Achieving 5%  13C nuclear spin hyperpolarization in high-purity diamond at room temperature and low magnetic field

Achieving 5% 13C nuclear spin hyperpolarization in high-purity diamond at room temperature and low magnetic field | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Achieving 5% 13C nuclear spin hyperpolarization in high-purity diamond at room temperature and low magnetic field Vladimir Vladimirovich Kavtanyuk, Changjae Lee, Keunhong Jeon, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5319138/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Optically polarizable nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond enable hyperpolarization of 13C nuclear spins at a low magnetic field and room temperature. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a high level of polarization, comparable to that of conventional dynamic nuclear polarization. In this paper, we demonstrate that a 13C polarization of 5% can be attained at less than 10 mT, equivalent to an enhancement ratio of over 7 x 10^6. We used a high-purity diamond with an initial nitrogen concentration below 1 ppm, resulting in a storage time exceeding 100 minutes. Aligning the magnetic field along [100] increased the number of NV spins involved in polarization transfer by a factor of four. For this field orientation, a comprehensive optimization of the field intensity and microwave (MW) frequency-sweep parameters has been performed. The optimum MW sweep width suggests that polarization transfer occurs primarily to the bulk 13C spins through the integrated solid effect, followed by nuclear spin diffusion. Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics Physical sciences/Physics/Atomic and molecular physics Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed matter physics Physical sciences/Physics/Nuclear physics Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files Suppl.zip Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 29 Mar, 2025 Read the published version in Scientific Reports → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 14 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 13 Feb, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Feb, 2025 Reviews received at journal 19 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 12 Nov, 2024 Reviewers agreed at journal 10 Nov, 2024 Reviewers invited by journal 09 Nov, 2024 Editor assigned by journal 08 Nov, 2024 Editor invited by journal 08 Nov, 2024 Submission checks completed at journal 07 Nov, 2024 First submitted to journal 23 Oct, 2024 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-5319138","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":379838733,"identity":"6ff2da71-7817-4e84-9b05-485e50cefae2","order_by":0,"name":"Vladimir Vladimirovich Kavtanyuk","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Vladimir","middleName":"Vladimirovich","lastName":"Kavtanyuk","suffix":""},{"id":379838734,"identity":"fa4b949f-2403-4b33-bbdc-6a9f1f94c6e0","order_by":1,"name":"Changjae Lee","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Changjae","middleName":"","lastName":"Lee","suffix":""},{"id":379838735,"identity":"4d5b0d33-3116-41eb-ad91-d180fb639cf2","order_by":2,"name":"Keunhong Jeon","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Military Academy","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Keunhong","middleName":"","lastName":"Jeon","suffix":""},{"id":379838736,"identity":"32688bd5-4b42-472a-8d83-e216d0275903","order_by":3,"name":"Jeong Hyun Shim","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAAzklEQVRIie2OMQrCQBBFfwjEZtF2gxKvsEFYm+BZVgRtcgi7NB5gIZ4jlcVCChvRA9goQuq0VjqCRbqJncW+YmCGefAAj+cPCSwiGGQK4fcieyrrHxT6iGjWqnNgCMuiud3zy2xeDB5tcMgQl44J25/malld9aQWWqJZYzw0jGLzSJKSyVBQoauRCCYssJuGlDMpFAb36qMYTYrTMoSScA5jXsk/ympGYVoatxLxjlFSCouf1SK1o+Ojbd0ikSdO2XY3A3BZwJT98Hg8Hs8b5Rs5jh9dB7UAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Jeong","middleName":"Hyun","lastName":"Shim","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2024-10-23 13:08:12","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5319138/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5319138/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95675-7","type":"published","date":"2025-03-29T15:57:20+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79604969,"identity":"eec9b02d-840e-48c2-b93d-b26b47fe62af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 16:09:46","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":844197,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"main.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5319138/v1_covered_6112f1e1-396e-45d4-b605-7c124621a6db.pdf"},{"id":69769243,"identity":"0fcceaf5-cc8d-4ed9-b519-5758c86990e8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2024-11-25 06:23:01","extension":"zip","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1889472,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Suppl.zip","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-5319138/v1/87a91669c8e3f99a39e3a2e2.zip"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Achieving 5% 13C nuclear spin hyperpolarization in high-purity diamond at room temperature and low magnetic field","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5319138/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5319138/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Optically polarizable nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond enable hyperpolarization of 13C nuclear spins at a low magnetic field and room temperature. However, it remains a challenge to achieve a high level of polarization, comparable to that of conventional dynamic nuclear polarization. In this paper, we demonstrate that a 13C polarization of 5\\% can be attained at less than 10 mT, equivalent to an enhancement ratio of over 7 x 10^6. We used a high-purity diamond with an initial nitrogen concentration below 1 ppm, resulting in a storage time exceeding 100 minutes. Aligning the magnetic field along [100] increased the number of NV spins involved in polarization transfer by a factor of four. For this field orientation, a comprehensive optimization of the field intensity and microwave (MW) frequency-sweep parameters has been performed. The optimum MW sweep width suggests that polarization transfer occurs primarily to the bulk 13C spins through the integrated solid effect, followed by nuclear spin diffusion.","manuscriptTitle":"Achieving 5% 13C nuclear spin hyperpolarization in high-purity diamond at room temperature and low magnetic field","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-11-25 06:22:56","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5319138/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-02-14T06:50:52+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-02-13T06:19:16+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"30808151923382077452112466675285490734","date":"2025-02-03T20:46:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2024-11-19T07:15:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"89628431124025118877934128052447292285","date":"2024-11-13T01:30:43+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"155941399753915013628170887602820315108","date":"2024-11-10T14:08:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-09T11:07:32+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2024-11-08T17:45:54+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvited","content":"","date":"2024-11-08T17:05:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2024-11-07T13:07:59+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Scientific Reports","date":"2024-10-23T12:56:28+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"scientific-reports","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"scirep","sideBox":"Learn more about [Scientific Reports](http://www.nature.com/srep/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"","title":"Scientific Reports","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"stoa","reportingPortfolio":"Scientific Reports","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"7cf7e80f-e3c0-40fd-a9ee-905fc7c5c511","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 25th, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[{"id":40447442,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Applied physics"},{"id":40447443,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Atomic and molecular physics"},{"id":40447444,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Condensed matter physics"},{"id":40447445,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Nuclear physics"},{"id":40447446,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Optical physics"},{"id":40447447,"name":"Physical sciences/Physics/Quantum physics"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-03-31T16:04:47+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-5319138","link":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95675-7","journal":{"identity":"scientific-reports","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Scientific Reports"},"publishedOn":"2025-03-29 15:57:20","publishedOnDateReadable":"March 29th, 2025"},"versionCreatedAt":"2024-11-25 06:22:56","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1038/s41598-025-95675-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95675-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5319138","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5319138","identity":"rs-5319138","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}