Effects of duration of a plant-based diet stimulus at first feeding on nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)

Effects of duration of a plant-based diet stimulus at first feeding on nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Effects of duration of a plant-based diet stimulus at first feeding on nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) Xu Gong, Matthew Sprague, Stuart McMillan, Pedro Gómez Requeni, and 4 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6254901/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry → Version 1 posted 11 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Nutritional programming could potentially be a strategy for the sustainable aquaculture, as it can adapt fish to feeds formulated with low levels of marine ingredients. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the early dietary stimulus duration, and to reveal the impacts of a later challenge with a similar diet. At first feeding, Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) fry were fed a plant-based diet for either one (V1) or two weeks (V2), while a control group received a marine diet for the two weeks (M). All fish then received a marine diet for 16 weeks before being challenged with a plant-based diet for 6 weeks. All fish received the same diet with the only difference between the three experimental groups (V1, V2 and M) being their dietary regime during the first two weeks. Duration of the stimulus had no phenotypic impacts on growth, tissue fatty acid compositions of either total or polar lipid in all groups after challenge. The expressions of key genes of LC-PUFA biosynthesis were upregulated significantly in salmon from the V1 group, whereas the expressions of most transcription factors were downregulated in fish of group V2. Histological analysis of the intestine revealed increased circular muscle thickness and reduced presence of goblet cells in V1 after the challenge. Overall, further investigation is required to establish the appropriate duration of the stimulus to elicit positive effects and refine the use of nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon, including the effects of short stimuli and assessment with longer challenge. Atlantic salmon Nutritional challenge Fatty acid LC-PUFA biosynthesis Gene expression Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Introduction The ingredients used traditionally in aquafeeds, fish oil (FO) and fishmeal (FM), are finite marine resources (Hodar et al. 2020 ; Xu et al. 2021 ), which are being replaced substantially by a range of alternatives derived from algae, animal, insect and single-cell sources and, in particular, plant (crop) products. However, studies on FM and FO replacement in different teleost species have reported negative effects on fish growth and health performance (Turchini et al. 2011 ). The efficiency of application of plant-based ingredients can be restricted by several factors, such as the presence of anti-nutritional factors, and digestibility issues related to carbohydrate contents, especially in carnivorous fish species (Gatlin III et al . 2007; Glencross et al. 2007 ). In addition, while vegetable oils (VO) can have a varied fatty acid profile, they are characteristically rich in oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and/or α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), but lack the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), arachidonic (ARA; 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids (Turchini et al. 2011 ) that have essential functional roles in cell membrane structure, metabolic regulation, inflammatory and immune responses, and neural system development (Tocher 2003 , 2010 ). This is of concern as marine fish are generally not capable of endogenous production of EPA and DHA, and ARA from ALA and LA precursors, respectively, and thus ALA and LA cannot satisfy their essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements (Bell and Tocher 2009 ; Tocher 2010 , 2015 ). In addition, although salmonids like Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) can biosynthesize LC-PUFA, additional EPA and DHA are required in the diet for optimum growth and health (Sprague et al. 2019 ; Lufti et al . 2022). This parallels exactly the situation in humans who can also biosynthesize low levels of EPA and DHA, but where dietary “omega-3” LC-PUFA have many, well established, health benefits (Calder 2018 ). Despite major progress in the application of plant-based feeds for salmon, the potential negative effects on growth, feed efficiency and, especially, health remain a challenge (Herman and Schmidt 2016 ), as well as the deleterious impact on nutritional quality for human consumers in terms of reduced EPA and DHA levels in flesh (Sprague et al. 2016 ). Studies found that long-term adaptations in metabolism and physiology, stimulated by specific events and driven by mechanisms like epigenetic modifications, may occur in mammals during critical early developmental stages such as gestation and lactation (Gluckman et al. 2005 ; Lucas 1998 ; Patel and Srinivasan 2002 ). More specifically, if the event is a dietary or nutrient-based stimulus, the phenomenon has been termed “nutritional programming”. For example, research in rodents indicated that a maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy led to reduced adipocyte cell size in offspring, which was associated with elevated lipolysis (Ferland-McCollough et al. 2012 ). In addition, offspring were more likely to suffer obesity or metabolic syndromes if females were over-nourished by a high-fat diet during pregnancy or lactation in rats (Kirk et al. 2009 ). Also, a maternal high saturated fatty acid diet reduced the biosynthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA in offspring when they were fed ALA and LA diets (Kelsall et al. 2012 ). The authors suggested that a high fat/high saturated fatty acid diet decreased the expression of the FADS2 gene (Kelsall et al. 2012 ), which encodes delta-6-desaturase (∆6 FAD) enzyme, the rate-limiting enzyme of LC-PUFA biosynthesis (Cho et al. 1999 ), by epigenetic modifications. Nutritional programming in early development stages can also be applied to improve nutritional utilization, health, and disease resistance of future life stages (Rodríguez-González et al. 2020 ). Thus, nutritional programming can improve diet efficiency and nutrient biosynthesis/retention when offspring are challenged with similar nutritional environments in later life stages (Lillycrop and Burdge 2012 ; Petry et al. 2001 ). In aquaculture, several studies have demonstrated that nutritional programming can confer beneficial effects. For example, after an acute nutritional stimulus with plant-based diets, rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) fry showed better growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and carbohydrate digestion when challenged by a similar diet later in life (Geurden et al. 2007 , 2013 ). Moreover, nutritional programming improved the utilization of plant-based diets in gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ), with partial replacement of FO by VO in the parental diet inducing long-term molecular impacts on n-3 LC-PUFA and energy metabolism in liver of offspring (Izquierdo et al. 2015 ; Turkmen et al. 2017 ). Liver is the most active metabolic tissue in fish species with respect to lipid metabolism, including LC-PUFA synthesis, and changes in dietary fatty acid composition can induce important transcriptional responses in the genes encoding the endogenous biosynthesis of EPA and DHA from ALA (Betancor et al. 2015 ; Monroig et al. 2010 ). In gilthead sea bream, ∆6 fads2 was implicated in nutritional programming as its expression was higher in broodstock fed an ALA-rich diet compared to a FO diet, and growth was higher and the utilization of a low LC-PUFA diet was improved in offspring from broodstock fed the ALA-rich diet that showed higher expression of ∆6 fads2 (Turkmen et al. 2019 ). However, it was unclear how nutritional programming specifically affected the interaction between LC-PUFA biosynthesis and tissue fatty acid profiles. In particular, the impact of nutritional programming on tissue polar lipids (PL) that have critical roles in cell membrane structure and function, is largely unstudied. However, changes to fatty acid compositions of PL will have potentially important functional effects and may be a key factor in nutritional programming when the stimulus used is a change in dietary fatty acid composition. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of how gene expression and LC-PUFA contents of tissue PL are altered merits study and may provide useful information to assess the potential applications of nutritional programming. In our previous study in Atlantic salmon, a diet with low n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA and DHA) was applied over a three-week stimulus period from first feeding, and the potential of nutritional programming to increase nutrient utilization efficiency determined in older fish (15–20 g) challenged with a similar plant-based diet (Clarkson et al. 2017 ). Although the concept was clearly demonstrated, the 3-week feeding stimulus also resulted in a significant weight difference between fish fed the marine (control) and vegetable (stimulus) diets at the end of the stimulus phase. Thus, the specific aims of the present study were 1) to determine if nutritional programming could be triggered by a shorter (one or two week) stimulus period; 2) to assess whether nutritional responses were affected by the duration of the stimulus; and 3) to evaluate whether capacity for the biosynthesis of EPA and DHA during the challenge phase was affected by the duration of stimulus. Consequently, lipid profiles together with selected molecular markers and histological evaluation of different tissues at key points during the nutritional trial were determined to assess nutritional programming as a potential strategy to partially mitigate problems encountered with the replacement of marine ingredients in aquafeeds, reduce the impact of the limited global supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, and promote the sustainability of aquaculture. Materials and methods Ethics statement Animals were handled in accordance with the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 (Home Office Code of Practice. HMSO: London January 1997) and in accordance with European Directive 2010/63/EU. In addition, all procedures and protocols carried out in the present study were subjected to an ethics review by the University of Stirling Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board and approved (AWERB No: 18 19/045/New ASPA) prior to the commencement of the study. Dietary trial Atlantic salmon eggs (388 degree-days [DD] post-fertilization) were obtained from Mowi (Scotland, UK) and transferred to the Niall Bromage Freshwater Research Unit (NBFRU) at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling. Eggs hatched after 500 DD with the fish remaining in the alevin stage for a further 350 DD. The incubation temperature was 7.0 ± 0.4°C. At 850 DD, when salmon reached the fry stage with a 97.7% survival rate, 2700 fish were distributed into 9 × 0.3 m 2 tanks (300 fry per tank) for the nutritional trial, which started at first feeding (initial weight approx. 0.15 g) and continued for 24 weeks. Two experimental feeds were manufactured by BioMar A/S (TechCentre, Brande, Denmark) following formulations that included some mixed ingredients as is standard practice within commercial feed production (Table 1 ). The marine diet (M) contained FM and FO as the main protein and lipid sources, respectively, whereas the vegetable diet (V) was based primarily on terrestrial plant meals and VO. The fatty acid compositions of the diets are shown in Table 1 . The feeds were prepared at different pellet sizes (0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm) as required for the increasing size of fish during the trial (Table 1 ). At first feeding, three tanks of fish (n = 3) were allocated to each of the three experimental groups termed V1, V2 and M as illustrated in Fig. 1 . The V1 and V2 groups were fed the vegetable-based diet for either one week (V1) or 2 weeks (V2), after which they were transferred on to the marine diet, while the third group (M) was fed the marine diet for both weeks, with this initial period termed the “stimulus phase”. All fish were then fed the marine M diet until the end of week 16 (termed the intermediate/marine phase) at which point all groups were transferred back to a vegetable-based V diet as a challenge for a further 6 weeks (termed the challenge phase). The feeds were provided to fish by automatic feeders (Arvo-tec TD2000, Huutokoski, Finland) combined with user interface (ArvoPRO) to ensure the acquisition of accurate data for feed provided to the tanks. Uneaten feed was collected twice a day after daily feeding using a syphon pipe with filter, before drying to enable accurate calculation of actual feed intake. The trial was carried out in tanks that were part of a single Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) at NBFRU. Water volume was 300 L per tank and water temperature was maintained at 13.1 ± 0.5°C with a 24:0 light:dark regime. Oxygen level (86% saturation, 8–9 mg/L), pH (7.16 ± 0.2), nitrogen NO 2 (0.32 ± 0.2 mg/L), total ammonia nitrogen TAN (0.13 ± 0.17 mg/L) and chloride (135.0 ± 13.0 mg/L) were determined daily and controlled throughout the feeding trial. Table 1 Ingredients (percentage) and analyzed proximate and fatty acid compositions (percentage of total fatty acids) of the experimental feeds. Stimulus phase Marine phase Challenge phase 0.5 mm 0.5 mm 0.8 mm 1.1 mm 1.5 mm 1.5 mm 2.0 mm M V M M M V V Feed ingredients 1 (%) Fishmeals 66.7 – 53.0 53.0 49.3 5.0 5.0 Krill meal (56%) 10.0 2.5 7.0 7.0 – – – Fish Peptones 5.0 2.5 5.0 5.0 – 5.0 5.0 Plant proteins (SPC, wheat & maize gluten, pea protein) 3.5 70.6 16.4 16.4 26.1 60.0 60.0 Starch sources 6.5 4.0 5.5 5.5 9.5 8.1 8.1 Fish oil 4.4 9.8 9.8 8.6 – – Vegetable oil – 6.7 0.5 0.5 5.1 14.1 14.1 Lecithin 0.5 3.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 Premixes (vits., minerals., AAs, nucl., antiox., yttrium) 3.0 10.9 3.0 3.0 2.5 8.8 8.8 Proximate Compositions Dry matter (DM) (%) 94.5 94.5 93.4 91.5 96.9 92.9 95.2 Protein (% DM) 60.0 56.0 55.7 53.0 52.6 50.9 51.8 Lipid (% DM) 13.3 13.4 17.0 16.4 17.8 20.0 16.3 Ash (% DM) 12.2 8.8 11.1 10.0 10.1 7.3 7.3 Gross energy (KJ/g) 20.6 21.1 21.3 20.9 21.8 22.4 22.3 FA composition (%) Σ SFA 2 29.0 17.0 28.6 28.7 20.9 10.1 10.4 Σ MUFA 3 28.8 45.9 34.3 35.1 41.8 56.6 55.4 18:2n-6 5.7 21.5 4.6 5.9 10.3 22.7 23.6 20:3n-6 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 20:4n-6 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.1 22:5n-6 0.2 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 Σ n-6 PUFA 4 7.1 22.1 6.2 7.3 11.4 22.8 23.8 18:3n-3 1.8 7.0 1.4 1.5 4.2 8.7 8.9 20:5n-3 11.9 3.4 10.9 10.4 8.1 0.6 0.5 22:5n-3 1.2 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.0 0.1 0.1 22:6n-3 14.1 2.5 10.5 9.7 8.2 0.8 0.7 Σ n-3 PUFA 5 33.0 14.6 27.9 26.4 24.1 10.4 10.3 Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 6 27.8 6.2 23.4 22.0 17.8 1.5 1.2 n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 4.6 0.7 4.5 3.6 2.1 0.5 0.4 MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid. 1 For further details and sources see McMillan et al., 2024 . 2 Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0. 3 Contains 16:1n − 9, 18:1n − 9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n − 9. 4 Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n − 6, and 22:4n − 6. 5 Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3. 6 n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 Sampling Samples were collected at three time points: S1, end of the stimulus (1- or 2-weeks as appropriate); S2, end of the marine phase; S3, end of the challenge phase. At all sampling points, fish were fasted for 24 h and euthanised with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; 1000 mg/L in hydrogen carbonate-buffered solution), and sampled fish were bulk weighed per tank on an analytical balance. At S1, 40 fish per tank were sampled, pooled as one sample, frozen at -20 ºC, and immediately freeze-dried (Christ Alpha 1–4 LSC; Osterode am Harz, Germany) prior to biochemical analyses. At the S2 and S3 sampling points, 11 individuals from each tank were selected randomly and liver and anterior intestine collected from six fish and divided into two portions, with one portion placed in 1.5 mL RNALater (Sigma, Poole, UK) and stored overnight at 4°C before freezing at -70°C prior to molecular analysis. The other portion was placed in 2 mL 4% buffered formalin for subsequent histological analysis. The other 5 sampled fish were dissected and liver, whole intestine, white muscle, gill, brain, and eye collected and placed immediately into liquid nitrogen and then stored at -70 ºC prior to biochemical analyses. Lipid content, class composition and fatty acid analyses Total lipids (TL) of whole fish (S1) and tissues (S2 and S3), and feeds were extracted by homogenisation in 20 or 36 mL, respectively, of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) using an Ultra-Turrax tissue disrupter (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) essentially according to Folch et al. ( 1957 ), and lipid content determined gravimetrically. The extracted TL was resuspended at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in chloroform/methanol (2:1) containing 0.01% (w/v) butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidant prior to further analysis. Lipid classes were separated by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) on 20 × 10 cm plates (VWR, Lutterworth, UK) according to Henderson and Tocher ( 1992 ). The mobile solvent phase consisting of methyl acetate/isopropanol/chloroform/ methanol/0.25% (w/v) potassium chloride (25:25:25:10:9, by vol.) was used for the separation of polar lipid classes by developing the solvent to approximately half-distance up the plate, with total neutral lipids running at the solvent front. After drying, the plate was then fully developed using mobile solvent phase consisting of isohexane/diethyl ether/glacial acetic acid (85:15:1.5, by vol.) for separation of neutral lipid classes. Lipid classes were visualised after spraying with 3% copper acetate and 8% phosphoric acid and placing in a drying oven at 160 ºC for 20 min. The plates were scanned by a TLC Scanner 3 (CAMAG, Muttenz, Switzerland) and data processed using the Wincat software package (CAMAG). Data were presented as relative proportions of triacylglycerol (TAG) and total polar lipids (sum of all polar lipid classes). Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared from TL by acid-catalysed transmethylation at 50 ºC for 16 h, and purified as described previously (Christie 2003 ; Tocher and Harvie 1988 ). The FAME were separated and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (Thermo Finnigan Trace GC, Thermo Scientific, Milan, Italy) equipped with a 30 m × 0.32 mm i.d. × 0.25 µm ZB-wax column (Phenomenex, Cheshire, UK), ‘on column’ injection and flame ionisation detection. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at constant pressure (175 kPa) with the initial oven thermal gradient from 50 ºC to 150 ºC at 40 ºC.min − 1 , then 195 ºC at 2 ºC.min − 1 , 205 ºC at 0.5 ºC.min − 1 to a final temperature of 230 ºC at 40 ºC.min − 1 . Individual FAME were identified by comparison to an in-house marine fish oil (‘Marinol’) standard and commercial standards (Restek 20-FAME Marine Oil Standard; Thames Restek UK Ltd., Buckinghamshire, UK). The data were collected and processed using Chromcard data system for Windows (Version 2.11; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) was used as internal standard to calculate fatty acid content per gram tissue. For fatty acid compositions of total polar lipids (PL), lipid classes were first separated by TLC on 20 × 20 cm plates (VWR, Lutterworth, UK) using the respective solvent phases described above. Individual polar lipid classes were identified by spraying plates with 0.1% (w/v) 2-7-dichlorofluorescein in 97% methanol (v/v), marked under UV light at 240 nm (UVP® Mineralight®R-52G; UVP Inc.) and the silica scraped and combined into a single tube (total PL) and subjected to direct methylation on the silica using acid-catalysed transmethylation as above. The total PL FAME were extracted and analyzed by GC under the same conditions detailed above. Molecular analyses Total RNA of liver of six individual fish per tank was extracted by homogenizing in 1 mL of TriReagent® according to the manufacturer’s instructions (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK). The quantity, quality and concentration of RNA were determined by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop ND-1000; Labtech Int.), and RNA integrity was checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The liver RNA extracts from each tank were pooled into two samples (three livers per pool, six pools per dietary treatment, n = 6) and 2000 ng RNA used for cDNA synthesis with a random primer in a 20 µL reaction volume using a high-capacity reverse transcription kit following the manufacturer’s protocol (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). The synthesized cDNA was diluted 20-fold with milliQ water (Thermo Fisher Scientific). Expression levels of genes of interest (GOI) involved in key pathways including LC-PUFA biosynthesis ( elovl2 , elovl5a , elovl5b , fads2d5 , fads2d6 ), transcription factors ( lxr , ppara , pparg , srebp1 , srebp2 ) and lipid metabolism ( aco , cpt1 , fas , hmgcr ) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR as described in detail by Betancor et al . (2021). Results were normalized using reference housekeeping genes, elongation factor 1 alpha ( ef1α ), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase ( hprt ) and ribosomal protein L2 ( rpl2 ) that were identified as the most stable according to geNorm. Detailed information of GOI, housekeeping genes and primers are shown in Online Resource 1. The qPCR was performed using a qTower 3 G real-time PCR Thermal Cycler (Analytic Jena GmbH, Jena, Germany) in 96-well plates in duplicate 10 µL reaction volumes containing 5 µL of Luminaris Color Higreen RT-PCR master mix kit (Thermo Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK), 1.0 µL of primers of GOI, 1.5 µL of molecular biology grade water and 2.5 µL of cDNA. For housekeeping genes, 1 µL of cDNA and 3 µL of molecular biology grade water were used. A negative control without cDNA (no template control) was used to ensure no contaminant was present in the master mix. Standard amplification parameters contained a DNase pre-treatment at 50°C for 2 min, an initial activation step at 95°C for 10 min, followed by thirty-five cycles: 15 s at 95°C, 30 s at the annealing Tm and 30 s at 72°C. Histological analyses Liver and anterior intestine samples were rinsed in water and fixed in 4% buffered neutral-formaldehyde using a Shandon Citadel 2000 Automatic Tissue Processor (Thermo Scientific, Basingstoke, UK), and then embedded into paraffin blocks (Histo-embedder, Jung, Leica, Germany). Tissue was sectioned in 5 µm thickness wax slices, and all slides stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin, while intestine samples were also stained with Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid Schiff (ABPAS) for acidic and neutral goblet cells. Slides were scanned (Axio Scan.Z1 slide scanner; ZEISS, Cambridge, UK) and the digital images analyzed using Qupath v0.3.0 (Bankhead et al. 2017 ) and ImageJ (Research Services Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) softwares. Data were collected from six randomly chosen fields from each tissue image at 20 × magnification. The following histological factors were measured: intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization; height and width of enterocyte; AB and PAS positive goblet cell density; intestinal circular muscle thickness. The intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization was calculated by dividing the lipocyte area by the respective chosen area and the result was expressed as an amount per 10 5 µm 2 . Goblet cell density was calculated by dividing the cell number by the area of intestinal villi in the images. Height and width of the enterocytes, and intestinal circular muscle thickness were determined as described previously (Escaffre et al. 2007 ). Statistical analyses All data are shown as means ± standard deviation. Percentage data were arcsine square-root transformed before statistical analyses. Expression of GOI were normalized to housekeeping genes and calculated by the method of Pfaffl ( 2001 ). All variables were tested for normality and homogeneity of variances with Levene's test. The significance of differences was set at p < 0.05. The significance of differences between groups at the same sampling point was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey’s post hoc test for multiple comparisons of means where differences were detected. The significance of differences between sampling points S2 and S3 for liver were determined by a paired t-test. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA), by which the general clustering trends of samples from multi-dimensions can be visualized through dimension reduction, was conducted to define the similarity between groups with the chosen features. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics 19; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, USA). Results Growth performance At the end of the stimulus phase (first two weeks after first feeding), fish from all experimental groups had doubled in weight, although the M group revealed higher final weight and specific growth rate than V1 and V2 groups (Table 2 ). However, fish weights of all groups at the end of the marine and challenge phases showed no significant differences between groups. No differences in feed intake were observed among groups at the end of the feeding trial. Full details of growth, feed efficiency and other performance-related parameters are presented elsewhere (McMillan et al. 2024 ). Table 2 Growth performance of Atlantic salmon for each phase of the study. M V1 V2 Whole fish weight (g) Initial weight End of stimulus phase 0.15 ± 0.00 0.36 ± 0.02 a 0.15 ± 0.00 0.33 ± 0.01 b 0.15 ± 0.00 0.34 ± 0.00 b End of marine phase 15.24 ± 0.24 15.73 ± 0.54 14.46 ± 0.64 End of challenge phase 33.12 ± 2.10 35.88 ± 2.67 31.78 ± 4.34 Growth rate (SGR %/ day) 1 Stimulus phase 6.29 ± 0.23 a 5.98 ± 0.27 b 5.94 ± 0.06 b Marine phase 3.99 ± 0.03 4.11 ± 0.05 3.98 ± 0.04 Challenge phase 1.82 ± 0.12 1.93 ± 0.15 1.84 ± 0.23 Feed intake (kg) Stimulus phase 0.03 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.00 0.03 ± 0.00 Marine phase 2 0.79 ± 0.00 0.79 ± 0.00 0.78 ± 0.00 Challenge phase 2.66 ± 0.00 2.64 ± 0.00 2.70 ± 0.11 Data are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n = 3). Superscript letters denote significant differences between dietary groups within a row. 1 Specific growth rate (SGR) = 100 × (lnW t - lnW i ) /t; W t refers to final weight; W i refers to initial weight; t refers to time. 2 Intake during the final three weeks of the marine phase. Tissue lipid contents and lipid classes No significant differences in lipid contents were found between dietary groups (V1, V2 and M) in either whole fish after the stimulus phase (Table 3 ), or liver at the end of the marine and challenge phases (Table 4 ), or in any of the other analyzed tissues at the end of the challenge phase (Tables 5 & 6 ). Dietary regime during the stimulus phase had little influence on the lipid class compositions of any of the analyzed tissues, with no differences detected in relative proportions of PL and TAG among dietary groups (Fig. 2 ). In addition, the similar levels of PL and TAG proportions in all tissues pre- (end of marine phase) and post-challenge indicated that proportions were not affected by the change in diet from M to V. Among the tissues, PL were highest in liver and brain (45% and 53% of TL, respectively), while TAG was the predominant lipid class in the other tissues (Fig. 2 ). Table 3 Lipid content and fatty acid compositions (percentage of total fatty acids) of total lipid of whole Atlantic salmon after the stimulus phase. M V1 V2 Lipid content 2.7 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.1 Σ SFA 1 26.9 ± 0.5 a 25.5 ± 0.4 b 20.2 ± 0.3 c Σ MUFA 2 30.5 ± 0.9 b 31.0 ± 0.2 b 37.8 ± 0.4 a 18:2n-6 6.2 ± 0.2 c 7.6 ± 0.2 b 14.1 ± 0.1 a 20:3n-6 0.3 ± 0.0 b 0.4 ± 0.0 b 0.8 ± 0.0 a 20:4n-6 (ARA) 1.4 ± 0.1 a 1.4 ± 0.0 a 1.2 ± 0.0 b 22:5n-6 0.2 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 Σ n-6 PUFA 3 8.9 ± 0.3 c 10.4 ± 0.2 b 17.7 ± 0.2 a 18:3n-3 2.0 ± 0.1 b 2.3 ± 0.1 b 3.6 ± 0.2 a 20:5n-3 (EPA) 7.4 ± 0.2 a 7.0 ± 0.1 a 4.5 ± 0.1 c 22:5n-3 3.0 ± 0.1 a 3.2 ± 0.1 a 2.6 ± 0.0 b 22:6n-3 (DHA) 17.8 ± 0.9 a 17.1 ± 0.1 a 10.6 ± 0.2 b Σ n-3 PUFA 4 33.3 ± 1.1 a 32.6 ± 0.5 a 23.9 ± 0.4 b Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 29.7 ± 1.2 a 28.9 ± 0.4 a 19.1 ± 0.3 b n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 3.4 ± 0.2 a 3.1 ± 0.1 b 1.3 ± 0.0 c Data are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n = 3). Different superscript letters within a row denote significant differences among groups determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's comparison test (p < 0.05). MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid. 1 Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0. 2 Contains 16:1n − 9, 18:1n − 9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n − 9. 3 Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n − 6, 20:3n − 6, 22:4n − 6 and 22:5n − 6. 4 Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3, 21:5n-3 and 22:5n-3. 5 n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 Table 4 Fatty acid compositions of total lipid and total polar lipids (percentage of fatty acids) of liver at the end of marine and challenge phases. End of marine phase End of challenge phase M V1 V2 M V1 V2 Lipid % (wet wt.) 4.6 ± 0.4 4.9 ± 0.4 5.0 ± 0.6 4.7 ± 0.5 5.3 ± 0.7 5.5 ± 0.7 Total lipid FA % Σ SFA 1 23.2 ± 0.4 22.4 ± 0.6 22.6 ± 0.9 19.6 ± 1.1 20.8 ± 0.6 20.7 ± 0.9 Σ MUFA 2 33.4 ± 2.1 36.2 ± 2.8 35.5 ± 3.5 43.8 ± 3.8 40.5 ± 3.2 40.2 ± 3.0 18:2n-6 5.6 ± 0.6 6.1 ± 0.7 6.0 ± 0.7 8.4 ± 0.6* 8.4 ± 0.2* 8.6 ± 0.6* 20:3n-6 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 2.3 ± 0.7* 3.1 ± 0.3* 2.7 ± 0.6* 20:4n-6 (ARA) 2.0 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.2 1.9 ± 0.2 4.9 ± 0.7* 5.4 ± 0.6* 5.2 ± 0.6* 22:5n-6 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.2* 1.3 ± 0.1* 1.5 ± 0.1* Σ n-6 PUFA 3 9.6 ± 0.1 10.2 ± 0.8 10.1 ± 0.5 19.0 ± 0.9* 20.7 ± 0.5* 20.5 ± 0.9* 18:3n-3 1.4 ± 0.3 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.0 20:5n-3 (EPA) 4.1 ± 0.3 3.9 ± 0.3 3.9 ± 0.5 1.7 ± 0.8* 1.8 ± 0.3* 1.8 ± 0.0* 22:5n-3 1.1 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.3 1.0 ± 0.2 0.7 ± 0.2 22:6n-3 (DHA) 25.7 ± 3.4 23.9 ± 2.7 24.3 ± 2.3 12.4 ± 2.1* 13.0 ± 2.0* 13.6 ± 2.3* Σ n-3 PUFA 4 33.4 ± 2.7 31.0 ± 2.9 31.1 ± 2.8 17.4 ± 3.5* 17.8 ± 2.5* 18.3 ± 2.6* Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 31.5 ± 3.4 29.3 ± 3.1 29.5 ± 2.9 15.3 ± 5.2* 15.9 ± 2.4* 16.6 ± 2.5* n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 3.5 ± 0.3 3.1 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.6 0.9 ± 0.3* 0.9 ± 0.1* 0.9 ± 0.2* Polar lipid FA % Σ SFA 1 28.4 ± 0.3 27.5 ± 0.7 27.8 ± 0.1 24.0 ± 1.1 24.4 ± 0.6 24.1 ± 0.6 Σ MUFA 2 19.4 ± 0.5 20.4 ± 0.6 19.6 ± 0.7 26.3 ± 2.8* 25.7 ± 1.8* 26.3 ± 2.4* 18:2n-6 3.2 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.1 5.8 ± 1.0* 6.2 ± 0.3* 5.9 ± 0.3* 20:3n-6 0.8 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 3.1 ± 1.1* 4.1 ± 0.3* 3.5 ± 0.8* 20:4n-6 3.1 ± 0.1 3.1 ± 0.5 3.1 ± 0.1 8.9 ± 1.2* 8.7 ± 0.2* 9.3 ± 0.3* 22:5n-6 0.4 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.0 0.4 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 0.4* 2.4 ± 0.1* 2.4 ± 0.1* Σ n-6 PUFA 3 8.3 ± 0.1 8.1 ± 0.1 8.1 ± 0.3 21.6 ± 2.4* 23.1 ± 0.1* 23.0 ± 1.5* 18:3n-3 0.6 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.0 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.0 20:5n-3 4.6 ± 0.4 4.8 ± 0.1 4.7 ± 0.2 2.6 ± 0.2* 2.5 ± 0.1* 2.4 ± 0.1* 22:5n-3 1.0 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.0 1.0 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.2 1.5 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 22:6n-3 36.9 ± 0.8 36.9 ± 0.4 37.3 ± 0.2 22.5 ± 1.7* 21.8 ± 1.2* 21.1 ± 2.5* Σ n-3 PUFA 4 43.7 ± 0.4 43.8 ± 0.3 44.2 ± 0.3 27.9 ± 2.1* 26.8 ± 1.3* 26.3 ± 2.6* Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 42.9 ± 0.4 43.0 ± 0.3 43.4 ± 0.2 26.8 ± 2.2* 25.8 ± 1.3* 25.3 ± 2.6* n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 5.3 ± 0.1 5.4 ± 0.1 5.4 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.2* 1.2 ± 0.1* 1.2 ± 0.2* Data are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n = 3). There were no significant differences among treatments at the end of each phase. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between the end of marine phase and the end of challenge phase for each dietary treatment (p < 0.05). FA, fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid. 1 Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0. 2 Contains 16:1n − 9, 18:1n − 9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n − 9. 3 Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n − 6, and 22:4n − 6. 4 Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3. 5 n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Table 5 Fatty acid compositions of total lipid and total polar lipids (percentage of fatty acids) of intestine, muscle and gill at the end of challenge phase. Intestine Muscle Gill M V1 V2 M V1 V2 M V1 V2 Lipid % (wet wt.) 9.7 ± 0.4 9.3 ± 0.3 8.9 ± 1.0 6.9 ± 0.6 6.5 ± 0.5 6.1 ± 0.4 10.6 ± 1.0 10.4 ± 0.7 10.3 ± 0.5 Total lipid FA % Σ SFA 1 19.8 ± 1.6 19.4 ± 0.5 19.4 ± 0.4 18.2 ± 0.4 17.7 ± 0.1 17.8 ± 0.2 20.1 ± 0.2 19.3 ± 0.4 19.3 ± 0.2 Σ MUFA 2 47.0 ± 0.8 46.9 ± 0.9 46.7 ± 1.1 47.9 ± 1.2 48.3 ± 0.1 47.7 ± 0.2 48.4 ± 0.1 48.6 ± 0.7 48.5 ± 0.5 18:2n-6 12.9 ± 1.0 13.2 ± 0.4 12.8 ± 0.3 13.4 ± 0.5 13.9 ± 0.2 13.7 ± 0.1 12.6 ± 0.4 13.1 ± 0.2 12.9 ± 0.3 20:3n-6 1.2 ± 0.2 1.3 ± 0.1 1.3 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.1 1.2 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 20:4n-6 1.4 ± 0.0 1.4 ± 0.0 1.6 ± 0.2 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.1 22:5n-6 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.1 0.6 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.1 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 Σ n-6 PUFA 3 18.2 ± 1.4 18.5 ± 0.6 18.4 ± 0.2 17.7 ± 1.0 18.5 ± 0.3 18.2 ± 0.3 16.7 ± 0.9 17.3 ± 0.3 17.1 ± 0.5 18:3n-3 3.2 ± 0.2 3.1 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.0 3.4 ± 0.0 3.3 ± 0.1 20:5n-3 1.4 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.0 1.6 ± 0.1 1.8 ± 0.0 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.1 22:5n-3 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 22:6n-3 7.1 ± 0.8 7.1 ± 0.6 7.6 ± 0.7 7.3 ± 0.6 7.0 ± 0.2 7.4 ± 0.1 6.3 ± 0.4 6.3 ± 0.5 6.3 ± 0.4 Σ n-3 PUFA 4 14.4 ± 0.7 14.5 ± 0.9 14.8 ± 0.9 15.8 ± 1.2 15.2 ± 0.2 15.9 ± 0.2 14.2 ± 0.7 14.2 ± 0.7 14.4 ± 0.7 Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 9.7 ± 1.0 9.9 ± 0.8 10.4 ± 0.9 10.3 ± 1.0 9.9 ± 0.3 10.6 ± 0.2 9.2 ± 0.6 9.1 ± 0.7 9.4 ± 0.6 n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 Polar lipid FA % Σ SFA 1 28.8 ± 1.6 28.4 ± 1.1 28.2 ± 0.4 20.1 ± 0.6 19.8 ± 0.2 20.1 ± 0.3 27.6 ± 0.3 27.2 ± 0.6 27.7 ± 0.6 Σ MUFA 2 24.3 ± 1.9 25.4 ± 3.1 25.2 ± 1.1 24.2 ± 1.9 24.6 ± 0.2 24.3 ± 0.3 27.5 ± 0.5 26.8 ± 0.3 27.3 ± 1.3 18:2n-6 7.5 ± 0.7 8.0 ± 0.6 7.9 ± 0.2 8.9 ± 0.9 9.5 ± 0.3 9.1 ± 0.1 5.1 ± 0.2 5.9 ± 0.2 5.2 ± 0.5 20:3n-6 3.3 ± 0.6 3.5 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 0.5 2.7 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.2 2.8 ± 0.2 2.5 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.1 2.5 ± 0.5 20:4n-6 6.5 ± 0.1 6.1 ± 0.3 6.4 ± 0.4 3.3 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.2 3.2 ± 0.2 6.6 ± 0.2 7.0 ± 0.3 7.1 ± 0.9 22:5n-6 2.6 ± 0.8 2.2 ± 0.4 2.4 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.2 1.8 ± 0.1 1.7 ± 0.2 Σ n-6 PUFA 3 21.6 ± 2.1 21.5 ± 1.7 21.5 ± 1.2 18.2 ± 1.9 18.9 ± 0.8 18.3 ± 0.6 17.0 ± 1.3 19.2 ± 0.5 17.6 ± 2.6 18:3n-3 0.7 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.3 0.8 ± 0.2 2.7 ± 0.1 3.0 ± 0.0 2.9 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 20:5n-3 1.6 ± 0.2 1.6 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.0 4.2 ± 0.5 4.0 ± 0.2 4.2 ± 0.1 2.3 ± 0.3 2.2 ± 0.0 2.2 ± 0.1 22:5n-3 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 1.5 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.1 1.5 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.0 22:6n-3 19.9 ± 1.8 19.1 ± 2.7 19.5 ± 0.6 24.8 ± 0.8 24.2 ± 0.8 24.8 ± 0.7 18.8 ± 0.9 18.4 ± 0.1 18.6 ± 0.8 Σ n-3 PUFA 4 23.5 ± 1.6 22.8 ± 2.7 23.2 ± 0.7 35.5 ± 3.2 34.9 ± 1.0 35.4 ± 0.7 23.3 ± 1.3 22.9 ± 0.1 23.0 ± 0.9 Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 22.4 ± 1.6 21.6 ± 2.8 22.0 ± 0.7 31.3 ± 3.4 30.4 ± 1.1 31.2 ± 0.7 22.2 ± 1.2 21.7 ± 0.1 21.9 ± 1.0 n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 1.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 2.0 ± 0.3 1.9 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 1.4 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.0 1.3 ± 0.3 Data are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n = 3). There were no significant differences among treatments for each tissue at the end of the challenge phase. FA, fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid. 1 Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0. 2 Contains 16:1n − 9, 18:1n − 9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n − 9. 3 Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n − 6, and 22:4n − 6. 4 Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3. 5 n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Table 6 Fatty acid compositions of total lipid and total polar lipids (percentage of fatty acids) of brain and eye at the end of challenge phase. Brain Eye M V1 V2 M V1 V2 Lipid % (wet wt.) 7.1 ± 0.5 8.1 ± 0.9 6.8 ± 0.1 8.7 ± 0.3 9.0 ± 0.8 7.8 ± 0.2 Total lipid FA % Σ SFA 1 24.1 ± 2.6 23.6 ± 2.1 24.8 ± 0.7 18.8 ± 0.9 18.4 ± 0.2 18.6 ± 0.2 Σ MUFA 2 37.9 ± 3.2 39.4 ± 3.3 36.3 ± 0.8 48.6 ± 1.1 48.8 ± 0.3 49.0 ± 0.1 18:2n-6 5.2 ± 1.6 5.4 ± 1.1 3.9 ± 0.5 12.6 ± 1.0 13.1 ± 0.3 12.9 ± 0.3 20:3n-6 0.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 1.0 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.1 20:4n-6 1.6 ± 0.4 1.6 ± 0.3 1.8 ± 0.1 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 0.8 ± 0.0 22:5n-6 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 Σ n-6 PUFA 3 8.9 ± 1.7 9.1 ± 1.5 7.5 ± 0.8 16.6 ± 1.4 17.4 ± 0.4 16.9 ± 0.3 18:3n-3 1.3 ± 0.7 1.3 ± 0.8 0.9 ± 0.3 3.3 ± 0.2 3.3 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.1 20:5n-3 3.0 ± 0.4 2.9 ± 0.6 3.2 ± 0.3 1.7 ± 0.3 1.5 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.1 22:5n-3 1.3 ± 0.2 1.2 ± 0.2 1.4 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.2 0.6 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.0 22:6n-3 19.2 ± 2.2 18.1 ± 1.7 21.3 ± 1.4 7.4 ± 1.2 7.4 ± 0.4 7.2 ± 0.2 Σ n-3 PUFA 4 25.8 ± 2.5 24.4 ± 2.2 27.5 ± 1.3 15.5 ± 1.5 15.0 ± 0.5 15.1 ± 0.1 Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 23.9 ± 2.7 22.5 ± 2.4 26.3 ± 2.7 10.4 ± 1.8 10.0 ± 0.6 10.0 ± 0.2 n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 3.1 ± 1.1 3.1 ± 1.7 3.8 ± 0.9 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.0 0.9 ± 0.0 Polar lipid FA % Σ SFA 1 28.1 ± 0.5 27.4 ± 0.4 27.7 ± 1.0 25.0 ± 0.2 24.8 ± 0.1 24.3 ± 0.6 Σ MUFA 2 32.2 ± 0.5 32.4 ± 0.9 31.8 ± 2.0 24.7 ± 0.5 24.5 ± 0.7 26.9 ± 0.8 18:2n-6 0.9 ± 0.1 0.9 ± 0.2 0.9 ± 0.2 3.4 ± 0.7 3.4 ± 0.3 3.5 ± 0.2 20:3n-6 0.7 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.3 0.7 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.4 1.7 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.2 20:4n-6 1.9 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 1.9 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.4 3.4 ± 0.2 3.3 ± 0.1 22:5n-6 0.5 ± 0.1 0.5 ± 0.0 0.5 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.3 1.2 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.1 Σ n-6 PUFA 3 4.3 ± 0.3 4.4 ± 0.2 4.3 ± 0.4 10.2 ± 2.0 10.5 ± 0.6 10.4 ± 0.6 18:3n-3 0.1 ± 0.0 0.1 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.1 0.7 ± 0.0 20:5n-3 3.3 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.1 3.3 ± 0.0 3.5 ± 0.2 3.3 ± 0.1 3.4 ± 0.0 22:5n-3 1.6 ± 0.0 1.6 ± 0.1 1.6 ± 0.0 1.2 ± 0.1 1.1 ± 0.0 1.1 ± 0.0 22:6n-3 24.7 ± 0.6 24.8 ± 0.8 25.2 ± 1.3 32.0 ± 1.6 32.6 ± 1.4 30.3 ± 0.3 Σ n-3 PUFA 4 30.1 ± 0.8 30.2 ± 0.8 30.7 ± 1.2 38.0 ± 1.7 38.3 ± 1.1 36.2 ± 0.3 Σ n-3 LC-PUFA 5 29.8 ± 0.8 30.0 ± 0.8 30.4 ± 1.3 35.1 ± 1.9 35.4 ± 1.2 35.2 ± 0.3 n-3PUFA:n-6PUFA 7.0 ± 0.6 6.8 ± 0.3 7.1 ± 0.4 3.7 ± 0.3 3.6 ± 0.3 3.4 ± 0.2 Data are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n = 3). There were no significant differences among treatments for each tissue at the end of the challenge phase. FA, fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid. 1 Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0. 2 Contains 16:1n − 9, 18:1n − 9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n − 9. 3 Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n − 6, and 22:4n − 6. 4 Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3. 5 n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3. Tissue total and polar lipid fatty acid composition s At the end of the stimulus phase, the fatty acid composition of whole fish displayed significant differences among groups (Table 3 ). Specifically, the data showed that one week of feeding with the V diet (V1) was only partially reflected in the fatty acid composition of the fry. Thus, while the percentages of LA and ALA were increased significantly compared to the M group, EPA and DHA were not reduced. However, two weeks of feeding the V stimulus diet (V2) had major effects and, compared to the M group, all n-3 LC-PUFA and saturated fatty acids were reduced significantly, while monounsaturated fatty acids and n-6 PUFA, except for ARA, increased significantly (Table 3 ). Overall, PCA of the fatty acid compositions of whole fish at the end of the stimulus phase revealed that the M and V1 groups were more similar and clustered together with the M marine diet, whereas V2 was separated and clustered with the V vegetable diet. (Fig. 3 ). No differences in fatty acid compositions of either TL or total PL were detected between the dietary groups in liver at the end of either the marine or challenge phases (Table 4 ). Similarly, no differences in fatty acid compositions of TL or total PL were observed between the dietary groups in any of the other analyzed tissues at the end of the challenge phase (Tables 5 & 6 ). In contrast, and entirely as expected, comparison of liver of fish sampled pre-challenge (S2) and post-challenge (S3), revealed proportions of all n-6 PUFA in both TL and total PL were elevated significantly by the challenge V diet, whereas EPA and DHA together with the n-3 PUFA : n-6 PUFA declined significantly, in all three dietary groups (Table 4 ). The fatty acid compositions of TL and PL of all other analyzed tissues were affected similarly by the change in diet from M to V in the challenge phase (Data not shown). Liver gene expression Regarding genes of LC-PUFA biosynthesis, at the end of marine phase (S2), no differences were found between any of the dietary groups in the hepatic expression of elovl2, elovl5a, elovl5b, fadsd5 or fadsd6 (Fig. 4 ). However, after challenge, the expression levels of both the fads and elovl genes were significantly higher in V1 fish compared to V2 fish with levels in the M fish being generally intermediate (Fig. 4 a-e). As for transcription factors, while there were no differences between the dietary groups in expression levels of lxr and pparα at the end of the marine phase, expression levels of lxr and pparα at the end of the challenge phase were significantly lower in V2 fish compared to V1 and M fish (Fig. 5 a, b). Expression levels of pparγ were significantly lower in V2 fish than in M fish at the end of both marine and challenge phases while levels in V1 fish were also lower than M fish at the end of the challenge phase (Fig. 5 c). The srebp regulatory genes showed similar patterns of expression, with levels of both srebp1 and srebp2 being highest at the end of the marine phase in V2 fish while, in contrast, expression levels of both genes at the end of the challenge phase were significantly lower in V2 compared to M fish, with levels in V1 fish being intermediate (Fig. 5 d, e). The expression of other key genes related to lipid metabolism tended to share a similar pattern (Fig. 6 ). Thus, at the end of the marine phase, expression levels were generally highest in the V2 group, significantly so in the cases of cpt1 and hmgcr (Fig. 6 b, d). In contrast, at the end of the challenge phase, the expression of all the genes displayed the opposite trend so that expression was generally lowest in the V2 group, being significantly lower than levels in the M group with intermediate levels of expression observed in the V1 group. Although not significant, the expression of hmgcr exhibited a similar pattern ( p = 0.07) (Fig. 6 d). Comparison of the expression of hepatic genes in V1 and V2 fish relative to the expression levels in M fish at the end of the challenge phase are shown graphically in the heat map in Fig. 7 . This demonstrated that the main trends with gene expression levels in fish fed the stimulus V diet for one- (V1) and two-weeks (V2) were generally up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively, in comparison to “unstimulated” fish fed the M diet at first feeding. Histology Histological analysis of the liver at the end of the challenge phase revealed that the length of the stimulus impacted hepatic intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization, with vacuolization in the V2 group significantly higher than in the M group, with V1 demonstrating intermediary levels in both phases (Online Resource 2a, 3a, 3b). Fish in the V1 and V2 groups that had the V stimulus at first feeding had higher muscular thickness in anterior intestine than those in the M group (Online Resource 2b), whereas the V stimulus at first feeding had no major impacts on enterocyte width or height at the end of either the marine or challenge phases (Online Resource 2c). The density of goblet cells in the anterior intestine was significantly lower in the V1 group compared to the M group at the end of the challenge phase, while the V2 group showed intermediate values (Online Resource 2e, 3c, 3d). Discussion In the present trial, the concept of “nutritional programming” was applied to improve the utilization of plant-based feeds while maintaining fish performance and quality. Previous studies demonstrated that nutritional programming could enhance fads2 expression and stimulate the n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway without compromising growth performance in juvenile seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) (Vagner et al. 2009 ), improve growth in offspring of parents showing high expression of fads2 in gilthead sea bream (Turkmen et al. 2020 ), improve utilization of n-3 LC-PUFA in gilthead sea bream challenged with a high VO diet (Izquierdo et al. 2015 ; Turkmen et al. 2019 ), and alter metabolic processes in salmon to potentially cope with the presence of antinutritional factors (ANFs) in plant-based diets (Vera et al. 2017 ). In addition, we showed previously that salmon fed a vegetable diet stimulus for three weeks from first feeding showed increased growth performance, feed conversion, and EPA and DHA retention when challenged with a similar vegetable diet four months later in comparison with salmon that had been fed a marine diet throughout their life until the vegetable diet challenge. However, feeding the vegetable diet for three weeks reduced the growth rate of the salmon fry during the first feeding stimulus phase resulting in smaller fry compared to fish fed a marine diet at first feeding, and the lower fish size persisted through the subsequent phase when all fish were fed the marine diet (Clarkson et al. 2017 ). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether a stimulus phase of shorter duration could still induce beneficial programming effects without a negative effect on growth during this phase. However, salmon in the present study fed the vegetable diet for 1 or 2 weeks at first feeding also revealed lower body weights and SGR during the stimulus phase, indicating that shorter early nutritional interventions with vegetable (low marine ingredient) diets still impacted growth performance. Further details of the impacts of the V1 and V2 stimuli on growth performance and feed utilization of salmon in the present study have been reported and discussed elsewhere (McMillan et al. 2024 ). Although growth was impacted, the results of the current study differed from those found in the previous study (Clarkson et al. 2017 ), as growth performance in all treatment groups (V1, V2 and M) was comparable during both the marine and challenge phases. Indeed, although not statistically significant, growth performance data (weight gain and SGR) were numerically higher in V1 fish compared to M and V2 fish during both these phases while feed intakes were similar. The slightly better growth performance of V1 fish suggested that the one-week stimulus might have had a potential positive effect on growth during the challenge phase. However, such a direct comparison between the two studies may not be entirely valid as both the fish, and the raw material basket used to produce the diets, are not identical and so factors other than stimulus duration can also influence outcomes. However, it has been suggested that nutritional memory is able to alter the plasticity of organ physiology such as olfaction, which is believed to be important for guiding feeding behavior in salmonids (Hara 2006 ). Early exposure to the vegetable-based diet may alter transcriptional or physiological characteristics and trigger olfaction imprinting to adapt the fish to this diet (Balasubramanian et al. 2016 ), leading to a better acceptance of the diet later in the growth cycle and, consequently, improve growth. The lipid and fatty acid compositions of whole fish at the end of stimulus phase indicated biochemical impacts of the early dietary intervention. While there were no differences in lipid level between the three treatment groups, fatty acid compositions showed clear differences due to duration of the stimulus phase. Therefore, the one-week stimulus induced only minor changes in fatty acid composition of total lipid of whole fish with the only differences being lower EPA and n-3 PUFA:n-6 PUFA ratio in V1 fish compared to M fish. However, with the two-week stimulus, the differences in fatty acid compositions were considerable with proportions of all n-3 PUFA reduced and all n-6 PUFA increased in the V2 fish compared to M fish. These changes were, of course, the expected response to the intake of the vegetable-based diet, but it was clear that, while they were occurring by one week, they took two-weeks to develop fully. Similar to the end of the stimulus phase, lipid contents after the challenge phase showed no differences in any tissue between the three treatment groups. However, histological examination of the liver revealed that the level of lipid vacuoles was higher in V2 fish that had the longer duration of stimulus. In liver, PPARα is a nuclear receptor regulating fatty acid oxidation and transport through target genes including CPT1 as the key rate-limiting enzyme of β-oxidation in mitochondria (Song et al. 2010 ). In the present study, both pparα and cpt1 (and aco ) showed the same pattern of lower expression in liver of V2 fish than M fish at the end of the challenge phase, which was consistent with the two-week stimulus affecting liver lipid metabolism via a mechanism involving pparα and cpt1. In contrast to pparα , expression of pparγ was downregulated significantly in both V1 and V2 fish at the end of challenge phase, and in V2 fish only at the end of marine phase compared to M fish. Regulation of this nuclear receptor in liver can be influenced by gut microbiota driven by a change in diet (Murakami et al. 2016 ). In the present study, the stimulus V diet was found to have a sustained influence on the gut microbiota of V2 fish throughout the trial, especially at the end of marine phase, although, unfortunately, this was not studied in V1 fish (Tawfik et al. 2024 ). Higher hepatic intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization at the end of challenge could be related to the extended length of time that pparγ was downregulated. However, while the lower expression of these genes in V2 fish was associated with higher hepatic intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization, liver lipid content was unexpectedly not statistically different among treatment groups, suggesting a longer challenge period may be required for more apparent biochemical changes to occur. Of course, the nutritional factors/nutrients that the present study focused on were n-3 LC-PUFA and so fatty acid composition, specifically EPA and DHA content, was a key indicator of success of nutritional programming and the effect of duration of stimulus. The aim of nutritional programming in this respect being to mitigate the negative effects of reduced n-3 LC-PUFA in low-marine diets. As the fatty acid composition of PL is more conserved, reflecting the roles of PL in physiological and metabolic functions, compared to the composition of TL that more reflects the diet (Bell et al. 1996 ; Betancor et al. 2014 ), we hypothesized that the fatty acid compositions of PL and TL would reflect this functional difference and respond differently to nutritional programming. However, the fatty acid compositions at the end of the challenge phase showed no significant differences between the V1, V2 and M treatment groups in either TL or PL in any of the analyzed tissues. Therefore, the fatty acid composition data alone could neither indicate the ideal stimulus duration, nor if the fish from V1 and V2 were programmed. Nevertheless, in contrast, it was notable that many significant differences were detected in gene expression in liver. Comparison of liver fatty acid composition between the marine and challenge phases showed a marked increase in ARA content after challenge than before (5% vs . 2%) while dietary ARA during challenge phase was only round 0.1%. So, the accumulation of ARA was likely due largely to endogenous biosynthesis from the abundant LA in the V diet, which was supported by the significantly increased level of 20:3n-6 intermediate, indicating activation of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway as reported previously (Izquierdo et al. 2008 ; Tocher et al. 2002 , 2003 ). Furthermore, diets low in EPA and DHA have been shown previously to induce greater deposition of ARA and 20:3n-6 in PL of liver and other tissues in Atlantic salmon (Bou et al. 2017 ). However, as indicated above, there were no differences in ARA level after challenge between treatments despite expression levels of fads and elovls being higher in V1 compared to M fish, with V2 similar to M fish. The result for V1 fish was consistent with the study of Turkmen et al. ( 2020 ) who demonstrated increased expression of ∆6 fads in offspring when broodstock were programmed by a high ALA and LA diet. It is not clear why the expression of the fads and elovl genes were reduced in V2 fish with longer exposure to the V diet at first feeding than the V1 fish. Expression of the LC-PUFA genes in liver reported here were different to expression levels in pyloric caeca of fish in the same trial reported previously, which showed a trend for lower expression in V1 compared to V2 fish, although all V fish showed lower expression than M fish (McMillan et al. 2024 ). This suggests that dietary stimuli may have differential impacts in different tissue depending upon functional roles, which is entirely logical. The expression levels of fads and elovl in liver were, as expected, in line with expression levels lxr and srebp , which was as expected, because srebp is the target gene of lxr . Both genes are sensors of fatty acid metabolism balance (Horton et al. 2003 ; Tobin et al. 2002 ), and are involved in PUFA desaturation and elongation through transcriptional regulation of ∆6, ∆5 fads (Matsuzaka et al. 2002 ; Zheng et al. 2009 ) and elovl5 (Moon et al. 2009 ; Qin et al. 2009 ). In this respect how nutritional programming could affect LC-PUFA biosynthesis is interesting, with the precise mechanism potentially involving modification of either fads and elovl directly, or via their regulatory upstream genes, or both. Previously, epigenetic changes were reported in the fads2 gene with methylation in the promoter in offspring being correlated with the parental diet in gilthead sea bream (Turkmen et al. 2019 ). Histological analysis of intestine, as the key organ of nutrient digestion and absorption, at gthe end of the challenge phase also displayed differences due to dietary treatment during the stimulus phase that may suggest nutritional programming. Salmon subjected to the V diet stimulus, especially for one week (V1 fish), showed thicker intestinal muscular than M fish at the end of the challenge phase. Thickness of intestinal circular muscle is a physiological parameter used to assess intestinal health and nutrient absorption, as increased thickness can expand the absorptive area, increase digestion and absorption and, thus, improve nutrient utilization, as observed in mandarin fish ( Siniperca chuatsi ) (Wang et al. 2024 ). Previous research demonstrated that replacement of 50–70% of FM by soybean meal decreased the muscular layer thickness in intestine of Japanese sea bass ( Lateolabrax japonicus ) (Zhang et al. 2018 ). Therefore, in the present study, application of the low marine (V) diet in the challenge phase did not negatively affect intestinal muscle thickness but actually increased it in V fish compared to M fish. This difference can only be attributed to the one difference between the different fish groups, namely the early application of the low marine V diet to V1 and V2 fish in the stimulus phase. Thus, this appears to support the theory of nutritional programming to prepare the animals for future dietary changes. Similarly, the density of goblet cells was lower in the intestine of V1 fish compared to M fish. Goblet cells are specialized columnar epithelial cells that, while being intimately involved in digestion, also provide innate protection against chemical substances though the secretion of mucin as a barrier layer, and cytokines that activate intestinal immunity (Kim and Ho 2010 ; Deplancke and Gaskins 2001 ). Previous studies showed that plant-based diets reduced goblet cell numbers and mucus production in Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout and Nile tilapia (Navarrete et al. 2013 ; Obirikorang et al. 2020 ; Venold et al. 2012 ). Therefore, goblet density is associated positively with intestinal health, immune response and nutrient digestion and, therefore, the lower density of goblet cells in V1 fish compared to M fish in the present study suggested weaker mucus protection in intestine and potentially increased susceptibility to bacterial disease. This implied that the intestinal impacts of the V diet at stimulus may be a double-edged sword, positively improving digestion, but negatively affecting intestinal immune status. While the above discussion has highlighted that the different diets (V and M) applied briefly at first feeding resulted in differences in intestinal structure and liver gene expression when fish were subsequently challenged with the V diet, it is acknowledged that the primary aim of the study, to determine the impact of duration of the first feeding stimulus was difficult to confirm. At first feeding, 1 week of the V diet had only minor effects on the fatty acid composition of the fry while 2 weeks had a major impact, highlighted and emphasised clearly by PCA. Assuming that physiological consequences of the dietary intervention would have to be based on impacts on fatty acid compositions, this would suggest that 1-week (V1) might not be sufficient to induce nutritional programming, and that at least 2-weeks would be required. However, the impacts of the dietary stimulus on the intestine do not fully support this as intestinal histology was also more impacted in V1 fish than V2 fish, albeit the effects were both potentially positive and negative. Liver gene expression also tended to suggest a better outcome in V1 fish, although the effects were similarly complicated. Overall, although the expression levels of many lipid-related genes in liver were consistently lower in V2 fish compared to V1 fish in the challenge phase, and levels in V1 fish were generally similar to those in M fish, this was not the case for specifically the LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes, where expression was highest in V1 fish. However, there were no differences in tissue fatty acid compositions between V1 or V2 or M fish at the end of the challenge phase and, therefore, no conclusive data to support either duration. However, although differences in EPA and DHA retention between M and V fish were reported in both our previous study (Clarkson et al. 2017 ) and the present study (McMillan et al. 2024 ), this was not reflected at the phenotypic level in the fish or tissue fatty acid compositions in either study. Therefore, the fact that many signs of nutritional programming over two studies have not been reflected in fatty acid compositions may suggest that the challenge phase (6 weeks) may not be of sufficient duration. Typically, fish feeding trials would be assessed after 8–12 weeks albeit this varies with the size of the fish (Turchini and Hardy 2024 ), but a 3-fold increase in growth is recommended (NRC 2011). In the present study, while growth over the entire trial far exceeded this, growth over the challenge phase was only 2-fold (McMillan et al. 2024 ). Furthermore, it is well-established that changes in the fatty acid profile of fish following changes in diet fatty acid composition essentially follow a dilution model (Jobling 2003 , 2004 ; Robin et al. 2003 ). These models have been tested in fish including salmon with switches from FO to VO diets and show that dilution is the predominant driver of the resultant fish fatty acid profile over long periods of up to 14-weeks depending upon the size of the fish (Jobling 2003 , 2004 ). Thus, in the present study, low EPA and DHA and high ALA and LA dominate the dietary fatty acid changes when switched from the marine M diet to the vegetable V diet, and dilution of EPA and DHA will be the dominant driver of their tissue levels in fish, masking the genetically-driven molecular/biochemical responses. In conclusion, the present study sought to provide insight into whether the duration of an early dietary stimulus significantly impacted nutritional programming. Despite few phenotypic data to support programming, liver gene expression and liver and intestinal histology showed that diet composition at first feeding and the duration of the stimulus had measurable impacts. On balance, the data may suggest that the V1 salmon were better adapted to plant-based diets than V2 fish as, after challenge, genes encoding LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes were upregulated in V1 fish compared to V2 fish. Furthermore, changes in intestine suggested fish that experienced the one-week stimulus may have better potential in nutrient absorption, although may also have weakened immune status. Considering the lack of phenotypic effects observed after the 6-week challenge phase, it is suggested that future studies in salmon investigating nutritional programming for fatty acid utilization at first feeding should include a longer challenge phase to aid assessment. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional programming including the epigenome of regulatory and target genes require further in-depth study. Abbreviations ALA α-linolenic acid (18:3n-3) ANF antinutritional factor ARA arachidonic acid (20:4n-6) DD degree-days DHA docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3) EFA essential fatty acid EPA eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n − 3) ∆6 FAD delta-6-desaturase FAME fatty acid methyl ester FM fishmeal FO fish oil GOI genes of interest LA linoleic acid (18:2n-6) LC-PUFA long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids M marine diet MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid PL polar lipid SGR specific growth rate TAG triacylglycerol TL total lipid V1 plant-based diet for 1 weeks V2 plant-based diet for 2 weeks. Declarations Ethics approval All procedures and protocols carried out in the present study were subjected to an ethics review by the University of Stirling Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board and approved (AWERB No: 18 19/045/New ASPA) prior to the commencement of the study. Competing Interests The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest. Funding This project was funded by a UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [grant no. BB/R018812/1]. Author contributions Conceptualization : Mónica B. Betancor, Douglas R Tocher; Methodology : Xu Gong, Matthew Sprague, Sam A. M. Martin, Douglas R Tocher, Mónica B. Betancor; Data Curation : Xu Gong, Stuart McMillan, Pedro Gómez Requeni; Formal analysis : Xu Gong, Matthew Sprague, Stuart McMillan; Writing – Original Draft : Xu Gong; Funding acquisition : Sam A. M. Martin, Douglas R Tocher; Resources : Stuart McMillan, Pedro Gómez Requeni, Fernando Norambuena; Supervision : Matthew Sprague, Stuart McMillan, Douglas R Tocher, Mónica B. Betancor. The authors confirm that the manuscript has not been published before and has been read and approved. Acknowledgement This project was funded by a UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [grant no. BB/R018812/1]. 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Mol Cell Endocrinol 325:54-63 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2010.05.019 Sprague M, Dick JR, Tocher DR (2016) Impact of sustainable feeds on omega-3 long-chain fatty acid levels in farmed Atlantic salmon, 2006–2015. Sci Rep 6:21892 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep21892 Sprague M, Gong X, Betancor MB, Olsen RE, Torrissen O, Glencross BD, Tocher DR (2019) Endogenous production of n-3 long-chain PUFA from first feeding and the influence of dietary linoleic acid and the α-linolenic:linoleic ratio in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Br J Nutr 122:1091-1102 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114519001946 Tawfik M, Lorgen-Ritchie M, Krol E, McMillan S, Norambuena F, Bolnick D, Douglas A, Tocher D, Betancor M, Martin S (2024) Modulation of gut microbiota composition and predicted metabolic capacity after nutritional programming with a plant-rich diet in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ): insights across developmental stages. Anim Microbiome 6(1): 38 https://doi.org/10.1186/s42523-024-00321-8 Tobin KAR, Ulven SM, Schuster GU, Steineger HH, Andresen SM, Gustafsson JA, Nebb HI (2002) Liver X receptors as insulin-mediating factors in fatty acid and cholesterol biosynthesis. J Biol Chem 277:10691-10697 https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M109771200 Tocher DR (2003) Metabolism and functions of lipids and fatty acids in teleost fish. Rev. Fisheries Sci. 11, 107-184 https://doi.org/10.1080/713610925 Tocher DR (2010) Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquacult Res 41:717-732 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.x Tocher DR (2015) Omega-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and aquaculture in perspective. Aquaculture 449:94-107 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2015.01.010 Tocher DR, Harvie DG (1988) Fatty acid compositions of the major phosphoglycerides from fish neural tissues; (n-3) and (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids in rainbow trout ( Salmo gairdneri ) and cod ( Gadus morhua ) brains and retinas. Fish Physiol Biochem 5:229-239 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01874800 Tocher DR, Bell JG, McGhee F, Dick JR, Fonseca-Madrigal J (2003) Effects of dietary lipid level and vegetable oil on fatty acid metabolism in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) over the whole production cycle. Fish Physiol Biochem 29:193-209 https://doi.org/10.1023/B:FISH.0000045722.44186.ee Tocher DR, Fonseca-Madrigal J, Bell JG, Dick JR, Henderson RJ, Sargent JR (2002) Effects of diets containing linseed oil on fatty acid desaturation and oxidation in hepatocytes and intestinal enterocytes in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ). Fish Physiol Biochem 26:157-170 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025416731014 Turchini, G.M., Hardy, R.W., 2024. Research in aquaculture nutrition: What makes an experimental feeding trial successful? Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture :1-9 https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2024.2413672 Turchini GM, Ng W-K, Tocher DR (2011) Fish Oil Replacement and Alternative Lipid Sources in Aquaculture Feeds. CRC Press, p.533 Turkmen S, Zamorano MJ, Fernández-Palacios H, Hernández-Cruz CM, Montero D, Robaina L, Izquierdo M (2017) Parental nutritional programming and a reminder during juvenile stage affect growth, lipid metabolism and utilisation in later developmental stages of a marine teleost, the gilthead sea bream ( Sparus aurata ). Br J Nutr 118:500-512 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114517002434 Turkmen S, Perera E, Zamorano MJ, Simó-Mirabet P, Xu H, Pérez-Sánchez J, Izquierdo M (2019) Effects of dietary lipid composition and fatty acid desaturase 2 expression in broodstock gilthead sea bream on lipid metabolism-related genes and methylation of the fads2 gene promoter in their offspring. Int J Mol Sci 20:6250 https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20246250 Turkmen S, Zamorano MJ, Xu H, Fernández-Palacios H, Robaina L, Kaushik S, Izquierdo M (2020) Parental LC-PUFA biosynthesis capacity and nutritional intervention with alpha-linolenic acid affect performance of Sparus aurata progeny. J Exp Biol 223:jeb214999 https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.214999 Vagner M, Robin JH, Zambonino-Infante JL, Tocher DR, Person-Le Ruyet J (2009) Ontogenic effects of early feeding of sea bass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) larvae with a range of dietary n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid levels on the functioning of polyunsaturated fatty acid desaturation pathways. Br J Nutr 101:1452–1462 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114508088053 Venold FF, Penn MH, Krogdahl Å, Overturf K (2012) Severity of soybean meal induced distal intestinal inflammation, enterocyte proliferation rate, and fatty acid binding protein (Fabp2) level differ between strains of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Aquaculture 364:281-292 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2012.08.035 Vera LM, Metochis C, Taylor JF, Clarkson M, Skjaerven KH, Migaud H, Tocher DR (2017) Early nutritional programming affects liver transcriptome in diploid and triploid Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar . BMC Genomics 18:886 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-017-4264-7 Wang J, Hao Y, Zhang L, Gao X, Xu Y, Wang J, Hanafiah F, Khor W, Sun Y, Wu C (2024) Profiling the gut structure and microbiota, and identifying two dominant bacteria belonging to the Weissella genus in mandarin fish ( Siniperca chuatsi ) fed an artificial diet. Front Microbiol 15:1486501 https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2024.1486501 Xu H, Ferosekhan S, Turkmen S, Afonso JM, Zamorano MJ, Izquierdo M (2021) High broodstock fads2 expression combined with nutritional programming through broodstock diet improves the use of low fishmeal and low fish oil diets in gilthead seabream ( Sparus aurata ) progeny. Aquaculture 535:736321 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2020.736321 Zhang C, Rahimnejad S, Wang YR, Lu K, Song K, Wang L, Mai K (2018) Substituting fish meal with soybean meal in diets for Japanese seabass ( Lateolabrax japonicus ): Effects on growth, digestive enzymes activity, gut histology, and expression of gut inflammatory and transporter genes. Aquaculture 483:173-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.029 Zheng X, Leaver MJ, Tocher DR (2009) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in fish: Comparative analysis of Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar L.) and Atlantic cod ( Gadus morhua L.) Δ6 fatty acyl desaturase gene promoters. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B: Biochem Mol Biol 154:255-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.06.010 Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Supplementary Files OnlineResource.pdf Cite Share Download PDF Status: Published Journal Publication published 17 Feb, 2026 Read the published version in Fish Physiology and Biochemistry → Version 1 posted Editorial decision: Revision requested 22 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 22 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 22 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 04 Apr, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 03 Apr, 2025 Reviews received at journal 27 Mar, 2025 Reviewers agreed at journal 24 Mar, 2025 Reviewers invited by journal 21 Mar, 2025 Editor assigned by journal 21 Mar, 2025 Submission checks completed at journal 20 Mar, 2025 First submitted to journal 18 Mar, 2025 You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6254901","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":434958702,"identity":"484a8216-fde3-4639-acda-73fe6f59120d","order_by":0,"name":"Xu Gong","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Stirling","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Xu","middleName":"","lastName":"Gong","suffix":""},{"id":434958703,"identity":"563c7803-467d-4d2e-adf9-eb5556ca7a77","order_by":1,"name":"Matthew Sprague","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Stirling","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Matthew","middleName":"","lastName":"Sprague","suffix":""},{"id":434958705,"identity":"e19b1991-b58d-4c3a-a121-dfe1d1a9d1cc","order_by":2,"name":"Stuart McMillan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Stirling","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Stuart","middleName":"","lastName":"McMillan","suffix":""},{"id":434958706,"identity":"e3e1de9c-2150-4cef-873b-b085d53a0177","order_by":3,"name":"Pedro Gómez Requeni","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"BioMar A/S","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Pedro","middleName":"Gómez","lastName":"Requeni","suffix":""},{"id":434958708,"identity":"6b99d814-cc1b-4a06-b331-78303df4c9d8","order_by":4,"name":"Fernando Norambuena","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"BioMar (Norway)","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Fernando","middleName":"","lastName":"Norambuena","suffix":""},{"id":434958709,"identity":"0bf91fab-db71-43c7-941f-9db093646b00","order_by":5,"name":"Sam A M Martin","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Aberdeen","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Sam","middleName":"A M","lastName":"Martin","suffix":""},{"id":434958710,"identity":"71473cfe-3cb8-4efe-98da-e6168e2f74e5","order_by":6,"name":"Douglas R Tocher","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"University of Stirling","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Douglas","middleName":"R","lastName":"Tocher","suffix":""},{"id":434958711,"identity":"66027c71-cbee-45e1-904b-310c98fecf56","order_by":7,"name":"Mónica B Betancor","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA5UlEQVRIiWNgGAWjYFACHgZmOPsDiAsBCYS0GICZjDMYDEjUwswDZeDVotvAe4C5oOKPvDn74WOfbf78kTFvYH74gbEtDacWswN8CcwzzhgY7uxJS56d22bAI3OAzViCsS0HjxYeA2beNgPGDTd4jJlzGwx4JICCDIxtFQS0/DOwB2ux+APSwv6NCC0NBolgLQxsIC08IFvwOOwwX8LhGceMkzecSUtm7G0z5pFg5imWSDiHx/vHew8+LqiRs91w/PBhhh9/5Owl2Ns3fvhQloxTCyhSDmCI4I3IUTAKRsEoGAWEAQB94EW7T2+BtQAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"University of Stirling","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Mónica","middleName":"B","lastName":"Betancor","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-03-18 16:08:07","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6254901/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6254901/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[{"content":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-026-01639-7","type":"published","date":"2026-02-17T15:59:43+00:00"}],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":79565338,"identity":"30788441-ecd1-42a4-b895-54765d885c53","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:24:22","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":14402,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eDesign of the dietary feeding trial. S1 (sample point 1), end of stimulus; S2, end of the marine phase; S3, end of the challenge phase\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/6f65871bd5a4cd281d287c15.png"},{"id":79565339,"identity":"4f46a7af-f9e8-43c8-99c5-ca439757745b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:24:22","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":36030,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eThe proportions of total polar lipids and triacylglycerol of Atlantic salmon tissues among groups at end of the marine phase (a) and after the challenge phase (b). Data are means of three replicates (n = 3), with standard deviation represented by vertical bars. There were no significant differences between dietary groups within each tissue at either timepoint\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/815eef100ffe5531ca340fb6.png"},{"id":79565341,"identity":"07c8f95b-eca8-45f6-84a9-d474e7906450","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:24:22","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":47369,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePrincipal component analysis (PCA) plot based on logarithmically transformed fatty acid compositions of whole fish (V1, V2 and M groups) at the end of the stimulus phase, and the marine and vegetable (stimulus) diets used at first feeding\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/d13d880c92d5c3df82295215.png"},{"id":79567420,"identity":"3612f1f7-5a78-4f07-829d-3681dc690dff","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:48:22","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":32399,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative expression levels of genes of long-chain PUFA biosynthesis, in liver of Atlantic salmon. Columns represent mean values (n = 6) for the three dietary groups with standard deviation represented by vertical bars. Data are presented as normalised expression ratios with levels expressed relative to expression in the M group, which was set at 1. Lowercase letters above bars denote significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05) among dietary groups for expression of each gene at the end of the marine (S2) or challenge (S3) phases\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig41.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/d26dae732c3a53f6740c6070.png"},{"id":79566894,"identity":"7d7300cb-1c47-45d1-a3cf-259e720a59d2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:40:22","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":15732,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative expression levels of genes of transcription factors in liver of Atlantic salmon. Columns represent mean values (n = 6) for the three dietary groups with standard deviation represented by vertical bars. Data are presented as normalised expression ratios with levels expressed relative to expression in the M group, which was set at 1. Lowercase letters above bars denote significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05) among dietary groups for expression of each gene at the end of the marine (S2) or challenge (S3) phases\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig51.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/876ca5b1944d634d0cb4d408.png"},{"id":79565344,"identity":"2c8dccde-0c32-4b56-bae1-c57e9d0b0386","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:24:22","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":25651,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eRelative expression levels of genes of lipid metabolism in liver of Atlantic salmon. Columns represent mean values (n = 6) for the three dietary groups with standard deviation represented by vertical bars. Data are presented as normalised expression ratios with levels expressed relative to expression in the M group, which was set at 1. Lowercase letters above bars denote significant differences (p \u0026lt; 0.05) among dietary groups for expression of each gene at the end of the marine (S2) or challenge (S3) phases\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig61.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/0600c17aeb79dd6e187f1057.png"},{"id":79565345,"identity":"94dff100-2f40-4d5c-a3cc-85085166a96c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:24:22","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"Figure 7","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":26401,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHeatmap showing the expression levels in liver of fourteen target genes at the end of the challenge phase. Levels in the V1 and V2 groups were expressed relative to expression in the M group (set at 1), with columns representing mean values (n = 6) for the two groups subjected to the V diet stimulus at first feeding, with each row representing an individual gene. Mean relative expression levels are depicted by a colour scale, indicating low (green), neutral (black) or high (red) relative expression levels, as indicated by the colour bar on the right\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"Fig71.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/a0eb43e6fd7521c0d53f6e79.png"},{"id":103251236,"identity":"386c3daa-f763-4e8b-8877-c313478ff6da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-02-23 16:06:50","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":2257302,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/f49a5432-e8f0-4aec-a567-398a6021ac79.pdf"},{"id":79565347,"identity":"75ca577c-82fb-45c4-a916-eae77997585a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-03-31 09:24:22","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"supplement","size":1027043,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"OnlineResource.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6254901/v1/a4cac4dcfb6bd6356ec5c672.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Effects of duration of a plant-based diet stimulus at first feeding on nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe ingredients used traditionally in aquafeeds, fish oil (FO) and fishmeal (FM), are finite marine resources (Hodar et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Xu et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2021\u003c/span\u003e), which are being replaced substantially by a range of alternatives derived from algae, animal, insect and single-cell sources and, in particular, plant (crop) products. However, studies on FM and FO replacement in different teleost species have reported negative effects on fish growth and health performance (Turchini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e). The efficiency of application of plant-based ingredients can be restricted by several factors, such as the presence of anti-nutritional factors, and digestibility issues related to carbohydrate contents, especially in carnivorous fish species (Gatlin III \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2007; Glencross et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, while vegetable oils (VO) can have a varied fatty acid profile, they are characteristically rich in oleic acid (18:1n-9), linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) and/or α-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3), but lack the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), arachidonic (ARA; 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic (EPA; 20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic (DHA; 22:6n-3) acids (Turchini et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2011\u003c/span\u003e) that have essential functional roles in cell membrane structure, metabolic regulation, inflammatory and immune responses, and neural system development (Tocher \u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). This is of concern as marine fish are generally not capable of endogenous production of EPA and DHA, and ARA from ALA and LA precursors, respectively, and thus ALA and LA cannot satisfy their essential fatty acid (EFA) requirements (Bell and Tocher \u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Tocher \u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, although salmonids like Atlantic salmon (\u003cem\u003eSalmo salar\u003c/em\u003e) can biosynthesize LC-PUFA, additional EPA and DHA are required in the diet for optimum growth and health (Sprague et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e; Lufti \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. 2022). This parallels exactly the situation in humans who can also biosynthesize low levels of EPA and DHA, but where dietary \u0026ldquo;omega-3\u0026rdquo; LC-PUFA have many, well established, health benefits (Calder \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Despite major progress in the application of plant-based feeds for salmon, the potential negative effects on growth, feed efficiency and, especially, health remain a challenge (Herman and Schmidt \u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), as well as the deleterious impact on nutritional quality for human consumers in terms of reduced EPA and DHA levels in flesh (Sprague et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eStudies found that long-term adaptations in metabolism and physiology, stimulated by specific events and driven by mechanisms like epigenetic modifications, may occur in mammals during critical early developmental stages such as gestation and lactation (Gluckman et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2005\u003c/span\u003e; Lucas \u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1998\u003c/span\u003e; Patel and Srinivasan \u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e). More specifically, if the event is a dietary or nutrient-based stimulus, the phenomenon has been termed \u0026ldquo;nutritional programming\u0026rdquo;. For example, research in rodents indicated that a maternal low-protein diet during pregnancy led to reduced adipocyte cell size in offspring, which was associated with elevated lipolysis (Ferland-McCollough et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, offspring were more likely to suffer obesity or metabolic syndromes if females were over-nourished by a high-fat diet during pregnancy or lactation in rats (Kirk et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). Also, a maternal high saturated fatty acid diet reduced the biosynthesis of n-3 LC-PUFA in offspring when they were fed ALA and LA diets (Kelsall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). The authors suggested that a high fat/high saturated fatty acid diet decreased the expression of the \u003cem\u003eFADS2\u003c/em\u003e gene (Kelsall et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e), which encodes delta-6-desaturase (∆6 FAD) enzyme, the rate-limiting enzyme of LC-PUFA biosynthesis (Cho et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1999\u003c/span\u003e), by epigenetic modifications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutritional programming in early development stages can also be applied to improve nutritional utilization, health, and disease resistance of future life stages (Rodr\u0026iacute;guez-Gonz\u0026aacute;lez et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, nutritional programming can improve diet efficiency and nutrient biosynthesis/retention when offspring are challenged with similar nutritional environments in later life stages (Lillycrop and Burdge \u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e; Petry et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). In aquaculture, several studies have demonstrated that nutritional programming can confer beneficial effects. For example, after an acute nutritional stimulus with plant-based diets, rainbow trout (\u003cem\u003eOncorhynchus mykiss\u003c/em\u003e) fry showed better growth, feed intake, feed efficiency and carbohydrate digestion when challenged by a similar diet later in life (Geurden et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e). Moreover, nutritional programming improved the utilization of plant-based diets in gilthead sea bream (\u003cem\u003eSparus aurata\u003c/em\u003e), with partial replacement of FO by VO in the parental diet inducing long-term molecular impacts on n-3 LC-PUFA and energy metabolism in liver of offspring (Izquierdo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Turkmen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Liver is the most active metabolic tissue in fish species with respect to lipid metabolism, including LC-PUFA synthesis, and changes in dietary fatty acid composition can induce important transcriptional responses in the genes encoding the endogenous biosynthesis of EPA and DHA from ALA (Betancor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Monroig et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In gilthead sea bream, ∆6 \u003cem\u003efads2\u003c/em\u003e was implicated in nutritional programming as its expression was higher in broodstock fed an ALA-rich diet compared to a FO diet, and growth was higher and the utilization of a low LC-PUFA diet was improved in offspring from broodstock fed the ALA-rich diet that showed higher expression of ∆6 \u003cem\u003efads2\u003c/em\u003e (Turkmen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e). However, it was unclear how nutritional programming specifically affected the interaction between LC-PUFA biosynthesis and tissue fatty acid profiles. In particular, the impact of nutritional programming on tissue polar lipids (PL) that have critical roles in cell membrane structure and function, is largely unstudied. However, changes to fatty acid compositions of PL will have potentially important functional effects and may be a key factor in nutritional programming when the stimulus used is a change in dietary fatty acid composition. Therefore, a thorough evaluation of how gene expression and LC-PUFA contents of tissue PL are altered merits study and may provide useful information to assess the potential applications of nutritional programming.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our previous study in Atlantic salmon, a diet with low n-3 LC-PUFA (EPA and DHA) was applied over a three-week stimulus period from first feeding, and the potential of nutritional programming to increase nutrient utilization efficiency determined in older fish (15\u0026ndash;20 g) challenged with a similar plant-based diet (Clarkson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Although the concept was clearly demonstrated, the 3-week feeding stimulus also resulted in a significant weight difference between fish fed the marine (control) and vegetable (stimulus) diets at the end of the stimulus phase. Thus, the specific aims of the present study were 1) to determine if nutritional programming could be triggered by a shorter (one or two week) stimulus period; 2) to assess whether nutritional responses were affected by the duration of the stimulus; and 3) to evaluate whether capacity for the biosynthesis of EPA and DHA during the challenge phase was affected by the duration of stimulus. Consequently, lipid profiles together with selected molecular markers and histological evaluation of different tissues at key points during the nutritional trial were determined to assess nutritional programming as a potential strategy to partially mitigate problems encountered with the replacement of marine ingredients in aquafeeds, reduce the impact of the limited global supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, and promote the sustainability of aquaculture.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Materials and methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics statement\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e Animals were handled in accordance with the Animals Scientific Procedures Act 1986 (Home Office Code of Practice. HMSO: London January 1997) and in accordance with European Directive 2010/63/EU. In addition, all procedures and protocols carried out in the present study were subjected to an ethics review by the University of Stirling Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board and approved (AWERB No: 18 19/045/New ASPA) prior to the commencement of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eDietary trial\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAtlantic salmon eggs (388 degree-days [DD] post-fertilization) were obtained from Mowi (Scotland, UK) and transferred to the Niall Bromage Freshwater Research Unit (NBFRU) at the Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling. Eggs hatched after 500 DD with the fish remaining in the alevin stage for a further 350 DD. The incubation temperature was 7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u0026deg;C. At 850 DD, when salmon reached the fry stage with a 97.7% survival rate, 2700 fish were distributed into 9 \u0026times; 0.3 m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e tanks (300 fry per tank) for the nutritional trial, which started at first feeding (initial weight approx. 0.15 g) and continued for 24 weeks. Two experimental feeds were manufactured by BioMar A/S (TechCentre, Brande, Denmark) following formulations that included some mixed ingredients as is standard practice within commercial feed production (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). The marine diet (M) contained FM and FO as the main protein and lipid sources, respectively, whereas the vegetable diet (V) was based primarily on terrestrial plant meals and VO. The fatty acid compositions of the diets are shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The feeds were prepared at different pellet sizes (0.5 mm, 0.8 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.5 mm and 2.0 mm) as required for the increasing size of fish during the trial (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e). At first feeding, three tanks of fish (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3) were allocated to each of the three experimental groups termed V1, V2 and M as illustrated in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. The V1 and V2 groups were fed the vegetable-based diet for either one week (V1) or 2 weeks (V2), after which they were transferred on to the marine diet, while the third group (M) was fed the marine diet for both weeks, with this initial period termed the \u0026ldquo;stimulus phase\u0026rdquo;. All fish were then fed the marine M diet until the end of week 16 (termed the intermediate/marine phase) at which point all groups were transferred back to a vegetable-based V diet as a challenge for a further 6 weeks (termed the challenge phase). The feeds were provided to fish by automatic feeders (Arvo-tec TD2000, Huutokoski, Finland) combined with user interface (ArvoPRO) to ensure the acquisition of accurate data for feed provided to the tanks. Uneaten feed was collected twice a day after daily feeding using a syphon pipe with filter, before drying to enable accurate calculation of actual feed intake. The trial was carried out in tanks that were part of a single Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS) at NBFRU. Water volume was 300 L per tank and water temperature was maintained at 13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u0026deg;C with a 24:0 light:dark regime. Oxygen level (86% saturation, 8\u0026ndash;9 mg/L), pH (7.16\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2), nitrogen NO\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003e (0.32\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2 mg/L), total ammonia nitrogen TAN (0.13\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.17 mg/L) and chloride (135.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;13.0 mg/L) were determined daily and controlled throughout the feeding trial.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIngredients (percentage) and analyzed proximate and fatty acid compositions (percentage of total fatty acids) of the experimental feeds.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"char\" char=\".\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulus phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarine phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenge phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0 mm\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFeed ingredients\u003c/em\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cem\u003e1\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e \u003cem\u003e(%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFishmeals\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e66.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eKrill meal (56%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish Peptones\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlant proteins (SPC, wheat \u0026amp; maize gluten, pea protein)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e70.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStarch sources\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFish oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVegetable oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u0026ndash;\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLecithin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePremixes (vits., minerals., AAs, nucl., antiox., yttrium)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eProximate Compositions\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDry matter (DM) (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e94.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e92.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e95.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eProtein (% DM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e60.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e52.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid (% DM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAsh (% DM)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGross energy (KJ/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFA composition (%)\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e2\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e3\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e45.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e55.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"char\" char=\".\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eMUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e For further details and sources see McMillan et al., \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 16:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 18:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, and 22:4n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e6\u003c/sup\u003e n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eSampling\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSamples were collected at three time points: S1, end of the stimulus (1- or 2-weeks as appropriate); S2, end of the marine phase; S3, end of the challenge phase. At all sampling points, fish were fasted for 24 h and euthanised with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222; 1000 mg/L in hydrogen carbonate-buffered solution), and sampled fish were bulk weighed per tank on an analytical balance. At S1, 40 fish per tank were sampled, pooled as one sample, frozen at -20 \u0026ordm;C, and immediately freeze-dried (Christ Alpha 1\u0026ndash;4 LSC; Osterode am Harz, Germany) prior to biochemical analyses. At the S2 and S3 sampling points, 11 individuals from each tank were selected randomly and liver and anterior intestine collected from six fish and divided into two portions, with one portion placed in 1.5 mL RNALater (Sigma, Poole, UK) and stored overnight at 4\u0026deg;C before freezing at -70\u0026deg;C prior to molecular analysis. The other portion was placed in 2 mL 4% buffered formalin for subsequent histological analysis. The other 5 sampled fish were dissected and liver, whole intestine, white muscle, gill, brain, and eye collected and placed immediately into liquid nitrogen and then stored at -70 \u0026ordm;C prior to biochemical analyses.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eLipid content, class composition and fatty acid analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e Total lipids (TL) of whole fish (S1) and tissues (S2 and S3), and feeds were extracted by homogenisation in 20 or 36 mL, respectively, of chloroform/methanol (2:1, v/v) using an Ultra-Turrax tissue disrupter (Fisher Scientific, Loughborough, UK) essentially according to Folch et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1957\u003c/span\u003e), and lipid content determined gravimetrically. The extracted TL was resuspended at a concentration of 10 mg/mL in chloroform/methanol (2:1) containing 0.01% (w/v) butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidant prior to further analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid classes were separated by high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) on 20 \u0026times; 10 cm plates (VWR, Lutterworth, UK) according to Henderson and Tocher (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1992\u003c/span\u003e). The mobile solvent phase consisting of methyl acetate/isopropanol/chloroform/ methanol/0.25% (w/v) potassium chloride (25:25:25:10:9, by vol.) was used for the separation of polar lipid classes by developing the solvent to approximately half-distance up the plate, with total neutral lipids running at the solvent front. After drying, the plate was then fully developed using mobile solvent phase consisting of isohexane/diethyl ether/glacial acetic acid (85:15:1.5, by vol.) for separation of neutral lipid classes. Lipid classes were visualised after spraying with 3% copper acetate and 8% phosphoric acid and placing in a drying oven at 160 \u0026ordm;C for 20 min. The plates were scanned by a TLC Scanner 3 (CAMAG, Muttenz, Switzerland) and data processed using the Wincat software package (CAMAG). Data were presented as relative proportions of triacylglycerol (TAG) and total polar lipids (sum of all polar lipid classes).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were prepared from TL by acid-catalysed transmethylation at 50 \u0026ordm;C for 16 h, and purified as described previously (Christie \u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Tocher and Harvie \u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1988\u003c/span\u003e). The FAME were separated and quantified by gas-liquid chromatography (Thermo Finnigan Trace GC, Thermo Scientific, Milan, Italy) equipped with a 30 m \u0026times; 0.32 mm i.d. \u0026times; 0.25 \u0026micro;m ZB-wax column (Phenomenex, Cheshire, UK), \u0026lsquo;on column\u0026rsquo; injection and flame ionisation detection. Hydrogen was used as the carrier gas at constant pressure (175 kPa) with the initial oven thermal gradient from 50 \u0026ordm;C to 150 \u0026ordm;C at 40 \u0026ordm;C.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, then 195 \u0026ordm;C at 2 \u0026ordm;C.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e, 205 \u0026ordm;C at 0.5 \u0026ordm;C.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e to a final temperature of 230 \u0026ordm;C at 40 \u0026ordm;C.min\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. Individual FAME were identified by comparison to an in-house marine fish oil (\u0026lsquo;Marinol\u0026rsquo;) standard and commercial standards (Restek 20-FAME Marine Oil Standard; Thames Restek UK Ltd., Buckinghamshire, UK). The data were collected and processed using Chromcard data system for Windows (Version 2.11; Thermo Fisher Scientific Inc.). Heptadecanoic acid (17:0) was used as internal standard to calculate fatty acid content per gram tissue.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eFor fatty acid compositions of total polar lipids (PL), lipid classes were first separated by TLC on 20 \u0026times; 20 cm plates (VWR, Lutterworth, UK) using the respective solvent phases described above. Individual polar lipid classes were identified by spraying plates with 0.1% (w/v) 2-7-dichlorofluorescein in 97% methanol (v/v), marked under UV light at 240 nm (UVP\u0026reg; Mineralight\u0026reg;R-52G; UVP Inc.) and the silica scraped and combined into a single tube (total PL) and subjected to direct methylation on the silica using acid-catalysed transmethylation as above. The total PL FAME were extracted and analyzed by GC under the same conditions detailed above.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMolecular analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eTotal RNA of liver of six individual fish per tank was extracted by homogenizing in 1 mL of TriReagent\u0026reg; according to the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s instructions (Sigma-Aldrich, Dorset, UK). The quantity, quality and concentration of RNA were determined by spectrophotometry (Nanodrop ND-1000; Labtech Int.), and RNA integrity was checked by 1% agarose gel electrophoresis. The liver RNA extracts from each tank were pooled into two samples (three livers per pool, six pools per dietary treatment, n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;6) and 2000 ng RNA used for cDNA synthesis with a random primer in a 20 \u0026micro;L reaction volume using a high-capacity reverse transcription kit following the manufacturer\u0026rsquo;s protocol (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). The synthesized cDNA was diluted 20-fold with milliQ water (Thermo Fisher Scientific).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eExpression levels of genes of interest (GOI) involved in key pathways including LC-PUFA biosynthesis (\u003cem\u003eelovl2\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eelovl5a\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eelovl5b\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003efads2d5\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003efads2d6\u003c/em\u003e), transcription factors (\u003cem\u003elxr\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eppara\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003epparg\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003esrebp1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003esrebp2\u003c/em\u003e) and lipid metabolism (\u003cem\u003eaco\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ecpt1\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003efas\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003ehmgcr\u003c/em\u003e) were determined by real-time quantitative PCR as described in detail by Betancor \u003cem\u003eet al\u003c/em\u003e. (2021). Results were normalized using reference housekeeping genes, elongation factor 1 alpha (\u003cem\u003eef1α\u003c/em\u003e), hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (\u003cem\u003ehprt\u003c/em\u003e) and ribosomal protein L2 (\u003cem\u003erpl2\u003c/em\u003e) that were identified as the most stable according to geNorm. Detailed information of GOI, housekeeping genes and primers are shown in Online Resource 1. The qPCR was performed using a qTower\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e G real-time PCR Thermal Cycler (Analytic Jena GmbH, Jena, Germany) in 96-well plates in duplicate 10 \u0026micro;L reaction volumes containing 5 \u0026micro;L of Luminaris Color Higreen RT-PCR master mix kit (Thermo Scientific, Hemel Hempstead, UK), 1.0 \u0026micro;L of primers of GOI, 1.5 \u0026micro;L of molecular biology grade water and 2.5 \u0026micro;L of cDNA. For housekeeping genes, 1 \u0026micro;L of cDNA and 3 \u0026micro;L of molecular biology grade water were used. A negative control without cDNA (no template control) was used to ensure no contaminant was present in the master mix. Standard amplification parameters contained a DNase pre-treatment at 50\u0026deg;C for 2 min, an initial activation step at 95\u0026deg;C for 10 min, followed by thirty-five cycles: 15 s at 95\u0026deg;C, 30 s at the annealing Tm and 30 s at 72\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistological analyses\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eLiver and anterior intestine samples were rinsed in water and fixed in 4% buffered neutral-formaldehyde using a Shandon Citadel 2000 Automatic Tissue Processor (Thermo Scientific, Basingstoke, UK), and then embedded into paraffin blocks (Histo-embedder, Jung, Leica, Germany). Tissue was sectioned in 5 \u0026micro;m thickness wax slices, and all slides stained with Haematoxylin-Eosin, while intestine samples were also stained with Alcian Blue/Periodic Acid Schiff (ABPAS) for acidic and neutral goblet cells. Slides were scanned (Axio Scan.Z1 slide scanner; ZEISS, Cambridge, UK) and the digital images analyzed using Qupath v0.3.0 (Bankhead et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and ImageJ (Research Services Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA) softwares. Data were collected from six randomly chosen fields from each tissue image at 20 \u0026times; magnification. The following histological factors were measured: intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization; height and width of enterocyte; AB and PAS positive goblet cell density; intestinal circular muscle thickness. The intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization was calculated by dividing the lipocyte area by the respective chosen area and the result was expressed as an amount per 10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e \u0026micro;m\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e. Goblet cell density was calculated by dividing the cell number by the area of intestinal villi in the images. Height and width of the enterocytes, and intestinal circular muscle thickness were determined as described previously (Escaffre et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2007\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eStatistical analyses\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data are shown as means\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;standard deviation. Percentage data were arcsine square-root transformed before statistical analyses. Expression of GOI were normalized to housekeeping genes and calculated by the method of Pfaffl (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). All variables were tested for normality and homogeneity of variances with Levene's test. The significance of differences was set at \u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05. The significance of differences between groups at the same sampling point was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Tukey\u0026rsquo;s \u003cem\u003epost hoc\u003c/em\u003e test for multiple comparisons of means where differences were detected. The significance of differences between sampling points S2 and S3 for liver were determined by a paired t-test. Multivariate principal component analysis (PCA), by which the general clustering trends of samples from multi-dimensions can be visualized through dimension reduction, was conducted to define the similarity between groups with the chosen features. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software (IBM SPSS Statistics 19; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA) and GraphPad Prism 8 (GraphPad Software, USA).\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGrowth performance\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAt the end of the stimulus phase (first two weeks after first feeding), fish from all experimental groups had doubled in weight, although the M group revealed higher final weight and specific growth rate than V1 and V2 groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). However, fish weights of all groups at the end of the marine and challenge phases showed no significant differences between groups. No differences in feed intake were observed among groups at the end of the feeding trial. Full details of growth, feed efficiency and other performance-related parameters are presented elsewhere (McMillan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGrowth performance of Atlantic salmon for each phase of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhole fish weight (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eInitial weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd of stimulus phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.02\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.01\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.34\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd of marine phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.24\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd of challenge phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.12\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.88\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;4.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eGrowth rate (SGR %/ day)\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulus phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.29\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.27\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.94\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.06\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarine phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.99\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.11\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenge phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.82\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.93\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.84\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFeed intake (kg)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eStimulus phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.03\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMarine phase\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.79\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.78\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChallenge phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.66\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.64\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eData are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Superscript letters denote significant differences between dietary groups within a row.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Specific growth rate (SGR)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;100 \u0026times; (lnW\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e - lnW\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e) /t; W\u003csub\u003et\u003c/sub\u003e refers to final weight; W\u003csub\u003ei\u003c/sub\u003e refers to initial weight; t refers to time.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Intake during the final three weeks of the marine phase.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003e\u003cb\u003eTissue lipid contents and lipid classes\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eNo significant differences in lipid contents were found between dietary groups (V1, V2 and M) in either whole fish after the stimulus phase (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e), or liver at the end of the marine and challenge phases (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e), or in any of the other analyzed tissues at the end of the challenge phase (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Dietary regime during the stimulus phase had little influence on the lipid class compositions of any of the analyzed tissues, with no differences detected in relative proportions of PL and TAG among dietary groups (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, the similar levels of PL and TAG proportions in all tissues pre- (end of marine phase) and post-challenge indicated that proportions were not affected by the change in diet from M to V. Among the tissues, PL were highest in liver and brain (45% and 53% of TL, respectively), while TAG was the predominant lipid class in the other tissues (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid content and fatty acid compositions (percentage of total fatty acids) of total lipid of whole Atlantic salmon after the stimulus phase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"4\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eLipid content\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6 (ARA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3 (EPA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3 (DHA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003csup\u003ea\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003csup\u003eb\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003csup\u003ec\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003eData are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). Different superscript letters within a row denote significant differences among groups determined by one-way ANOVA with Tukey's comparison test (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05). MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 16:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 18:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, 20:3n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, 22:4n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6 and 22:5n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3, 21:5n-3 and 22:5n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"4\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid compositions of total lipid and total polar lipids (percentage of fatty acids) of liver at the end of marine and challenge phases.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd of marine phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"5\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEnd of challenge phase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid % (wet wt.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal lipid FA %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6 (ARA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3 (EPA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3 (DHA)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e33.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;5.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolar lipid FA %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e44.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c6\" namest=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"1\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eData are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). There were no significant differences among treatments at the end of each phase. Asterisks (*) denote significant differences between the end of marine phase and the end of challenge phase for each dietary treatment (p\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05).\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eFA, fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 16:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 18:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, and 22:4n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid compositions of total lipid and total polar lipids (percentage of fatty acids) of intestine, muscle and gill at the end of challenge phase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIntestine\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMuscle\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGill\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid % (wet wt.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal lipid FA %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e 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colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolar lipid FA %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eData are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). There were no significant differences among treatments for each tissue at the end of the challenge phase.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003eFA, fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 16:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 18:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, and 22:4n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"12\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab6\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 6\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFatty acid compositions of total lipid and total polar lipids (percentage of fatty acids) of brain and eye at the end of challenge phase.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBrain\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"3\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEye\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eV2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eLipid % (wet wt.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal lipid FA %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e37.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;3.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e48.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e49.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e23.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003ePolar lipid FA %\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ SFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ MUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e26.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:2n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:3n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:4n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.9\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-6 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18:3n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.5\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:5n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.0\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22:6n-3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.7\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.3\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eΣ n-3 LC-PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.2\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003en-3PUFA:n-6PUFA\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.0\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.8\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.7\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.6\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.4\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eData are means of triplicate tanks with standard deviations (n\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3). There were no significant differences among treatments for each tissue at the end of the challenge phase.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003eFA, fatty acid; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid; PUFA, polyunsaturated fatty acid; SFA, saturated fatty acid.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e1\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 15:0, 16:0, 18:0, 20:0, 22:0 and 24:0.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 16:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 18:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9, 20:1n-11, 20:1n-9, 22:1n-11, 22:1n-9 and 24:1n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;9.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e3\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:3n-6, 20:2n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6, and 22:4n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;6.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e4\u003c/sup\u003e Contains 18:4n-3, 20:3n-3, 20:4n-3 and 21:5n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"8\"\u003e\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e n-3 LC-PUFA, the sum of 20:4n-3, 20:5n-3 22:5n-3 and 22:6n-3.\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTissue total and polar lipid fatty acid composition\u003c/strong\u003e\u003cstrong\u003es\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAt the end of the stimulus phase, the fatty acid composition of whole fish displayed significant differences among groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Specifically, the data showed that one week of feeding with the V diet (V1) was only partially reflected in the fatty acid composition of the fry. Thus, while the percentages of LA and ALA were increased significantly compared to the M group, EPA and DHA were not reduced. However, two weeks of feeding the V stimulus diet (V2) had major effects and, compared to the M group, all n-3 LC-PUFA and saturated fatty acids were reduced significantly, while monounsaturated fatty acids and n-6 PUFA, except for ARA, increased significantly (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Overall, PCA of the fatty acid compositions of whole fish at the end of the stimulus phase revealed that the M and V1 groups were more similar and clustered together with the M marine diet, whereas V2 was separated and clustered with the V vegetable diet. (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). No differences in fatty acid compositions of either TL or total PL were detected between the dietary groups in liver at the end of either the marine or challenge phases (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Similarly, no differences in fatty acid compositions of TL or total PL were observed between the dietary groups in any of the other analyzed tissues at the end of the challenge phase (Tables\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e \u0026amp; \u003cspan refid=\"Tab6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). In contrast, and entirely as expected, comparison of liver of fish sampled pre-challenge (S2) and post-challenge (S3), revealed proportions of all n-6 PUFA in both TL and total PL were elevated significantly by the challenge V diet, whereas EPA and DHA together with the n-3 PUFA : n-6 PUFA declined significantly, in all three dietary groups (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). The fatty acid compositions of TL and PL of all other analyzed tissues were affected similarly by the change in diet from M to V in the challenge phase (Data not shown).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec13\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eLiver gene expression\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRegarding genes of LC-PUFA biosynthesis, at the end of marine phase (S2), no differences were found between any of the dietary groups in the hepatic expression of \u003cem\u003eelovl2, elovl5a, elovl5b, fadsd5\u003c/em\u003e or \u003cem\u003efadsd6\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). However, after challenge, the expression levels of both the \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eelovl\u003c/em\u003e genes were significantly higher in V1 fish compared to V2 fish with levels in the M fish being generally intermediate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003ea-e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs for transcription factors, while there were no differences between the dietary groups in expression levels of \u003cem\u003elxr\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003epparα\u003c/em\u003e at the end of the marine phase, expression levels of \u003cem\u003elxr\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003epparα\u003c/em\u003e at the end of the challenge phase were significantly lower in V2 fish compared to V1 and M fish (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ea, b). Expression levels of \u003cem\u003epparγ\u003c/em\u003e were significantly lower in V2 fish than in M fish at the end of both marine and challenge phases while levels in V1 fish were also lower than M fish at the end of the challenge phase (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ec). The \u003cem\u003esrebp\u003c/em\u003e regulatory genes showed similar patterns of expression, with levels of both \u003cem\u003esrebp1\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003esrebp2\u003c/em\u003e being highest at the end of the marine phase in V2 fish while, in contrast, expression levels of both genes at the end of the challenge phase were significantly lower in V2 compared to M fish, with levels in V1 fish being intermediate (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003ed, e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe expression of other key genes related to lipid metabolism tended to share a similar pattern (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, at the end of the marine phase, expression levels were generally highest in the V2 group, significantly so in the cases of \u003cem\u003ecpt1\u003c/em\u003eand \u003cem\u003ehmgcr\u003c/em\u003e (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003eb, d). In contrast, at the end of the challenge phase, the expression of all the genes displayed the opposite trend so that expression was generally lowest in the V2 group, being significantly lower than levels in the M group with intermediate levels of expression observed in the V1 group. Although not significant, the expression of \u003cem\u003ehmgcr\u003c/em\u003e exhibited a similar pattern (\u003cem\u003ep\u003c/em\u003e\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.07) (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003ed). Comparison of the expression of hepatic genes in V1 and V2 fish relative to the expression levels in M fish at the end of the challenge phase are shown graphically in the heat map in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig7\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e. This demonstrated that the main trends with gene expression levels in fish fed the stimulus V diet for one- (V1) and two-weeks (V2) were generally up-regulation and down-regulation, respectively, in comparison to \u0026ldquo;unstimulated\u0026rdquo; fish fed the M diet at first feeding.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eHistology\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistological analysis of the liver at the end of the challenge phase revealed that the length of the stimulus impacted hepatic intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization, with vacuolization in the V2 group significantly higher than in the M group, with V1 demonstrating intermediary levels in both phases (Online Resource 2a, 3a, 3b). Fish in the V1 and V2 groups that had the V stimulus at first feeding had higher muscular thickness in anterior intestine than those in the M group (Online Resource 2b), whereas the V stimulus at first feeding had no major impacts on enterocyte width or height at the end of either the marine or challenge phases (Online Resource 2c). The density of goblet cells in the anterior intestine was significantly lower in the V1 group compared to the M group at the end of the challenge phase, while the V2 group showed intermediate values (Online Resource 2e, 3c, 3d).\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn the present trial, the concept of \u0026ldquo;nutritional programming\u0026rdquo; was applied to improve the utilization of plant-based feeds while maintaining fish performance and quality. Previous studies demonstrated that nutritional programming could enhance \u003cem\u003efads2\u003c/em\u003e expression and stimulate the n-3 LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway without compromising growth performance in juvenile seabass (\u003cem\u003eDicentrarchus labrax\u003c/em\u003e) (Vagner et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e), improve growth in offspring of parents showing high expression of \u003cem\u003efads2\u003c/em\u003e in gilthead sea bream (Turkmen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e), improve utilization of n-3 LC-PUFA in gilthead sea bream challenged with a high VO diet (Izquierdo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2015\u003c/span\u003e; Turkmen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e), and alter metabolic processes in salmon to potentially cope with the presence of antinutritional factors (ANFs) in plant-based diets (Vera et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). In addition, we showed previously that salmon fed a vegetable diet stimulus for three weeks from first feeding showed increased growth performance, feed conversion, and EPA and DHA retention when challenged with a similar vegetable diet four months later in comparison with salmon that had been fed a marine diet throughout their life until the vegetable diet challenge. However, feeding the vegetable diet for three weeks reduced the growth rate of the salmon fry during the first feeding stimulus phase resulting in smaller fry compared to fish fed a marine diet at first feeding, and the lower fish size persisted through the subsequent phase when all fish were fed the marine diet (Clarkson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate whether a stimulus phase of shorter duration could still induce beneficial programming effects without a negative effect on growth during this phase. However, salmon in the present study fed the vegetable diet for 1 or 2 weeks at first feeding also revealed lower body weights and SGR during the stimulus phase, indicating that shorter early nutritional interventions with vegetable (low marine ingredient) diets still impacted growth performance. Further details of the impacts of the V1 and V2 stimuli on growth performance and feed utilization of salmon in the present study have been reported and discussed elsewhere (McMillan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAlthough growth was impacted, the results of the current study differed from those found in the previous study (Clarkson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e), as growth performance in all treatment groups (V1, V2 and M) was comparable during both the marine and challenge phases. Indeed, although not statistically significant, growth performance data (weight gain and SGR) were numerically higher in V1 fish compared to M and V2 fish during both these phases while feed intakes were similar. The slightly better growth performance of V1 fish suggested that the one-week stimulus might have had a potential positive effect on growth during the challenge phase. However, such a direct comparison between the two studies may not be entirely valid as both the fish, and the raw material basket used to produce the diets, are not identical and so factors other than stimulus duration can also influence outcomes. However, it has been suggested that nutritional memory is able to alter the plasticity of organ physiology such as olfaction, which is believed to be important for guiding feeding behavior in salmonids (Hara \u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2006\u003c/span\u003e). Early exposure to the vegetable-based diet may alter transcriptional or physiological characteristics and trigger olfaction imprinting to adapt the fish to this diet (Balasubramanian et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e), leading to a better acceptance of the diet later in the growth cycle and, consequently, improve growth.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe lipid and fatty acid compositions of whole fish at the end of stimulus phase indicated biochemical impacts of the early dietary intervention. While there were no differences in lipid level between the three treatment groups, fatty acid compositions showed clear differences due to duration of the stimulus phase. Therefore, the one-week stimulus induced only minor changes in fatty acid composition of total lipid of whole fish with the only differences being lower EPA and n-3 PUFA:n-6 PUFA ratio in V1 fish compared to M fish. However, with the two-week stimulus, the differences in fatty acid compositions were considerable with proportions of all n-3 PUFA reduced and all n-6 PUFA increased in the V2 fish compared to M fish. These changes were, of course, the expected response to the intake of the vegetable-based diet, but it was clear that, while they were occurring by one week, they took two-weeks to develop fully.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eSimilar to the end of the stimulus phase, lipid contents after the challenge phase showed no differences in any tissue between the three treatment groups. However, histological examination of the liver revealed that the level of lipid vacuoles was higher in V2 fish that had the longer duration of stimulus. In liver, PPARα is a nuclear receptor regulating fatty acid oxidation and transport through target genes including CPT1 as the key rate-limiting enzyme of β-oxidation in mitochondria (Song et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, both \u003cem\u003epparα\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ecpt1\u003c/em\u003e (and \u003cem\u003eaco\u003c/em\u003e) showed the same pattern of lower expression in liver of V2 fish than M fish at the end of the challenge phase, which was consistent with the two-week stimulus affecting liver lipid metabolism \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e a mechanism involving \u003cem\u003epparα\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003ecpt1.\u003c/em\u003e In contrast to \u003cem\u003epparα\u003c/em\u003e, expression of \u003cem\u003epparγ\u003c/em\u003e was downregulated significantly in both V1 and V2 fish at the end of challenge phase, and in V2 fish only at the end of marine phase compared to M fish. Regulation of this nuclear receptor in liver can be influenced by gut microbiota driven by a change in diet (Murakami et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2016\u003c/span\u003e). In the present study, the stimulus V diet was found to have a sustained influence on the gut microbiota of V2 fish throughout the trial, especially at the end of marine phase, although, unfortunately, this was not studied in V1 fish (Tawfik et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Higher hepatic intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization at the end of challenge could be related to the extended length of time that \u003cem\u003epparγ\u003c/em\u003e was downregulated. However, while the lower expression of these genes in V2 fish was associated with higher hepatic intracytoplasmic lipid vacuolization, liver lipid content was unexpectedly not statistically different among treatment groups, suggesting a longer challenge period may be required for more apparent biochemical changes to occur.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eOf course, the nutritional factors/nutrients that the present study focused on were n-3 LC-PUFA and so fatty acid composition, specifically EPA and DHA content, was a key indicator of success of nutritional programming and the effect of duration of stimulus. The aim of nutritional programming in this respect being to mitigate the negative effects of reduced n-3 LC-PUFA in low-marine diets. As the fatty acid composition of PL is more conserved, reflecting the roles of PL in physiological and metabolic functions, compared to the composition of TL that more reflects the diet (Bell et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1996\u003c/span\u003e; Betancor et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2014\u003c/span\u003e), we hypothesized that the fatty acid compositions of PL and TL would reflect this functional difference and respond differently to nutritional programming. However, the fatty acid compositions at the end of the challenge phase showed no significant differences between the V1, V2 and M treatment groups in either TL or PL in any of the analyzed tissues. Therefore, the fatty acid composition data alone could neither indicate the ideal stimulus duration, nor if the fish from V1 and V2 were programmed.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNevertheless, in contrast, it was notable that many significant differences were detected in gene expression in liver. Comparison of liver fatty acid composition between the marine and challenge phases showed a marked increase in ARA content after challenge than before (5% \u003cem\u003evs\u003c/em\u003e. 2%) while dietary ARA during challenge phase was only round 0.1%. So, the accumulation of ARA was likely due largely to endogenous biosynthesis from the abundant LA in the V diet, which was supported by the significantly increased level of 20:3n-6 intermediate, indicating activation of the LC-PUFA biosynthesis pathway as reported previously (Izquierdo et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2008\u003c/span\u003e; Tocher et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, diets low in EPA and DHA have been shown previously to induce greater deposition of ARA and 20:3n-6 in PL of liver and other tissues in Atlantic salmon (Bou et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e). However, as indicated above, there were no differences in ARA level after challenge between treatments despite expression levels of \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eelovls\u003c/em\u003e being higher in V1 compared to M fish, with V2 similar to M fish. The result for V1 fish was consistent with the study of Turkmen et al. (\u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e) who demonstrated increased expression of ∆6 \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e in offspring when broodstock were programmed by a high ALA and LA diet. It is not clear why the expression of the \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eelovl\u003c/em\u003e genes were reduced in V2 fish with longer exposure to the V diet at first feeding than the V1 fish. Expression of the LC-PUFA genes in liver reported here were different to expression levels in pyloric caeca of fish in the same trial reported previously, which showed a trend for lower expression in V1 compared to V2 fish, although all V fish showed lower expression than M fish (McMillan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). This suggests that dietary stimuli may have differential impacts in different tissue depending upon functional roles, which is entirely logical. The expression levels of \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eelovl\u003c/em\u003e in liver were, as expected, in line with expression levels \u003cem\u003elxr\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003esrebp\u003c/em\u003e, which was as expected, because \u003cem\u003esrebp\u003c/em\u003e is the target gene of \u003cem\u003elxr\u003c/em\u003e. Both genes are sensors of fatty acid metabolism balance (Horton et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e; Tobin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e), and are involved in PUFA desaturation and elongation through transcriptional regulation of ∆6, ∆5 \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e (Matsuzaka et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2002\u003c/span\u003e; Zheng et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eelovl5\u003c/em\u003e (Moon et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e; Qin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2009\u003c/span\u003e). In this respect how nutritional programming could affect LC-PUFA biosynthesis is interesting, with the precise mechanism potentially involving modification of either \u003cem\u003efads\u003c/em\u003e and \u003cem\u003eelovl\u003c/em\u003e directly, or \u003cem\u003evia\u003c/em\u003e their regulatory upstream genes, or both. Previously, epigenetic changes were reported in the \u003cem\u003efads2\u003c/em\u003e gene with methylation in the promoter in offspring being correlated with the parental diet in gilthead sea bream (Turkmen et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2019\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eHistological analysis of intestine, as the key organ of nutrient digestion and absorption, at gthe end of the challenge phase also displayed differences due to dietary treatment during the stimulus phase that may suggest nutritional programming. Salmon subjected to the V diet stimulus, especially for one week (V1 fish), showed thicker intestinal muscular than M fish at the end of the challenge phase. Thickness of intestinal circular muscle is a physiological parameter used to assess intestinal health and nutrient absorption, as increased thickness can expand the absorptive area, increase digestion and absorption and, thus, improve nutrient utilization, as observed in mandarin fish (\u003cem\u003eSiniperca chuatsi\u003c/em\u003e) (Wang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Previous research demonstrated that replacement of 50\u0026ndash;70% of FM by soybean meal decreased the muscular layer thickness in intestine of Japanese sea bass (\u003cem\u003eLateolabrax japonicus\u003c/em\u003e) (Zhang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2018\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, in the present study, application of the low marine (V) diet in the challenge phase did not negatively affect intestinal muscle thickness but actually increased it in V fish compared to M fish. This difference can only be attributed to the one difference between the different fish groups, namely the early application of the low marine V diet to V1 and V2 fish in the stimulus phase. Thus, this appears to support the theory of nutritional programming to prepare the animals for future dietary changes. Similarly, the density of goblet cells was lower in the intestine of V1 fish compared to M fish. Goblet cells are specialized columnar epithelial cells that, while being intimately involved in digestion, also provide innate protection against chemical substances though the secretion of mucin as a barrier layer, and cytokines that activate intestinal immunity (Kim and Ho \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2010\u003c/span\u003e; Deplancke and Gaskins \u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2001\u003c/span\u003e). Previous studies showed that plant-based diets reduced goblet cell numbers and mucus production in Atlantic salmon, rainbow trout and Nile tilapia (Navarrete et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2013\u003c/span\u003e; Obirikorang et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2020\u003c/span\u003e; Venold et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2012\u003c/span\u003e). Therefore, goblet density is associated positively with intestinal health, immune response and nutrient digestion and, therefore, the lower density of goblet cells in V1 fish compared to M fish in the present study suggested weaker mucus protection in intestine and potentially increased susceptibility to bacterial disease. This implied that the intestinal impacts of the V diet at stimulus may be a double-edged sword, positively improving digestion, but negatively affecting intestinal immune status.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eWhile the above discussion has highlighted that the different diets (V and M) applied briefly at first feeding resulted in differences in intestinal structure and liver gene expression when fish were subsequently challenged with the V diet, it is acknowledged that the primary aim of the study, to determine the impact of duration of the first feeding stimulus was difficult to confirm. At first feeding, 1 week of the V diet had only minor effects on the fatty acid composition of the fry while 2 weeks had a major impact, highlighted and emphasised clearly by PCA. Assuming that physiological consequences of the dietary intervention would have to be based on impacts on fatty acid compositions, this would suggest that 1-week (V1) might not be sufficient to induce nutritional programming, and that at least 2-weeks would be required. However, the impacts of the dietary stimulus on the intestine do not fully support this as intestinal histology was also more impacted in V1 fish than V2 fish, albeit the effects were both potentially positive and negative. Liver gene expression also tended to suggest a better outcome in V1 fish, although the effects were similarly complicated. Overall, although the expression levels of many lipid-related genes in liver were consistently lower in V2 fish compared to V1 fish in the challenge phase, and levels in V1 fish were generally similar to those in M fish, this was not the case for specifically the LC-PUFA biosynthesis genes, where expression was highest in V1 fish. However, there were no differences in tissue fatty acid compositions between V1 or V2 or M fish at the end of the challenge phase and, therefore, no conclusive data to support either duration. However, although differences in EPA and DHA retention between M and V fish were reported in both our previous study (Clarkson et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2017\u003c/span\u003e) and the present study (McMillan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), this was not reflected at the phenotypic level in the fish or tissue fatty acid compositions in either study. Therefore, the fact that many signs of nutritional programming over two studies have not been reflected in fatty acid compositions may suggest that the challenge phase (6 weeks) may not be of sufficient duration. Typically, fish feeding trials would be assessed after 8\u0026ndash;12 weeks albeit this varies with the size of the fish (Turchini and Hardy \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e), but a 3-fold increase in growth is recommended (NRC 2011). In the present study, while growth over the entire trial far exceeded this, growth over the challenge phase was only 2-fold (McMillan et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2024\u003c/span\u003e). Furthermore, it is well-established that changes in the fatty acid profile of fish following changes in diet fatty acid composition essentially follow a dilution model (Jobling \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e; Robin et al. \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e). These models have been tested in fish including salmon with switches from FO to VO diets and show that dilution is the predominant driver of the resultant fish fatty acid profile over long periods of up to 14-weeks depending upon the size of the fish (Jobling \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2003\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2004\u003c/span\u003e). Thus, in the present study, low EPA and DHA and high ALA and LA dominate the dietary fatty acid changes when switched from the marine M diet to the vegetable V diet, and dilution of EPA and DHA will be the dominant driver of their tissue levels in fish, masking the genetically-driven molecular/biochemical responses.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn conclusion, the present study sought to provide insight into whether the duration of an early dietary stimulus significantly impacted nutritional programming. Despite few phenotypic data to support programming, liver gene expression and liver and intestinal histology showed that diet composition at first feeding and the duration of the stimulus had measurable impacts. On balance, the data may suggest that the V1 salmon were better adapted to plant-based diets than V2 fish as, after challenge, genes encoding LC-PUFA biosynthetic enzymes were upregulated in V1 fish compared to V2 fish. Furthermore, changes in intestine suggested fish that experienced the one-week stimulus may have better potential in nutrient absorption, although may also have weakened immune status. Considering the lack of phenotypic effects observed after the 6-week challenge phase, it is suggested that future studies in salmon investigating nutritional programming for fatty acid utilization at first feeding should include a longer challenge phase to aid assessment. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of nutritional programming including the epigenome of regulatory and target genes require further in-depth study.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionList\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eALA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eα-linolenic acid (18:3n-3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eANF\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eantinutritional factor\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eARA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003earachidonic acid (20:4n-6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edegree-days\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eDHA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edocosahexaenoic acid (22:6n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEFA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eessential fatty acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eEPA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eeicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n\u0026thinsp;\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;3)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003e∆6 FAD\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003edelta-6-desaturase\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFAME\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efatty acid methyl ester\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efishmeal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eFO\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003efish oil\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eGOI\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003egenes of interest\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elinoleic acid (18:2n-6)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eLC-PUFA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003elong-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eM\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emarine diet\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eMUFA\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003emonounsaturated fatty acid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003ePL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003epolar lipid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eSGR\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003especific growth rate\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTAG\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etriacylglycerol\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eTL\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003etotal lipid\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eV1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eplant-based diet for 1 weeks\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"DefinitionListEntry\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Term\"\u003eV2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"Description\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eplant-based diet for 2 weeks.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eEthics approval\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e All procedures and protocols carried out in the present study were subjected to an ethics review by the University of Stirling Animal Welfare and Ethical Review Board and approved (AWERB No: 18 19/045/New ASPA) prior to the commencement of the study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCompeting Interests\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eFunding\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThis project was funded by a UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [grant no. BB/R018812/1].\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthor contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConceptualization\u003c/strong\u003e: M\u0026oacute;nica B. Betancor, Douglas R Tocher; \u003cstrong\u003eMethodology\u003c/strong\u003e: Xu Gong, Matthew Sprague, Sam A. M. Martin, Douglas R Tocher, M\u0026oacute;nica B. Betancor; \u003cstrong\u003eData Curation\u003c/strong\u003e: Xu Gong, Stuart McMillan, Pedro G\u0026oacute;mez Requeni; \u003cstrong\u003eFormal analysis\u003c/strong\u003e: Xu Gong, Matthew Sprague, Stuart McMillan; \u003cstrong\u003eWriting \u0026ndash; Original Draft\u003c/strong\u003e: Xu Gong; \u003cstrong\u003eFunding acquisition\u003c/strong\u003e: Sam A. M. Martin, Douglas R Tocher; \u003cstrong\u003eResources\u003c/strong\u003e: Stuart McMillan, Pedro G\u0026oacute;mez Requeni, Fernando Norambuena; \u003cstrong\u003eSupervision\u003c/strong\u003e: Matthew Sprague, Stuart McMillan, Douglas R Tocher, M\u0026oacute;nica B. Betancor.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors confirm that the manuscript has not been published before and has been read and approved.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eAcknowledgement\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eThis project was funded by a UK Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) [grant no. BB/R018812/1]. Authors wish to thank the aquarium management team for all the technical support and Nutrition Analytical Services team for the analysis assistance.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eData Availability\u003c/h2\u003e\u003cp\u003eData is provided within the manuscript or supplementary information files. The raw datasets are available from the author Xu Gong on reasonable request.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBalasubramanian MN, Panserat S, Dupont-Nivet M, Quillet E, Montfort J, Le Cam A, Medale F, Kaushik SJ, Geurden I (2016) Molecular pathways associated with the nutritional programming of plant-based diet acceptance in rainbow trout following an early feeding exposure. BMC genomics 17:1-20 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-2804-1\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBankhead P, Loughrey MB, Fern\u0026aacute;ndez JA, Dombrowski Y, McArt DG, Dunne PD, McQuaid S, Gray RT, Murray LJ, Coleman HG, James JA (2017) QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Scientific reports 7(1):1-7 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBell JG, Ashton I, Secombes CJ, Weitzel BR, Dick JR, Sargent JR (1996) Dietary lipid affects phospholipid fatty acid compositions, eicosanoid production and immune function in Atlantic salmon (\u003cem\u003eSalmo salar\u003c/em\u003e). Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids 54(3):173-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0952-3278(96)90013-7\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBell MV, Tocher DR (2009) Biosynthesis of fatty acids; general principles and new directions In: Lipids in Aquatic Ecosystems (Arts, M.T., Brett, M., Kainz, M., Eds.), Springer-Verlag, New York. pp. 211-236\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eBetancor MB, Howarth FJ, Glencross BD, Tocher DR (2014) Influence of dietary docosahexaenoic acid in combination with other long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on expression of biosynthesis genes and phospholipid fatty acid compositions in tissues of post-smolt Atlantic salmon (\u003cem\u003eSalmo salar\u003c/em\u003e). 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Aquaculture 483:173-182 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.029\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eZheng X, Leaver MJ, Tocher DR (2009) Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid synthesis in fish: Comparative analysis of Atlantic salmon (\u003cem\u003eSalmo salar\u003c/em\u003e L.) and Atlantic cod (\u003cem\u003eGadus morhua\u003c/em\u003e L.) \u0026Delta;6 fatty acyl desaturase gene promoters. Comp Biochem Physiol Part B: Biochem Mol Biol 154:255-263 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.06.010\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":true,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"fish-physiology-and-biochemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fish","sideBox":"Learn more about [Fish Physiology and Biochemistry](https://www.springer.com/journal/10695)","snPcode":"10695","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10695/3","title":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false},"keywords":"Atlantic salmon, Nutritional challenge, Fatty acid, LC-PUFA biosynthesis, Gene expression","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6254901/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6254901/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eNutritional programming could potentially be a strategy for the sustainable aquaculture, as it can adapt fish to feeds formulated with low levels of marine ingredients. The present study aimed to determine the effects of the early dietary stimulus duration, and to reveal the impacts of a later challenge with a similar diet. At first feeding, Atlantic salmon (\u003cem\u003eSalmo salar\u003c/em\u003e) fry were fed a plant-based diet for either one (V1) or two weeks (V2), while a control group received a marine diet for the two weeks (M). All fish then received a marine diet for 16 weeks before being challenged with a plant-based diet for 6 weeks. All fish received the same diet with the only difference between the three experimental groups (V1, V2 and M) being their dietary regime during the first two weeks. Duration of the stimulus had no phenotypic impacts on growth, tissue fatty acid compositions of either total or polar lipid in all groups after challenge. The expressions of key genes of LC-PUFA biosynthesis were upregulated significantly in salmon from the V1 group, whereas the expressions of most transcription factors were downregulated in fish of group V2. Histological analysis of the intestine revealed increased circular muscle thickness and reduced presence of goblet cells in V1 after the challenge. Overall, further investigation is required to establish the appropriate duration of the stimulus to elicit positive effects and refine the use of nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon, including the effects of short stimuli and assessment with longer challenge.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Effects of duration of a plant-based diet stimulus at first feeding on nutritional programming in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar)","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-03-31 09:24:17","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6254901/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2025-04-22T19:49:38+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-22T17:49:35+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"56744368306380691305977181061235276090","date":"2025-04-22T12:00:14+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-04-04T05:35:32+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"78190937142124527275266485423991261084","date":"2025-04-03T21:23:36+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2025-03-27T16:33:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"47110580303459045248655304527903442937","date":"2025-03-24T10:55:06+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2025-03-21T15:12:00+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2025-03-21T12:11:10+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2025-03-20T19:54:15+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","date":"2025-03-18T15:52:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"fish-physiology-and-biochemistry","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"fish","sideBox":"Learn more about [Fish Physiology and Biochemistry](https://www.springer.com/journal/10695)","snPcode":"10695","submissionUrl":"https://submission.nature.com/new-submission/10695/3","title":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry","twitterHandle":"","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":true,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"Springer Hybrid","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":false}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"a7e78548-0fc4-4f15-b759-6dc9493e7c2b","owner":[],"postedDate":"March 31st, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"published-in-journal","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-02-23T16:03:33+00:00","versionOfRecord":{"articleIdentity":"rs-6254901","link":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-026-01639-7","journal":{"identity":"fish-physiology-and-biochemistry","isVorOnly":false,"title":"Fish Physiology and Biochemistry"},"publishedOn":"2026-02-17 15:59:43","publishedOnDateReadable":"February 17th, 2026"},"versionCreatedAt":"2025-03-31 09:24:17","video":"","vorDoi":"10.1007/s10695-026-01639-7","vorDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s10695-026-01639-7","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6254901","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6254901","identity":"rs-6254901","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}