Lepidagathis kurnoolensis (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Barlerieae): a new species from the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, India

Lepidagathis kurnoolensis (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Barlerieae): a new species from the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, India | Authorea try { document.documentElement.classList.add('js'); } catch (e) { } var _gaq = _gaq || []; _gaq.push(['_setAccount', 'G-8VDV14Y67G']); _gaq.push(['_trackPageview']); (function() { var ga = document.createElement('script'); ga.type = 'text/javascript'; ga.async = true; ga.src = ('https:' == document.location.protocol ? 'https://ssl' : 'http://www') + '.google-analytics.com/ga.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(ga, s); })(); Skip to main content Preprints Collections Wiley Open Research IET Open Research Ecological Society of Japan All Collections About About Authorea FAQs Contact Us Quick Search anywhere Search for preprint articles, keywords, etc. Search Search ADVANCED SEARCH SCROLL Nordic Journal of Botany This is a preprint and has not been peer reviewed. Data may be preliminary. 27 January 2025 V1 Latest version Share on Lepidagathis kurnoolensis (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Barlerieae): a new species from the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, India Authors : Raja Kullayiswamy Kusom 0000-0003-4313-2065 [email protected] and SAROJINI DEVI NAIDU 0000-0002-0685-0255 Authors Info & Affiliations https://doi.org/10.22541/au.173798019.99521026/v1 420 views 235 downloads Contents Abstract Supplementary Material Information & Authors Metrics & Citations View Options References Figures Tables Media Share Abstract Lepidagathis kurnoolensis sp. nov. is a decumbent, woody undershrub found in scrub forests dominated by quartzite stones near Orvakal Mandal in the Kurnool District. This new species resembles Lepidagathis diffusa C.B.Clarke with respect to habit, leaf shape, inflorescence, number of sterile bracts, corolla and fruits but can be distinguished by differences in spike size, morphology of sterile bracts and bracteoles, size and shape of bracts and calyx, and nature of seed. It also resembles Lepidagathis spinosa Wight ex Nees in spike appearance, sterile bract shape, corolla, and fruit shape but differs in its wood nature, leaf shape and size, bracts and bracteoles surface nature, seed morphology and anatomy of stem. A detailed description, illustrations, and field images are provided for easy identification along with a comparative table highlighting the morphological characters of allied species. The IUCN conservation assessment for this species is discussed. Abstract Lepidagathis kurnoolensis sp. nov . is a decumbent, woody undershrub found in scrub forests dominated by quartzite stones near Orvakal Mandal in the Kurnool District. This new species resembles Lepidagathis diffusa C.B.Clarke with respect to habit, leaf shape, inflorescence, number of sterile bracts, corolla and fruits but can be distinguished by differences in spike size, morphology of sterile bracts and bracteoles, size and shape of bracts and calyx, and nature of seed. It also resembles Lepidagathis spinosa Wight ex Nees in spike appearance, sterile bract shape, corolla, and fruit shape but differs in its wood nature, leaf shape and size, bracts and bracteoles surface nature, seed morphology and anatomy of stem. A detailed description, illustrations, and field images are provided for easy identification along with a comparative table highlighting the morphological characters of allied species. The IUCN conservation assessment for this species is discussed. Keywords Lepidagathis , undershrub, Kurnool District, Rocky Crevices, Andhra Pradesh Introduction Lepidagathis Willd. is distributed predominantly in warm pantropical regions (Mabberley 2017, Manzitto-Tripp et al. 2021). The global count of 155 accepted taxa, including one subspecies and five varieties are provided by POWO for the genus (POWO 2024). In India, the genus is comprised of 35 species and seven varieties (King et al. 2024) with 25 species and one variety being endemic thus far (Arisdason et al. 2020, Dhatchanamoorthy et al. 2022, More et al. 2023, King et al. 2024). Despite its pan-Indian distribution, approximately 82% of the species are confined to the peninsular region, thriving in diverse habitats outlined by King et al. 2024: (i) rocky outcrops of lateritic and basalt plateaus, (ii) dry open areas, lightly wooded scrub (including sandstone crevices), grasslands, or abandoned farmlands, (iii) foothills and margins of dry and moist deciduous forests, and (iv) coastal plains and deserts. Fifteen species and one variety were described from the said habitats during six years (2019 to 2024) (IPNI 2024) from peninsular India. Among the recently described species are Lepidagathis dalzelliana S.More, Mane, M.Sawant & H.S.Bhosale (More et al. 2023), L. dalzellii Nandikar & Bramhad. (Bramhadande & Nandikar 2023), L. gandhii Gnanasek., A.F.J.King, S.M.Kasim & Arisdason (Gnanasekaran et al. 2023), Lepidagathis narasimhanii Gnanasek., A.F.J.King & Arisdason (King et al. 2024), L. dayanandanii A.F.J.King, Gnanasek. & Arisdason (King et al. 2024). Thus emphasizing the need for increased attention to this genus and its habitat conservation (More et al. 2023, King et al. 2024). The Dharmavana Nature Ark - Peninsular India Project, spanning two decades of intensive field studies and seed collections of rare, endangered, and threatened (RET) species focused on woody plants. During a field survey of 2007 in the Kurnool district, a noteworthy Lepidagathis species was found growing as a woody decumbent undershrub in the crevices of quartzite stone near Kurnool airport, Orvakallu mandal. Fresh plant materials were collected for critical study and preparation of herbarium specimens. After a long scrutiny of the relevant literature (Hooker 1885, Clarke 1885, Cooke 1905, Gamble 1924) and a comparison with recently published species (2019-2024), we concluded that the collected species is undescribed and new to science. A detailed description, illustrations and colour photographs are provided along with comparative characters of allied species to facilitate easy identification. A preliminary IUCN conservation assessment is offered for this novel species. Additionally, seedlings are under cultivation in the Dharmavana Nature Ark (DNA) nursery to support conservation efforts. Seeds are stored in the DNA seed bank. Material and methods Twigs with flowers and fruits were collected from healthy plants to prepare herbarium specimens using standard methods (Davies et al. 2023). Flowering spikes were collected to examine floral and fruit characteristics under the microscope. Superficial characters were studied using an Olympus SZ61 microscope with a MagCam DC5 camera, while anatomical studies of leaf and stem were performed using an Olympus CX43 microscope with a MagCam HD Pro camera. Flowering spikes were preserved in 70% ethanol for future reference. Hand and microtome sections were used for anatomical studies, and epidermal peels were used for stomata and cystoliths study. The Extent of Occurrence (EOO) and Area of Occupancy (AOO) were estimated by counting individuals within 5 × 5 m quadrats in the study area. GPS coordinates and the number of individuals were recorded for each quadrat. The quadrat data, including IDs and GPS readings, were compiled into a CSV file and uploaded to the open-source GeoCAT software to assess the IUCN threat status. EOO and AOO calculations were performed using the default 2 km² grid size settings in GeoCAT (http://geocat.kew.org) and Google Earth Pro version 7.3 (Fig. 1). Taxonomy Lepidagathis kurnoolensis Raja Kullayisw. & Sarojin. sp. nov. (Fig 2 – 4). Diagnosis Lepidagathis kurnoolensis sp. nov. is resembles L. duffusa in habit, leaf shape, number of sterile bracts, corolla, anticous calyx lobes that are connate by more than ½, and fruit shape, but it differs in spike length 3 cm long (versus 1.5 (–4) cm long) (Fig. 5c & i), basal sterile bracts elongate (versus deltoid) (Fig. 5d & j1-10), spines of floral fertile bracts 8 mm long (versus 2 mm long), calyx lobes glandular hairy (versus non-glandular hairy), seed with hygroscopic hairs at the periphery and pubescent at the center (versus hygroscopic hairs throughout) (Fig. 5e & k), stem cross section ca. glabrous (versus pubescent) (Fig. 5f & l). The new species also resembles L. spinosa in spike inflorescence, sterile bract shape, corolla and fruit shape, but it differs in the morphological characters such as woody decumbent undershrub habit (versus prostrate herb) (Fig. 5a & m), linear oblong-lanceolate leaf shape (versus oblong-ovate to broadly obovate) (Fig. 5b & n), spike up to 3 cm long (versus 2 cm long) (Fig. 5c & o), basal sterile bracts up to 8 (versus 5) (Fig. 5d & p), spine of floral bracts 8 mm long (versus 4 mm long), anticuous lobes of calyx connate more than ½ of its length (versus overlapping or connate at base less than ¼ of its length or free) (Fig. 5d & p), calyx lobes glandular hairy throughout (versus glabrous and slightly hairy at base) (Fig. 5d & p), style 6.2 mm long (versus 9.3 mm long), seed with hygroscopic hairs at periphery and pubescent at the center (versus long hygroscopic hairs throughout) (Fig. 5e & q). More characters are tabulated in Table 1. Type : India, Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool District, Orvakallu mandal, near Kurnool airport, rocky plateau, 15°42’11.79”N, 78° 8’56.92”E, 370 m a.s.l. 25 Nov 2023, Raja Kullayiswamy 449 (holotype: MH; isotypes: BSID, CAL, SKU, HDNA) Etymology The species epither ‘ kurnoolensis ’ refers the type locality of the Kurnool District in the southern part of Andhra Pradesh state. Description Perennial polycarpic, rigid, woody undershrub up to 95 cm wide, decumbent, root stock woody (Fig. 3a & b); branches glabrous, light pink when young, yellowish-grey at maturity, woody, slightly hexagonal in cross-section with 4 acute projections (Fig. 5f); internodes 1–2.8 cm long. Leaves opposite decussate, sessile, clasping, linear oblong-lanceolate, 11–22 × 2–3 mm, middle of the leaf blade is wider than both the ends, pubescent, scabrous hairy (hairs are single cellular, straight with swollen basal cell), and punctate (by elongate cystoliths and its lithocysts, cystoliths 60 µm long, 20 µm wide, warty surface (Supplementary Fig. 1d & e), adaxial light green, abaxial dark green, base auriculate, margin entire, apex acuminate with up to 1 mm long light yellow spine (Fig. 3c); mid-vein broad at base, and narrower towards the tip; lateral veins 3 – 5 pairs up to middle of the leaf blade, rest inconspicuous; floral leaves lanceolate, glabrous, base truncate, margin entire, apex spinescent, lateral veins inconspicuous. Inflorescence axillary spike, elongate, 1.5 – 3 cm long, 1.5 cm wide, 6 – 8-flowered (Fig. 3d). Bracts and bracteoles compact, pubescent with glandular and non-glandular hairs on both inner and outer surfaces. Sterile bracts (without calyx and inner parts) at base of inflorescence 7 – 8, recurved, pubescent, 3 – 5 × 1 – 1.5 mm, ovate-lanceolate, base rounded or truncate, margin entire, apex spinescent (Fig. 4a). Sterile flowers (without corolla and essential inner parts) up to 3 at base of the spike (Fig. 3d-sf). Bracts and bracteoles, those resemble fertile flower’s parts. Fertile flowers: sterile bract 1, oblong or lance-ovate, 17 – 18 × 4 – 5 mm, pilose on both sides, 3 – 5 veins, base rounded, margin entire, apex caudate with spinose apical process (Fig. 4b,b 1 ); fertile bract 1, oblong or lanceo-ovate, 20 – 22 × 4 – 5 mm, pilose on both sides, 3 – 5 veins, base rounded, margin entire, apex caudate with spinose apical process up to 8 mm long (Fig. 4c,c 1 ). Bracteoles 2, dimorphic, elliptic-oblong, and oblong-obovate, 13 – 15 × 4 – 4.5 mm, 3–5-nerved, pilose on both the sides, base cuneate and attenuate, margin entire, apex attenuate and acuminate, ended with short spine and long spine, glandular hairy (Fig. 4d,d 1 ). Calyx lobes 5, heteromorphic; anticous lobes 2, elliptic-oblong, 11 – 12 × 4 – 5 mm, isomorphic, connate more than half of their total length, 3-nerved, base rounded, margin entire with pilose, lobes ovate, 2 – 2.5 × 1.5 – 2 mm, apex spinescent with glandular hairs (Fig. 4e,e 1 ); posticous lobe 1, elliptic-oblong, 9 – 11 × 4 – 4.5 mm, 3-nerved, base rounded, margin entire with pilose, apex spinescent with glandular hairs (fig. 4f,f 1 ); lateral lobes 2, isomorphic, arcuate, linear, 7 – 8 × 0.8 – 1 mm, pilose both the sides, base rounded, margine entire, apex spinscent (Fig. 4g,g 1 ,g 2 ). Corolla bilabiate, 14 – 15 mm long, 6.5 mm across, white with many light to dark brown markings throughout inside and yellow dots on the palate (Fig. 4i). Corolla tube 6 – 7.8 mm in length, 2.3 – 4.5 mm across; basal contract part of the tube 3.8 × 1.8 – 2 mm, cylindric below, narrowed above, glabrous below half, hairy rest of the tube inside, glabrous outside; abruptly expanded part of the tube funnel-shaped, 4 – 6 mm long, 2.3 mm across at base, 4.5 mm at the throat, hairy both inner and outer surfaces. Corolla lobes 4, upper lobe ovate, glabrous inside, hirsute outside, 2.37 × 3.7 mm, slightly divided at the tip as retuse, 0.4 mm notch, lobes rounded; lower lobes 3 (lateral and middle), hairy outside, glabrous inside; lateral segments ovate, 2.8 – 3 × 2.5 mm, margine entire, apex rounded; middle segment slightly orbicular, 2.5 – 2.7 × 2.8 – 2.9 mm, margin slightly undulate, apex rounded. Stamens 4, didynamous; anticous (longer) filaments 2.9 – 3.4 mm; posticous (shorter) filaments 2.2 – 2.4 mm, purple-striped, scabrous hairy (Fig. 4j); anther lobes unequal, oblong, divergent, 1.5–2.0 mm long, white to yellowish, sparsely hairy at the base of the slit, scabrous at the connectives, longitudinally dehiscing. Pollen grains ellipsoid, tri-colporate, tectum reticulate. Ovary sub-globose, 1 – 1.5 × 1.2 – 1.5 mm, glabrous, 2-loculed; ovules 2 in both the locules; nectary disk cupulate; style 12 – 13.6 mm long, antrorsely bristled-hairy; stigma capitate, inserted (Fig. 4h). Capsules ovoid, 6.5 – 7 × 3 – 3.2 mm, glabrous (Fig. 4k). Seeds 2, brown, ovoid, 3 – 3.2 × 2 – 2.2 mm, covered with long hygroscopic hairs at periphery and pubescent at the center with short hairs, reticulate veins, base cordate, apex rounded, testa transparent, cotyledons 2 reticulate (Fig. 4l). Phenology Flowering from May – December and fruiting from September – January. Distribution and ecology This species grows on an open quartzite rocky plateau with little soil, and often is found in gravelly soil in association with the herbs Caralluma adscendens var. attenuata (Wight) Gravely & Mayur., C. adscendens var. gracilis Gravely & Mayur., Euphorbia rosea Retz., Hybanthus vatsavayae C.S.Reddy, Indigofera linifolia (L.f.) Retz., Phyllanthus palakondensis Raja Kullayisw. & Sarojin., Sesamum laciniatum J.G.Klein ex Willd., Cyanotis fasciculata Wall., Schizachyrium brevifolium (Sw.) Nees ex Buse, Parahyparrhenia bellariensis (Hack.) Clayton, Cymbopogon coloratus Stapf, Heteropogon contortus (L.) P.Beauv., shrubs Euphorbia venkatarajui Sarojin., E. caducifolia Haines Ziziphus mauritiana Lam., Dichrostachys cinerea (L.) Wight & Arn., Neltuma juliflora (Sw.) Raf., and the tree Bauhinia racemosa Lam. of stunted growth (Fig. 1). Conservation status This species is known from a single location that is a rocky plateau spanning approximately 164 sq. km in the Orvakallu area, Kurnool District, Andhra Pradesh. The quality of its habitat is under threat due to various developmental activities. The primary threats to the species include anthropogenic activities such as mining, tourism, fire, and industrial development, all of which have increased over the past few years. Ongoing habitat loss is due to the removal of stones for a crushing factory and mining activities, along with the effects of fire and civil works. These factors have reduced the extent of occurrence (EOO) and the quality of the habitat. Two factories are proposed in the area: a steel factory (one already is established 3 km from the species’ location) and a drone manufacturing factory. Alongside the existing airport and DRDO assembling unit, these activities pose significant threats. Once the proposed factories are established, associated infrastructure and construction activities are likely to follow, potentially transforming the habitat into an urban area. The quartzite stones are expected to be removed during the development process resulting in severe habitat degradation. The IUCN threat status has been assessed using the method proposed by Bachman et al. (2011), with 2 × 2 km grid cells (Fig. 1 b). The extent of occurrence (EOO) is calculated as 133.641 km², and the area of occurrence (AOO) is calculated as 164 km². Based on these values, the species qualifies as ‘Endangered’ [B1, B2 & C1] according to the IUCN guidelines, version 15.1 (IUCN, 2022). This classification is based on the following criteria: the EOO value is less than 5,000 km² (133.641 km²), the AOO value is less than 500 km² (164 km²), the number of mature individuals is fewer than 2,500 (2,380), with an estimated continuing decline of at least 20% over five years. Note: The plant is not grazed due to its spiny spike and woody nature. The area is under rapid development due to excavation, construction, and agriculture field expansion. It is a tourist destination with scenic views and attractive rock formations (Rock garden AP-Tourism). Facilities related to the airport and agriculture encroachments are the primary developmental activities. Local Name Chinna jamudu, Sanna jamudu – Telugu. Additional specimens examined (paratypes) : India, Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool District, Orvakallu mandal, near Kurnool airport, rocky plateau, 15°42’5.28”N, 78° 8’56.72”E, 436 m a.s.l. 11 Oct 2023, Raja Kullayiswamy 284 (HDNA-Herbarium Dharmavana Nature Ark, Hyderabad). India, Andhra Pradesh, Kurnool District, Orvakallu, near Kurnool airport, rocky plateau, 15°42’4.97”N, 78° 8’58.42”E, 382 m alt. 22 May 2023, Raja Kullayiswamy 201(HDNA). References Arisdason, W., Lakshminarasimhan, P., Karthigeyan, K., Krishna, G., Albertson, D. W., Venu, P., Panja, D., Ghosh, T., Debnath, H. S., Gnanasekaran, G., Murthy, G. V. S. and Roy, D. K. 2020. Acanthaceae. In: Mao A.A. & Dash S.S. (eds.), Flowering plants of India an annotated checklist (Dicotyledons). Volume 2. – Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata. pp. 270–319. Bachman, S., Moat, J., Hilll, A. W., de la Torre, J. and Scott, B. 2011. Supporting red list threat assessments with GeoCAT: geospatial conservation assessment tool. – ZooKeys 150: 117–126. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.150. Bramhadande, S. P. and Nandikar, M. D. 2023. A synopsis of the genus Lepidagathis (Acanthaceae) in India, new taxa and notes on Dalzell’s species. Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity. 16 (4): 626–652. doi: 10.1016/j.japb.2023.08.004. Clarke, C. B. 1885. Acanthaceae. In: Hooker, J. D. (ed.), The flora of British India. Volume 4. L. Reeve & Co., London. pp. 387–558. Cooke, T. 1905. The flora of the presidency of Bombay. Volume II. Taylor and Francis, London. pp. 391–398. Davies, N. M. J., Drinkell, C. and Utteridge T. M. A. 2023. The Herbarium Handbook. Royal Botanic Gardens Kew. Dhatchanamoorthy, N., Karthikeyan, C., Raja, P., Soosairaj, S. and Balachandran, N. 2022. Lepidagathis decumbens N. Dhatchan. & S. Soosairaj, sp. nov. (Acanthaceae), a new species from Tamil Nadu, India. – Adansonia. 3, 44: 321–329. doi: 10.5252/adansonia2022v44a24. Gamble, J. S. 1924. Flora of the presidency of Madras. Adlard & Son Ltd., London. pp. 746–751. Gnanasekaran, G., King, A. F. J., Kasim, S. M. and Arisdason, W. 2023. Lepidagathis gandhii (Barlerieae: Acanthaceae), a new species from Tamil Nadu, India. – Kew Bull. 78: 203–212. doi: 10.1007/s12225-023-10086-z. Hooker, J. D. 1885. Flora of British India. Volume 4. L. Reeve & Co. London. pp. 515–523. IPNI 2024. International Plant Names Index. Published on the Internet http://www.ipni.org, The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Herbarium. [Retrieved 11 March 2024]. https://www.ipni.org/?sort=published_desc&q=Lepidagathis IUCN 2022. Guidelines for using the IUCN Red List Categories and Criteria. Version 15.1. Prepared by the Standards and Petitions Committee. Available at: https://www.iucnredlist.org/documents/RedListGuidelines.pdf. King, A. F. J., Kolte, R. R., Nithya, S. P., Arisdason, W. and Gnanasekaran, G. 2024. Two new species of Lepidagathis (Acanthaceae: Barlerieae) from the low-elevation lateritic plateaus of Karnataka and Kerala, India. – Rheedea 33(4): 332–344. doi: 10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.04. Mabberley, D. J. 2017. Mabberley’s Plant-book, a portable dictionary of plants, their classification and used, 4 th edition. Cambridge university press. pp. 517. Manzitto-Tripp, E. A., Darbyshire, I., Daniel, T. F., Kiel, C. A. and Mcdade, L. A. 2021. Revised classification of Acanthaceae and worldwide dichotomous keys. – Taxon 71: 103–153. Doi: 10.1002/tax.12600. More, S., Sawant, M., Mane, R. and Boshale, H. 2023. Lepidagathis dalzellinana (Acanthaceae), a new species from the northern Western Ghats and lectotypification of the name Lepidagathis prostrata Dalzell. – Int. J. Adv. Res. 11: 907–911. doi: 10.21474/IJAR01/17143. POWO 2024. Plants of the World Online. Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Available at: https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30029079-2/ (Accessed on 26.12.2024). Legends for figures: Figure 1 : Distribution map of Lepidagathis kurnoolensis (a) location in Andhra Pradesh state, Kurnool District, (b) area of occupancy and extent of occurrence (c) habitat, (d) habit. Figure 2 : Lepidagathis kurnoolensis sp. nov . (a) twig, (b) one mature flower separated from spike, (c) calyx split opened, (d) sterile bract, (e) fertile bract, (f 1 ) bract, (f 2 ) bracteole, (g) anticous calyx lobes, (h) posticous calyx lob, (i) lateral calyx lobes, (j) corolla split opened, (k) posticous short stamen, (l) anticous long stamen, (m) ovary, (n) fruit, (o) seed, (p) spike. (Illustrated by RKS) Figure 3 : Lepidagathis kurnoolensis sp. nov . (a) habit, (b) habit at flowering stage, (c) leaf, (d) spike and indication sterile flower (sf), (e) spikes on branch, (f) corolla L.S, (g) young flower separated from spike, (h) spike and flower top view, (i) inner and outer views of mature flower separated from spike. Figure 4 : Flower parts of Lepidagathis kurnoolensis . (a) basal sterile bracts, (b, b 1 ) sterile bract outer and inner surfaces, (c, c 1 ) fertile bracts outer and inner surfaces, (d, d 1 ) bracteoles outer and inner surfaces, (e, e 1 ) anticous calyx, (f, f 1 ) posticous calyx, (g, g 1 , g 2 ) lateral calyx, (h) ovary, (i) corolla split opened, (j) anthers, (k) fruit, (l) seed. Figure 5 : Comparative photographs of allied species of Lepidagathis . a – f L. kurnoolesis , g – l L. diffusa , m – r L. spinosa . (a), (g), (m) habit. (b), (h), (n) leaf. (c), (i), (o) spike. (d), (j), (p) sterile bracts, bract, bracteole, calyx. (e), (k), (q) seed. (f), (l), (r) stem cross section. Legends for supplementary file: Supplementary 1 : Anatomical characters of stem and leaf of Lepidagathis kurnoolensis . (a) ground plan of stem, (b) enlarged portion of stem, (c) collenchyma, paranchyma and chlorenchyma at ridge of stem, (d) epidermal peal with cystoliths, (e) T.S. of leaf, (f) midvein portion of leaf, (g) marginal portion of leaf section, (h) vascular bundle of leaf. Supplementary 2 : Lepidagathis decumbens Dhatchan. & Soosairaj. (a) habit, (b) twig with spikes, (c & c 1 ) spikes closer view, (d) flower, (e) corolla split opened, (f) sterile bracts, (g) fertile bract (br) & bracteole (brl), (h) clayx anticous (a), posticous (p) & laterals (l). Note: Although Lepidagathis decumbens exhibits morphological differences from L. diffusa , it was synonymized with L. diffusa by Gnanasekaran (2023) without a live specimen or type specimen of L. diffusa for comparison (https://dx.doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2023.33.04.07). However, notable differences in morphological characteristics persist as shown in this article. Supplementary Material File (table-1.docx) Download 15.98 KB Information & Authors Information Version history V1 Version 1 27 January 2025 Copyright This work is licensed under a Non Exclusive No Reuse License. Collection Nordic Journal of Botany Keywords andhra pradesh kurnool district lepidagathis rocky crevices undershrub Authors Affiliations Raja Kullayiswamy Kusom 0000-0003-4313-2065 [email protected] Dharmavana Nature Ark View all articles by this author SAROJINI DEVI NAIDU 0000-0002-0685-0255 Sri Krishnadevaraya University View all articles by this author Metrics & Citations Metrics Article Usage 420 views 235 downloads .FvxKWukQNSOunydq8rnd { width: 100px; } Citations Download citation Raja Kullayiswamy Kusom, SAROJINI DEVI NAIDU. Lepidagathis kurnoolensis (Acanthaceae: Acanthoideae: Barlerieae): a new species from the Kurnool District of Andhra Pradesh, India. Authorea . 27 January 2025. 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