Amazon biodiversity is at risk from metal contamination due to mining activity

Abstract The Amazon basin hosts the most biodiverse and intact ecosystems on Earth, yet human activities are an increasing threat. Metal contamination due to mining constitutes one of these major threats, but its impacts remain poorly quantified. We provide the first quantitative assessment of biodiversity exposure to mining-associated metals—mercury [Hg], arsenic [As], copper [Cu], Zinc [Zn], and lead [Pb]—across the Amazon. Around 66% of the Amazon’s 38,890 species of birds, plants, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, and fishes are exposed to metal contamination, including biodiversity hotspots and Indigenous territories. Safeguarding the Amazon’s role as a global reservoir of biodiversity, ecosystem function, and cultural heritage requires addressing metal contamination not only as a localized issue, but as a pervasive threat to global biodiversity. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.