Refractive Error and Biometrics of Anterior Segment of Eyes of Myopic Teenagers

Refractive Error and Biometrics of Anterior Segment of Eyes of Myopic Teenagers | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research article Refractive Error and Biometrics of Anterior Segment of Eyes of Myopic Teenagers Huimin Ge, Shanshan Xu, Yanzhi Yan, Qin Jiang This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-32006/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background: To investigate the impact of refractive error and corneal parameters on myopic teenagers by using Pentacam and IOL Master 700. Methods: Retrospective observational case series of 505 eyes from 268 children from 7 to 19 years old presenting with myopia. Clinical course, slit lamp photographs and pentacam and IOL Master 700 findings were the main outcomes. Results: Assessment of the tomographic, topographic of corneal parameters of myopic children without any interventions revealed no statistically significant changes in terms of age based on sex. The mean Rf, Rs, K1 and K2 values of anterior and posterior corneal surface were 7.98±0.24mm, 7.73±0.30mm, 42.38±1.86 degrees, 43.55±1.91 degrees, 6.60±0.25mm, 6.21±0.26mm, -6.07±0.23 degrees, -6.42±0.65 degrees. Boys had higher Rf and Rs, but smaller in K1 and K2 than girls (P<0.05) of both anterior and posterior corneal surface. The Anterior chamber volume (ACV) had significant differences between sex (P<0.05 ) . The Rf, K1 of anterior corneal surface did not show significantly different between ages, however, teenagers only in 7 to 9 age group increased significantly than 13 to 15-year-old group (P=0.031). Meanwhile, the Anterior chamber depth (ACD), Anterior chamber volume (ACV), Pupil diameter (PD), Spherical equivalent (SE) and Axial length (AL) had increasingly differenced in different age groups (P=0.002, 0.002, 0.036, 0.044, 0.002, <0.001). Model performance using p< 0.05 parameters as the predictive factors. SE=3.391+0.08×Age+2.307×Rs-0.094×ACD-0.001×ACV-0.951×AL. Conclusions: Our findings may suggest a physiological nature for ocular changes during the development that may elucidate the special points during the process of myopia of adolescents. We also imitate a formula based on our data which may help to evaluate the myopia of children and the prognosis in clinic. Our research conducted retrospectively registered. Ophthalmology Myopia Corneal parameters Refractive error Axial length Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Refractive Error And Biometrics Of Anterior Segment Of Eyes Of Myopic Teenagers “The myopia boom” in East Asia witnessed an unprecedented rise to 90% of teenagers and young adults [1] . By 2050, nearly half of the world’s population may be myopic, and 10% of them is highly myopic [2] . The prevalence of myopia increases with a tendency of age and at younger ages at the time of incidence [3] . Pathological changes caused by high myopia following with eye sight declining, myopia fast worsening, proptosis, poor dark adaption and finally goes to macular degeneration, retinal detachment and other diseases that leading to blindness. Thus, it is meaningful of preventing of myopia and high myopia for teenager eye healthy. Genetic and environmental factors both affect the development of myopia. However, only 12% of the phenotypic variance due to the environmental components, more than 18 chromosomal regions responsible for the progress of myopia, nearly account for over 50% of myopic variance [4] . So, the parameters of cornea are the strong evidence of teenagers’ myopia progress. Human cornea is a prolate ellipse, not an ideal sphere, which is flatted from corneal apex to periphery. Ocular surface health is the backbone of teenager eye health. Unidentified need of wearing glasses for teenagers is the leading cause of reduced vision [5] . Myopia is a consequence of uncoordinated contributions of ocular components to the overall eye structure. Corneal shape and its correlation with anterior segment parameters are essential part conducted in ophthalmic clinics. Central corneal thickness (CCT), Thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), Apex corneal thickness (Apex CT), Corneal volume (CV), Anterior chamber depth (ACD), Anterior chamber volume (ACV) and Corneal astigmatism (CA), these parameters conducted precisely for prescribing ocular healthy in the treatment of myopia. Q value vary differently with the degree of ametropia. Biometric parameters like Axial length (AL), Corneal power (CP), Anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness and so on, is associated with refractive status, which is important for preventing myopia. [6] The aim of our study was to evaluate the parameters of myopic teenagers by using Pentecam. The information about mean parameters of teenagers provided in this study will be useful to researchers and clinicians for assessing the development of teenagers with the tendency to myopia and scheduling the effective treatment. Methods An observational cross-sectional study comprised of 505 eyes of 268 teenagers with age of 7-19 years old (mean±SD: 11.22±2.73) was conducted in the Refractive Center of Nanjing Medical University Afflicted Eye Hospital, China from 2018-2019. We had explained the nature of our study to each participant with inform consent from a parent or a legal guardian. The experiment of followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences. Participants with healthy anterior segment without contact lens usage, IOP of more than 21 mmHg, history of ocular surgery or any refractive surgery were included from our study. All enrolled teenagers underwent general physical evaluations like age, sex, ocular disease history and comprehensive examinations. Each teenager in our study underwent detailed examinations including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lam biomicroscopy, corneal topography of Pentacam and fundus. Our reseatch team comprised by ophthalmologist and optometrists. An experienced ophthalmologist checks all enrolled participant by slit-lamp biomicroscopy for ocular anterior segment abnormalities. Noncontact tonometer for IOP measurement. Autorefraction was performed after compete cyctoplegia by Desktop Autorefractor. IOL Master was used for Axial Length (AL). All of the Pentacam measurements were taken according to the manufacture’s guidelines by a trained optometrist who was blinded to our study. All measurements were doing between 9:00 to 12:00 in a sufficient lighting (＞300 lux)for at least three times for the most suitable mean value with an excellent repeatability. Teenagers were asked to put their chin in a chin rest and adjusted their heads still using a forehead strap to stare at the fixed light spot of the instrument without blinking during the examination. All data were accepted when the quality was “OK”. We had taken these parameters in our study for statistical analysis. (1) ACD: the distance from corneal endothelium to the crystal. (2) ACV: the volume of anterior segment, about the ACD with a range of 12mm diameter centered on corneal apex. (3) Apex corneal angle (ACA): the smaller angle values calculated in the horizontal direction. (4) corneal thickness (CCT and TCT): describe the corneal thickness and thinnest point. (5) PD: describe the nondilated pupil diameters. (6) flat and steep keratometry values(K). (7) SE: calculated as the spherical diopter plus half of the cylindrical diopter. Statistical Analysis Commercially SPSS (version 22.0) and GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0) were used in our study. Mean ± SD were described for all the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of the distribution. Independent -sample t tests were used to investigate the difference of data with a normal distribution and variance homogeneity. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to compare data incompatible with a normal distribution or variance homogeneity. Pearson correlation test was conducted for the associations between two variables. Multiple linear regressions were performed to characterize the effects of all parameters. All data difference was set at P ＜0.05 as significant, and estimates were presented with 95% confidence intervals. Results General Characterics We analyzed 505 eyes from 268 children aged from 7 to 19 years completed the Pentacam examination after cycloplegia and had a completed data record for all the parameters (including age, sex, Rf, RS, K1, K2, Rper, Rmin, Q-val, TCT, ACD, ACV, ACA, CCT, TCT, and SE), with a mean age of 11.22 ± 2.73 years. 229 boys (45.35%) and 276 girls (54.65%) were included in the final analysis. There are 23 of high myopia (4.55%), and none of the eyes had complications associated with myopia. And the distribution of the refractive errors in boys and girls is shown in Fig. 1 . Table 1 displays the general characteristics of the participants. Table 1 General Characteristics of Anterior Eye Segment Parameters in Pentacam of 505 Teenagers Parameters Total Male Female Independent Samples t Test Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD n = 505 n = 229 n = 276 P Anterior Rf 7.98 0.24 8.04 0.25 7.92 0.22 ༜0.001* K1 42.38 1.86 41.94 1.17 42.76 2.22 ༜0.001* Rs 7.73 0.30 7.77 0.36 7.69 0.24 0.005* K2 43.55 1.91 43.10 2.32 43.90 1.37 ༜0.001* Rper 8.11 0.48 8.19 0.29 8.05 0.59 0.001* Rmin 7.64 0.28 7.71 0.24 7.59 0.30 ༜0.001* Q-val -0.40 0.28 -0.39 0.13 -0.40 0.36 0.576 Posterior Rf 6.60 0.25 6.67 0.23 6.54 0.25 ༜0.001* K1 -6.07 0.23 -6.00 0.21 -6.12 0.23 ༜0.001* Rs 6.21 0.26 6.27 0.25 6.16 0.25 ༜0.001* K2 -6.42 0.65 -6.39 0.25 -6.45 0.84 0.279 Rper 6.67 0.23 6.71 0.23 6.63 0.23 ༜0.001* Rmin 6.03 0.40 6.08 0.43 5.98 0.36 0.003* Q-val -0.34 0.16 -0.32 0.15 -0.35 0.16 0.032* TCT (µm) 549.91 43.25 550.14 55.02 549.72 30.31 0.917 ACV (mm 3 ) 199.97 28.40 207.85 27.91 193.42 27.15 ༜0.001* ACA (deg.) 40.57 6.32 40.79 6.47 40.38 6.20 0.461 ACD (mm) 3.34 1.34 3.34 0.30 3.34 1.80 0.997 PD (mm) 3.17 0.65 3.21 0.55 3.14 0.72 0.233 SE (D) -3.10 1.50 -3.12 1.54 -3.09 1.46 0.811 AL (mm) 24.97 0.95 25.28 0.92 24.72 0.90 ༜0.001* Values presented are mean and SD. Independent samples t test was used to investigate the difference between males and females. ACA indicates anterior chamber angle; ACD, anterior chamber depth; ACV, anterior chamber volume; AL, axial length; TCT, thinnest corneal thickness; PD, pupil diameter; SE, spherical equivalent. *P < 0.05 A scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and AL (abscissa) is shown in Fig. 2 , a scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and ACD (abscissa) is shown in Fig. 3 , a scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and ACV (abscissa) is shown in Fig. 4 , and a scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and PD (abscissa) is shown in Fig. 5 .There were significant differences in the AL, ACD, which myopic teenagers have longer AL, deeper ACD. Distribution of Related paramerers Among Sex and Age As shown in Table 1 , for all the children included in our study, the mean Rf, Rs, K1 and K2 values of anterior and posterior corneal surface were 7.98 ± 0.24 mm, 7.73 ± 0.30 mm, 42.38 ± 1.86 degrees, 43.55 ± 1.91 degrees, 6.60 ± 0.25 mm, 6.21 ± 0.26 mm, -6.07 ± 0.23 degrees, -6.42 ± 0.65 degrees, respectively. Boys had higher Rf and Rs, but smaller in K1 and K2 than girls (P < 0.05, Table 1 ) of both anterior and posterior corneal surface. Also, the Axial length (AL) and Anterior chamber volume (ACV) had significant differences between sex (P < 0.05, Table 1 ) . The correlations between the refractive error and the ACA, and TCT were not significant (Fig. 6 ). Because of the small number of children aged 7 to 19-years old, we forming 4 groups for the ranges 7 to 9 years, 10 to 12 years, 13 to 15 years, and 16 to 19 years, to reduce the differences in the number of children between groups see in Table 2 (at the end of article) . The Rf, K1 of anterior corneal surface did not show significantly different between ages, however, teenagers only in 7 to 9 age group increased significantly than 13 to 15-year-old group (P = 0.031). Meanwhile, the TCT, ACD, ACV, PD, SE and AL had increasingly differenced in different age groups (P = 0.002, 0.002, 0.036, 0.044, 0.002, < 0.001). Table 2 Distributions of Anterior Eye Segment Parameters in Pentacam of 268 Teenagers Parameters Age groups(y) 7 to 9 10 to 12 13 to 15 16 to 19 P Anterior Rf Mean 7.95 7.97 8.01 8.01 0.146 SD 0.25 0.24 0.24 0.21 K1 Mean 42.62 42.37 42.15 42.17 0.156 SD 2.68 1.29 1.26 1.08 Rs Mean 7.73 7.70 7.75 7.76 0.333 SD 0.26 0.37 0.26 0.26 K2 Mean 43.61 43.58 43.47 43.35 0.853 SD 1.28 2.69 1.36 1.21 Rper Mean 8.07 8.13 8.14 8.12 0.644 SD 0.73 0.29 0.29 0.28 Rmin Mean 7.64 7.61 7.67 7.68 0.267 SD 0.23 0.35 0.25 0.23 Q-val Mean -0.43 -0.40 -0.36 -0.33 0.063 SD 0.45 0.13 0.13 0.14 Posterior Rf Mean 6.60 6.66 6.59 6.59 0.984 SD 0.23 0.24 0.30 0.21 K1 Mean -6.06 -6.06 -6.07 -6.08 0.965 SD 0.22 0.22 0.25 0.20 Rs Mean 6.23 6.19 6.21 6.20 0.378 SD 0.23 0.27 0.27 0.27 K2 Mean -6.42 -6.39 -6.44 -6.48 0.869 SD 0.24 1.03 0.27 0.28 Rper Mean 6.67 6.67 6.66 6.68 0.976 SD 0.21 0.25 0.24 0.21 Rmin Mean 6.07 6.02 6.01 5.90 0.118 SD 0.25 0.27 0.47 0.89 Q-val Mean -0.32 -0.35 -0.33 -0.34 0.298 SD 0.14 0.19 0.13 0.15 TCT Mean 545.49 547.14 562.63 540.78 0.002* SD 35.73 56.41 29.11 31.98 ACA Mean 39.95 41.25 40.95 38.79 0.073 SD 6.34 6.20 4.68 10.27 ACD Mean 3.23 3.28 3.34 4.14 0.002* SD 0.20 0.20 0.37 4.94 ACV Mean 196.51 198.57 204.59 207.19 0.036* SD 24.94 28.46 30.68 32.70 PD Mean 3.13 3.11 3.25 3.39 0.044* SD 0.59 0.53 0.68 1.13 SE Mean -2.87 -3.12 -3.16 -3.90 0.002* SD 1.21 1.51 1.58 2.01 AL Mean 24.67 24.94 25.27 25.52 ༜0.001* SD 0.73 0.99 0.98 1.03 N 168 178 123 36 Values presented are mean and SD *P < 0.05 Other Factors Associated With anterior segment parameters The Pearson correlation tests showed that age, Rs of anterior cornea were closely associated with each other, but showed weak relationship with ACA, ACD, AL and SE. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with the refractive error as dependent variable and the 24 anterior eye segment parameters (Rf, K1, Rs, K2 et al) as the independent variables. Applying different correlation models to each age using variables that are difficult to measure. An analysis was therefore performed to quantify the teenager’s myopia with pentacam measurements information. However, not every parameters had closed relationship with SE. Thus, model performance using P < 0.05 parameters as the predictive factors in the model. SE = 3.391 + 0.08 × Age + 2.307 × Rs-0.094 × ACD-0.001 × ACV-0.951 × AL Conclusion In the current study, we observed a changing pattern toward teenager’s myopia, the corneal topographic and biomechanical parameters were significantly different compared with that of initial measurements. Many studies were taken focus on the differences in the values of anterior segment parameters of myopic and emmetropic eyes, or conducted on older individuals. However, the prevalence of myopia is known to vary and high in young age, therefore, it is important evaluating structural changes associated with myopia to develop strategies preventing progression of myopia and its complications. In the present study, ACD, ACV, ACA, TCT, PD, AL and SE were measured in myopia teenagers and their relationships with refraction, age and gender investigated. Our results showed that age and gender have no difference of included myopia teenagers. Sex has a significant effect on corneal parameters in our study: Boys had higher Rf and Rs, but smaller in K1 and K2 than girls of both anterior and posterior corneal surface. Also, the Anterior chamber volume (ACV) and Axial length (AL) had significant differences between sex. However, there was no difference in ACD of gender, which means boys’ cornea is flatter than girls. Thus, flatted corneas in boys may reduce the prevalence of myopia than girls. Given the significant effects of gender on corneal parameters of myopia teenagers, as shown in this study, we speculate that kid’ behaviors of sex may contribute to the discrepancy across studies. These results highlight the importance of paying different attentions to girls and boys even at the same ages when controlling myopia development. The flatter cornea and deeper anterior chamber would reduce the refractive error. A flatter cornea has lower refractive power and the overall refractive power of the eye will be lower, the light will focus on a point farther from the cornea. Deeper anterior chamber means the distance between the cornea and crystalline lens increases because the summed power of two lens is equal to their sums minus the distance between the lens divided by the index of refraction of the medium. The relationship between the corneal corneal thickness and myopia is contradictory[7], some reports decline the correlation with corneal thickness and myopia. However, there are some studies report that corneal thickness has positive correlation with myopia[8]. In our results, the correlation was positively, the significant correlation was seen in multiple regression analysis. In addition to sex, another important finding of this study is age weight on myopia development. As indicated by previous data analysis in Table 1 , subjects in 7 to 9 age group increased significantly of Rf and K1 of anterior corneal surface than 13 to 15 age group. Sharply increasingly of corneal shape in the early age indicate 7 to 9 age is the key period of controlling myopia, especially the dream time for Orthokeratology using. Hyman investigate younger baseline age was the strongest factor independently related to faster myopic children, children aged 6 to 7 years have the fastest progression in all age groups [ 9 ] . Hiraoka et al follow up 10-years of overnight orthokeratology found thar long-term efficacy and safety of OK lens wear in reducing myopia progression in schoolchildren [ 10 ] . Elder children wearing orthokeratology for controlling myopia have weaken effects for the stable of anterior corneal surface development. Q-val of anterior and posterior corneal surface increased significantly without age. However, according to the result of Zhang’s study [ 11 ] that coincidence with the current of myopia development. Q-value represents the spherical aberration with positive relation of refractive error. In the emmetropia eyes, central cornea become flatter with age increasing and peripheral cornea grow slowly, while, with the development of myopia in children, with obviously rise of AL and ACD, peripheral cornea become steep followingly. Meanwhile, the PD had increasingly differences in different age groups (P = 0.003, 0.029). The change of PD may have relations with age and refractive degree of myopia. Pupil size has impact on the amount of penetrating light by more peripheral rays penetrating through larger pupils than smaller ones. In some studies, children with larger pupils have less myopia progression than those smaller pupils wearing orthokeratology [ 12 ] . This phenomenon may make an explanation of AL prolonged in myopia group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the innovative study to analyze the trend of myopia development in teenagers and the effects of these parameters on myopia. The use of a relatively large sample size of children with a narrow range of SE and age range allowed our study to provide a more detailed examination of whether there are age differences in ocular parameters in teenager than has been performed previously. Analyses identified corneal parameters as the predominant predictor of teenager’s myopia. The cut point that the trend of myopia in teenagers need to be identified by bio-parameters as objective indicators. This predictive model should enable clinicians and scientists to evaluate the risk for myopia in teenager using simple, feasible measures. As the large number of children with myopia, we should take myopia in teenagers as a usual phenomenon in the development. So, the model should be beneficiated for monitoring teenager’s myopia by optometrists and ophthalmologists to plan children’ eye examination therapy individually. Based on the data analyzed previously, we found the age, Rs, ACD, ACV, AL corelated tightly than other parameters, the cut point of spherical equivalent refractive error for optimized prediction, which is the best predictor of future myopia in teenagers. There are some limitations of our study. First, our included population was relatively small compared with other studies. Second, a cross-sectional study at one time point, we need a prospective longitudinal study is needed to determine the anatomical changes of myopia in teenagers. Abbreviations ACA Apex corneal angle Apex CT Apex corneal thickness ACD Anterior chamber depth ACD Anterior chamber depth ACV Anterior chamber volume ACV Anterior chamber volume AL Axial length CCT Central corneal thickness CA Corneal astigmatism CP Corneal power CV Corneal volume PD Pupil diameter SE Spherical equivalent TCT Thinnest corneal thickness Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The experimental protocol was established, according to the ethical guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of The affiliated Eye hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from individual or guardian participants. Consent for publication Not applicable. Availability of data and materials All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Funding This work was generously supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 81870679), which the receiver is Pro. Qin Jiang. Authors' contributions HG: data acquisition, data analysis, manuscript revision, and final approval. SX: data acuquisition, analysis and manuscript revision. ZY: data acuquisition, analysis and manuscript revision. QJ: design of the work, data acquisition, data analysis, manuscript redaction, manuscript revision, and final approval. All the authors have read and approved the final version. All the authors take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors have read and approved the manuscript. Acknowledgements Not applicable. References Dolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature. 2015;519:276–8. 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Central Corneal Thickness and its Relationshipwith Myopia. Journal of the Liaquat University of Medical Health Sciences. 2008;7:4–6. AlMahmoud T, Priest D, Munger R, Jackson WB. Correlation between Refractive Error, Corneal Power, and Thickness in a Large Population with a Wide Range of Ametropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:1235–42. Hyman L, Gwiazda J, Hussein M, Norton TT, Wang Y, Tootle WM, Everett D. Relationship of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity With Myopia Progression and Axial Elongation in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:977–87. Hiraoka T, Sekine Y, Okamoto F, Mihashi T, Oshika T. Safety and efficacy following 10-years of overnight orthokeratology for myopia control. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2018;38:281–9. Zhang YH, Wang Y, Li LH, Dou R, Wu WJ, Wu D, Jhanji V. Corneal Stiffness and its Relationship With Other Corneal Biomechanical and Nonbiomechanical Parameters in Myopic Eyes of Chinese Patients. Cornea. 2018;37:881–5. Chen Z, Niu LL, Xue F, Qu XM, Zhou ZM, Zhou XT, Chu RY. Impact of Pupil Diameter on Axial Growth in Orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89:1636–40. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-32006","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":650727,"identity":"229028b8-b01b-42b5-9fac-657773528bda","order_by":0,"name":"Huimin Ge","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA4klEQVRIiWNgGAWjYHACNhDBw8/e2PggoaKGeC0ykj2Hmw0enDlGvBYbgxvpbZIPW5gJq5ePyDF7+KOMgcfgRmJbRWIDGwN/e3cCXi2GN9LSjXnOMfBInnnYdiNxhwyDxJmzG/BrmZF8TJqxjYGH73giUMsZNgYDiVxCWhLbJH8CtTAcSGwrSGxjJqxFXiL5mAQvUIvAicQ2BqK0GPA8S5MG+6XnYLNEwpljPAT9It+eYyYJDDF7fvb2hx9/VNTI8bf3ErDlQgKQZPsPF+DBqxxsS/8BBmhsjoJRMApGwSjAAQC0gUmFMjve/AAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University","correspondingAuthor":true,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Huimin","middleName":"","lastName":"Ge","suffix":""},{"id":650728,"identity":"306bb294-95d2-4e67-8f82-9dea5cf0ccd7","order_by":1,"name":"Shanshan Xu","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Affiliated Eye hospital of Nanjing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Shanshan","middleName":"","lastName":"Xu","suffix":""},{"id":650729,"identity":"c2e1035c-fb13-4494-83fe-3a6de6dbc8d3","order_by":2,"name":"Yanzhi Yan","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Yanzhi","middleName":"","lastName":"Yan","suffix":""},{"id":650730,"identity":"03a12d80-27c5-4603-b7f0-a803be2553cf","order_by":3,"name":"Qin Jiang","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"The Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University","correspondingAuthor":false,"submittingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Qin","middleName":"","lastName":"Jiang","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2020-05-28 05:22:35","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-32006/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-32006/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":1299180,"identity":"b4e8100d-0b23-451e-bdfa-eeb8064e3360","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-10 16:42:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":72991,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Histogram showing frequency (%) of refractive error in the boys and girls. The difference between boys and girls was not significant (P=0.811).","description":"","filename":"Figure1.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/Figure1.jpg"},{"id":1299181,"identity":"d2f22bda-79c4-4b31-983d-a857a953f9e2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-10 16:42:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":103918,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Scatterplots showing the relationship between the refractive error (spherical equivalent) and the axial length. The refractive error is significantly correlated with the axial length (R=-0.56, P\u003c0.001).","description":"","filename":"Figure2.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/Figure2.jpg"},{"id":1299182,"identity":"77155fb0-a9be-40bb-a492-24cbd4755038","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-10 16:42:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":127176,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Scatterplots showing the relationship between the refractive error (spherical equivalent) and the anterior chamber depth. The refractive error is significantly correlated with the anterior chamber depth (R=-0.12, P=0.008).","description":"","filename":"Figure3.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/Figure3.jpg"},{"id":1299183,"identity":"26f594df-e355-4ab1-bed2-b196a34e26c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-10 16:42:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":4,"title":"Figure 4","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":101616,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Scatterplots showing the relationship between the refractive error (spherical equivalent) and the anterior chamber volume. The refractive error is significantly correlated with the anterior chamber depth (R=-0.14, P=0.001).","description":"","filename":"Figure4.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/Figure4.jpg"},{"id":1299184,"identity":"7e969b60-8975-4f8a-a6c9-4ea517257cb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-10 16:42:55","extension":"jpg","order_by":5,"title":"Figure 5","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":81953,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Scatterplots showing the relationship between the refractive error (spherical equivalent) and the pupil diameter (mm). The refractive error is significantly correlated with the anterior chamber depth (R=-0.10, P=0.023).","description":"","filename":"Figure5.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/Figure5.jpg"},{"id":1299185,"identity":"f1af4a4e-d5a3-459b-a089-0cd858c613e1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2020-06-10 16:42:56","extension":"jpg","order_by":6,"title":"Figure 6","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":93488,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"Scatterplots showing the relationship between the refractive error (spherical equivalent) and the anterior chamber angle, thickness corneal thickness and pupil diameter (A and B). The refractive error is not significantly correlated with the ACA and TCT (P\u003e0.01).","description":"","filename":"Figure6.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/Figure6.jpg"},{"id":13538610,"identity":"00b6000f-c7d1-4e47-8017-558efcbb3288","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2021-09-17 01:40:04","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":692118,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-32006/v1/aaaff2b2-cae8-4e8b-a7d9-28e4b4914a18.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eRefractive Error and Biometrics of Anterior Segment of Eyes of Myopic Teenagers\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Refractive Error And Biometrics Of Anterior Segment Of Eyes Of Myopic Teenagers","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u0026ldquo;The myopia boom\u0026rdquo; in East Asia witnessed an unprecedented rise to 90% of teenagers and young adults\u003csup\u003e[1]\u003c/sup\u003e. By 2050, nearly half of the world\u0026rsquo;s population may be myopic, and 10% of them is highly myopic\u003csup\u003e[2]\u003c/sup\u003e. The prevalence of myopia increases with a tendency of age and at younger ages at the time of incidence \u003csup\u003e[3]\u003c/sup\u003e. Pathological changes caused by high myopia following with eye sight declining, myopia fast worsening, proptosis, poor dark adaption and finally goes to macular degeneration, retinal detachment and other diseases that leading to blindness. Thus, it is meaningful of preventing of myopia and high myopia for teenager eye healthy.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eGenetic and environmental factors both affect the development of myopia. However, only 12% of the phenotypic variance due to the environmental components, more than 18 chromosomal regions responsible for the progress of myopia, nearly account for over 50% of myopic variance\u003csup\u003e[4]\u003c/sup\u003e. So, the parameters of cornea are the strong evidence of teenagers\u0026rsquo; myopia progress.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHuman cornea is a prolate ellipse, not an ideal sphere, which is flatted from corneal apex to periphery. Ocular surface health is the backbone of teenager eye health. Unidentified need of wearing glasses for teenagers is the leading cause of reduced vision\u003csup\u003e[5]\u003c/sup\u003e. Myopia is a consequence of uncoordinated contributions of ocular components to the overall eye structure. Corneal shape and its correlation with anterior segment parameters are essential part conducted in ophthalmic clinics. Central corneal thickness (CCT), Thinnest corneal thickness (TCT), Apex corneal thickness (Apex CT), Corneal volume (CV), Anterior chamber depth (ACD), Anterior chamber volume (ACV) and Corneal astigmatism (CA), these parameters conducted precisely for prescribing ocular healthy in the treatment of myopia. Q value vary differently with the degree of ametropia. Biometric parameters like Axial length (AL), Corneal power (CP), Anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness and so on, is associated with refractive status, which is important for preventing myopia.\u003csup\u003e[6]\u003c/sup\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe aim of our study was to evaluate the parameters of myopic teenagers by using Pentecam. The information about mean parameters of teenagers provided in this study will be useful to researchers and clinicians for assessing the development of teenagers with the tendency to myopia and scheduling the effective treatment.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAn observational cross-sectional study comprised of 505 eyes of 268 teenagers with age of 7-19 years old (mean\u0026plusmn;SD: 11.22\u0026plusmn;2.73) was conducted in the Refractive Center of Nanjing Medical University Afflicted Eye Hospital, China from 2018-2019. We had explained the nature of our study to each participant with inform consent from a parent or a legal guardian. The experiment of followed the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Mashhad University of Medical Sciences.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eParticipants with healthy anterior segment without contact lens usage, IOP of more than 21 mmHg, history of ocular surgery or any refractive surgery were included from our study. All enrolled teenagers underwent general physical evaluations like age, sex, ocular disease history and comprehensive examinations.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eEach teenager in our study underwent detailed examinations including visual acuity, refraction, slit-lam biomicroscopy, corneal topography of Pentacam and fundus. Our reseatch team comprised by ophthalmologist and optometrists. An experienced ophthalmologist checks all enrolled participant by slit-lamp biomicroscopy for ocular anterior segment abnormalities. Noncontact tonometer for IOP measurement. Autorefraction was performed after compete cyctoplegia by Desktop Autorefractor. IOL Master was used for Axial Length (AL).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll of the Pentacam measurements were taken according to the manufacture\u0026rsquo;s guidelines by a trained optometrist who was blinded to our study. All measurements were doing between 9:00 to 12:00 in a sufficient lighting (＞300 lux)for at least three times for the most suitable mean value with an excellent repeatability. Teenagers were asked to put their chin in a chin rest and adjusted their heads still using a forehead strap to stare at the fixed light spot of the instrument without blinking during the examination. All data were accepted when the quality was \u0026ldquo;OK\u0026rdquo;. We had taken these parameters in our study for statistical analysis. (1) ACD: the distance from corneal endothelium to the crystal. (2) ACV: the volume of anterior segment, about the ACD with a range of 12mm diameter centered on corneal apex. (3) Apex corneal angle (ACA): the smaller angle values calculated in the horizontal direction. (4) corneal thickness (CCT and TCT): describe the corneal thickness and thinnest point. (5) PD: describe the nondilated pupil diameters. (6) flat and steep keratometry values(K). (7) SE: calculated as the spherical diopter plus half of the cylindrical diopter.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCommercially SPSS (version 22.0) and GraphPad Prism software (version 6.0) were used in our study. Mean \u0026plusmn; SD were described for all the data. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used for normality of the distribution. Independent -sample t tests were used to investigate the difference of data with a normal distribution and variance homogeneity. The Kruskal-Wallis H test was performed to compare data incompatible with a normal distribution or variance homogeneity. Pearson correlation test was conducted for the associations between two variables. Multiple linear regressions were performed to characterize the effects of all parameters. All data difference was set at P ＜0.05 as significant, and estimates were presented with 95% confidence intervals.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec2\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eGeneral Characterics\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eWe analyzed 505 eyes from 268 children aged from 7 to 19\u0026nbsp;years completed the Pentacam examination after cycloplegia and had a completed data record for all the parameters (including age, sex, Rf, RS, K1, K2, Rper, Rmin, Q-val, TCT, ACD, ACV, ACA, CCT, TCT, and SE), with a mean age of 11.22\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;2.73\u0026nbsp;years. 229 boys (45.35%) and 276 girls (54.65%) were included in the final analysis. There are 23 of high myopia (4.55%), and none of the eyes had complications associated with myopia. And the distribution of the refractive errors in boys and girls is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e. Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e displays the general characteristics of the participants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGeneral Characteristics of Anterior Eye Segment Parameters in Pentacam of 505 Teenagers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"12\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" morerows=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c4\" namest=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTotal\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c7\" namest=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFemale\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eIndependent Samples \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e Test\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;505\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;229\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003en\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;276\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"6\" rowspan=\"7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e199.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e27.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e༜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACA (deg.)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.461\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.80\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.997\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePD (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.65\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.55\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.233\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.811\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAL (mm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.92\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e༜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"12\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues presented are mean and SD. Independent samples \u003cem\u003et\u003c/em\u003e test was used to investigate the difference between males and females.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eACA indicates anterior chamber angle; ACD, anterior chamber depth; ACV, anterior chamber volume; AL, axial length; TCT, thinnest corneal thickness; PD, pupil diameter; SE, spherical equivalent.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003e*P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eA scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and AL (abscissa) is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, a scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and ACD (abscissa) is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, a scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and ACV (abscissa) is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, and a scatter plot of the refractive errors (ordinate) and PD (abscissa) is shown in Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e.There were significant differences in the AL, ACD, which myopic teenagers have longer AL, deeper ACD.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eDistribution of Related paramerers Among Sex and Age\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, for all the children included in our study, the mean Rf, Rs, K1 and K2 values of anterior and posterior corneal surface were 7.98\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.24\u0026nbsp;mm, 7.73\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.30\u0026nbsp;mm, 42.38\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.86 degrees, 43.55\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;1.91 degrees, 6.60\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.25\u0026nbsp;mm, 6.21\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.26\u0026nbsp;mm, -6.07\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.23 degrees, -6.42\u0026thinsp;\u0026plusmn;\u0026thinsp;0.65 degrees, respectively. Boys had higher Rf and Rs, but smaller in K1 and K2 than girls (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) of both anterior and posterior corneal surface. Also, the Axial length (AL) and Anterior chamber volume (ACV) had significant differences between sex (P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05, Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e. The correlations between the refractive error and the ACA, and TCT were not significant (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig6\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eBecause of the small number of children aged 7 to 19-years old, we forming 4 groups for the ranges 7 to 9 years, 10 to 12 years, 13 to 15 years, and 16 to 19 years, to reduce the differences in the number of children between groups see in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e \u003cb\u003e(at the end of article)\u003c/b\u003e. The Rf, K1 of anterior corneal surface did not show significantly different between ages, however, teenagers only in 7 to 9 age group increased significantly than 13 to 15-year-old group (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.031). Meanwhile, the TCT, ACD, ACV, PD, SE and AL had increasingly differenced in different age groups (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.002, 0.002, 0.036, 0.044, 0.002, \u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.001).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDistributions of Anterior Eye Segment Parameters in Pentacam of 268 Teenagers\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eParameters\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c3\" namest=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAge groups(y)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7 to 9\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10 to 12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13 to 15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16 to 19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eP\u003c/em\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnterior\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRf\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.146\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.156\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.75\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.333\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.61\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e43.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e 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colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.644\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.29\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRmin\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRs\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.378\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK2\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-6.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.869\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e 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\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.118\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQ-val\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-0.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.298\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"13\" rowspan=\"14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eTCT\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e545.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e547.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e562.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e540.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e56.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e29.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e39.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e41.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e38.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.073\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eACV\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e196.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e198.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e204.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e207.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.036*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e28.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e30.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e32.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ePD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.25\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.044*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.59\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.53\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSE\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e-3.90\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.002*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMean\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.94\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e༜0.001*\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSD\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eN\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e168\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e178\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e123\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"8\" nameend=\"c8\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eValues presented are mean and SD\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e*P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec4\" class=\"Section3\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eOther Factors Associated With anterior segment parameters\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe Pearson correlation tests showed that age, Rs of anterior cornea were closely associated with each other, but showed weak relationship with ACA, ACD, AL and SE. Multiple linear regression analyses were performed with the refractive error as dependent variable and the 24 anterior eye segment parameters (Rf, K1, Rs, K2 et al) as the independent variables. Applying different correlation models to each age using variables that are difficult to measure. An analysis was therefore performed to quantify the teenager\u0026rsquo;s myopia with pentacam measurements information. However, not every parameters had closed relationship with SE. Thus, model performance using P\u0026thinsp;\u0026lt;\u0026thinsp;0.05 parameters as the predictive factors in the model.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/div\u003e\u003cp\u003eSE\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;3.391\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;0.08\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;Age\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;2.307\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;Rs-0.094\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;ACD-0.001\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;ACV-0.951\u0026thinsp;\u0026times;\u0026thinsp;AL\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e "},{"header":"Conclusion","content":" \u003cp\u003eIn the current study, we observed a changing pattern toward teenager\u0026rsquo;s myopia, the corneal topographic and biomechanical parameters were significantly different compared with that of initial measurements. Many studies were taken focus on the differences in the values of anterior segment parameters of myopic and emmetropic eyes, or conducted on older individuals. However, the prevalence of myopia is known to vary and high in young age, therefore, it is important evaluating structural changes associated with myopia to develop strategies preventing progression of myopia and its complications.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn the present study, ACD, ACV, ACA, TCT, PD, AL and SE were measured in myopia teenagers and their relationships with refraction, age and gender investigated. Our results showed that age and gender have no difference of included myopia teenagers. Sex has a significant effect on corneal parameters in our study: Boys had higher Rf and Rs, but smaller in K1 and K2 than girls of both anterior and posterior corneal surface. Also, the Anterior chamber volume (ACV) and Axial length (AL) had significant differences between sex. However, there was no difference in ACD of gender, which means boys\u0026rsquo; cornea is flatter than girls. Thus, flatted corneas in boys may reduce the prevalence of myopia than girls. Given the significant effects of gender on corneal parameters of myopia teenagers, as shown in this study, we speculate that kid\u0026rsquo; behaviors of sex may contribute to the discrepancy across studies. These results highlight the importance of paying different attentions to girls and boys even at the same ages when controlling myopia development. The flatter cornea and deeper anterior chamber would reduce the refractive error. A flatter cornea has lower refractive power and the overall refractive power of the eye will be lower, the light will focus on a point farther from the cornea. Deeper anterior chamber means the distance between the cornea and crystalline lens increases because the summed power of two lens is equal to their sums minus the distance between the lens divided by the index of refraction of the medium. The relationship between the corneal corneal thickness and myopia is contradictory[7], some reports decline the correlation with corneal thickness and myopia. However, there are some studies report that corneal thickness has positive correlation with myopia[8]. In our results, the correlation was positively, the significant correlation was seen in multiple regression analysis.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn addition to sex, another important finding of this study is age weight on myopia development. As indicated by previous data analysis in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, subjects in 7 to 9 age group increased significantly of Rf and K1 of anterior corneal surface than 13 to 15 age group. Sharply increasingly of corneal shape in the early age indicate 7 to 9 age is the key period of controlling myopia, especially the dream time for Orthokeratology using. Hyman investigate younger baseline age was the strongest factor independently related to faster myopic children, children aged 6 to 7\u0026nbsp;years have the fastest progression in all age groups\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Hiraoka et al follow up 10-years of overnight orthokeratology found thar long-term efficacy and safety of OK lens wear in reducing myopia progression in schoolchildren\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. Elder children wearing orthokeratology for controlling myopia have weaken effects for the stable of anterior corneal surface development. Q-val of anterior and posterior corneal surface increased significantly without age. However, according to the result of Zhang\u0026rsquo;s study\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e that coincidence with the current of myopia development. Q-value represents the spherical aberration with positive relation of refractive error. In the emmetropia eyes, central cornea become flatter with age increasing and peripheral cornea grow slowly, while, with the development of myopia in children, with obviously rise of AL and ACD, peripheral cornea become steep followingly. Meanwhile, the PD had increasingly differences in different age groups (P\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.003, 0.029). The change of PD may have relations with age and refractive degree of myopia. Pupil size has impact on the amount of penetrating light by more peripheral rays penetrating through larger pupils than smaller ones. In some studies, children with larger pupils have less myopia progression than those smaller pupils wearing orthokeratology\u003csup\u003e[\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/sup\u003e. This phenomenon may make an explanation of AL prolonged in myopia group. To the best of our knowledge, this is the innovative study to analyze the trend of myopia development in teenagers and the effects of these parameters on myopia. The use of a relatively large sample size of children with a narrow range of SE and age range allowed our study to provide a more detailed examination of whether there are age differences in ocular parameters in teenager than has been performed previously.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAnalyses identified corneal parameters as the predominant predictor of teenager\u0026rsquo;s myopia. The cut point that the trend of myopia in teenagers need to be identified by bio-parameters as objective indicators. This predictive model should enable clinicians and scientists to evaluate the risk for myopia in teenager using simple, feasible measures. As the large number of children with myopia, we should take myopia in teenagers as a usual phenomenon in the development. So, the model should be beneficiated for monitoring teenager\u0026rsquo;s myopia by optometrists and ophthalmologists to plan children\u0026rsquo; eye examination therapy individually. Based on the data analyzed previously, we found the age, Rs, ACD, ACV, AL corelated tightly than other parameters, the cut point of spherical equivalent refractive error for optimized prediction, which is the best predictor of future myopia in teenagers.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThere are some limitations of our study. First, our included population was relatively small compared with other studies. Second, a cross-sectional study at one time point, we need a prospective longitudinal study is needed to determine the anatomical changes of myopia in teenagers.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Abbreviations","content":"\u003ctable style=\"width: 28.3891%;\"\u003e\n\u003ctbody\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApex corneal angle\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eApex CT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eApex corneal thickness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnterior chamber depth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnterior chamber depth\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnterior chamber volume\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eACV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAnterior chamber volume\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAL\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAxial length\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCCT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCentral corneal thickness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCA\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorneal astigmatism\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCP\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorneal power\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCV\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eCorneal volume\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003ePD\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePupil diameter\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eSE\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eSpherical equivalent\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003ctr\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eTCT\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003ctd style=\"width: 10%;\"\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThinnest corneal thickness\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/td\u003e\n\u003c/tr\u003e\n\u003c/tbody\u003e\n\u003c/table\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe experimental protocol was established, according to the ethical guidelines of the Helsinki Declaration and was approved by the Human Ethics Committee of The affiliated Eye hospital of Nanjing Medical University. Written informed consent was obtained from individual or guardian participants.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAvailability of data and materials\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare that they have no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis work was generously supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 81870679), which the receiver is Pro. Qin Jiang.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors' contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHG: data acquisition, data analysis, manuscript revision, and final approval. SX: data acuquisition, analysis and manuscript revision. ZY: data acuquisition, analysis and manuscript revision. QJ: design of the work, data acquisition, data analysis, manuscript redaction, manuscript revision, and final approval.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll the authors have read and approved the final version. All the authors take public responsibility for appropriate portions of the content, and agreed to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved. All authors have read and approved the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cul\u003e\n\u003cli\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ul\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eDolgin E. The myopia boom. Nature. 2015;519:276\u0026ndash;8.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eMorgan IG, French AN, Ashby RS, Guo XX, Ding XH, He MG, Rose AK. The epidemics of myopia: Aetiology and prevention. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2018;62:134\u0026ndash;49.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLi SS, He JN, Chen QY, Zhu JF, Zou HD, Xu X. Ocular surface health in Shanghai University students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Ophthalmology. 2018;18:245.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eSch\u0026auml;che M, Chen CY, Pertile KK, Richardson AJ, Dirani M, Mitchell P, Baird PN. Fine mapping linkage analysis identifies a novel susceptibility locus for myopia on chromosome 2q37 adjacent to but not overlapping MYP12. Mol Vis. 2009;15:722\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003ePowell C, Wedner S, Richardson S. Screening for correctable visual acuity deficits in school-age children and adolescents. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2004;5:CD005023.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eLim LS, Saw SM, Jeganathan VSE, Tay WT, Aung T, Tong L, Mitchell P, Wong TY. Distribution and Determinants of Ocular Biometric Parameters in an Asian Population: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:103\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eAhmed J, Memon MF. Central Corneal Thickness and its Relationshipwith Myopia. Journal of the Liaquat University of Medical Health Sciences. 2008;7:4\u0026ndash;6.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eAlMahmoud T, Priest D, Munger R, Jackson WB. Correlation between Refractive Error, Corneal Power, and Thickness in a Large Population with a Wide Range of Ametropia. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:1235\u0026ndash;42.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eHyman L, Gwiazda J, Hussein M, Norton TT, Wang Y, Tootle WM, Everett D. Relationship of Age, Sex, and Ethnicity With Myopia Progression and Axial Elongation in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123:977\u0026ndash;87.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eHiraoka T, Sekine Y, Okamoto F, Mihashi T, Oshika T. Safety and efficacy following 10-years of overnight orthokeratology for myopia control. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2018;38:281\u0026ndash;9.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eZhang YH, Wang Y, Li LH, Dou R, Wu WJ, Wu D, Jhanji V. Corneal Stiffness and its Relationship With Other Corneal Biomechanical and Nonbiomechanical Parameters in Myopic Eyes of Chinese Patients. Cornea. 2018;37:881\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e \u003cspan\u003eChen Z, Niu LL, Xue F, Qu XM, Zhou ZM, Zhou XT, Chu RY. Impact of Pupil Diameter on Axial Growth in Orthokeratology. Optom Vis Sci. 2012;89:1636\u0026ndash;40.\u003c/span\u003e \u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Myopia, Corneal parameters, Refractive error, Axial length","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-32006/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-32006/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eBackground: \u003c/strong\u003eTo investigate the impact of refractive error and corneal parameters on myopic teenagers by using Pentacam and IOL Master 700. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eMethods: \u003c/strong\u003eRetrospective observational case series of 505 eyes from 268 children from 7 to 19 years old presenting with myopia. Clinical course, slit lamp photographs and pentacam and IOL Master 700 findings were the main outcomes. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eResults:\u003c/strong\u003e Assessment of the tomographic, topographic of corneal parameters of myopic children without any interventions revealed no statistically significant changes in terms of age based on sex. The mean Rf, Rs, K1 and K2 values of anterior and posterior corneal surface were 7.98±0.24mm, 7.73±0.30mm, 42.38±1.86 degrees, 43.55±1.91 degrees, 6.60±0.25mm, 6.21±0.26mm, -6.07±0.23 degrees, -6.42±0.65 degrees. Boys had higher Rf and Rs, but smaller in K1 and K2 than girls (P\u0026lt;0.05) of both anterior and posterior corneal surface. The Anterior chamber volume (ACV) had significant differences between sex (P\u0026lt;0.05\u003cstrong\u003e)\u003c/strong\u003e. The Rf, K1 of anterior corneal surface did not show significantly different between ages, however, teenagers only in 7 to 9 age group increased significantly than 13 to 15-year-old group (P=0.031). Meanwhile, the Anterior chamber depth (ACD), Anterior chamber volume (ACV), Pupil diameter (PD), Spherical equivalent (SE) and Axial length (AL) had increasingly differenced in different age groups (P=0.002, 0.002, 0.036, 0.044, 0.002, \u0026lt;0.001). Model performance using p\u0026lt; 0.05 parameters as the predictive factors. SE=3.391+0.08×Age+2.307×Rs-0.094×ACD-0.001×ACV-0.951×AL. \u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConclusions:\u003c/strong\u003e Our findings may suggest a physiological nature for ocular changes during the development that may elucidate the special points during the process of myopia of adolescents. We also imitate a formula based on our data which may help to evaluate the myopia of children and the prognosis in clinic.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eOur research conducted retrospectively registered.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Refractive Error and Biometrics of Anterior Segment of Eyes of Myopic Teenagers","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2020-06-10 16:42:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-32006/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"2a8567f4-cf4e-467b-87a9-5c2ac953207a","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 10th, 2020","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":117110,"name":"Ophthalmology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2020-09-03T13:30:00+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2020-06-10 16:42:54","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-32006","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-32006","identity":"rs-32006","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"cBFmMYwuxLRRLfASyISRj","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}