Effect of waste type and pyrolysis temperature on the physical and chemical properties of Biochar

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Moisture content, water holding capacity, bulk density, and porosity were the measured physical properties; pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfur were the analyzed chemical properties. The results show that the biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, and the values of the analyzed properties varied depending on the type of biochar and pyrolysis temperature. The moisture content ranged from 1.11–4.18%, and the water holding capacity ranged from 12.9 to 27.6 g water g − 1 dry sample. The bulk density ranged from 161.5 to 211.9 kg m − 3 . The porosity values ranged from 45.9–63.7%. The pH ranged from 6.6 to 10.4, and EC ranged from 0.82 to 3.46 dS m − 1 . Total organic matter ranged from 66.0–98.1%; total organic carbon ranged from 38.3–56.9%, and total nitrogen ranged from 0.4–1.9%. The ranges of phosphorus and calcium content were 47.6–134.6 and 241.3–649.0 mg kg − 1 , respectively. The magnesium, sodium, and sulfur content had ranges of 10.9–51.7, 1124–1703, and 3568–12060 mg kg − 1 , respectively. biochar pyrolysis temperature chemical properties physical properties Figures Figure 1 1. Introduction Biochar is a carbon-rich product of heating biomass (such as wood, manure, or leaves) at relatively low temperatures of 400–700°C in a closed container in which oxygen is absent or depleted 1 . Biochar is used as an amendment to soil growth media and is produced by the pyrolysis of organic wastes. The pyrolysis process produces biochar and two additional materials—syngas and bio-oil—that have commercial value as energy sources. Recently, biochar has received considerable attention as a soil amendment for increasing agricultural productivity 2,3 . Scientists and policymakers are beginning to recognize the important role of biochar in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, production of renewable energy, mitigation of waste, and application as a soil amendment. Because it has such wide-ranging applications, biochar is used in many fields. In agriculture, it is used as an organic fertilizer that degrades over a long time. When added to soil, it positively affects the soil fertility, the total biogenic components, physical and water characteristics, and biological features 4–6 . The physical characteristics of biochar render it a useful tool for environmental management. The physical properties of biochar can affect soil systems directly and indirectly. Different soils have distinct physical features that are dependent upon the nature and relative quantity of their mineral and organic matter content, as well as the association between the minerals and organic matter [ 7 ]. Biochar added to a soil mixture can significantly contribute to the physical nature of the system by affecting the depth, structure, texture, porosity, and consistency by changing the surface area, particle size distribution, pore size distribution, density, and packing. The influence of biochar on the physical features of soil can then have a direct impact on plant growth because the penetration depth and availability of air and water in the root zone are largely determined by the physical make-up of the soil horizons. As a result of its effect on these properties, biochar’s presence in soil directly affects the soil’s response to water, as well as its aggregation, workability during soil preparation, swelling shrinking dynamics, permeability, capacity to retain cations, and response to ambient temperature changes. In addition, many chemical and biological aspects of soil fertility can be indirectly inferred from these physical properties, such as the physical availability of sites for chemical reactions and the provision of protective habitats for soil microbes 7–9 . The published works on biochar application to soil have predominantly focused on agronomic benefits, while the physical and chemical properties of the produced biochar and their effects on soil structure and texture have received little attention. Therefore, there is a lack of information about aspects of biochar that are important for plant growth and soil improvement. Thus, the main aim of this work is to determine the most important properties of biochar. In particular, the physical properties (bulk density, moisture content, water holding capacity, and porosity) and chemical properties (pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium) of different types of biochar were analyzed at different pyrolysis temperatures. 2. Materials And Methods The experiments were carried out at the Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha University, during the months of October and November, 2020. Biochar was produced from certain agricultural wastes, manly straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves. The physical and chemical properties that are relevant to the manufacturing of biochar using these four materials are listed in Tables 1 and 2 , respectively. Table 1 Physical properties of raw materials used in the production of biochar. Properties Raw Materials Straw Rice Sawdust Sugar Cane Tree Leaves Moisture content (%) 11.6 8.7 36.20 22.7 Water holding capacity (g water g − 1 dry) 1.4 1.9 3.30 4.6 Bulk density (kg m − 3 ) 180 230 426.00 276 Porosity (%) 43.5 66.3 69.96 54.6 Table 2 Chemical properties of raw materials used in the production of biochar. Properties Raw Materials Straw Rice Sawdust Sugar Cane Tree Leaves pH 6.8 6.3 7.10 7.6 Electrical Conductivity, EC (dS m − 1 ) 1.2 1.13 3.10 1.75 Total organic matter (%) 77.06 82.13 61.30 92.4 Total organic carbon (%) 44.7 47.64 20.00 53.60 Total nitrogen (%) 0.49 0.62 1.62 3.2 Total phosphorus (%) 0.32 1.3 1.12 1.8 Total potassium (%) 0.53 0.89 2.36 2.9 Total calcium (%) 1.13 2.3 2.8 3.11 Total magnesium (%) 0.74 0.4 1.03 1.14 Total sodium (%) 0.14 0.19 0.21 0.13 Total sulfur (%) 2.14 3.11 4.13 2.4 C/N ratio 91.22 76.84 12.35:1 16.75 All study materials (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves) were dried and cut into small pieces (less than 4–5 cm), which were then inserted into a ceramic vessel (500 cm 3 ) and placed in a commercial electric furnace (SOMO-01 Isuzu, Japan). The material was charred for 6 h at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). 2.1. Biochar yield The biochar yield was calculated using Eq. (1): 2.2. Biochar physical properties 2.2.1. Moisture content (MC) Moisture content was determined by drying the product at 105°C for 24 h or to a constant weight 10 . 2.2.2. Water holding capacity (WHC) The WHC of biochar was determined by measuring the weight of a wet sample (W i ) and placing it in a beaker for 1–2 days. Excess water was drained through Whatman #2 filter paper, and the saturated sample was weighed again ( W s ). The amount of water retained by the dry sample was calculated using the following equation from 11 : where W i is the weight before drying the sample (g), W s is the weight after drying the sample (g). and MC is the initial moisture content of the sample (decimal). 2.2.3. Biochar bulk density (BD) The bulk density of biochar was determined by adding the material to a container with a volume of approximately 1 L and then slightly compacting the material to remove large void spaces. The bulk density was calculated using Eq. (3): 2.2.4. Biochar porosity Biochar porosity ( ε a ) was calculated using the following equation from 12–14 : where ε a is the biochar porosity (%), ρ w is the water density (kg m − 3 ), ρ wb is the wet bulk density (kg m − 3 ), ρ ash is the ash density (kg m − 3 ), ρ om is the organic matter density (kg m − 3 ), DM is the dry matter (decimal), and OM is the organic matter (decimal). 2.3. Biochar chemical properties Electrical conductivity and pH were analyzed in a 1:5 ( v / v ) material/water extract using a glass electrode. Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined by using the dry combustion method at 540°C for 4 h, as specified by 15 . Total organic matter was measured by combustion at 550°C for 8 h according to 16 , and total nitrogen (TN) was measured by Kjeldahl digestion (model VAPODEST; range 0.1 mg to 200 g N; Germany) 17 . Potassium (K) content was determined by atomic absorption (model EMI9783B; range of 190–930 nm; USA), and phosphorus (P) content was determined calorimetrically method 18 . The quantities of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) were determined by a flame photometer (model Jenway PFP7; range0–160 mmol L − 1 ; USA). Sulfur content was determined by using barium chloride following 19 . 2.4. Statistical analysis The data were subjected to analysis using statistical package SPSS version 21 in which one way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were performed at significance level of (p < 0.05) at 95% confidence limit to know the significant differences between the treatment means for different parameters. 3. Results And Discussion 3.1. Biochar yield Figure 1 shows the biochar yield for different biochar types (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). The results indicate that the biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the temperature from 400 to 800°C the biochar yield significantly decreased from 378.2 g kg -1 to 216.7 g kg -1 (57.29% decrease), 331.4 g kg -1 to 204.1 g kg -1 (61.59% decrease), 450.1 g kg -1 to 322.5 g kg -1 (71.65% decrease), and 277.9 g kg -1 to 165.0 g kg -1 (59.37% decrease) for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves, respectively. The biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature as a result of the increased burning rate and conversion of organic matter to ash, which reduced the carbon content of the biochar. These results agree with those obtained by 20 , who found that the yield of biochar from apple tree branch, tree oak, rice husk, and rice straw decreased from 283 g kg -1 to 155 g kg -1 , 358 g kg -1 to 191 g kg -1 , 486 g kg -1 to 320 g kg -1 , and 393 g kg -1 to 183 g kg -1 , respectively, when the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 800°C. The results also indicate that the highest biochar yield (450.1 g kg -1 ) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C, while the lowest biochar yield (165.0 g kg -1 ) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C. These results agree with those obtained by 21 . 3.2. Physical properties Table 3 shows the physical properties (moisture content, water holding capacity, bulk density, and porosity) of the different types of biochar (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). The results indicate that the moisture content (MC) decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C significantly decreased the MC from 2.64–1.11%, 2.59–1.34%, 3.17–1.66%, and 4.18–2.19% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The results also show that the highest moisture content (4.18%) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C, while the lowest moisture content (1.11%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C. Table 3 Physical properties of different biochar types. Biochar Types Temperature (°C) Physical Properties MC (%) WHC* (g Water/g Dry Sample) BD (kg m − 3 ) Porosity (%) Straw Rice 400 2.64 h 12.9 a 161.5 a 63.7 g 600 1.29 b 15.7 b 170.6 b 60.4 f 800 1.11 a 22.5 c 187.1 c 56.1 d Sawdust 400 2.59 h 20.3 c 195.0 d 51.0 c 600 1.50 c 21.2 c 205.5 f 47.2 a 800 1.34 b 24.1 d 211.9 g 45.9 a Sugar Cane 400 3.17 i 24.9 e 175.7 b 61.8 f 600 1.94 e 26.5 e 186.2 c 56.9 de 800 1.66 d 27.6 ef 194.1 d 54.3 d Tree Leaves 400 4.18 j 20.8 c 188.0 c 55.5 d 600 2.41 g 21.5 c 192.7 cd 52.5 c 800 2.19 f 24.8 de 199.4 de 49.2 b Means on the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05) *WHC is water holding capacity The water holding capacity (WHC) significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis from 400 to 800°C increased the water holding capacity from 12.9 to 22.5, 20.3 to 24.1, 24.9 to 27.6, and 20.8 to 24.8 g water g − 1 dry for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest WHC (27.6 g water g − 1 dry) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest WHC (12.9 g water g − 1 dry) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. These results agreed with those obtained by 22 . The bulk density (BD) also significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the bulk density from 161.5 to 187.1, 195.0 to 211.9, 175.7 to 194.1, and 188.0 to 199.4 kg m − 3 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest bulk density (211.9 kg m − 3 ) was obtained from sawdust at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest bulk density (161.5 kg m − 3 ) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. The porosity decreased with significantly increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C decreased the porosity from 63.7–56.1%, 51.0–45.9%, 61.8–54.3%, and 55.5–49.2% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest porosity (63.7%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C, while the lowest porosity (47.2%) was obtained from sawdust at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C. The biochar porosity was dependent on the bulk density and moisture content of biochar, and the porosity decreased with increasing bulk density and moisture content. The results indicate that the porosity of biochar decreased from 63.7–56.1%, 51.0–45.9%, 61.8–54.3%, and 55.5–49.2% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively, when the bulk density increased from 161.5 to 187.1, 195.0 to 211.9, 175.7 to 194.1, and 188.0 to 199.4 kg m − 3 and the moisture content increased from 2.64–1.11%, 2.59–1.34%, 3.17–1.66%, and 4.18–2.19%. These results agree with those obtained by 23 . 3.3. Biochar chemical properties Table 4 shows the analyzed chemical characteristics (pH, EC, organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium) of the different types of biochar (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). The results indicate that the pH significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the pH from 8.2 to 9.4, 7.3 to 7.6, 6.6 to 8.9, and 8.7 to 10.4 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by 24 . The results also indicate that the highest pH (10.4) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest pH (6.6) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. The observed increase in the pH of the four biochar types at higher temperatures is probably a consequence of the relative concentration of non-pyrolyzed inorganic elements that were present in the original feedstocks 25 . Table 4 Chemical properties of different biochar types. Biochar Types Temperature (°C) Chemical Properties pH EC (dS m − 1 ) OM* (%) OC** (%) TN*** (%) K**** (%) Straw Rice 400 8.2 d 1.48 d 66.0 a 38.3 a 0.9 c 0.6 a 600 8.3 d 2.07 e 85.9 d 49.8 d 0.7 b 1.3 b 800 9.4 f 2.90 f 90.5 de 52.5 de 0.4 a 1.6 c Sawdust 400 7.3 b 0.94 a 74.8 c 43.4 c 1.4 ef 1.3 b 600 7.5 b 1.16 b 94.5 e 54.8 f 1.0 c 2.5 f 800 7.6 bc 1.52 d 96.7 f 56.1 f 0.5 a 2.7 fg Sugar Cane 400 6.6 a 0.82 a 87.8 d 50.9 d 1.9 g 2.2 e 600 7.5 b 1.03 ab 97.2 f 56.4 f 1.8 g 3.1 i 800 8.9 e 1.27 bc 98.1 f 56.9 fg 1.3 e 3.5 j Tree Leaves 400 8.7 e 2.11 e 71.0 b 41.2 b 1.5 f 1.8 d 600 9.2 f 2.95 f 90.7 e 52.6 e 1.2 e 2.6 f 800 10.4 g 3.46 g 95.5 ef 55.4 f 0.7 b 2.9 h Means on the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05) *OM: organic matter **OC: organic carbon ***TN: total nitrogen ****K: potassium The results also indicate that the EC significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the EC from 1.48 to 2.90, 0.94 to 1.52, 0.82 to 1.27, and 2.11 to 3.46 dS m − 1 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest EC (3.46 dS m − 1 ) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest EC (0.82 dS m − 1 ) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. These results agree with those obtained by 26 , who found that the EC of biochar ranged from 0.39 to 4.18 dS m − 1 . The organic matter (OM) increased with significantly increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the organic matter from 66.0–90.5%, 74.8–96.7%, 87.8–98.1%, and 71.0–95.5% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by Novak et al. , (2009). The highest organic matter content (98.1%) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest organic matter content (66.0%) was obtained from rice straw at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. These results agree with those obtained by 22,27 . Organic carbon (OC) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the organic carbon content from 38.3–52.5%, 43.4–56.1%, 50.9–56.9%, and 41.2–55.4% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by 28 , who found that the organic carbon content ranged from 23.5–78.1%. The highest organic carbon content (56.9%) was from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest organic matter content (38.3%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. The total nitrogen (TN) decreased with significantly increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C decreased the total nitrogen from 0.9–0.4%, 1.4–0.5%, 1.9–1.3%, and 1.5–0.7% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by Jindo et al. 2014, who found that the total nitrogen decreased from 0.76–0.34%, 0.69–0.32%, 0.69–0.22%, and 1.22–0.25% for apple tree, tree oak, rice husk, and rice straw, respectively, when the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 800°C. The highest TN content (1.9%) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C, while the lowest TN content (0.4%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C. The potassium (K) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the potassium content from 0.6–1.6%, 1.3–2.7%, 2.2–3.5%, and 1.8–2.9% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest potassium content (3.5%) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest potassium content (0.6%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. Table 5 reports the measured quantities of the phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfur content of the different types of biochar (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). The results indicate that the phosphorus (P) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the phosphorus from 47.6 to 62.3, 65.5 to 121.3, 77.3 to 134.6, and 59.6 to 70.9 mg kg − 1 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The results also indicate that the highest phosphorus content (134.6 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest phosphorus content (47.6 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. The results also indicate that the calcium (Ca) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the calcium content from 241.3 to 264.2, 491.6 to 546.1, 513.1 to 649.0, and 353.7 to 444.9 mg kg − 1 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest calcium content (649.0 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained at from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest calcium content (241.3 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. Table 5 Chemical properties of different biochar types. Biochar Types Temperature (°C) Chemical Properties P (mg kg − 1 ) Ca (mg kg − 1 ) Mg (mg kg − 1 ) Na (mg kg − 1 ) So 4 (mg kg − 1 ) Straw Rice 400 47.6 a 241.3 a 10.9 a 1124 b 3568 a 600 58.6 b 254.9 b 11.2 a 1231 d 4235 b 800 62.3 b 264.2 b 13.2 b 1329 e 4360 c Sawdust 400 65.5 bc 491.6 g 21.4 c 1034 a 9752 d 600 106.2 f 546.1 i 25.5 d 1046 a 9854 d 800 121.3 h 573.3 j 27.8 e 1109 b 10138 e Sugar Cane 400 77.3 e 513.1 h 47.2 i 1604 g 11235 h 600 117.0 g 621.5 k 48.4 i 1624 g 11561 i 800 134.6 i 649.0 l 51.7 j 1703 h 12060 j Tree Leaves 400 59.6 b 353.7 c 30.7 e 1204 c 10334 f 600 67.1 c 421.2 d 33.1 e 1324 e 10609 g 800 70.9 d 444.9 f 39.0 h 1509 f 11241 h Means on the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p < 0.05) The magnesium (Mg) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the magnesium content from 10.9 to 13.2, 21.4 to 27.8, 47.2 to 51.7, and 30.7 to 39.0 mg kg − 1 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest magnesium content (51.7 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest magnesium content (10.9 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. The sodium (Na) content also significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the sodium content from 1124 to 1329, 1034 to 1109, 1604 to 1703, and 1204 to 1509 mg kg − 1 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest sodium content (1703 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest sodium content (1124 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. The sulfur (So 4 ) content increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800°C increased the sulfur content from 3568 to 4360, 9752 to 10,138, 11,235 to 12,060, and 10,334 to 11,241 mg kg − 1 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest sulfur content (12060 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800°C, while the lowest sulfur content (3568 mg kg − 1 ) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400°C. 4. Conclusions Multiple experiments were carried out successively to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of different biochar types (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800°C). The values of the measured properties varied among the four biochar types. First, the obtained results indicate that the biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The moisture content of biochar ranged from 1.11–4.18%, and the WHC ranged from 12.9 to 27.6 g water g − 1 dry. The bulk density ranged from 161.5 to 211.9 kg m − 3 . The porosity ranged from 45.9–63.7%. The pH ranged from 6.6 to 10.4, and the EC ranged from 0.82 to 3.46 dS m − 1 . The total organic matter content ranged from 66.0–98.1%, the total organic carbon content ranged from 38.3–56.9%, and the TN content ranged from 0.4–1.9%. The total K content ranged from 0.6–3.5%. The P and Ca content ranged from 47.6 to 134.6 and 241.3 to 649.0 mg kg − 1 , respectively, for different compost types. The magnesium, sodium, and sulfur content ranged from 10.9 to 51.7, 1124 to 1703, and 3568 to 12060 mg kg − 1 , respectively. Declarations Acknowledgments: This work is fully sponsored by the Support and Development of Scientific Research Center, Benha University. Author Contributions: El-Sayed Khater, Adel Bahnasawy and Ramy Hamouda,: Investigation, Resources, Writing—Original Draft Preparation, Writing—Review and Editing. Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results. Data Availability Statement Declaration: The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request. 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Laboratory determination of compost physical parameters for modeling of airflow characteristics. Waste Manag. 28 , 660–670 (2008) . Raman, S. Food Properties Handbook ; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, (1995) . Van Cingel, C.T., Raats, P.A.C. & van Haneghem, I.A. Bulk density and porosity distributions in a compost pile. Neth. J. Agric. Sci. 47 , 105–121 (1999) . Richard, T.L., Hamelers, H.V.M., Veeken, A.H.M. & Silva, T. Moisture relationships in compositng processes. Compost Sci. Utiliz. 10 , 286–302 (2002) . Abad, M., Noguera, P., Puchades, R., Maquieira, A. & Noguera, V. Physico-chemical and chemical properties of some coconut coir dusts for use as a peat substitute for containerised ornamental plants. Bioresour. Technol. 82 , 241–245 (2002) . Test Methods for the Examination of Composting and Compost (TMECC). The Composting Council Research and Education Foundation ( 2001). Bremmer, J.M. & Mulvaney, C.S. Nitrogen-total . In Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2. Chemical and Microbiological Properties , 2nd ed.; Agronomy series No. 9 ASA; Page, A.L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D.R., Eds.; SSSA: Madison, WI, USA, pp. 595–624 (1982) . Murphy, J. & Riley, J.P. A modified single solution method for determination of phosphate in natural waters. Anal. Chem. Acta 27 , 31–36 (1962) . Murthy, A., Vasudeva, R. & Sharada, K. Determination of sulfide sulfur in minerals. Analyst 85 , 299–300 (1960) . Jindo, K., Mizumoto, H., Sawada, Y., Sanchez-Monedero, M.A. & Sonoki, T. Physical and chemical characterization of biochars derived from different agricultural residues. Biogeosciences 11 , 6613–6621 (2014) . Sarfraz, R., Li, S., Yang, W., Zhou, B. & Xing, S. Assessment of Physicochemical and Nutritional Characteristics of Waste Mushroom Substrate Biochar under Various Pyrolysis Temperatures and Times. Sustainability 11 , 1–14 ( 2019) . Alkhasha, A. & Al-Omran AAly, A. Effects of Biochar and Synthetic Polymer on the Hydro-Physical Properties of Sandy Soils. Sustainability 10 , 2–18 (2018) . Brewer, C.E., Chuang, V.J., Masiello, C.A., Gonnermann, H., Gao, X., Dugan, B., Driver, L.E., Panzacchi, P., Zygourakis, K. & Davies, C.A. New approaches to measuring biochar density and porosity. Biomass Bioenergy 66 , 176–185 ( 2014) . Alghashm, S., Qian, S., Hua, Y., Wu, J., Zhang, H., Chen, W. & Shen, G. Properties of Biochar from Anaerobically Digested Food Waste and Its Potential Use in Phosphorus Recovery and Soil Amendment. Sustainability 10 , 2–11 (2018) . Novak, J.M., Lima, I., Xing, B., Gaskin, J.W., Steiner, C., Das, K.C., Ahmedna, M., Rehrah, D., Watts, D.W. & Busscher, W.J. Characterization of designer biochar produced at different temperatures and their effects on a loamy sand. Ann. Environ. Sci. 3 , 195–206 (2009) . Shenbagavalli, S. & Mahimairaja, S. Production and characterization of biochar from different biological wastes. Int. J. Plant Anim. Environ. Sci. 2 , 197–201 (2012) . Khater, E.G. Some Physical and Chemical Properties of Compost. Int. J. Waste Resourc. , 5 , 1-5 ( 2015) . doi:10.4172/2252-5211.1000172 . Yargicoglu, E.N., Sadasivam, B.Y., Reddy, K.R. & Spokas, K. Physical and chemical characterization of waste wood derived biochars. Waste Manag. 36 , 256–268 (2015) . Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-1891187","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":125839882,"identity":"9c9f591a-4b24-4445-9c60-97908f61e7a6","order_by":0,"name":"El-Sayed Khater","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABP0lEQVRIie3RsUrDQBjA8S8eNMulWb9wJX2FhEJBWnyWSMEsHewiDqKRQFwE1wZ9BaEP4HBykC6lXQ+6tATs4tCgQ6EiNlFQSYq4CeY/hAvhl4+7Aygr+4up2ZMAYrZo6++vaXwLIZ9E8QAODO+3RPxMdF+dP9HjFhjX/mKW3E1Qv7qdkV4AZlU6yvw5T1DQBqMjF1gtss/7D1NEubBIGEDDkA5p1ArGCApMCwSY6Ng+5dNTkBEQLYD9gXQqDPOiLtR4rb2mxE38Fz7G+gc52xB1XUAsAU2meQIYdm0fOEdrEmTEsTZTlGWe2II2d28ilxr9bi+85B20ZQVEf4x2OJr7rGAr5vAilo8nLROlO1iu+B6ak0iJD4/a9eqwc5+sig96hwLQL4fopDeSbkLxCC0myvdf6Xzrp7KysrL/2RtDH2kbRxsvuAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Benha University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"El-Sayed","middleName":"","lastName":"Khater","suffix":""},{"id":125839883,"identity":"e48eec76-9b47-4a20-a4ef-9aec9123d512","order_by":1,"name":"Adel Bahnasawy","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Benha University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adel","middleName":"","lastName":"Bahnasawy","suffix":""},{"id":125839884,"identity":"54d5a7b0-0f9e-4e58-a0e4-1b826bf436d1","order_by":2,"name":"Ramy Hamouda","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Heliopolis University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Ramy","middleName":"","lastName":"Hamouda","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2022-07-24 16:44:09","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1891187/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1891187/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":24798223,"identity":"8cc1b596-c6a6-4e19-b087-ed2ade054389","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-08-04 17:53:54","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":18003,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eBiochar yield for different materials from 6 h of pyrolysis at different temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1891187/v1/585ec3b676c59c4ea1b8297f.png"},{"id":26060496,"identity":"f56bb7da-d378-4753-8cab-367cdda238dc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2022-09-05 10:29:33","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":455539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-1891187/v1/3cd01ed7-009c-4664-b8e8-278866756951.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effect of waste type and pyrolysis temperature on the physical and chemical properties of Biochar","fulltext":[{"header":"1. Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eBiochar is a carbon-rich product of heating biomass (such as wood, manure, or leaves) at relatively low temperatures of 400\u0026ndash;700\u0026deg;C in a closed container in which oxygen is absent or depleted\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Biochar is used as an amendment to soil growth media and is produced by the pyrolysis of organic wastes. The pyrolysis process produces biochar and two additional materials\u0026mdash;syngas and bio-oil\u0026mdash;that have commercial value as energy sources. Recently, biochar has received considerable attention as a soil amendment for increasing agricultural productivity\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2,3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eScientists and policymakers are beginning to recognize the important role of biochar in the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, production of renewable energy, mitigation of waste, and application as a soil amendment. Because it has such wide-ranging applications, biochar is used in many fields. In agriculture, it is used as an organic fertilizer that degrades over a long time. When added to soil, it positively affects the soil fertility, the total biogenic components, physical and water characteristics, and biological features\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e4\u0026ndash;6\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe physical characteristics of biochar render it a useful tool for environmental management. The physical properties of biochar can affect soil systems directly and indirectly. Different soils have distinct physical features that are dependent upon the nature and relative quantity of their mineral and organic matter content, as well as the association between the minerals and organic matter [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e]. Biochar added to a soil mixture can significantly contribute to the physical nature of the system by affecting the depth, structure, texture, porosity, and consistency by changing the surface area, particle size distribution, pore size distribution, density, and packing. The influence of biochar on the physical features of soil can then have a direct impact on plant growth because the penetration depth and availability of air and water in the root zone are largely determined by the physical make-up of the soil horizons. As a result of its effect on these properties, biochar\u0026rsquo;s presence in soil directly affects the soil\u0026rsquo;s response to water, as well as its aggregation, workability during soil preparation, swelling shrinking dynamics, permeability, capacity to retain cations, and response to ambient temperature changes. In addition, many chemical and biological aspects of soil fertility can be indirectly inferred from these physical properties, such as the physical availability of sites for chemical reactions and the provision of protective habitats for soil microbes\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e7\u0026ndash;9\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe published works on biochar application to soil have predominantly focused on agronomic benefits, while the physical and chemical properties of the produced biochar and their effects on soil structure and texture have received little attention. Therefore, there is a lack of information about aspects of biochar that are important for plant growth and soil improvement. Thus, the main aim of this work is to determine the most important properties of biochar. In particular, the physical properties (bulk density, moisture content, water holding capacity, and porosity) and chemical properties (pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium) of different types of biochar were analyzed at different pyrolysis temperatures.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"2. Materials And Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe experiments were carried out at the Agricultural and Bio-Systems Engineering Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Moshtohor, Benha University, during the months of October and November, 2020. Biochar was produced from certain agricultural wastes, manly straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves. The physical and chemical properties that are relevant to the manufacturing of biochar using these four materials are listed in Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e and \u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of raw materials used in the production of biochar.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw Materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStraw Rice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSawdust\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSugar Cane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTree Leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture content (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e36.20\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eWater holding capacity (g water g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dry)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBulk density (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e180\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e230\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e426.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e276\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePorosity (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.5\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e69.96\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab2\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical properties of raw materials used in the production of biochar.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eProperties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eRaw Materials\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eStraw Rice\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSawdust\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSugar Cane\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTree Leaves\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003epH\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrical Conductivity, EC (dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.10\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal organic matter (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.06\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e82.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.30\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e92.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal organic carbon (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e44.7\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.64\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.00\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e53.60\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal nitrogen (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.62\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.2\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal phosphorus (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.32\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal potassium (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.36\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal calcium (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.3\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.8\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal magnesium (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.74\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal sodium (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTotal sulfur (%)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.14\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.13\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.4\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eC/N ratio\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e91.22\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e76.84\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.35:1\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"char\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e16.75\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll study materials (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves) were dried and cut into small pieces (less than 4\u0026ndash;5 cm), which were then inserted into a ceramic vessel (500 cm\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e) and placed in a commercial electric furnace (SOMO-01 Isuzu, Japan). The material was charred for 6 h at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec3\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.1. Biochar yield\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe biochar yield was calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(1):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAlIAAAA6CAYAAAB757dtAAAQKklEQVR4nO2dvXLqOheGX745l4IpGK5AXAFJkyptOruEJl3KdGnsEne7paLBvgJ8BQxFrHvRV8g/ki2D8SYkO7zPDDPnGP0syd7xQlpL70gppUAIIYQQQi7mf99tACGEEELIvwodKUIIIYSQgdCRIoQQQggZCB0pQgghhJCB0JEihBBCCBkIHSlCCCGEkIHQkSKEEEIIGQgdKUIIIYSQgdCRIoQQQggZCB0pckMkovkIo9EIoyD9bmOuThqMMJpHkH0KS4k0mGPet/y1kCmC8h6M5gjSm/bejUwRBfNf+VwQQn43dKTIDRljuVfIQwEx9b7bmG9EIvrw8BBnyG7ab4rgZYunPwpK5Qh9IH7f3daR67LLe8Aqvu1sEELINaAjRW6MxG6TYTYZX7HNFMEPWOVarBXUfonzIxtjuVZI/D6tSkTBdVatZPSOGFN449KGfU97v5oF1ipHKL6i7evNHyGEuKAjRW6L3GGT+XhaXLPRBdZKQa2v2ujPQO6wOVynqfx4hys+V5w/QghxQUeK3BS52yATU9zzxl5/JKKX1ZW2/yQ+786huOb8EUKIGzpS94CMMB/pAON5JO2A43mAFEWgdBGAHEmz6lwHUBtt6B00HSw9Gun6Vfk0wNwKZrZNyY8ZxPMjxn36LP5f9zOqPvOycBrU1xtB2511zID36nqxNdjZfm2fjIJqHkbzwLBbIo2CRvC41AHUHXMBV7l5OZ8S0dzDKgOQreA5xmi1kBp2jeYIzAlNA4xG/duyAuFlZD8r8kQZo82T9jjKzKPcno95874a96hhu/ueXDZ/hBAyGEXuhET5gPLDUPlhonKllMr1NfiJLpKHygeUCPO6Wh4qIXyVVG0IFeZKJUmi8sRXEKFuS+Uq8YWC8FWSl1WFAsq6hg31hfN95qESRZ9K5SoU7frCVf9UHZWrxIdhe2Gd81ptf+ILFSb1t3p8RT+JrwC7vtleXn5vlNHfi+770WFTkzwUCiKs573sy54oFYrzbSmVq9Av7fTr8Za2iVDlZVtGGd2nnqs+9lTPRvWs+EqcHXt7DPqZq59BbZd5z/qMmRBChkNH6l4oXmaWw1G+eKqXV/P/lVIqUWGY1G2IUCVhqCy/RDWcivqiEqbjlIdKWI5Vjz4tp0i/cG2fqavf7jrmfJjd6rbMa4nyfdMO1M6Q8Snn1H5pJw0HUY/TnP9OR+EiR8rhnJb1rHnp60id6LcxZ7qP5v3sY4+rTJ+xN8bQuM+ljeY1OlKEkK+GW3t3gvw8ACLEn6WZo5XjmOHkUQQy+sRkqYO4020MMTvic7KEHdad4mOVQYR/YDd/RAaBsvm+8VFmnxgv8ScEVp7eXhsv11Yf+TEDxDMezX7P1AEALF4RCiDelvttKT6OM/jmtXSLKio+PyKDj0T/+LA++1bj3WTH/Hyhw2f/Lah0i9hxefHkA8jQp7veeFMIAIdPw7rm/exjT7pFbDwXg8mPyDCDlQC6WGOv9u37TQghXwQdqbtAHzlQxiZVFC+058oLGWMyQ/0ilxE+8Fg4TTpYOcMTls3kuFY75eUYMF50ZnxUzak+ixLLPfIQWHl2PBaQYhvD0eapOnW/j88CiLf6+3SL6esar8Y104/SHPDZ28NZ4DUUyFYfOq5InndafzzjCWbAlY+u+FtibHmGJyHkG6EjdRfol7j9AkwRPMStVSRvWh7mIxHtJliXX8odNhngO84tkJ8HoLkyICO8x4AIXwunSDs9s8kYMk2tFZeuPtOgdoLGyzf4zZemw4E7W8dg/PgMgRjbVCLaTvE4Nq+l2OKpdui8KQQyvcqVWpHxzkDqqn9xwLs3wsh7wMFPGiuCV6BYJYqdg7zyMRN9VpL62FPM5Wb3l6HfZV8PRhA8AKTBicB+Qgi5Mu3dPiOQtBX/cAuKoNZWsOz3cVmcRa6S0FfiVPk8UaEvbje+xFeAMGKVEuW34pKKr4ogYD9s3HsjmNhRqYiFKkJ+kyIA3A5AKuKjEhU2ApbcfTZiiprxVmW9MvjZr4OgT9VpGF7E3AirTBXP44zzaX6643ESX7Rjs5rtifaYWwHrxbwnofuZqmO76sDwZjzWoBgpiFabfeK3zttT/o2pg/fzxK9j0MoAfSv+rfh35QrYb92TRrD5mfkjhPw+8sRX/qk/wGbZ0K//Xg2gM9g8D2/4oneQ+KdegLflIkfKkb3VKHBzR7F8sZkv/86HpnC6ms9f4p+2134R+lZ2W90u3A+2s09jnkqbG3Wrl32Z9dajTsvuUHQEVbucxlwlobDHaWUomve1aUtdJ7F+rJQv+mZ5M2vR7ss9DmP+m/fXzBjs+eyVz3zoi6pNUc2zy/4L7CnbMNr2k8IJ9hOVNwPky3nLyzJ1RmCVLeq4J+qC+SOE/B7yUOi/JfbVYpHD5Vu0k4EuocORamYcddFO174OdZr9v8h5x8uVqfZVXPiAJP7tHdjv6PMGWC94R5bfT4bZboSQfxH3IlCuQlH/CHa/b1xH5fTDHSMlP3FwBA+3+SJpjnSLuBlzQwbiio/qQEaI8IqbKq18R583QeITz8ibWX55iOfvNo0QQn4lKT5WQPjafKGMsdzvsc9DdEt6jrH8E+Lw0JWg1I3TkdJp6o2U8hsiPw+A/4Rf9279BmS0RXwq6DgNqpPLg90jlosb3PTv6PPGyOgFqwOQW/HUEukOmDA3nxBCro6M3hH7b8OPPxkv8ebHeO9IIOrC6UjlegkDiAJbWqTkhDQHcF4mRJexpSdMqY3dJqvSxGsZibaXaLYxjyIElQRKHzkTWxakHocpIRIgdUp/nJIKcdMth/FV6HF4qxhAjIdqLhqlPg9AtsHH7rHO0Ptqy76hz1szfnxDONvgwTOkZ4Ic3rJ5BtdPQz83DzEKaZXLf50RQsjtsX2HoXhTgWyzu0xOqr3bV8RHmRIPJ06tbmYGnZcJKWNHjIydUBjt1PFRVSS94wTjVkZP6yTnU3ImZSNFJpJoBMvmYZ1155T+OCEVotrxJX3kMJq4s5H+vVgbQggh5Ms5m6Xds0xHwtUp2o6US3ahK/X8pHPjrntWf63MmDIDkJtZVI6Btto9IWfSHi9a6e+tdHhLluJyqZBzchiEEEIIGUgfB+hazlaD1tZed3yUfRBfW5qjj0xIWebV2N7QAetlsLGWMjngfftUXUu3sREz5T5IUttTy1V0y5k0GC/x5gPxe60yv41PxBRdKhVyLTkMQgghhPw4Wo6US8aj7Vw5pDn6yIR0lDF6wm6TAdkMb1Ual5YmqfY9Ux08/ba0T+m27TkhZ+Jg8RpCZCt8FLog8dlA90ukQoaRBkb8Vsdn3hGYda4eP/zc64cQQq5Nw5GqZTwqZISXVQb/bXnSaeojE+IsA4m00nfQqfp+sq4dGbnDJqv7SrdxSyhVRu+IYdh9Qs7ESbUqFSB4PzhSJw0ulQoZKIexWLdXvHqtgAFn6/HDz71+CCG/lOJd+9dC7dYuWj9sR0p+4mCkyss0QvCyAsLcOudHb78943EsEQV6S8zULSvrzr0V4CfVC388mQEwUgtliij4ALzCIUjbqfrlatgkj+rMuOxYpJVLpFGEHDMAPp68SGtuFdtvl+iMLZ58IIsR48yxD4XTBWRYPXj1r11vg6mr4vgRzwLIVi+V4yXTD2wyAPGDM+uREEIIIRdQvGsPfbaLTpSp/ZsL+lYWTT0rh9SHcklzFLXPyYQoWzpC+HYWnUuuowpgr3TiQq0TV2i5mZpcpQzFOTkTN+5TTdvSH+U89ZUKKdo+K4dBCCGEkKGckrZrZcJ3KDck/uUZ8SOluN6tSRGMtnhS6x9+zg8hhBBC2qQIRu+Y5vthh3LKCHPviLcL/QC3RMwdIqN3HKxsQkJuRxqMLtjmdR8SO6wtQgj5LSywTmbYvAz7+5dqfZmL/YC7dqRkNK9inLzVrJEJSMgPJf3AwypG9t12EELIT2Oxxp/nDbyLfkxq9ZN3JJ1JXKe4a0dqPJlpAUPhI8m5pUcupU62+FsWawW1X6LXP+HFGol/pbauzvXmhBBChjBe7pG/HfHRUzNPRh/YPv3Bfj3MC/hvUK3fwmKNvVp/txXkX0XusDkAj99tx0+Cc0II+QGMF2v09YvGyzX+xhO46xUpQoYjEb2suL1mwTkhhNwfdKTI1yMjzItYtCAFyv3o0ShAahZLIwRzXW4eRQhGI8yjFNG8PJnaLg8ZYR6UV9KqvN237ksHZktEQREXNy/akkafzS0pmVbfWXUgEc09rDIA2QreyA7ullFQjXc0D+rzz0xbyn4Lu1rB4519n51su61z4++yqywjy/GW12oppWBkXjs9J4QQ8mu5+KAGQgaRKL8QlEySROWFqHR5WocteJ1XZ5VVx3k4BCltcejiHDPrDJFchb55rlliCU8L86yz4gy0uroWmxa12rY+N8xov9m/vias89PqcRVC1cYZa7kh0A20ha4v7buep/I7c/zGuW+5bl+315yj8kC0oozRR7vPYkwnyxBCyO+GK1LkNqRbxOIZk10ELBYYL9Z1QHQawFsBYXX2xxjeVMCSE1o8wTeP/09TbBtdjDHFs3Wc/RjLtSoCs6d4XCx0f+Vp87MnLBfjqv0Z2qfizsr2ijonkRHeY/vEe08v0WCzA5b7wpYMmCzGeg7UGouO4PGL+i6x2jLH/4zXZTl+D1PhKjPFYzkf4wXWiQ+UGpSEEEKc0JEiNyHdxhCzIz4ny0Z2ZIrgIYYI/1gHqOXHrKWpCJSOjkQKD69ToeWCAAAS0eekl0h1PxZYK4X1QhZbjsW21SkKaaLEofFmpdQ6xvXXfQ/h8Hl6682bQqCn5AIhhNwpdKTIDZD4PAAZntqOTqGvaJ/hpcWzxfOjkcJfr6LINIe3sJP7ZbTD5HpeVNFPgPnoBS/bCV7/5Ah7rQodTsk4fXHfV2Y8wQwNEXNCCCEWdKTI1yN32GSA71CRTrdxa4VGRu+I4X6BZ8cdck9vUWkRbAAywq610vWXpAG8hwOe8z326wXGfXyJQn185c0rgerSvqDneSaD+/4K0i3iC1XQCSHk3qAjRb6eYsvL4UdpsiPyIjssjSLkmAHw8eRFqP2RMbTfNIG9GBXjffd4xS09yzActWGQqXYG9X+ndcZbsbWYRhHkeIk3X9cz46RG3gbTi6TEe/Z9bbINPsoJlymi9xjw36otV28qgGyDXXWvPrRd2co+Rdick6+ylRBCfgrfG+tO7oHER6cit8pD5RfZbMLXWWVlppuf5I12fJU06oqTGWJGphygM+SKjDiYCuBlVlz5qbLZRJ3NlteZhNVQynrCN7IJc5WEom6v+s5lS9mMuKjvdnlzSszvwvPjL+wos+2qfiGUKLP8XPMpfJUUmYjCD1VSp1865oQQQn4vI6WUup3bRgj5iaTBCA+HEPm3ScsQQsi/Cbf2CCGEEEIGQkeKEEIIIWQgdKQIuWu0/MtDjELapa8UDSGEEABgjBQhhBBCyEC4IkUIIYQQMhA6UoQQQgghA6EjRQghhBAyEDpShBBCCCEDoSNFCCGEEDKQ/wP1ZwgQHZ+jfwAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec4\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2. Biochar physical properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec5\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.1. Moisture content (MC)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eMoisture content was determined by drying the product at 105\u0026deg;C for 24 h or to a constant weight\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e10\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec6\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.2. Water holding capacity (WHC)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe WHC of biochar was determined by measuring the weight of a wet sample (W\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) and placing it in a beaker for 1\u0026ndash;2 days. Excess water was drained through Whatman #2 filter paper, and the saturated sample was weighed again (\u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e). The amount of water retained by the dry sample was calculated using the following equation from\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e11\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ei\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the weight before drying the sample (g), \u003cem\u003eW\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003es\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the weight after drying the sample (g). and \u003cem\u003eMC\u003c/em\u003e is the initial moisture content of the sample (decimal).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec7\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.3. Biochar bulk density (BD)\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe bulk density of biochar was determined by adding the material to a container with a volume of approximately 1 L and then slightly compacting the material to remove large void spaces. The bulk density was calculated using Eq.\u0026nbsp;(3):\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"Section3\" id=\"Sec8\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.2.4. Biochar porosity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiochar porosity (\u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e) was calculated using the following equation from\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e12\u0026ndash;14\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e:\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cimg src=\"data:image/png;base64,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\"\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ewhere \u003cem\u003e\u0026epsilon;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ea\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the biochar porosity (%), \u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ew\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the water density (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003ewb\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the wet bulk density (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), \u0026rho;\u003csub\u003eash\u003c/sub\u003e is the ash density (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003e\u0026rho;\u003c/em\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cem\u003eom\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e is the organic matter density (kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e), DM is the dry matter (decimal), and OM is the organic matter (decimal).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec9\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.3. Biochar chemical properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eElectrical conductivity and pH were analyzed in a 1:5 (\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e/\u003cem\u003ev\u003c/em\u003e) material/water extract using a glass electrode. Total organic carbon (TOC) was determined by using the dry combustion method at 540\u0026deg;C for 4 h, as specified by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e15\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Total organic matter was measured by combustion at 550\u0026deg;C for 8 h according to\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e16\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, and total nitrogen (TN) was measured by Kjeldahl digestion (model VAPODEST; range 0.1 mg to 200 g N; Germany) \u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e17\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. Potassium (K) content was determined by atomic absorption (model EMI9783B; range of 190\u0026ndash;930 nm; USA), and phosphorus (P) content was determined calorimetrically method\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e18\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The quantities of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and sodium (Na) were determined by a flame photometer (model Jenway PFP7; range0\u0026ndash;160 mmol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e; USA). Sulfur content was determined by using barium chloride following\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e19\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec10\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e2.4. Statistical analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe data were subjected to analysis using statistical package SPSS version 21 in which one way ANOVA and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) were performed at significance level of (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05) at 95% confidence limit to know the significant differences between the treatment means for different parameters.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"3. Results And Discussion","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec12\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.1. Biochar yield\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eFigure\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e shows the biochar yield for different biochar types (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C). The results indicate that the biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C the biochar yield significantly decreased from 378.2 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 216.7 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (57.29% decrease), 331.4 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 204.1 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (61.59% decrease), 450.1 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 322.5 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (71.65% decrease), and 277.9 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 165.0 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e (59.37% decrease) for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves, respectively. The biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature as a result of the increased burning rate and conversion of organic matter to ash, which reduced the carbon content of the biochar. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e20\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who found that the yield of biochar from apple tree branch, tree oak, rice husk, and rice straw decreased from 283 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 155 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 358 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 191 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, 486 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 320 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, and 393 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e to 183 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, when the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results also indicate that the highest biochar yield (450.1 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C, while the lowest biochar yield (165.0 g kg\u003csup\u003e-1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e21\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec13\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.2. Physical properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e shows the physical properties (moisture content, water holding capacity, bulk density, and porosity) of the different types of biochar (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C). The results indicate that the moisture content (MC) decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C significantly decreased the MC from 2.64\u0026ndash;1.11%, 2.59\u0026ndash;1.34%, 3.17\u0026ndash;1.66%, and 4.18\u0026ndash;2.19% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The results also show that the highest moisture content (4.18%) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C, while the lowest moisture content (1.11%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab3\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical properties of different biochar types.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiochar Types\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"4\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003ePhysical Properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMC (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eWHC* (g Water/g Dry Sample)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBD (kg m\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePorosity (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw Rice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.64\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e161.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e63.7\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e15.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e170.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e60.4\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e22.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e187.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSawdust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.59\u003csub\u003eh\u003c/sub\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e195.0\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e205.5\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e211.9\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e45.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugar Cane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.9\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e175.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e61.8\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.94\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e26.5\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e186.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.66\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.6\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e194.1\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTree Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4.18\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e20.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e188.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.41\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e192.7\u003csup\u003ecd\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.19\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e24.8\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e199.4\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003eMeans on the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"6\"\u003e*WHC is water holding capacity\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe water holding capacity (WHC) significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the water holding capacity from 12.9 to 22.5, 20.3 to 24.1, 24.9 to 27.6, and 20.8 to 24.8 g water g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dry for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest WHC (27.6 g water g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dry) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest WHC (12.9 g water g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dry) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C. These results agreed with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe bulk density (BD) also significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the bulk density from 161.5 to 187.1, 195.0 to 211.9, 175.7 to 194.1, and 188.0 to 199.4 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest bulk density (211.9 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sawdust at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest bulk density (161.5 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe porosity decreased with significantly increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C decreased the porosity from 63.7\u0026ndash;56.1%, 51.0\u0026ndash;45.9%, 61.8\u0026ndash;54.3%, and 55.5\u0026ndash;49.2% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest porosity (63.7%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C, while the lowest porosity (47.2%) was obtained from sawdust at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe biochar porosity was dependent on the bulk density and moisture content of biochar, and the porosity decreased with increasing bulk density and moisture content. The results indicate that the porosity of biochar decreased from 63.7\u0026ndash;56.1%, 51.0\u0026ndash;45.9%, 61.8\u0026ndash;54.3%, and 55.5\u0026ndash;49.2% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively, when the bulk density increased from 161.5 to 187.1, 195.0 to 211.9, 175.7 to 194.1, and 188.0 to 199.4 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e and the moisture content increased from 2.64\u0026ndash;1.11%, 2.59\u0026ndash;1.34%, 3.17\u0026ndash;1.66%, and 4.18\u0026ndash;2.19%. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e23\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv class=\"Section2\" id=\"Sec14\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003e3.3. Biochar chemical properties\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e shows the analyzed chemical characteristics (pH, EC, organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, and potassium) of the different types of biochar (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C).\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results indicate that the pH significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the pH from 8.2 to 9.4, 7.3 to 7.6, 6.6 to 8.9, and 8.7 to 10.4 for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e24\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e. The results also indicate that the highest pH (10.4) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest pH (6.6) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C. The observed increase in the pH of the four biochar types at higher temperatures is probably a consequence of the relative concentration of non-pyrolyzed inorganic elements that were present in the original feedstocks\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e25\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab4\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical properties of different biochar types.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiochar Types\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"6\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003epH\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEC (dS m\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOM* (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eOC** (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTN*** (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eK**** (%)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw Rice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.48\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e66.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e38.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.9\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.3\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.07\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e85.9\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e49.8\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.4\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.90\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.5\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.5\u003csup\u003ede\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.6\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSawdust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.94\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e74.8\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e43.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.16\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e94.5\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e54.8\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.6\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e96.7\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.1\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.7\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugar Cane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e6.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.82\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e87.8\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.9\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.2\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e7.5\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003csup\u003eab\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e97.2\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.4\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.1\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e98.1\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e56.9\u003csup\u003efg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.3\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTree Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.11\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e71.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e41.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9.2\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.95\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e90.7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3.46\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e95.5\u003csup\u003eef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e55.4\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e2.9\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eMeans on the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e*OM: organic matter **OC: organic carbon\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e***TN: total nitrogen ****K: potassium\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results also indicate that the EC significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the EC from 1.48 to 2.90, 0.94 to 1.52, 0.82 to 1.27, and 2.11 to 3.46 dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest EC (3.46 dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from tree leaves at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest EC (0.82 dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e26\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who found that the EC of biochar ranged from 0.39 to 4.18 dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe organic matter (OM) increased with significantly increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the organic matter from 66.0\u0026ndash;90.5%, 74.8\u0026ndash;96.7%, 87.8\u0026ndash;98.1%, and 71.0\u0026ndash;95.5% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by Novak \u003cem\u003eet al.\u003c/em\u003e, (2009). The highest organic matter content (98.1%) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest organic matter content (66.0%) was obtained from rice straw at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e22,27\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eOrganic carbon (OC) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the organic carbon content from 38.3\u0026ndash;52.5%, 43.4\u0026ndash;56.1%, 50.9\u0026ndash;56.9%, and 41.2\u0026ndash;55.4% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e28\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e, who found that the organic carbon content ranged from 23.5\u0026ndash;78.1%. The highest organic carbon content (56.9%) was from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest organic matter content (38.3%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe total nitrogen (TN) decreased with significantly increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C decreased the total nitrogen from 0.9\u0026ndash;0.4%, 1.4\u0026ndash;0.5%, 1.9\u0026ndash;1.3%, and 1.5\u0026ndash;0.7% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. These results agree with those obtained by Jindo et al. 2014, who found that the total nitrogen decreased from 0.76\u0026ndash;0.34%, 0.69\u0026ndash;0.32%, 0.69\u0026ndash;0.22%, and 1.22\u0026ndash;0.25% for apple tree, tree oak, rice husk, and rice straw, respectively, when the pyrolysis temperature increased from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C. The highest TN content (1.9%) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C, while the lowest TN content (0.4%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe potassium (K) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the potassium content from 0.6\u0026ndash;1.6%, 1.3\u0026ndash;2.7%, 2.2\u0026ndash;3.5%, and 1.8\u0026ndash;2.9% for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest potassium content (3.5%) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest potassium content (0.6%) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTable\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e reports the measured quantities of the phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfur content of the different types of biochar (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C). The results indicate that the phosphorus (P) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the phosphorus from 47.6 to 62.3, 65.5 to 121.3, 77.3 to 134.6, and 59.6 to 70.9 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The results also indicate that the highest phosphorus content (134.6 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest phosphorus content (47.6 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe results also indicate that the calcium (Ca) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the calcium content from 241.3 to 264.2, 491.6 to 546.1, 513.1 to 649.0, and 353.7 to 444.9 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest calcium content (649.0 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained at from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest calcium content (241.3 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\n \u003ctable border=\"1\" id=\"Tab5\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical properties of different biochar types.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eBiochar Types\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTemperature (\u0026deg;C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eChemical Properties\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eP (mg kg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCa (mg kg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMg (mg kg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eNa (mg kg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSo\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csub\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e4\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sub\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e(mg kg\u003c/strong\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStraw Rice\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.6\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e241.3\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1124\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e3568\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e58.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e254.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1231\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4235\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e62.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e264.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e13.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1329\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e4360\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSawdust\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e65.5\u003csup\u003ebc\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e491.6\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e21.4\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1034\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9752\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e106.2\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e546.1\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e25.5\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1046\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e9854\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e121.3\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e573.3\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1109\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10138\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eSugar Cane\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e77.3\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e513.1\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e47.2\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1604\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11235\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e117.0\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e621.5\u003csup\u003ek\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e48.4\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1624\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11561\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e134.6\u003csup\u003ei\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e649.0\u003csup\u003el\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e51.7\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1703\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e12060\u003csup\u003ej\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTree Leaves\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e400\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e59.6\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e353.7\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e30.7\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1204\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10334\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e600\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e67.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e421.2\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e33.1\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1324\u003csup\u003ee\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e10609\u003csup\u003eg\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e800\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e70.9\u003csup\u003ed\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e444.9\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e39.0\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e1509\u003csup\u003ef\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e11241\u003csup\u003eh\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003ctfoot\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd colspan=\"7\"\u003eMeans on the same column with different superscripts are significantly different (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tfoot\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe magnesium (Mg) content significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the magnesium content from 10.9 to 13.2, 21.4 to 27.8, 47.2 to 51.7, and 30.7 to 39.0 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest magnesium content (51.7 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest magnesium content (10.9 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe sodium (Na) content also significantly increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the sodium content from 1124 to 1329, 1034 to 1109, 1604 to 1703, and 1204 to 1509 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest sodium content (1703 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest sodium content (1124 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe sulfur (So\u003csub\u003e4\u003c/sub\u003e) content increased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. Increasing the pyrolysis temperature from 400 to 800\u0026deg;C increased the sulfur content from 3568 to 4360, 9752 to 10,138, 11,235 to 12,060, and 10,334 to 11,241 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e for straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves, respectively. The highest sulfur content (12060 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from sugar cane at a pyrolysis temperature of 800\u0026deg;C, while the lowest sulfur content (3568 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was obtained from straw rice at a pyrolysis temperature of 400\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"4. Conclusions","content":"\u003cp\u003eMultiple experiments were carried out successively to determine the physical and chemical characteristics of different biochar types (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane plant residues, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C). The values of the measured properties varied among the four biochar types. First, the obtained results indicate that the biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. The moisture content of biochar ranged from 1.11\u0026ndash;4.18%, and the WHC ranged from 12.9 to 27.6 g water g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dry. The bulk density ranged from 161.5 to 211.9 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e. The porosity ranged from 45.9\u0026ndash;63.7%. The pH ranged from 6.6 to 10.4, and the EC ranged from 0.82 to 3.46 dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. The total organic matter content ranged from 66.0\u0026ndash;98.1%, the total organic carbon content ranged from 38.3\u0026ndash;56.9%, and the TN content ranged from 0.4\u0026ndash;1.9%. The total K content ranged from 0.6\u0026ndash;3.5%. The P and Ca content ranged from 47.6 to 134.6 and 241.3 to 649.0 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively, for different compost types. The magnesium, sodium, and sulfur content ranged from 10.9 to 51.7, 1124 to 1703, and 3568 to 12060 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgments:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThis work is fully sponsored by the Support and Development of Scientific Research Center, Benha University.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor Contributions:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eEl-Sayed Khater, Adel Bahnasawy and Ramy Hamouda,: Investigation, Resources, Writing\u0026mdash;Original Draft Preparation, Writing\u0026mdash;Review and Editing.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConflicts of Interest:\u003c/strong\u003e The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study; in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data; in the writing of the manuscript, and in the decision to publish the results.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData Availability Statement Declaration:\u0026nbsp;\u003c/strong\u003eThe datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIgalavithana, A.D., Ok, Y.S., Niazi, N.K., Rizwan, M., Al-Wabel, M.I. Usman, A.R.A. Moon, D.H. \u0026amp; Lee, S.S. Effect of Corn Residue Biochar on the Hydraulic Properties of Sandy Loam Soil. \u003cem\u003eSustainability\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e9\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, 2\u0026ndash;10\u003cstrong\u003e (2017)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eLehmann, J., Gaunt, J. \u0026amp; Rondon, M. 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Physical and chemical characterization of waste wood derived biochars. \u003cem\u003eWaste Manag.\u003c/em\u003e \u003cstrong\u003e\u003cem\u003e36\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/strong\u003e, 256\u0026ndash;268\u003cstrong\u003e (2015)\u003c/strong\u003e.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"biochar, pyrolysis temperature, chemical properties, physical properties","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1891187/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-1891187/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe main aim of this study is to determine the physical and chemical properties of biochar made from different raw materials (straw rice, sawdust, sugar cane, and tree leaves) at different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 600, and 800\u0026deg;C). Moisture content, water holding capacity, bulk density, and porosity were the measured physical properties; pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC), organic matter, organic carbon, total nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and sulfur were the analyzed chemical properties. The results show that the biochar yield decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature, and the values of the analyzed properties varied depending on the type of biochar and pyrolysis temperature. The moisture content ranged from 1.11\u0026ndash;4.18%, and the water holding capacity ranged from 12.9 to 27.6 g water g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e dry sample. The bulk density ranged from 161.5 to 211.9 kg m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3\u003c/sup\u003e. The porosity values ranged from 45.9\u0026ndash;63.7%. The pH ranged from 6.6 to 10.4, and EC ranged from 0.82 to 3.46 dS m\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Total organic matter ranged from 66.0\u0026ndash;98.1%; total organic carbon ranged from 38.3\u0026ndash;56.9%, and total nitrogen ranged from 0.4\u0026ndash;1.9%. The ranges of phosphorus and calcium content were 47.6\u0026ndash;134.6 and 241.3\u0026ndash;649.0 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively. The magnesium, sodium, and sulfur content had ranges of 10.9\u0026ndash;51.7, 1124\u0026ndash;1703, and 3568\u0026ndash;12060 mg kg\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, respectively.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effect of waste type and pyrolysis temperature on the physical and chemical properties of Biochar","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2022-08-04 17:53:52","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-1891187/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7ef944bb-d9f2-4bf5-8026-7e27f5c4eac0","owner":[],"postedDate":"August 4th, 2022","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2022-09-05T10:29:25+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2022-08-04 17:53:52","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-1891187","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-1891187","identity":"rs-1891187","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"FbvkV6FR0MCFSLy54lSbu","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}