A sociological analysis on the effects of road accident in Gwagwalada Abuja– Nigeria

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Adetoun, J.C. Ogbu, Ogbu Ogechi Charity This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-5354080/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract The project examined the effects of road accident in Gwagwalada area council of the fct. The objective of this study was to find out the factors responsible for road accident and examined the socio-economic implications of road accident in Gwagwalada. The study adopted the survey method: the questionnaire data was collected from a sample frame of 150 respondents. The findings of the study were that there has been an upsurge in the proportion and absolute number of traffic fatalities withnessed in Gwagwalada and the issues of overspending and bad roads are the leading causes of road accident. It also found that loss of life and livelihoods are also the leading implications of road accidents to victims. The study suggested that proper training be given to members of the society on driving lessons to avert further occurences of road accidents. Publishing/Media Journalism Sociology Urban Studies Sociological analysis road Gwagwalada Introduction Background of the study This work focuses on road accident in Abuja Municipal Area council. It should be noted that road accident incidence in Abuja has been claiming so many numbers of lives and properties. It has been augued that management has been neglecting their duties, the menace continue resurfacing and that several scientist has been making so many suggestions on how to reduce the social problem of road accidents and it's implications and consequences in Abuja Municipal by investigating the remote causes and consequences of the issue. The unstable nature of the Nigeria transport system has been causing a lot of havoc on the socio-economic well-being of people moving from one place to the other. This issue is among the various social problems confronting the expected level of socio-economic stability for standard of living in the country whereby citizens are not ready to obey simple instructions that can encourage their safety for positive standard of living. There obstinacy is observing the rules and regulations made by the federal road safety commission in the country has warranted many accidents. Road accident in Nigeria has been claiming a lot of lives and properties thereby reducing the population from optical to minimal. How to address the problem has drawn the attention of several social scientists to make necessary suggestions that can proffer solutions to the problem (Atunbi, 2009 ). Some law enforcement agencies that are obliged to be controlling the movement of people from one place to another has been neglecting their duties and responsibilities which leads to several violations and misbehaviours of road users that has been encouraging high level of road accidents in the country. The menace has made so many citizens in the country to be harbouring fear due to the fact that Nigerian road network system are not properly planned for smooth and stable movement of Nigerians. So many contracts has been awarded to so many contractors to work on the dilapidated state of Nigerian roads, but such contracts awarded were trampled upon by some corrupt individuals who diverted the public funds to another thing that may not be beneficial to the general standard of living (Ogunsanya, 2002 ). Methodology Area of Study The location of this study is Gwagwalada area council of the federal capital territory, Abuja. Gwagwalada is one of the five local government area councils info the federal capital territory of Nigeria. Research Design This study adopted a descriptive research of the survey type. It is an attempt to investigate the effects of road accidents in Abuja, the FCT. Population of Study The target population of this study consists of road safety officials at the Gwagwalada command and residents in Gwagwalada. The population of study is 150 respondents. Sample Size and Sampling technique The sample size of study is 150 respondents derived from the road safety officials and residents of Gwagwalada. First the researcher will adopt a convenient sampling technique to select respondents of the road safety. 50 questionnaires will be allocated to the officials and will be distributed through accidental sampling. Moreso, residents of Gwagwalada will be selected through the Quota sampling method. The study categorized Gwagwalada into wards, then through a random sampling three wards were selected and the researcher further broke down the wards into communities with each ward producing two communities each hence six communities in each ward emerged. S/No COMMUNITIES WARDS 1 Barracks and Hajj Camp Quarters 2 Kutunku and Agwandodo communities Central In each of the communities, the study randomly identified households, tagged them with numbers and then selected every fifth house counted through the numbering until the researcher selected 50 respondents per community and 150 overall. On each household, one(1) adult respondent was selected to answer the questionaire, in the case of a lesser number of adults, the researcher immediately rolls over to the next immediate resident. Therefore, (1 respondent per household × 25 households = 25 respondents per community ×25 communities = 50 respondents per ward × 2 wards = 100) Therefore the total sample frame becomes 150 respondents for the study. A break down of the sample frame is presented thus: Road safety officials = 50 respondents Residents of Gwagwalada = 100 Total respondents = 150 respondents Instrument of data collection Questionnaire served as the instrument of data collection. As a result, questionnaire was constructed and reproduced. In total there was 150 questionnaires to be distributed among respondents. The respondents were allowed enough time to fill the questionnaire and the researcher collected them within the shortest possible time. Types and source of data To ensure proper collection and analysis for the research, both primary and secondary data was collected. The questionnaire design is in two parts, the first part is a classification section that requires details of the respondents such as age, sex, occupation, qualification etc. The second part posseses the questions relating to the subject matter of the investigation. The responses from the second part form the basis of data presentation and analysis. The questionnaire design contains both open and closed questions. This implies that the questionnaire provided the respondents with the opportunity to have the freedom to decide the aspect, detail and length of the answer and some questions designed to keep the respondents to a reasonable length. The basis of this is to permit easier tabulation and interpretation by the researcher. Technique of Data analysis The descriptive statistics involving tabulation and percentage will be adopted by the researcher to analyse the result of the data collection from the field. Data Presentation and Analysis The study made use of simple percentage parameter to draw up the population sample size for the study. Questionnaires were administered to 150 members of the sample frame. 138 questionnaires were completed and returned to the researcher and 22 were not properly answered and so we're rejected. In the final analysis, the researcher used 116 of properly completed questionnaires for data presentation and analysis. Socio - Demographic characteristics of Respondents Age distribution of respondents Age Frequency % 25–29 28 24.1% 30–34 22 19% 35–39 58 50% 40 and above 8 6.9% Total 116 100% From the table above, the age distribution of respondents was analysed. Respondents between ages 25–29 was 24.1%. Those between the ages of 30–34 formed 19% of the total respondents. 50% of the respondents were between the ages of 35–39 and 6.9% were among the ages of 40 and above. The implication of the presentation is that there are more respondents in the ages between 35–39 years of age which means that the sample frame had a more youthful population. Sex distribution of respondents Sex Frequency Percentage Male 68 58.6% Female 48 41.4% Total 116 100% The above table shows that, out of 116 questionnaires received majority of respondents were male which represented 58.6% and 41.4% of respondents were female. This simply means that there were more males in the sampled population. Department distribution of respondents Department Frequency % FSLC 12 10.3% SSCE 32 27.6% NCE/OND 48 41.4% BSc./HND 17 14.7% Others specify 7 6.0% Total 116 100% The table above shows the educational qualification analysis of respondents the majority of the distribution is 41.4%, this number is of respondents with NCE/OND qualification. The implication is that the sample frame is composed of a literate population. Marital Status of Respondents Level Frequency % Single 70 25.8% Married 46 22.4% Total 116 100% The table above shows the marital distribution of respondents. 25.8% of 70 respondents were single while 46 respondents representing 22.4% of the sample frame were married. Years of Service Distribution of Respondents Years of Service Frequency % Below 5 years 8 6.9% 6–10 years 39 33.6% 11–14 years 37 31.9% 15 years and above 32 27.6% Total 116 100% The table above shows the analysis of the respondents number of years of Service. 33.9% of respondents have served at the teaching hospital for between 6–10 years. With this result it can be said that the study will be helped by experienced responses. Analysis of Survey Responses Responses on how often does road accident occur within Gwagwalada Respondents Frequency % Often 44 38% Very often 16 14% Scarcely 24 21% Very scarcely 32 27% Total 116 100% The issues of road accidents in Gwagwalada in relation to it's occurences was the purpose of the table above. Respondents affirmed that road accident in Gwagwalada occur quite often, particularly in the highway of lokoja - Kaduna express road. This is because majority population of the sample frame of 38% suggested to that regards. Responses on the Level of road accidents in Gwagwalada Respondents Frequency % High 53 45.7% Optimum 42 36.2% Low 21 18.1% Total 116 100% The above table shows the results of the level of road accident around Gwagwalada. From the results, it can be deducted that the level of occurence of accident is high. This was affirmed by 45.7% of respondents. This response was backed up by 36.2% of the respondents who also suggested that accident occur optimally. Responses on Factors that contribute more to road accident Respondents Frequency % Overspeeding 55 56.0% Overloading 12 10.3% Carelessness of drivers 32 27.6% Drinking and Driving 3 2.6% Bad vehicles 4 3.4% Total 116 100% From the above table, 56.0% believes that overspeeding while driving on the highway especially during festive season is a major cause of road accident. The respondent stated that when drivers overspeed the probability of controlling against certain condition such as bumps, pot holes, broken wheels etc become very low. Responses on the extent on which bad road contribute to road accident Respondents Frequency % High extent 68 58.6% Optimally 34 29.3% Scarcely 16 13.8% Total 116 100% The above table shows that bad road to a high extent contribute to road accident in Gwagwalada. 58.6% of respondents provided this affirmation. This response proves that bad road has continually affected driving and aggravated the issues of road accident along Gwagwalada road. Responses on the degree of accident occuring in Gwagwalada. Respondents Frequency % Fatal 21 18.1% Minor 81 69.8% Total 116 100% Table above shows that 69.8% suggested that the occuring accident in Gwagwalada is minor. The respondents stated that due to continue road safety surveillance in the highway motorist are becoming more careful and sensitive to road signs. Responses on more occuring effect of road accident Respondents Frequency % Loss of life 60 51.7% Loss of property 21 18.1% Trauma 19 16.4% Disability 16 13.8% Total 116 100% Loss of life is the more occuring effect of road accident in Gwagwalada. Majority of the respondents affirmed that through their responses of 51.7%. They suggested that more lives are lost when accidents occur and so officials such as road safety must be up and doing in ensuring that accident are reduced to it's bearest minimum. Responses on if the road safety engage in public sensitization against factors influencing road accident Respondents Frequency % Yes 98 84.5% No 18 15.5% Total 116 100% The table shows that 84.5% of respondents stated that the road safety engages in sensitization through jingles, bills/fliers. This has helped to reduce the occurences of accident. Responses on if the sensitization program yielded positive results Respondents Frequency % Yes 100 86.2% No 16 13.7% Total 116 100% The table above shows that 86.2% of respondents claimed that in recent times there have been reduced occurence of accident which may be due to the sensitization and positive response of drivers along the roads in Gwagwalada. Discussion of Findings The study found that there use to be a high level of road accident occurence in Gwagwalada which hitherto happen often most especially the Lokoja-Kaduna express road. And other times accidents are experienced along other routes along Gwagwalada metropolis. The study also found that bad road and overspeeding are combined factor the influence the occurences of road accident in Gwagwalada. The respondents stated that bad road along the express road and the incessant high speed drivers move on have proven to be major contributors to road accident. This study aligns with literature review posited by Balogun (2024). Moreso, the study found that loss of lives of loved ones is more occuring effect of road accident on victims. The study also found that the road safety in Gwagwalada have been engaging in sensitization program and educating road users on the prerequisites for driving and the effort have been yielding positive results as there is reduction in the occurence of road accident in Gwagwalada. Declarations statement of ethics approval The study was approved by the HHS office of human subjects protection. A statement on participant consent -The participate were informed of the study and consented to participate. References Atunbi AO (2009) Urban Transportation, An appraisal of Features and Problem in Nigerian Society. Int J Geogr Reg Plann. Vol. No. 1 Ogunsanya AA (2002) Maker and breaker of cities 59th inaugural lecturer. University of illorin Additional Declarations The authors declare no competing interests. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. 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It should be noted that road accident incidence in Abuja has been claiming so many numbers of lives and properties. It has been augued that management has been neglecting their duties, the menace continue resurfacing and that several scientist has been making so many suggestions on how to reduce the social problem of road accidents and it's implications and consequences in Abuja Municipal by investigating the remote causes and consequences of the issue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe unstable nature of the Nigeria transport system has been causing a lot of havoc on the socio-economic well-being of people moving from one place to the other. This issue is among the various social problems confronting the expected level of socio-economic stability for standard of living in the country whereby citizens are not ready to obey simple instructions that can encourage their safety for positive standard of living. There obstinacy is observing the rules and regulations made by the federal road safety commission in the country has warranted many accidents. Road accident in Nigeria has been claiming a lot of lives and properties thereby reducing the population from optical to minimal. How to address the problem has drawn the attention of several social scientists to make necessary suggestions that can proffer solutions to the problem (Atunbi, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSome law enforcement agencies that are obliged to be controlling the movement of people from one place to another has been neglecting their duties and responsibilities which leads to several violations and misbehaviours of road users that has been encouraging high level of road accidents in the country. The menace has made so many citizens in the country to be harbouring fear due to the fact that Nigerian road network system are not properly planned for smooth and stable movement of Nigerians.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSo many contracts has been awarded to so many contractors to work on the dilapidated state of Nigerian roads, but such contracts awarded were trampled upon by some corrupt individuals who diverted the public funds to another thing that may not be beneficial to the general standard of living (Ogunsanya, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methodology","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eArea of Study\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe location of this study is Gwagwalada area council of the federal capital territory, Abuja. Gwagwalada is one of the five local government area councils info the federal capital territory of Nigeria.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eResearch Design\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis study adopted a descriptive research of the survey type. It is an attempt to investigate the effects of road accidents in Abuja, the FCT.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePopulation of Study\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe target population of this study consists of road safety officials at the Gwagwalada command and residents in Gwagwalada. The population of study is 150 respondents.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSample Size and Sampling technique\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe sample size of study is 150 respondents derived from the road safety officials and residents of Gwagwalada.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFirst the researcher will adopt a convenient sampling technique to select respondents of the road safety. 50 questionnaires will be allocated to the officials and will be distributed through accidental sampling.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreso, residents of Gwagwalada will be selected through the Quota sampling method. The study categorized Gwagwalada into wards, then through a random sampling three wards were selected and the researcher further broke down the wards into communities with each ward producing two communities each hence six communities in each ward emerged.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Taba\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eS/No\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCOMMUNITIES\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWARDS\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBarracks and Hajj Camp\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuarters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKutunku and Agwandodo communities\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCentral\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn each of the communities, the study randomly identified households, tagged them with numbers and then selected every fifth house counted through the numbering until the researcher selected 50 respondents per community and 150 overall.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOn each household, one(1) adult respondent was selected to answer the questionaire, in the case of a lesser number of adults, the researcher immediately rolls over to the next immediate resident. Therefore, (1 respondent per household \u0026times; 25 households\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;25 respondents per community \u0026times;25 communities\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50 respondents per ward \u0026times; 2 wards\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100)\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTherefore the total sample frame becomes 150 respondents for the study. A break down of the sample frame is presented thus:\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRoad safety officials\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;50 respondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eResidents of Gwagwalada\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal respondents\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;150 respondents\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eInstrument of data collection\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eQuestionnaire served as the instrument of data collection. As a result, questionnaire was constructed and reproduced. In total there was 150 questionnaires to be distributed among respondents. The respondents were allowed enough time to fill the questionnaire and the researcher collected them within the shortest possible time.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eTypes and source of data\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eTo ensure proper collection and analysis for the research, both primary and secondary data was collected. The questionnaire design is in two parts, the first part is a classification section that requires details of the respondents such as age, sex, occupation, qualification etc.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe second part posseses the questions relating to the subject matter of the investigation. The responses from the second part form the basis of data presentation and analysis. The questionnaire design contains both open and closed questions. This implies that the questionnaire provided the respondents with the opportunity to have the freedom to decide the aspect, detail and length of the answer and some questions designed to keep the respondents to a reasonable length. The basis of this is to permit easier tabulation and interpretation by the researcher.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTechnique of Data analysis\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe descriptive statistics involving tabulation and percentage will be adopted by the researcher to analyse the result of the data collection from the field.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eData Presentation and Analysis\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study made use of simple percentage parameter to draw up the population sample size for the study. Questionnaires were administered to 150 members of the sample frame. 138 questionnaires were completed and returned to the researcher and 22 were not properly answered and so we're rejected. In the final analysis, the researcher used 116 of properly completed questionnaires for data presentation and analysis.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSocio - Demographic characteristics of Respondents\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAge distribution of respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabb\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25\u0026ndash;29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30\u0026ndash;34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35\u0026ndash;39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40 and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the table above, the age distribution of respondents was analysed. Respondents between ages 25\u0026ndash;29 was 24.1%. Those between the ages of 30\u0026ndash;34 formed 19% of the total respondents. 50% of the respondents were between the ages of 35\u0026ndash;39 and 6.9% were among the ages of 40 and above. The implication of the presentation is that there are more respondents in the ages between 35\u0026ndash;39 years of age which means that the sample frame had a more youthful population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eSex distribution of respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabc\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSex\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePercentage\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above table shows that, out of 116 questionnaires received majority of respondents were male which represented 58.6% and 41.4% of respondents were female. This simply means that there were more males in the sampled population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDepartment distribution of respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabd\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDepartment\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFSLC\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSSCE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNCE/OND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBSc./HND\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOthers specify\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table above shows the educational qualification analysis of respondents the majority of the distribution is 41.4%, this number is of respondents with NCE/OND qualification. The implication is that the sample frame is composed of a literate population.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eMarital Status of Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabe\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLevel\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSingle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarried\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table above shows the marital distribution of respondents. 25.8% of 70 respondents were single while 46 respondents representing 22.4% of the sample frame were married.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec15\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eYears of Service Distribution of Respondents\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabf\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYears of Service\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBelow 5 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6\u0026ndash;10 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11\u0026ndash;14 years\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.9%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15 years and above\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table above shows the analysis of the respondents number of years of Service. 33.9% of respondents have served at the teaching hospital for between 6\u0026ndash;10 years. With this result it can be said that the study will be helped by experienced responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec16\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eAnalysis of Survey Responses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec17\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on how often does road accident occur within Gwagwalada\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabg\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOften\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery often\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScarcely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVery scarcely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe issues of road accidents in Gwagwalada in relation to it's occurences was the purpose of the table above. Respondents affirmed that road accident in Gwagwalada occur quite often, particularly in the highway of lokoja - Kaduna express road. This is because majority population of the sample frame of 38% suggested to that regards.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec18\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on the Level of road accidents in Gwagwalada\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabh\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimum\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLow\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above table shows the results of the level of road accident around Gwagwalada. From the results, it can be deducted that the level of occurence of accident is high. This was affirmed by 45.7% of respondents. This response was backed up by 36.2% of the respondents who also suggested that accident occur optimally.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec19\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on Factors that contribute more to road accident\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabi\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverspeeding\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOverloading\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCarelessness of drivers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrinking and Driving\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBad vehicles\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrom the above table, 56.0% believes that overspeeding while driving on the highway especially during festive season is a major cause of road accident. The respondent stated that when drivers overspeed the probability of controlling against certain condition such as bumps, pot holes, broken wheels etc become very low.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec20\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on the extent on which bad road contribute to road accident\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabj\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eHigh extent\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e58.6%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eOptimally\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eScarcely\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe above table shows that bad road to a high extent contribute to road accident in Gwagwalada. 58.6% of respondents provided this affirmation. This response proves that bad road has continually affected driving and aggravated the issues of road accident along Gwagwalada road.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cb\u003eResponses on the degree of accident occuring in Gwagwalada.\u003c/b\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabk\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMinor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e69.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eTable above shows that 69.8% suggested that the occuring accident in Gwagwalada is minor. The respondents stated that due to continue road safety surveillance in the highway motorist are becoming more careful and sensitive to road signs.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec21\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on more occuring effect of road accident\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabl\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss of life\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss of property\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTrauma\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDisability\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.8%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLoss of life is the more occuring effect of road accident in Gwagwalada. Majority of the respondents affirmed that through their responses of 51.7%. They suggested that more lives are lost when accidents occur and so officials such as road safety must be up and doing in ensuring that accident are reduced to it's bearest minimum.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec22\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on if the road safety engage in public sensitization against factors influencing road accident\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabm\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e84.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table shows that 84.5% of respondents stated that the road safety engages in sensitization through jingles, bills/fliers. This has helped to reduce the occurences of accident.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec23\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eResponses on if the sensitization program yielded positive results\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"No\" id=\"Tabn\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"3\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRespondents\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFrequency\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eYes\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e86.2%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e116\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e100%\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe table above shows that 86.2% of respondents claimed that in recent times there have been reduced occurence of accident which may be due to the sensitization and positive response of drivers along the roads in Gwagwalada.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Discussion of Findings","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe study found that there use to be a high level of road accident occurence in Gwagwalada which hitherto happen often most especially the Lokoja-Kaduna express road. And other times accidents are experienced along other routes along Gwagwalada metropolis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe study also found that bad road and overspeeding are combined factor the influence the occurences of road accident in Gwagwalada. The respondents stated that bad road along the express road and the incessant high speed drivers move on have proven to be major contributors to road accident. This study aligns with literature review posited by Balogun (2024).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMoreso, the study found that loss of lives of loved ones is more occuring effect of road accident on victims. The study also found that the road safety in Gwagwalada have been engaging in sensitization program and educating road users on the prerequisites for driving and the effort have been yielding positive results as there is reduction in the occurence of road accident in Gwagwalada.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003estatement of ethics approval The study was approved by the HHS office of human subjects protection. A statement on participant consent -The participate were informed of the study and consented to participate.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eAtunbi AO (2009) Urban Transportation, An appraisal of Features and Problem in Nigerian Society. Int J Geogr Reg Plann. Vol. No. 1\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eOgunsanya AA (2002) Maker and breaker of cities 59th inaugural lecturer. University of illorin\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":true,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"University of Abuja","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Sociological analysis, road, Gwagwalada ","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5354080/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-5354080/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThe project examined the effects of road accident in Gwagwalada area council of the fct. The objective of this study was to find out the factors responsible for road accident and examined the socio-economic implications of road accident in Gwagwalada. The study adopted the survey method: the questionnaire data was collected from a sample frame of 150 respondents. The findings of the study were that there has been an upsurge in the proportion and absolute number of traffic fatalities withnessed in Gwagwalada and the issues of overspending and bad roads are the leading causes of road accident. It also found that loss of life and livelihoods are also the leading implications of road accidents to victims. The study suggested that proper training be given to members of the society on driving lessons to avert further occurences of road accidents.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A sociological analysis on the effects of road accident in Gwagwalada Abuja– Nigeria","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2024-10-31 05:36:37","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-5354080/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"9a78343d-9657-4cc7-bb03-65828eb9f6ed","owner":[],"postedDate":"October 31st, 2024","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":39560320,"name":"Publishing/Media"},{"id":39560321,"name":"Journalism"},{"id":39560322,"name":"Sociology"},{"id":39560323,"name":"Urban Studies"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2024-10-31T05:36:37+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2024-10-31 05:36:37","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-5354080","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-5354080","identity":"rs-5354080","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"qtupq5eGEP_6zYnWcrvyt","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}