060 °C): silicide (a) and solid solution (b)\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/5d4136c07889a6860342bcf0.jpeg"},{"id":90696553,"identity":"53136f1a-456f-40aa-97a9-f2ab019f9760","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":11,"title":"Figure 11","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":697108,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 9 \u003c/strong\u003eMicrostructure of the filler metal (a), area where chemical composition of individual phases was determined (b), diffusion zone in the base metal (c), and elemental spectra obtained by micro-X-ray spectral analysis of the silicide (d) and boride (e) after spreading (at T = 1060 °C) on stainless steel\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/452d92e60c96a1a9f97fe7a6.jpeg"},{"id":90696887,"identity":"c829ed7a-54b4-4f42-b6a5-ac9f080e27fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:38:12","extension":"jpeg","order_by":12,"title":"Figure 12","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":357458,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 10\u003c/strong\u003e Structure of the interface between base metal and filler metal (a) and filler metal No. 2 (b) after spreading on KhN77TYuR nickel alloy\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/d212a57ab30977810ecfde42.jpeg"},{"id":90696563,"identity":"ad15618f-db45-4a24-a75f-10059ebba47a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:30:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":13,"title":"Figure 13","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":427942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 11\u003c/strong\u003e Microstructure of the fillet area (a) and the weld seam (b) of the brazed joint KhN77TYuR - 12Kh18N10T\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/44227a7497661a8d0d0ebc7e.jpeg"},{"id":90697390,"identity":"5217fe11-4e70-48a4-8225-f621e42ecba9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:46:12","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"Figure 14","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":17259,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFig. 12\u003c/strong\u003e Shear strength of dissimilar joints 12Kh18N10T + KhN77TYuR brazed using Ni-Mn-Si-Cu filler metal at T\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e = 1160 °C (1); at T\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e = 1060 °C (2); and Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler metal at T\u003csub\u003eb\u003c/sub\u003e = 1060 °C (3)\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/15fffdf9b903c3043aeba3d3.png"},{"id":90697693,"identity":"bfdf726f-2579-4f1b-bce4-79472a45f947","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-09-05 20:54:14","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":5988664,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-7259392/v1/113fd66e-f96e-4844-9609-a76d1e82b2be.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"Brazing stainless steel with high chromium nickel alloy","fulltext":[{"header":"1 Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eNickel-based alloys with high chromium content are characterized by excellent corrosion resistance and high mechanical properties after hardening. Their corrosion resistance is ensured by a chromium oxide film that forms on the surface of the alloy, providing protection at elevated temperatures. These alloys are used in the energy sector for the production of gas turbines, nuclear generators, and in motorsport for manufacturing exhaust valves in racing engines, fasteners, spindles, and other components.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDissimilar joints are widely used across various industrial sectors, including aviation, transportation, energy, and others. One of the main reasons for employing such joints is the need to reduce production costs by combining materials with different physical, mechanical, and technological properties [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWith the rapid development of modern technologies, the use of dissimilar joints has become especially relevant in the production of aircraft engines, where combinations of nickel-based alloys and stainless steels are increasingly employed. This provides the necessary balance between strength, thermal resistance, and resistance to aggressive environments. Nickel-based heat-resistant alloys exhibit excellent high-temperature mechanical properties, such as high-temperature strength, resistance to oxidation, and corrosion resistance. These qualities make them indispensable for key components like turbine disks and blades [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the most widely used heat-resistant nickel-based alloys are Nimonic 80A, Inconel 600, 625, 718, Rene 41, and others [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAustenitic stainless steels with chromium content ranging from 16 to 26% and nickel content from 6 to 12% (grades AISI 304, 321, 316, etc.) have an austenitic structure that ensures their thermal and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Due to these properties, austenitic steels are widely used in high-temperature and aggressive environments, including power engineering (heat exchangers, heating elements), the chemical industry, and other sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, when joining heat-resistant nickel alloys with austenitic stainless steels by welding, there is a high risk of hot and cold cracking. This is caused by the mismatch in thermal expansion coefficients of the materials being joined, segregation of alloying elements in the heat-affected zone, and the formation of brittle phases (such as Laves phases) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo join nickel-based alloys with stainless steels, both welding and brazing methods are used [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR2 CR3\" citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e]. Welding of Inconel-type alloys with austenitic stainless steels presents challenges due to significant differences in their chemical compositions, melting temperatures, and thermal expansion. These differences lead to hot cracking, microstructural defects (e.g., Laves phases), and segregation of alloying elements in the heat-affected zone. Such defects reduce the mechanical strength and corrosion resistance of the joint, making it difficult to ensure long-term reliability, especially under high-temperature and aggressive conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR9 CR10 CR11 CR12 CR13\" citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eBrazing is also used for joining nickel-based alloys and stainless steels [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR7 CR8\" citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Brazing dissimilar metals\u0026mdash;such as nickel alloys like Nimonic 80A and Inconel 600, 625, 718, KhN77TYuR with austenitic stainless steels (AISI 304, 316L, 410, 904L)\u0026mdash;is a complex technological process that involves several metallurgical challenges affecting the joint's quality and reliability [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. One such challenge is the presence of an oxide film on the surface, which is difficult to remove. Therefore, vacuum brazing at a specific temperature that facilitates the decomposition of oxides is recommended.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor joining heat-resistant nickel alloys with stainless steels, complex nickel-based brazing filler metal with silicon and boron as melting-point depressants are commonly used. Alternatively, nickel- or copper-based brazing filler metal or Ni\u0026ndash;Cu systems alloyed with significant amounts of manganese (20\u0026ndash;35 wt.%) and silicon (up to 8 wt.%), as well as additions of chromium, cobalt, tungsten, niobium, and rare earth elements, are applied to improve mechanical and technological properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eHowever, using Ni\u0026ndash;Cr\u0026ndash;B\u0026ndash;Si system brazing filler metal to join such materials can lead to the formation of brittle solid phases (e.g., chromium borides and nickel silicides) in the central zone of the brazed seam. These phases not only reduce the joint's strength but also locally decrease corrosion and heat resistance due to chromium-depleted areas [\u003cspan additionalcitationids=\"CR16 CR17 CR18\" citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo minimize or prevent the formation of these phases, it is recommended to use extended brazing cycles or post-brazing heat treatment. Another critical factor is maintaining a narrow brazing gap (less than 50 \u0026micro;m), which facilitates the diffusion of brazing filler metal components into the base metal [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. However, these measures significantly increase the process time and, consequently, the cost of production.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u0026ndash;Cu brazing filler metals alloyed with a high content of manganese are developed considering the characteristics of Cu\u0026ndash;Mn and Ni\u0026ndash;Mn alloy systems, which exhibit a eutectic temperature minimum in their phase diagrams. In such alloys, manganese plays a key role in achieving the desired melting temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. Adding silicon to Ni-(Cu)-Mn alloys results in the formation of an eutectic structure [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen brazing joints of stainless steels and heat-resistant nickel alloys using such brazing filler metal, there is a risk of forming continuous eutectic layers that deteriorate the mechanical properties of the brazed joint [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe main disadvantages of manganese-rich brazing filler metal include their low corrosion resistance and high manganese evaporation during vacuum brazing. This can lead to changes in the brazing filler metal\u0026rsquo;s chemical composition and increased susceptibility to pore formation in the brazed seam [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe aim of this work is to determine the influence of the alloying system of nickel- and copper-nickel-based brazing filler metal on the formation of structure and mechanical strength of dissimilar brazed joints between stainless steel (12Kh18N10T) and heat-resistant nickel alloy (KhN77TYuR).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2 Investigation methods and materials","content":"\u003cp\u003eFor the experimental investigations, stainless steel 12Kh18N10T (chemically similar to AISI 321H) and a heat-resistant high-chromium nickel-based alloy KhN77TYuR were used as base materials (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The latter contains an increased concentration of chromium and is chemically similar to the NIMONIC 75 and NIMONIC 80A alloy series.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSteel 12Kh18N10T is resistant to corrosion and chemically aggressive compounds, possesses high mechanical strength, and is easy to machine. Its optimal combination of high performance characteristics and cost-effectiveness allows it to be widely used in various industrial sectors.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of the materials\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"13\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eGrade\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c13\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhN77TYuR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026ndash;22.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026ndash;2.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\"\u0026minus;\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.6-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.015\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12Kh18N10T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026ndash;11.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026ndash;19.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.4-1.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.8\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 2.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.035\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eдо 0.3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMF No 1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24,50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.0-0.1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBMF No 2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.0\u0026ndash;30.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.0-1.5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026ndash;1.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.0\u0026ndash;30.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026ndash;0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026ndash;0.2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026ndash;6.0\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe filler metals were melted on a cold copper substrate in an argon protective atmosphere using laboratory equipment and an arc heating source (Kemppi MasterTig AC/DC 2300). To improve the homogeneity of the alloy, the ingots were remelted five times with inversion between each melting.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpreading and brazing experiments were carried out in a vacuum furnace with radiation heating, under a working chamber pressure of 1.3 \u0026times; 10⁻\u0026sup3; Pa. The brazing temperatures were 1160\u0026deg;C and 1060\u0026deg;C, with a holding time of 1 minute. After cooling, the samples with the filler metal were sectioned perpendicular to the base metal plate, and metallographic cross-sections were prepared using standard procedures.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor metallographic analysis and examination of chemical heterogeneity, a Tescan Mira 3 LMU scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used. Micro X-ray spectral analysis and determination of the local elemental distribution in individual phases were performed using an Oxford Instruments X-Max 80 mm\u0026sup2; energy-dispersive spectrometer, equipped with the INCA software package. The microsections were examined without chemical etching in BSE mode at an accelerating voltage of 20 kV.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFor mechanical testing, lap-joint specimens (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) with a fixed brazing gap of 50 \u0026micro;m were fabricated.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe heating temperature was monitored using a thermocouple attached directly to the specimen, with a measurement error of 0.5%. The heating rate was 21\u0026ndash;27\u0026deg;C/min, while the cooling rate after brazing was 30\u0026ndash;40\u0026deg;C/min in the temperature range 1160\u0026ndash;600\u0026deg;C, and 3.7\u0026deg;C/min in the range 600\u0026ndash;200\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTensile strength tests were conducted at room temperature using a ZDM-10 universal testing machine.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe specimen preparation and brazing procedure are shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"3 Results and discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experimental results showed that both filler metals exhibited good wettability on the base metal, forming relatively small contact angles of approximately 6 degrees. Metallographic and micro-X-ray spectral analyses confirmed that, during the spreading of filler metal No. 1 on 12Kh18N10T steel at 1160\u0026deg;C, the main structural component of the brazing filler metal droplet is a solid solution based on the Ni\u0026ndash;Mn\u0026ndash;Cu system, enriched with iron up to 5.87 wt.% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e Chemical composition of individual phases in filler metal No. 1 after spreading on stainless steel\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAlong the grain boundaries of the solid solution, a silicide phase based on nickel crystallizes\u0026mdash;(NiMnCuFeCr)ₓSi\u003csub\u003eγ\u003c/sub\u003e, containing 12.67 wt.% silicon. Based on its stoichiometry, this phase corresponds to the most common compound of the Ni₃Si type [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. It contains small amounts of chromium, iron, and copper, and is part of the eutectic structure. Evidently, the elevated brazing temperature promotes the activation of diffusion processes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e], which are driven by the concentration gradients at the interface between the filler metal and the base material, and by the non-equilibrium crystallization conditions. These factors lead to enrichment of the filler metal with elements from the base metal and to the formation of complex silicides.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn addition, a second silicide phase is formed in the shape of well-defined inclusions that do not contain chromium or copper - (NiMnFe)ₓSi\u003csub\u003eγ\u003c/sub\u003e, with the silicon concentration rising to 15.27 wt.% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). According to the binary phase diagram of the Ni\u0026ndash;Si system [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e], two phases are formed in the silicon concentration range of 10\u0026ndash;20 wt.%: γ and β₃ (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the β₃ phase, the silicon concentration increases but does not exceed 13.75 wt.%. In the γ-phase, the silicon concentration rises to 15.9 wt.%. Based on its stoichiometry, the γ-phase can be attributed to the Ni₅Si₃ compound. These silicides are among the most stable, including in terms of oxidation resistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that in some areas of the joint, cracks are observed along the interphase boundary between the eutectic and the regularly shaped silicide phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb), which indicates differences in their properties\u0026mdash;particularly brittleness and the excessively high brazing temperature [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen brazing dissimilar materials\u0026mdash;heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR with 12Kh18N10T steel\u0026mdash;using the (Ni\u0026ndash;Mn\u0026ndash;Si\u0026ndash;Cu) filler metal at 1160\u0026deg;C, a similar structural formation is observed in the fillet area (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea) and the brazed seam (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003eb). The main phase is a solid solution based on the nickel\u0026ndash;manganese system, enriched with iron (15.56 wt. %), chromium (10.44 wt.%), and containing a small amount of silicon (2.58 wt.%).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the silicide phase located in the central zone of the seam, the silicon content increases to 13.13 wt. %, while iron decreases to 1.42 wt.% (Table\u0026nbsp;2). Micro cracks are observed within this phase, but are absent in the solid solution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea, b).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u0026rsquo;1213\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe presence of microcracks significantly reduces the operational reliability of brazed joints under the specified service conditions. To minimize defect formation, further investigations of the filler metal spreading and brazing processes were carried out at a reduced heating temperature of 1060\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMicrostructural analysis of filler metal No. 1 after spreading on the surface of the KhN77TYuR heat-resistant nickel alloy revealed that the resulting structure consists of a primary phase\u0026mdash;a solid solution based on nickel, observed as well-defined oval bright grains. Along the grain boundaries, a eutectic constituent crystallizes, consisting of a silicide phase (NiMn)Siₓ and a nickel-based solid solution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal after spreading on the heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1060\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.76\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e63.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e45.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.98\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.21\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.62\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the base metal zone adjacent to the filler metal, a diffusion zone is formed that differs from the original structure of the base material. In this zone, penetration of filler metal components is observed along the grain boundaries, forming thin dark layers enriched in chromium (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, Spectrum 3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring the spreading of the filler metal over the stainless-steel surface at 1060\u0026deg;C, the morphological features and phase composition of the structure remain unchanged (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003eb, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). At the interface between the filler metal and the base metal, localized penetration of the filler metal is detected along the grain boundaries of the base material to a depth not exceeding 5 \u0026micro;m.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal after spreading on stainless steel at T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1060\u0026deg;C\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e65.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e69.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e20.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e67.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring brazing of dissimilar joints between heat-resistant nickel alloy and stainless steel with filler metal No. 1 (Ni\u0026ndash;Mn\u0026ndash;Si\u0026ndash;Cu) at 1060\u0026deg;C, a eutectic structure also forms in the brazed seam. However, the morphology of this structure differs from that observed after spreading the filler metal on the surface. In this case, the eutectic is primarily localized in the central part of the seam (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e) and exhibits a characteristic skeletal structure with central symmetry and an ordered arrangement of phases \u0026mdash; a nickel-based solid solution and a silicide phase. According to Shail\u0026rsquo;s classification, this eutectic structure corresponds to the normal eutectic type with an ordered distribution of the second phase \u0026mdash; silicide (NiMn)ₓSi [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eResults of the local micro-X-ray spectral analysis showed that the maximum silicon content in the silicide phases reaches 13.31 wt.%, whereas in the solid solution its concentration is significantly lower, about 3.45 wt.% (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, Spectrum 1), which correlates well with the binary phase diagram data (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). The brazed seam exhibits a homogeneous distribution of manganese, with concentrations ranging from 21.90 to 23.05 wt. % (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the brazed dissimilar joint of the heat-resistant KhN77TYuR nickel alloy with stainless steel\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"9\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c9\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e62.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e64.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.05\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.68\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eKhN77TYuR\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e74.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12Kh18N10T\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e17.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the zone adjacent to the base metal, a nickel-based solid solution crystallizes (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, Spectrum 2). Within the grains of the solid solution, an increased copper concentration of 6.27 wt.% is observed, while in the silicides, the copper concentration significantly decreases to 0.90 wt.%. The solid solution also contains minor amounts of iron (2.04 wt.%) and chromium (2.11 wt.%) (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results obtained from scanning electron beam analysis of the brazed seam correlate well with previous studies and confirm the increased silicon concentration and decreased copper concentration in the silicide phase and eutectic constituent (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig8\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAnalysis of the micro-X-ray spectral results indicates that at an elevated temperature (1160\u0026deg;C), the concentration of manganese decreases both in the silicide phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003ea) and in the solid solution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb), which can be explained by the high vapor pressure of manganese.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, at the higher brazing temperature, the iron concentration in the solid solution increases to 15.56% (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig9\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003eb). These findings are attributed to active diffusion processes and partial dissolution of iron during brazing at 1160\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReducing the brazing temperature to 1060\u0026deg;C ensured the retention of manganese in the brazed seam\u0026mdash;in both the silicide phase and the solid solution\u0026mdash;and decreased the concentrations of chromium and iron in the solid solution.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen using filler metal No. 2 (Cu\u0026ndash;Ni\u0026ndash;Mn\u0026ndash;Co\u0026ndash;Fe\u0026ndash;Si\u0026ndash;B), where the silicon content was reduced from 7\u0026ndash;1% and boron was additionally introduced (up to 0.25%), the influence of the filler metal\u0026rsquo;s chemical composition on the structure and properties of brazed joints was studied. The use of boron as a melting point depressant promotes a reduction in melting temperature and improves wetting of the base metal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAccording to the results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis, after spreading filler metal No. 2 (Cu\u0026ndash;Ni\u0026ndash;Mn\u0026ndash;Co\u0026ndash;Fe\u0026ndash;Si\u0026ndash;B) on 12Kh18N10T steel, the main phase of the filler metal is a solid solution based on the copper\u0026ndash;manganese\u0026ndash;nickel system (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003ea, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases (corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003eb)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"9\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.07\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e34.02\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e44.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e41.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e27.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.74\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.85\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.37\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e39.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eBase metal\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e18.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e71.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the grain boundaries of this phase, nickel silicides crystallize, containing 7.07% silicon, a small amount of iron (1.34%), and traces of chromium (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e, Spectrum 3).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn the base metal near the interface with the filler metal, a diffusion zone about 23 \u0026micro;m wide is observed, containing a small amount of boride phase (CrₓB\u003csub\u003eγ\u003c/sub\u003e), which is concentrated along the grain boundaries of the base metal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003ec). Boron is insoluble both in the nickel matrix of the brazed seam and in the base material, and its diffusion activity is significantly higher than that of other filler metal elements. Therefore, it actively diffuses from the liquid seam metal into the base material and forms a network of boride phases in the diffusion zone [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. The amount of dispersed boride precipitates decreases with depth away from the interphase boundary into the base metal.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eTo confirm the reliability of the previous results shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig10\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e, elemental spectra obtained during the chemical composition analysis of the silicide (d) and boride (e) phases using energy-dispersive spectrometry are presented.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhen spreading filler metal No. 2 on the KhN77TYuR nickel alloy at 1060\u0026deg;C, the formation of needle-like chromium borides is observed. These borides are concentrated at the interface between the filler metal and the base metal, as well as occurring as isolated inclusions within the solid solution matrix of the filler metal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 7\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal and base metal after spreading on the nickel alloy (corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"11\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"10\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.77\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e70.40\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.79\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.83\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.44\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.61\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.93\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e25.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.56\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.94\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e22.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.97\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e30.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.75\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e73.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003eb\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1 (2)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.67\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e60.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e11.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e46.99\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.13\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.95\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e24.53\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e32.90\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.49\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAdditionally, nickel silicides containing up to 6.90 wt.% silicon crystallize along the grain boundaries of the solid solution matrix in the filler metal (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003eb, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIt should be noted that closer to the boundary with the base material, the filler metal shows somewhat higher concentrations of iron and chromium (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e, Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig11\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003ea). This can be explained by the shorter distance to the base metal, which facilitates mutual diffusion processes. Local chemical composition analysis of individual phases in the central zone of the filler metal revealed an increase in copper concentration in the solid solution and a decrease in nickel concentration.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring high-temperature vacuum brazing with filler metal No. 2 (Cu\u0026ndash;Ni\u0026ndash;Mn\u0026ndash;Co\u0026ndash;Fe\u0026ndash;Si\u0026ndash;B) of dissimilar joints between the high-chromium heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR and 12Kh18N10T steel, the morphological features of the structure formation observed during spreading are preserved. Local micro-X-ray spectral analysis showed that in the area of the fillet, a structure characteristic of the filler metal in its initial state forms. The brazed seam is dense and defect-free, with the main constituent being a solid solution of Ni\u0026ndash;Cu\u0026ndash;Mn with variable concentration. In some areas of the filler metal, nickel silicides and chromium borides crystallize as discrete particles along the grain boundaries of the solid solution (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab7\" border=\"1\"\u003e\u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 8\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical composition of individual phases in the filler metal after spreading on the nickel alloy (corresponding to Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig12\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003eb)\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/caption\u003e\u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003cthead\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSpectrum No\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"11\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eChemical elements, wt. %\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eB\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eC\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eAl\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eSi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eTi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCr\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eMn\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eFe\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCo\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eNi\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003eCu\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/th\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/thead\u003e\u003ctbody\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.03\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e28.32\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.86\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.34\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e47.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.42\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e10.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.69\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e53.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e13.72\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.46\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4.08\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.01\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.54\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.60\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.04\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e21.89\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e3.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e36.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e23.81\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6.55\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.33\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e40.82\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e9.15\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e26.71\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.88\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e5\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e8.11\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e2.19\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e19.52\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e68.51\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e6\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e-\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e7.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e15.84\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e1.30\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e61.96\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e12.22\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e\u003c/tbody\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eChromium borides are concentrated at the interface between the filler metal and the KhN77TYuR alloy, as well as in some areas of the weld seam in the form of isolated discrete needle-like inclusions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe results of mechanical tests on brazed lap joints made of dissimilar materials 12Kh18N10T\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;KhN77TYuR using filler metal No. 1 showed that reducing the brazing temperature from 1160 to 1060\u0026deg;C leads to an increase in shear strength by approximately 60\u0026ndash;64 MPa (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig13\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e), which correlates well with the results of microstructural studies.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eFurther increase in shear strength up to 315 MPa was achieved using the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler metal system, which has a reduced silicon content down to 1% and boron up to 0.25%.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"4 Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eMicro-X-ray spectral investigations showed that after spreading of filler metal No. 1 (Ni-Mn-Si-Cu) at 1160\u0026deg;C, a structure is formed consisting of a matrix \u0026mdash; a nickel-based solid solution \u0026mdash; and eutectic. The eutectic is represented by a silicide phase (NiMnCuFeCr)\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e containing up to 12.67% silicon combined with the solid solution. Additionally, a separate silicide phase (NiMnFe)\u003csub\u003ex\u003c/sub\u003eSi\u003csub\u003ey\u003c/sub\u003e appears as well-formed inclusions with an increased silicon content up to 15.27%. Microcracks are occasionally observed at the interface between this phase and the eutectic; however, they do not propagate into the bulk of the solid solution. During brazing of dissimilar materials -stainless steel and the nickel alloy KhN77TYuR - the silicide phase crystallizes in the central zone of the brazed joint.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eReducing the heating temperature to 1060\u0026deg;C promotes the formation of a structure where the matrix is represented by a solid solution in the form of grains, with an eutectic constituent precipitating along grain boundaries. Similar morphology is observed in brazed joints: skeletal eutectic is mainly concentrated in the central part of the joint.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eDuring spreading of filler metal No. 2 (Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B) on the surface of stainless steel (T\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1060\u0026deg;C, τ\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1 min) and the heat-resistant nickel alloy, a solid solution of variable composition based on Ni-Cu-Mn is formed. Nickel silicides and chromium borides locally crystallize along the grain boundaries of this solid solution. The filler metal penetrates into the near-surface zones of the steel, forming a network of borides along grain boundaries to a depth of up to 23 \u0026micro;m. Needle-like chromium borides also form at the filler metal \u0026ndash; KhN77TYuR alloy interface. The structure of joints produced under these conditions exhibits similar features.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMechanical testing results of brazed lap joints made from dissimilar materials (12Kh18N10T\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;KhN77TYuR) indicate that lowering the brazing temperature from 1160 to 1060\u0026deg;C using the Ni-Mn-Si-Cu filler metal increases shear strength by 60\u0026ndash;64%. The maximum shear strength, reaching 310\u0026ndash;320 MPa, was recorded when using the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler metal system with reduced silicon content (down to 1%) and boron (up to 0.2%).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors Contribution\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSvitlana Maksymova: Conceptualization, Investigation, Formal analysis, Writing original draft, Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eVitalii Voronov: Investigation, Writing original draft, Formal analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePetro Kovalchuk: Investigation, Processing of research results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was financially supported by the by the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Follow the decision of the Department of Materials Science of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (grant number 0122U002197).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have known no competing financial interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMartinsen K, Hu SJ, Carlson BE (2015) Joining of dissimilar materials. 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Woodhead Publishing, Cambridge\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eMaksymova SV (2007) Amorphous brazing filler metal for brazing stainless steel and titanium and the structure of brazed joints. Adhes Melts Brazing Mater 40:70\u0026ndash;81\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":true,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"welding-in-the-world","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"witw","sideBox":"Learn more about [Welding in the World](https://www.springer.com/journal/40194)","snPcode":"40194","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/witw/","title":"Welding in the World","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"brazing, dissimilar joints, brazing filler metal, microstructure, micro-X-ray spectral analysis, stainless steel, heat-resistant nickel alloy","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259392/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259392/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eHigh-temperature brazing of dissimilar joints is an important task today for many industries, including aviation and energy, in the manufacture of critical components. This work presents the results of micro-X-ray spectral investigations of the interfacial boundary between the filler metal and the base metal after spreading of brazing fillers based on the Ni-Mn-Si-Cu and Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B systems on stainless steel 12Kh18N10T and heat-resistant nickel alloy KhN77TYuR. The influence of brazing temperature on the filler metal structure formation after spreading was determined. The features of the structure formation of brazed joints during high-temperature vacuum brazing of dissimilar joints between stainless steel and heat-resistant nickel alloy are shown. The results of local micro-X-ray spectral analysis demonstrated that when using the filler based on the Ni-Mn-Si-Cu system, the microstructure of brazed joints in dissimilar joints contains a solid solution and a eutectic component crystallized in the central zone of the brazed seam, which consists of a solid solution and nickel silicide. When using the Cu-Ni-Mn-Co-Fe-Si-B filler, needle-like chromium borides and nickel silicides crystallize along the grain boundaries of the solid solution in the brazed joint structure. The obtained results showed that reducing the silicon concentration (from 7\u0026ndash;1%) in the filler and additional boron alloying provides an increase in shear strength up 176 to 315 MPa.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Brazing stainless steel with high chromium nickel alloy","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-09-05 20:30:07","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-7259392/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"","date":"2025-09-05T07:12:35+00:00","index":0,"fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-08-29T02:39:34+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"Welding in the World","date":"2025-08-24T08:11:21+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-08-18T22:28:45+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Welding in the World","date":"2025-08-11T03:02:16+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"welding-in-the-world","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"witw","sideBox":"Learn more about [Welding in the World](https://www.springer.com/journal/40194)","snPcode":"40194","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/witw/","title":"Welding in the World","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"84b166ea-32cb-4ed4-8d27-85e1614ec1a4","owner":[],"postedDate":"September 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"under-review","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-11-06T16:50:38+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-09-05 20:30:07","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-7259392","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-7259392","identity":"rs-7259392","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}