Comparative Effects of Chemical and PGPR-Based Biostimulants on Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Biochemical Responses of Rosmarinus officinalis under Drought Stress

Comparative Effects of Chemical and PGPR-Based Biostimulants on Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Biochemical Responses of Rosmarinus officinalis under Drought Stress | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Comparative Effects of Chemical and PGPR-Based Biostimulants on Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Biochemical Responses of Rosmarinus officinalis under Drought Stress Muhammed Said YOLCU This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-9102436/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Under Revision Version 1 posted 17 You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Background Rosmarinus officinalis is a medicinal and aromatic plant valued for its high levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and essential oils. However, drought stress can negatively affect plant growth, nutrient uptake, and the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Biostimulants are increasingly used to mitigate the adverse effects of water deficiency and improve plant performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drought levels and selected biostimulants on growth, mineral nutrition, physiological characteristics, and phytochemical composition of rosemary. Results Restricted irrigation significantly reduced growth parameters, mineral uptake (except Fe and Zn), and most biochemical traits, while chlorophyll content remained largely unchanged. Drought stress also decreased the accumulation of several phenolic compounds. Biostimulant applications alleviated many of these negative effects. Gibberellic acid was the most effective treatment, significantly increasing seedling and root length, dry weight, potassium uptake, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds such as vanillin, rutin, rosmarinic acid, and chrysin. Ascorbic acid improved root fresh weight, total phenolics, and resveratrol content. Frateuria aurantia enhanced total carotenoids, quercetin, and Ca, Mg, and Mn uptake, and produced the greatest reduction in MDA levels. In contrast, Bacillus megaterium showed relatively limited effects, mainly increasing cinnamic acid content. Conclusions The findings indicate that biostimulants can mitigate drought-induced stress in rosemary. In particular, gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid were highly effective in improving plant growth, physiological performance, and phytochemical quality under water-limited conditions. Overall, biostimulant applications represent a promising strategy to enhance rosemary productivity and bioactive compound accumulation under drought stress. Growth regulators Mineral uptake Phenolic compounds PGPR Restricted irrigation Rosemary Figures Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Introduction Rosemary, a fragrant herb from the Lamiaceae family, is characterized by its perennial nature, evergreen foliage, shrubby growth habit, and needle-like leaves. It can reach heights of up to two meters and blooms with petite flowers in shades of pink, white, purple, or blue [ 1 , 2 ]. Rosmarinus officinalis , commonly known as rosemary, finds its origins in the Mediterranean region. However, due to its adaptive nature, it can be easily cultivated anywhere in the world. This plant is propagated and cultivated through seeds, cuttings, or division of roots [ 3 ]. Pharmacological studies have identified various beneficial properties of this plant, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, contributions to cognitive activities, and anticancer effects [ 4 , 5 , 6 ]. The main secondary metabolites found in rosemary are known to be phenolic compounds, diterpenes, triterpenes, and volatile oils [ 7 ], among which rosmarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol are found in significant amounts [ 2 , 8 ]. The volatile oil components of rosemary vary depending on the developmental stage and climatic factors. Common components include camphor (5.0–21%), 1,8-cineole (15–55%), α-pinene (9.0–26%), borneol (1.5–5.0%), camphene (2.5–12%), β-pinene (2.0–9.0%), and limonene (1.5–5.0%) [ 2 ]. Plants encounter various environmental stresses in their natural habitats or cultivation environments during their growth and development stages, with drought being the most severe among these stresses. An average of 80% to 95% of a living plant consists of varying amounts of water, which plays an essential role in almost all metabolic activities of plants [ 9 ]. Drought can occur in nature due to unpredictable reasons. Among these reasons are irregular and insufficient rainfall, evaporation of soil water due to temperature, soil structure, and the inability of water to reach the plant based on factors such as heavy metals and salt present in the soil [ 10 ]. Under drought stress conditions, changes occur in the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes of plants, leading to reductions in yield and quality values. Morphologically, this involves reductions in leaf area, number, and color, as well as decreases in root and shoot length and weights. Physiologically, it includes the cessation of photosynthesis, changes in cell membrane permeability, decreased stomatal density, and increased oxidative stress. Biochemically, various changes are observed, such as a decrease in chlorophyll content, alterations in proline, ABA (Absisic Acid), lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant activities [ 11 ]. Plant responses to drought depend on factors such as plant species, growth and development stage, age, and the duration and severity of drought. In order to mitigate the damage caused by various abiotic stress conditions to plants and crop production, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), hormones, osmotic pressure regulators, minerals, vitamins, and similar biostimulants are primarily used, and positive results are obtained. In recent years, bacteria resistant to heavy metals have been widely used for phytoremediation purposes in soils contaminated with various heavy metals, yielding positive outcomes [ 12 , 13 ]. Different applications of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) on plants under drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress have been reported to increase both relative and absolute water content, reduce leaf transpiration, prevent the uptake of heavy metal ions from the soil while enhancing mineral intake, regulate ion flow, lower soil pH to impede metal uptake, reduce ion leakage to prevent cellular damage, activate the defense system by increasing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and assist plants in overcoming stress by producing various enzymes and hormones [ 14 , 15 , 16 ]. [ 17 ], investigated the effects of limited irrigation stress on purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) and evaluated the efficacy of PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria; Bacillus circulans ) and mycorrhizal fungi (a mixture of Glomus mosseae -NRC31 and Glomus fasciculata -NRC15) in mitigating this stress. The results of the study indicated that the combined application of PGPR and mycorrhiza was the most effective treatment in alleviating water stress. It has been reported that applications of PGPR, mycorrhizae, and various beneficial bacteria enhance direct mineral and water uptake in plants grown under drought conditions, trigger hormonal regulation, and indirectly stimulate the plant’s immune response to drought stress [ 18 , 19 ]. In sugarcane seedlings inoculated with Bacillus megaterium , lower levels of free radical accumulation and increased proline content were observed under drought stress, suggesting that Bacillus megaterium enhances plant tolerance to drought [ 20 ]. Among different rhizobacterial treatments applied to wheat cultivars, Bacillus megaterium was reported to be the most effective in promoting growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in wheat genotypes [ 21 ]. In tomatoes treated with Bacillus megaterium , drought tolerance was associated with the activation of defense- and stress-related genes. Additionally, an increase in calcium levels, which supports cellular responses, and the stimulation of metabolite production (such as pinitol, arginine, glutamine, etc.) known to confer drought protection, were reported [ 22 ]. Potassium, as a macronutrient, plays vital roles in plant growth and development. It contributes to cell expansion, maintains turgor pressure, supports osmoregulation, facilitates stomatal opening and closing, and activates more than 60 enzymes [ 23 ]. Under drought conditions, potassium is critically important for sustaining photosynthesis, protecting chloroplasts from oxidative damage, preventing disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism, regulating stomatal behavior, and maintaining water balance [ 24 ]. It has been reported that plants under drought stress exhibit an increased intrinsic demand for potassium [ 24 , 25 ]. Moreover, potassium supplementation has been shown to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on crop yield [ 26 , 27 , 28 ]. Frateuria aurantia is known to solubilize potassium and absorption in the soil [ 29 ]. Therefore, in the present study, Frateuria aurantia was utilized due to its potential to enhance potassium solubilization and availability for plant uptake, which may indirectly contribute to alleviating drought stress. Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a non-enzymatic antioxidant commonly found in plants. It serves as a crucial vitamin involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulating numerous biochemical processes under both normal and stressful conditions [ 30 , 31 ]. Applied to leaves, AsA is reported to increase the AsA levels in the plant and is utilized in the production of essential molecules involved in tolerating cadmium stress. It is also noted to enhance physiological and biochemical processes in many plants subjected to cadmium application [ 32 ]. Exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) has been reported to enhance endogenous AsA levels in plants and strengthen the antioxidant defense system, thereby contributing to the alleviation of abiotic stress effects [ 33 ]. Furthermore, since AsA is biologically essential for human nutrition, its application can lead to the production of crops with improved nutritional quality and enhanced food safety [ 34 ]. Gibberellic acid (GA3), produced by plants, plays a role in signaling transmission and shoot elongation, along with phytohormones responsible for regulating various metabolic events in processes such as the initiation of flowering, water uptake, seed germination, fruit development, and dormancy breaking [ 35 , 36 ]. Additionally, it has been determined that GA3, when applied to plants grown under abiotic stress conditions such as limited water, salt, and heavy metals, contributes to the continuation of plant growth and development, activation of immune systems, and reduction of the adverse effects of stress [ 37 , 38 ]. It is well known that drought stress applications have been conducted on various plant species, and that numerous biostimulant treatments—such as rhizobacterial species, ascorbic acid, and gibberellic acid—have been used in previous studies to mitigate the effects of drought. However, studies comparing different biostimulants in terms of their optimal average doses and application methods (such as foliar vs. soil application) are relatively scarce. The novelty of this study lies in the comparison between rhizobacterial treatments—applied using the most effective method, soil drenching—and foliar applications of ascorbic acid and gibberellic acid, which are known to be most effective when sprayed on leaves. The selection of these particular biostimulants was based on numerous studies demonstrating their ability to reduce the harmful effects of drought in a multifaceted, effective, and sustainable manner. Drought was chosen as the main stress factor in this research due to its status as one of the most critical environmental stresses limiting plant production. In this study, an open-field experiment with potted rosemary plants was carried out in Van-Erciş to determine how different concentrations and application methods of Bacillus megaterium , Frateuria aurantia rhizobacteria, gibberellic acid, and ascorbic acid influence growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters under drought stress—a global challenge. This research aims to contribute to the understanding of how different biostimulants, applied via different methods, help mitigate drought stress based on growth performance and physiological and biochemical indicators, and to identify which biostimulant stands out in which specific parameter. Material and Methods Plant Material, Treatments and Experimental Design Rosmarinus officinalis L. cuttings were obtained from “Uludağ Agro” (Bursa, Türkiye) with permission from the supplier. The plant material was identified by the Mersin Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. The experiment was conducted as a pot trial in an open field (39.036999, 43.360442) in Erciş, Van, Türkiye, on private land owned by the author. Plant samples were prepared according to standard herbarium techniques and are being preserved; a voucher specimen will be deposited in the Herbarium of Van Flora Application and Research Center. During the course of the study, the average temperature was recorded as 23.1°C, and the relative humidity was 31.3%. Rosemary cuttings were treated with 4500 ppm of IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) and transferred to vials prepared from a mixture of peat (80%) and perlite (20%). The daily water requirements for rooting the rosemary cuttings were checked, and they were left outdoors for 15 days. Homogeneous mixtures were prepared by adding screened garden soil (2/3) and Klassman TS1 brand peat (1/3) to pots with a volume of 2000 ml. Rosemary seedlings with well-established roots were transplanted into the pots. The water holding capacity of the pots was determined to be an average of 500 ml, and all pots were saturated with water. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design with two factors and three replications per treatment combination. The first factor was irrigation level, which included three different water regimes simulating drought conditions: 180 ml (control – no stress), 120 ml (moderate drought), and 60 ml (severe drought). The second factor consisted of biostimulant treatments aimed at mitigating drought and other abiotic stresses. These treatments included Bacillus megaterium (1×10⁵ cfu ml⁻¹), Frateuria aurantia (1×10⁵ cfu ml⁻¹), ascorbic acid (100 mg/l), and gibberellic acid (100 mg/l). All treatments were combined in a full factorial structure, and each combination was applied to three replicate pots, resulting in a total of 48 experimental units. This design enabled the assessment of both the main effects of drought and biostimulants, as well as their interactions. To induce drought stress, different irrigation levels were applied: 180 ml (control), 120 ml, and 60 ml. The study aimed to protect the plant from drought and other adverse effects of abiotic stress using some beneficial bacteria known to be effective, including Bacillus megaterium (1x10 5 cfu ml − 1 ), Frateuria aurantia (1x10 5 cfu ml − 1 ), ascorbic acid (100 mg/l), and gibberellic acid (100 mg/l). A total of 100 mg of ascorbic acid and 100 mg of gibberellic acid were each separately dissolved in one liter of distilled water and shaken until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The solutions were then transferred into spray bottles and prepared for application. Before starting the applications, a solution with a concentration of 3 g/l was prepared from NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) composite fertilizer (15% N—30% P—15% K) for basic fertilization and applied to each pot at an average of 180 ml. Before starting the stress applications, concentrated BM ( Bacillus megaterium ) and FA ( Frateuria aurantia ) solutions, diluted to 20 ml/l, were applied to pots other than the control group at three-day intervals, three times, with a total of 180 ml. The microorganisms used belong to the trademarks SYMBION N ( Bacillus megaterium ) and SYMBION K ( Frateuria aurantia ). The applied concentrations were prepared according to the recommendation given by the trademark. Ascorbic acid and gibberellic acid were applied to pots, excluding the control group, by foliar spraying at an average of 10 ml per plant. Following the completion of biostimulant treatments, drought stress applications were initiated according to the designated irrigation levels. These water treatments were maintained throughout the experiment, and the study was terminated when visible drought stress symptoms appeared on the plants. The total duration of the experiment, from the transplantation of rooted rosemary cuttings into pots to the final measurements, was 48 days. Immediately after the termination of the experiment, measurements of growth parameters and other analyses were initiated A summary of all treatment combinations and factor levels is presented in Table 1 . Table 1 Application factories Abiotic stress factory (restricted irrigation) Antistress factory (biostimulants) D0 (180 ml=control) D1 (120 ml = 1/3 restricted water) D2 (60 ml = 2/3 restricted water) Control (C) Bacillus megaterium (BM) (drinking) Frateuria aurentia (FA) (drinking) Gibberellic acid (GA3) (foliar spray) Ascorbic acid (AA) (foliar spray) Agronomic Parameters The subterranean and aerial sections of the plants were isolated, and their lengths were gauged in centimeters using a ruler. Following a thorough rinse of the roots with tap water to cleanse them of soil, the fresh weight of both the seedlings and the roots was accurately determined using precision scales, with the results recorded in grams. Subsequently, the components belonging to the roots and stems were arranged on distinct drying sheets and subjected to a drying process within an oven maintained at 72°C for a duration of 72 hours. Upon completion of this drying phase, the dry mass of each component was assessed and documented in grams. MDA (Malondialdehyde) In the research, the quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA), a final by-product of lipid peroxidation, was carried out following the methodologies described by [ 39 , 40 ]. A sample of 0.5 g of fresh leaf tissue from the plant was processed by homogenization in 10 ml of 0.1% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The homogenized mixture was then subjected to centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 5 minutes. From the supernatant obtained, 1ml was extracted and mixed with 4 ml of 20% TCA containing 0.5% thiobarbituric acid (TBA). This mixture was incubated in a water bath maintained at 95°C for 30 minutes, followed by rapid cooling in an ice bath and subsequent centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The absorbance levels of the resulting supernatant were measured at wavelengths of 532 and 600 nm to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA). Total Phenolic Substance Concentration The quantification of total phenolic content was conducted using a modified version of the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method, as adapted by [ 41 ]. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was diluted in a 1:3 volume ratio. To prepare the saturated sodium carbonate (35%) solution, 87.5 grams of sodium carbonate were dissolved in distilled water to a final volume of 250 ml, left to stand overnight, and then filtered. A stock solution of gallic acid (500 µg ml − 1 ) was created by dissolving 50 mg of gallic acid in 100 ml of distilled water. To produce the gallic acid working solution, nine different solutions were made from the 500 µg ml − 1 gallic acid stock solution in 5 ml volumetric flasks, with concentrations varying from 0–55 µg ml − 1 . From each of these solutions, 1 ml was taken and combined with 1 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. After a 5-minute wait, 2 ml of sodium carbonate solution was added, followed by vigorous shaking, and the mixture was then diluted with 2 ml of water. This mixture was kept in the dark for 30 minutes before the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 700 nm using a spectrometer. The calibration curve was generated by plotting the absorbance readings against the different gallic acid concentrations, achieving a correlation coefficient (r 2 ) of 97.47. Total Flavonoid Substance Concentration The assessment of total flavonoid content was conducted using the protocol established by [ 42 ]. To each 2 ml of the extract, 2 ml of 2% aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) solution was added, and the mixture was then kept in darkness at ambient temperature for one hour. The concentration of flavonoids in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 415 nm, with two replicates carried out for each sample. The results were expressed in milligrams of Quercetin Equivalent (QE) per 100 grams of sample, based on a calibration curve derived from standard quercetin measurements. Total Antioxidant Activity To evaluate the total antioxidant capacity, 2 grams of leaf material were accurately weighed and mixed with 4 ml of methanol. This mixture was then processed in a homogenizer, followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, after which the supernatant was collected. Subsequently, a solution of 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) at a concentration of 10 mmol L − 1 was prepared in 300 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6) and 40 mM hydrochloric acid (HCl). The FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) reagent was then formulated by combining the TPTZ solution with a 20 mmol L − 1 solution of FeCl 3 .6H 2 O in a 10:1:1 ratio. For the analysis using ABTS (2,2'-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2850 µL of the FRAP reagent was diluted 50-fold with ethanol. Then, 150 µL of the leaf extract was added to this dilution and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the formed ferric tripyridyltriazine complex was measured at 593 nm using a spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity was quantified and reported in milligrams of Trolox equivalents per gram of sample, following the method described by [ 43 ]. The calibration curve for Trolox was prepared over a range of 0-500 ppm. Photosynthetic Pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls content and total carotenoids content) In the analysis of photosynthetic pigments determined according to [ 44 ], 0.2 g (200 mg) fresh plant sample was extracted with 10 mL 80% acetone and centrifuged at 4600 rpm for 15 minutes. The absorbance values of the aliquots taken after centrifugation at 663, 645, and 470 nm wavelengths were determined in a spectrophotometer (PG T60 UV-VIS) and recorded. Calculations were made with the help of the formulas given below: chlorophyll a (µg g − 1 FW) = 11.75 × A662–2.350 × A645; chlorophyll b (µg g − 1 FW) = 18.61 × A645–3.960 × A662; total chlorophyll (µg g − 1 FW) = chlorophyll a + chlorophyll b total carotenoid (µg g − 1 FW) = (1000 × A470–2.270 × chlorophyll a) – (81.4 × chlorophyll b/227); A = absorbance value, FW = fresh weight Mineral Contents After grinding the dried leaf samples, 1 gram of each was taken and placed in Erlenmeyer flasks. Subsequently, 2 ml of nitric acid was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for approximately 24 hours. Then, 2 ml of perchloric acid was added, and the flask was placed on a hotplate for the combustion process. The leaf samples were kept on the hotplate until the organic matter in the leaves turned into inorganic substances through the action of acids. Afterward, the liquid in the Erlenmeyer flasks was filtered through filter papers into collection containers. Subsequently, distilled water was added to each flask until the volume reached 50 ml. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used for the analysis of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu elements, while Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was employed for phosphorus (P) analysis. In ICP-OES, the sample was excited by an argon plasma heated to approximately 10,000 K through electromagnetic induction. The plasma was generated by applying radio frequency (RF) energy to argon gas within induction coils. Due to the intense heat, the sample was ionized, and the emitted light from the excited elements was detected at their characteristic wavelengths and used for their identification. In AAS, radiation emitted from a hollow cathode lamp specific to the element of interest was passed through the existing flame and measured by a segmented solid-state detector. The sample to be analyzed was introduced into the flame, and if the corresponding element was present, the radiation from the lamp was absorbed. Phenolic Components After the dry leaf samples were ground and sieved, 2.5 g was taken and placed in a conical flask. 40 ml methanol and 20 ml chloroform were added. It was kept covered in a dark environment at 20 o C for 4 days. It was then filtered using filter papers. The filtered samples were placed in an oven at 40°C for 48 hours to ensure complete evaporation of methanol and chloroform from the extract. The dried residue was then reconstituted in 5 ml of deionized water (dd-H 2 O). Following the specified procedure, the samples were then centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. Post-centrifugation, they were preserved in a freezer at a temperature of -20°C for subsequent analyses. Before conducting High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric assessments, the plant extracts were passed through an HPLC-grade filter (0.2–25 mm, Millipore). The Agilent 1100 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with four Ecom pumps (Prague, Czech Republic) and a UV detector (Hewlett-Packard 1100 model) was used for identifying specific compounds within the extracts. Chromatographic separation occurred on an ACE 5-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm), which was maintained at 40°C. The flow rate was established at 1.2 mL/min, utilizing a mobile phase that began with 0.05% TFA in deionized water (Bottle A) and Acetonitrile (Bottle B), maintaining an A/B ratio of 75/25 for the entire duration of the analysis. The total duration of the analysis was set to 20 minutes. Quantitative results were expressed in milligrams of phenolic acid per gram of dry leaf material and were reported as the average of three replicates. The chromatogram obtained from the HPLC device is presented in Fig. 1 , and the obtained values are given in Fig. 2. Peaks observed in the chromatogram, other than the 10 phenolic compounds identified by the HPLC device, could not be evaluated due to the inability to identify them in the laboratory. Statistical Analysis Statistical analyses of the data obtained were performed using the COSTAT (version 6.03) package program, and multiple comparison tests were performed according to the Least Significant Difference (LSDa = 0.05) test. Results The drought treatments and drought × biostimulant interaction application were found to have a statistically significant effect on all evaluated growth parameters. The biostimulant treatments alone had a significant effect on all growth parameters except for seedling fresh weight and root dry weight. The highest average root length was observed in GA3 treatments with a value of 16.83 cm, while the highest average seedling length was also recorded in GA3 treatments at 16.77 cm. The highest average root fresh weight was obtained from AA (3.26 g) and GA3 (2.99 g) treatments, which were statistically in the same group. The highest average seedling dry weight was measured in GA3 treatments with a value of 1.58 g (Table 2 ). Drought treatments negatively affected the growth parameters of rosemary plants. Biostimulant applications partially alleviated these effects. As shown in Table 2 , gibberellic acid was most effective in improving root length, seedling length, and seedling dry weight, while ascorbic acid had the greatest effect on root fresh weight. Table 2 Effects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on growth parameters in rosemary plant Applications RL (cm) SL (cm) RFW (g) SFW (g) RDW (g) SDW (g) Biostimulants (B) Drought (D) Control Control 20.5ab 17.40 2.98c 7.68a 0.46bcd 1.76abc D1/3 16de 15.65 3.25c 5.16bc 0.51bc 1.42bc D2/3 12.5fg 12.15 1.11d 2.71de 0.34de 0.91d mean 16.33AB 15.07C 2.44B 5.18 0.43 1.36AB AA Control 15e 18.10 4.57a 6.2ab 0.56ab 1.51bc D1/3 10.5h 15.85 1.07d 6.85a 0.28e 1.8ab D2/3 21a 12.95 4.13ab 2.9d 0.58ab 0.69d mean 15.50B 15.63BC 3.26A 5.32 0.47 1.33B GA3 Control 18bc 19.25 3.83bc 5.96ab 0.47bc 1.88a D1/3 15e 17.00 1.52d 5.99ab 0.34de 1.59bc D2/3 17.5cd 14.05 3.62c 2.39de 0.56b 1.27c mean 16.83A 16.77A 2.99A 4.78 0.46 1.58A BM Control 18bc 18.35 3.48bc 5.38b 0.49bc 1.39c D1/3 17.5cd 15.85 3.43c 6.15ab 0.53b 1.64bc D2/3 12g 12.65 1.23d 2.3de 0.32e 0.72d mean 15.83AB 15.62BC 2.71AB 4.61 0.44 1.25B FA Control 14.5e 17.30 4.16ab 7.06a 0.62a 1.89a D1/3 15e 17.55 3.83bc 4.64c 0.45cd 1.26c D2/3 13.5f 13.15 1.28d 1.96e 0.3e 0.85d mean 14.33C 16B 3.09A 4.55 0.45 1.33B B (LSD = 0.05) 1.13 0.66 0.45 ns ns 0.22 D (LSD = 0.05) 2.87 0.51 0.35 0.62 0.051 0.17 B×D (LSD = 0.05) 3.39 ns 1.35 2.39 0.18 0.68 CV (%) 7.45 4.38 16.08 17.05 15.39 17.35 RL: Root Length, SL: Seedling Length, RFW: Root Fresh Weight, SFW: Seedling Fresh Weight, RDW: Root Dry Weight, SDW: Seedling Dry Weight As shown in Table 3 , drought stress treatments had a statistically significant effect on all analyzed mineral elements except copper. Biostimulant applications significantly affected all minerals except phosphorus and copper. The interaction between drought stress and biostimulant treatments had a statistically significant effect on all mineral elements except calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. The highest average potassium content was recorded in GA3 treatments at 16.37 g/kg. The highest average calcium (14.63 g/kg), magnesium (2.89 g/kg), and manganese (72.95 mg/kg) contents were determined in FA treatments. The highest average iron (391.47 mg/kg) and zinc (61.32 mg/kg) contents were observed in the control group (Table 3 ). Biostimulant applications reduced iron and zinc uptake in rosemary compared to the control. As shown in Table 3 , gibberellic acid increased potassium uptake under drought stress, with a 27.19% increase relative to the control. As shown in Table 3 , Frateuria aurantia increased the uptake of calcium, magnesium, and manganese under drought stress, with increases of 11.50%, 8.64%, and 2.70%, respectively, compared to the control. Table 3 Effects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on macro-micro nutritional elements in rosemary plant Applications K (g/kg) Ca (g/kg) P (g/kg) Mg (g/kg) Fe (mg/kg) Mn (mg/kg) Zn (mg/kg) Cu (mg/kg) Biostimulants (B) Drought (D) Control Control 14.82abc 11.58 4.85 2.27 362.42b 72.8cd 46.84cde 14.62abc D1/3 10.3d 15.26 5.10 3.13 279.44cd 46.58gh 89.98a 12.44bc D2/3 13.48bc 12.52 4.70 2.57 532.56a 93.69ab 47.15cd 16.8a mean 12.87C 13.12AB 4.89 2.66AB 391.47A 71.03A 61.32A 14.62 AA Control 16.23a 14.15 4.47 2.69 236.24f 51.08fgh 35.36hgh 14.61abc D1/3 13.35bc 14.86 4.83 2.70 361.06b 59.26def 42.25de 12.71bc D2/3 13.82bc 11.02 4.91 2.35 193.52g 57.29efg 34.64fgh 11.25c mean 14.46B 13.34A 4.74 2.58AB 263.61C 55.88B 37.41CD 12.86 GA3 Control 14.93ab 8.76 3.88 1.77 361.14b 87.78b 29.94h 13.62bc D1/3 17.03a 11.34 4.71 2.21 190.56g 33.65i 36.82efg 9.82c D2/3 17.15a 11.71 5.52 2.37 283.79c 58.78def 36.37fg 15.61ab mean 16.37A 10.60C 4.70 2.11C 278.50B 60.07B 34.38D 13.01 BM Control 13.59bc 11.26 4.26 2.34 356.3b 80.08c 38.54ef 13.53bc D1/3 15.91a 10.96 4.61 2.58 289.71c 59.62de 35.73fg 13.93abc D2/3 13.15c 11.66 5.82 2.41 198.31g 44.75h 48.1c 10.32c mean 14.22BC 11.29BC 4.90 2.44BC 281.44B 61.48B 40.81C 12.59 FA Control 15.96a 14.07 4.47 2.75 255e 57ef 49.06c 11.47c D1/3 16.25a 15.13 5.05 3.32 267.25d 97.89a 33.43gh 14.69ab D2/3 14.01bc 14.70 4.65 2.60 237.63f 62.96de 61.54b 13.5bc mean 15.41AB 14.63A 4.72 2.89A 253.30D 72.95A 48.01B 13.22 B (LSD = 0.05) 1.47 1.99 ns 0.33 8.4 6.39 4.5 ns D (LSD = 0.05) 1.14 1.54 0.46 0.26 6.51 4.95 3.49 ns B×D (LSD = 0.05) 4.41 ns ns ns 25.21 19.17 13.51 6.43 CV (%) 10.43 16.43 13.13 13.79 2.97 10.32 10.54 16.81 As shown in Table 4 , the biostimulant applications had a statistically significant effect on all evaluated biochemical parameters. The effects of drought stress and the drought–biostimulant interaction were statistically significant for all biochemical parameters except total phenolics. According to Table 4 , the highest average values of chlorophyll a (18.66 µg/g FW), chlorophyll b (10.94 µg/g FW), total chlorophylls (29.60 µg/g FW), and MDA (6.19 nmol/g) were obtained from the control group. The highest average total phenolic content was recorded in AA treatments at 258.83 mg GA 100 g⁻¹. The highest average total flavonoid content (78.52 mg QE 100 g⁻¹) and total antioxidant activity (121.45 mg TE g⁻¹) were observed in GA3 treatments. The highest average total carotenoid content was found in FA treatments, with a value of 3.76 µg/g FW (Table 4 ). As shown in Table 4 , gibberellic acid applications increased total flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity by 37.97% and 37.83%, respectively, compared to the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lowest in Frateuria aurantia applications, with a 61.61% reduction compared to the control. Frateuria aurantia also showed the highest increase in total carotenoid content, with an increase of 11.24%. Biostimulant applications did not increase chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, or total chlorophyll levels compared to the control. Table 4 Effects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on biochemical parameters in rosemary plant Applications Biostimulants (B) Drought (D) Total Phenolics (mg GA 100 g − 1 ) Total Flavonoids (mg QE 100 g − 1 ) Total Antioxidant Activity (mg TE g − 1 ) Chlorophyll a (µg/g FW) Chlorophyll b (µg/g FW) Total Chlorophylls (µg/g FW) Total Carotenoids (µg/g FW) MDA (nmol/g) Control Control 263.00 88.70ab 102.59cde 22.09a 12.73a 34.81a 4.05ab 6.84a D1/3 252.58 31.3h 79.16fg 15.94bcd 6.42bc 22.36bcd 3.81ab 5.16b-e D2/3 255.50 50.74fg 82.59fg 17.96ab 13.67a 31.63a 2.29c 6.58a mean 257.03A 56.91C 88.11C 18.66A 10.94A 29.60A 3.38AB 6.19A AA Control 262.58 59.54def 96.03e 13.04def 4.07def 17.11def 3.65b 5.16cde D1/3 255.08 53.52fg 91.03ef 16.95abc 6.17c 23.12bc 4.48a 6.45a D2/3 258.83 61.39de 108.53cd 12.33d-g 5.11cd 17.44def 3.04b 4.39ef mean 258.83A 58.15C 98.53B 14.11B 5.12BC 19.22B 3.73AB 5.33B GA3 Control 241.33 48.89g 95.09e 13.32de 6.22c 19.54cde 2.98bc 5.68abc D1/3 250.08 91.94a 134.47a 12.95def 3.41fg 16.35ef 3.77b 6.32a D2/3 258.83 94.72a 134.78a 12.72def 3.71ef 16.43ef 3.76b 5.55a-d mean 250.08AB 78.52A 121.45A 12.99BC 4.45CD 17.44BC 3.50AB 5.85AB BM Control 240.92 64.17cd 108.53cd 14.42cd 4.3def 18.72de 3.73b 3.87f D1/3 237.58 68.8c 129.16a 10.2g 2.53g 12.73g 3.09b 5.94abc D2/3 240.08 55.83ef 114.78bc 10.85fg 3.88ef 14.73fg 2.97bc 6.06ab mean 239.53BC 62.93C 117.49A 11.82C 3.57D 15.39C 3.26B 5.29B FA Control 234.25 79.44b 76.34g 17.72ab 7.23b 24.95b 4.59a 5.03de D1/3 234.67 68.33c 102.28de 14.14d 5.43c 19.57cd 3.63b 6.45a D2/3 238.42 62.31d 121.34b 11.44efg 4.34de 15.78f 3.05b 0g mean 235.78C 70.03B 99.99B 14.43B 5.67B 20.10B 3.76A 3.83C B (LSD = 0.05) 13.19 6.04 8.11 2.24 0.89 2.93 0.49 0.64 D (LSD = 0.05) ns 4.68 6.78 1.73 0.69 2.27 0.38 0.49 B×D (LSD = 0.05) ns 18.13 24.34 6.72 2.67 8.8 1.42 1.91 CV (%) 5.52 9.62 8.01 16.17 5.63 14.98 14.46 12.58 GA: Gallic Acid, QE: Quercetin Equivalent, TE: Trolox Equivalent, FW: Fresh Weight As shown in Table 5 , drought treatments had a statistically significant effect on all analyzed phenolic compounds. Biostimulant applications in rosemary significantly affected all phenolic compounds except salicylic acid. The interaction between drought and biostimulant treatments had a statistically significant effect on rutin, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid, and chrysin. As presented in Table 5 , the highest average catechin hydrate content (1.34 mg/g) was recorded in the control treatments, while the highest average contents of vanillin (0.3 mg/g), rutin (0.87 mg/g), rosmarinic acid (18.03 mg/g), and chrysin (166.35 mg/g) were observed in the GA₃ treatments. The highest average resveratrol content (0.23 mg/g) was found in the AA treatments, whereas the highest average cinnamic acid content (0.22 mg/g) was detected in the BM treatments. The highest average quercetin content (0.50 mg/g) was obtained from the FA treatments, and the highest average naringin content (0.31 mg/g) was recorded in both the BM and FA treatments, which were statistically in the same group. GA₃ treatments resulted in increases in vanillin (150%), rutin (4.82%), rosmarinic acid (5.31%), and chrysin (24.02%) contents compared to the control. Ascorbic acid treatments led to a 130% increase in resveratrol content compared to the control, while Bacillus megaterium treatments caused a 22.22% increase in cinnamic acid. Increases in quercetin (8.70%) were observed with Frateuria aurantia treatments, and naringin content increased by 121.43% with both BM and FA treatments compared to the control (Table 5 ). Table 5 Effects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on phenolic compounds in rosemary plant Applications Cate chine hydrate (mg/g) Van ilin (mg/g) Rutin (mg/g) Narin gin (mg/g) Rosma rinic acid (mg/g) Salicyl ic acid (mg/g) Resve ratrol (mg/g) Quer cetin (mg/g) Cinamic acid (mg/g) Chry sin (mg/g) Biostimulants (B) Drought (D) Control Control 1.73 0.13 1.02ab 0.20 21.77a 1.71abc 0.10 0.47 0.37 129.16f D1/3 1.03 0.12 0.62de 0.08 10.89ef 1.28cd 0.09 0.44 0.08 122.49gh D2/3 1.27 0.11 0.84bc 0.14 18.71ab 1.61bc 0.10 0.48 0.10 150.79d mean 1.34A 0.12D 0.83AB 0.14B 17.12A 1.53 0.10D 0.46AB 0.18BC 134.14C AA Control 1.07 0.11 0.58e 0.13 9.85f 1.09d 0.08 0.38 0.41 127.97f D1/3 0.00 0.15 0.83bc 0.13 13.6d 1.78ab 0.38 0.42 0.06 120.3h D2/3 0.15 0.00 0.95ab 0.00 16.2c 1.7bc 0.24 0.46 0.09 148.5e mean 0.41D 0.09E 0.79AB 0.09C 13.22C 1.52 0.23A 0.42BC 0.19B 132.26D GA3 Control 1.18 0.54 0.72cd 0.30 21.24a 1.58bc 0.11 0.38 0.14 124.91g D1/3 1.38 0.19 0.84bc 0.27 16.31c 1.34c 0.14 0.26 0.10 107.71i D2/3 1.43 0.22 1.05a 0.33 16.55c 1.71bc 0.16 0.43 0.23 266.42a mean 1.33A 0.3A 0.87A 0.30A 18.03A 1.54 0.14B 0.36C 0.16C 166.35A BM Control 1.12 0.18 0.89b 0.31 12.47de 1.47c 0.14 0.45 0.37 121.13h D1/3 1.14 0.19 0.82bc 0.27 12.69de 1.44c 0.12 0.36 0.19 174.24c D2/3 1.38 0.10 0.64de 0.36 21.23a 1.77ab 0.10 0.40 0.09 40.82k mean 1.21C 0.16C 0.78AB 0.31A 15.46B 1.56 0.12C 0.40BC 0.22A 112.07E FA Control 1.45 0.11 0.74cd 0.38 17.42bc 2.03a 0.15 0.57 0.13 181.08b D1/3 1.52 0.57 0.72cd 0.38 16.33c 1.63bc 0.10 0.48 0.20 85.52j D2/3 0.85 0.17 0.76cd 0.18 10.81f 1.41c 0.10 0.44 0.21 149.88de mean 1.27B 0.29B 0.74B 0.31A 14.85B 1.69 0.12C 0.50A 0.18BC 138.83B B (LSD = 0.05) 0.027 0.018 0.096 0.018 1.28 ns 0.009 0.067 0.028 1.47 D (LSD = 0.05) 0.021 0.014 0.072 0.014 0.99 0.13 0.007 0.052 0.022 1.14 B×D (LSD = 0.05) ns ns 0.28 ns 3.83 0.51 ns ns ns 4.41 CV (%) 2.6 10.02 12.47 8.37 8.45 11.46 7.1 16.33 16.24 1.11 Correlation Heatmap Among All Traits A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to elucidate the relationships among growth parameters, mineral nutrient contents, chlorophyll pigments, biochemical properties, and phenolic compounds of rosemary. The clustered triangular heatmap (Fig. 1 ) shows a wide range of correlations among measured traits under different drought and biostimulant treatments. Strong positive correlations were observed among chlorophyll-related traits, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophylls (r ≈ 0.90–0.96), suggesting coordinated regulation of photosynthetic pigments under water-limited conditions. Total flavonoids were also positively correlated with total antioxidant activity (r ≈ 0.79), indicating that flavonoid accumulation substantially contributed to the antioxidant defense system. Phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid and chrysin showed moderate to strong correlations with several biochemical traits, reflecting their important roles in drought-induced secondary metabolism. Weak or negative correlations were detected between morphological traits (e.g., seedling/root length) and some phenolic components, suggesting that growth reduction under stress is accompanied by metabolic shifts toward bioactive compound synthesis rather than biomass production. Overall, the correlation pattern indicates that, under drought stress, rosemary tends to maintain photosynthetic pigment integrity, promote phenolic metabolism, and enhance antioxidant capacity. These associations also demonstrate that biostimulant treatments modulate multiple physiological and biochemical mechanisms simultaneously. Discussion In this study, it was determined that the drought stress applied had a negative impact on all growth parameters of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The declines in growth are presumed to result from the suppressive effects of drought conditions on various physiological processes in the plant. As stated in the literature, drought or water deficiency leads to the loss of cell turgor pressure and disruption of mitotic activities, thereby inhibiting cell division and elongation; this directly limits plant development and yield potential [ 45 ]. These mechanisms explain the reductions observed in both aboveground (stem, leaf) and belowground (root) growth of rosemary in our study. The suppression of cell expansion and growth due to low turgor pressure led to significant decreases in key morphological traits. Thus, the findings suggest that the growth impairment observed under drought stress in rosemary may be attributed to turgor loss and interruption of cellular growth processes. In this study, it was also determined that the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) resulted in the greatest increases in seedling height, root length, and seedling dry weight compared to other biostimulants. The findings highlight the growth-promoting effects of GA3 on these parameters. According to the literature, gibberellins stimulate cell division and elongation in plants, support root and stem development, and regulate metabolic pathways and gene expression [ 46 , 47 ]. In light of this information, the increases observed in seedling height and root length following GA3 application in rosemary can be attributed to the hormone's growth-promoting effects at the cellular level. Moreover, the enhanced root development likely supported improved water and nutrient uptake, which contributed to the observed increase in seedling dry weight. These results are consistent with previous studies on other plant species, which reported that GA3 promotes growth under drought conditions [ 46 , 48 , 49 ]. It was also found that ascorbic acid application led to the highest increase in root fresh weight in rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) among the tested biostimulants. This finding aligns with the known growth-promoting effects of ascorbic acid under abiotic stress conditions. The literature indicates that ascorbic acid enhances plant growth by increasing photosynthesis, transpiration, and oxidative defense capacity [ 50 ]. Furthermore, foliar-applied ascorbic acid is reported to activate the antioxidant system and osmoprotectant metabolism under drought stress, thereby mitigating its adverse effects on growth [ 51 ]. The increase in root fresh weight observed in our study may be associated with the protective effects of ascorbic acid at the cellular level in the root zone and its support for metabolic processes. Similar findings have been reported in studies on various plant species, in which ascorbic acid application increased root fresh weight under drought conditions [ 52 , 53 ]. In our study, it was observed that iron uptake in the plant was at its highest level under drought conditions. This increase was found to be consistent with previous studies. Indeed, RNA-seq analyses conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on iron metabolism have shown increased iron accumulation in Sorghum bicolor . This increase has been associated with the upregulation of ferritin and vacuolar Fe transporter genes under drought stress. The study demonstrated that physiological changes caused by suppressed photosynthesis under drought conditions disrupt iron homeostasis, leading the plant to enhance iron uptake and safely store iron as a defense mechanism [ 54 ]. In contrast, the biostimulants applied in our study did not appear to influence iron uptake in Rosmarinus officinalis . This suggests that iron absorption in rosemary is more closely regulated by intrinsic mechanisms rather than external interventions. The correlation analysis presented in Figure X offers valuable insight into the coordinated physiological, biochemical and metabolic responses of Rosmarinus officinalis under drought stress and biostimulant application. The strong positive associations observed among chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls (r ≈ 0.90–0.96) align with previous findings that maintenance of photosynthetic pigments is a key strategy in drought tolerance e.g., Long‑Term Correlation between Water Deficit and Quality Parameters of Almond Trees [ 55 ]. Similarly, the significant positive correlation between total flavonoids and total antioxidant activity (r ≈ 0.79) matches the well-documented role of flavonoids as antioxidants under abiotic stress conditions. For instance, [ 56 ], reported increased flavonoid biosynthesis gene expression and accumulation of phenolic/flavonoid compounds under drought in hybrid poplar, which paralleled enhanced antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the moderate to strong correlations between specific phenolics (e.g., rosmarinic acid, chrysin) and biochemical traits reflect the dynamic adjustment of secondary metabolism under stress, as supported by recent integrative metabolome studies. Unveiling Stage‑Specific Flavonoid Dynamics Underlying Drought Tolerance in Sweet Potato ( Ipomoea batat as L.) was found flavonoids constituted over 23–30% of altered metabolites under drought, with strong coordination between phenolic accumulation and antioxidative pathways [ 57 ] Importantly, the weak or negative correlations between morphological/growth parameters (e.g., seedling length, root length) and certain phenolic or antioxidant traits suggest a physiological trade-off: as biomass accumulation slows under drought, resources may shift toward protective metabolism rather than growth. This adaptive reallocation is consistent with the conceptual framework that drought induces metabolic prioritization for survival rather than growth. In sum, the correlation pattern underscores a multi-level adaptation in rosemary: (1) sustained chlorophyll integrity, (2) enhanced antioxidant/flavonoid metabolism, and (3) coordinated trait regulation rather than isolated responses. The modulation of these trait networks by biostimulant treatments further suggests that applied treatments may “rewire” correlation structures, promoting desirable trait-linkages for stress resilience. Future work should investigate whether these correlation networks are consistent across genotypes or treatments, and whether specific trait clusters (e.g., phenolics + antioxidants) can serve as reliable biomarkers for breeding drought-resilient rosemary. In our study, zinc accumulation was found to be highest in the control treatments, and biostimulants did not significantly affect zinc uptake under drought conditions. It is thought that the effects of the applied biostimulants are not as influential as the plant’s internal regulatory mechanisms. The importance of zinc under drought conditions and the potential to enhance its uptake by plants is supported by previous research. Zinc plays a critical role during drought stress by promoting the synthesis of protective compounds such as glycine betaine, supporting amino acid production, maintaining osmotic balance, and acting as an essential micronutrient that strengthens plant resilience under water-limited conditions [ 58 ] Plants have been reported to increase zinc uptake under drought through strategies similar to those used for iron, such as acidifying the rhizosphere and secreting compounds like organic acids that enhance zinc solubility, thereby supporting zinc uptake and improving drought tolerance [ 59 ] Our findings also indicate that gibberellic acid (GA3) was the most effective biostimulant in enhancing potassium uptake under drought conditions. Previous studies have reported that foliar applications of GA₃ significantly increase potassium content in various plant species, which supports our results [ 49 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. It is suggested that applied GA3 may have enhanced potassium uptake by promoting root development and stimulating gene expression. Nutrient deficiencies associated with limited water stress and/or soil water scarcity, due to their osmotic effects, can impair the availability, uptake, transport, and metabolism of nutrients [ 63 ], which may lead to reductions in macro- and micronutrient content in plants subjected to drought stress. In our study, it was observed that the bacterium Frateuria aurantia increased potassium uptake compared to the control, although the average levels remained lower than those observed with GA3 applications (Table 3 ). Frateuria aurantia , known as a potassium-solubilizing bacterium, facilitates the solubilization and uptake of potassium from the soil [ 29 ]. Moreover, Frateuria aurantia was found to be the most effective biostimulant in enhancing calcium and magnesium uptake in rosemary. Studies conducted on different plant species have also reported that Frateuria aurantia increases magnesium and calcium uptake compared to controls [ 64 , 65 ]. It is proposed that Frateuria aurantia may enhance the solubility and uptake of mineral elements such as calcium, magnesium, and manganese by increasing microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Through biological mechanisms that promote root development and facilitate nutrient transport, this bacterium appears to have the potential to optimize mineral nutrient uptake in Rosmarinus officinalis , even under drought conditions. Indeed, many studies on various beneficial bacteria have shown their contributions to macro- and micronutrient uptake in plants grown under drought stress [ 66 , 67 ]. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content is considered a marker for evaluating increased lipid peroxidation and/or damage to the plasmalemma and organelle membranes under environmental stress conditions [ 68 ]. A parallel increase in MDA levels was observed with the increasing severity of drought. In our findings, the highest MDA level was recorded in the control treatment, which is consistent with previous literature. Studies conducted on different plant species under drought stress conditions have also demonstrated increased MDA levels, supporting our findings [ 69 , 70 , 71 ]. In our study, treatments with potassium-solubilizing bacteria such as Frateuria aurantia , which minimized MDA accumulation, were reported in similar studies to contribute to reduced MDA levels under various environmental stress conditions [ 72 , 73 , 74 ]. Studies conducted on different medicinal plants under drought stress have shown that various potassium-solubilizing bacteria reduce MDA levels compared to control groups [ 75 , 76 ]. The effectiveness of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) in reducing MDA levels under drought stress may be attributed to their ability to enhance non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants and promote the production of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity, including phenolic compounds. Consequently, lipid peroxidation may be indirectly reduced. Previous studies on various plant species under drought stress have shown that chlorophyll content decreases with water limitation [ 70 , 71 ]. However, our findings indicate that under moderate water deficit (one-third reduction), the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll decreased, while under severe water deficit (two-thirds reduction), these contents increased (Table 4 ). According to [ 77 ], this may be related to the rapid changes in the expression of genes associated with photosynthesis in response to environmental stresses such as drought and salinity, where gene activation or suppression allows some plants to increase or decrease photosynthesis under stress conditions. This supports the notion that plants may exhibit varying responses under drought and salinity stress. Indeed, previous studies have confirmed similar results. For instance, in Coriandrum sativum, drought was found to increase chlorophyll pigments [ 78 ], and it was observed that pigment density increases in plants under drought stress as a compensatory mechanism aiding in photosynthetic recovery [ 79 ]. Among the biostimulants applied, foliar application of ascorbic acid was found to increase the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll compared to the control (Table 4 ). Studies reporting that ascorbic acid enhances chlorophyll pigments under drought stress support our results [ 78 , 80 ]. A decrease in total carotenoids was observed in parallel with the reduction in available water, while biostimulant applications resulted in similar carotenoid levels. Frateuria aurantia treatment stood out among these. F. aurantia enhances potassium uptake by solubilizing insoluble potassium in the soil. Since potassium supports the activity of enzymes involved in carotenoid synthesis, it may indirectly contribute to increased carotenoid production in plants. According to our findings, the biostimulant that most effectively induced total phenolic compound production in the plant was ascorbic acid. Although it belonged to the same statistical group as the control treatment, its effect was slightly greater than that of the control. Gibberellic acid, Bacillus megaterium , and Frateuria aurantia applications did not significantly enhance total phenolic compounds compared to the control, resulting in lower production. Foliar application of ascorbic acid has been shown to increase total phenolic compound content in various studies involving different plant species [ 81 , 82 , 83 ]. Similarly, foliar application of ascorbic acid under drought stress conditions was reported to increase total phenolic content in various plant species [ 33 , 84 ]. These literature findings support our results. Among non-enzymatic antioxidants are compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, essential oils, glutathione, and compatible solutes like proline. Plants synthesize a wide range of secondary metabolites—including phenolic compounds and essential oils—as defense mechanisms against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and both abiotic and biotic stress factors. PGPR applications have been reported to increase physiological and biochemical antioxidants under drought stress conditions [ 85 ]. Several studies have demonstrated that following PGPR applications under drought stress, there is an increase in non-enzymatic secondary metabolites [ 75 , 76 , 86 ]. In our study, GA3 application yielded the highest results in terms of total flavonoids. This increase in flavonoids under drought conditions contributed to protecting the plant against free radicals and mitigating harmful stress effects, as shown in Table 4 . In the absence of drought, GA3 treatment alone did not significantly increase flavonoid content compared to the control, but with increasing drought severity, total flavonoid content was observed to rise. Research on various plant species has demonstrated that foliar application of GA3 increases total flavonoid content compared to control plants [ 87 , 88 ]. Likewise, GA3 application under drought conditions was found to enhance total flavonoid content in different plants [ 49 , 89 ]. Secondary metabolites include a wide array of compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, with flavonoids playing a protective role against both biotic and abiotic stressors. The synthesis of these compounds can be influenced by exogenous GA3 application [ 90 , 91 ]. These findings are in agreement with our results. Under drought stress, a decrease in total antioxidant activity was observed in control treatments, whereas an increase was recorded in all biostimulant applications. Among them, gibberellic acid (slightly more than Bacillus megaterium ) and B. megaterium were the most effective in enhancing total antioxidant activity. All biostimulants applied appeared to be effective in strengthening the plant's defense mechanism and protecting it from drought. Literature data also support our findings, showing that foliar-applied gibberellic acid increases antioxidant activity in drought-stressed plants [ 49 , 89 , 92 ] and that foliar application of Bacillus megaterium similarly enhances antioxidant activity [ 93 , 94 , 95 ]. The increase in total antioxidant activity observed following foliar application of gibberellic acid and Bacillus megaterium under drought stress in our study suggests that these treatments may have activated the plant’s defense system by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components. It was observed that under moderately restricted irrigation (1/3 reduction), all examined phenolic compounds decreased compared to the control (non-restricted irrigation), whereas under severely restricted irrigation (2/3 reduction), these phenolic compounds increased compared to the moderately restricted treatment. This suggests that under mild drought, the plant's defense mechanism may have weakened, while under severe drought, the plant may have enhanced its tolerance by increasing the phenolic compounds involved in its defense system. In the catechin hydrate component, ascorbic acid treatments yielded the lowest values among all treatments at all irrigation levels. In all normal irrigation treatments (non-restricted), the highest values for rutin (1.02 mg/g) and rosmarinic acid (21.77 mg/g) were recorded in the control group without biostimulant application, while the highest values for salicylic acid (2.03 mg/g) and chrysin (181.08 mg/g) were found in the Frateuria aurantia (FA) treatment. Under moderately restricted irrigation (1/3 reduction), the highest salicylic acid value (1.78 mg/g) was observed in the ascorbic acid (AA) treatment, the highest rutin value (0.84 mg/g) in the gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment, the highest rosmarinic acid value (16.33 mg/g) in the FA treatment, and the highest chrysin value (174.24 mg/g) in the Bacillus megaterium (BM) treatment. Under severely restricted irrigation (2/3 reduction), the highest rutin (1.05 mg/g) and chrysin (266.42 mg/g) values were found in GA3 treatments, while the highest rosmarinic acid (21.23 mg/g) and salicylic acid (1.77 mg/g) values were observed in the BM treatment. These results indicate that under normal irrigation, none of the treatments outperformed the control group in terms of rutin and rosmarinic acid content. Under moderately restricted irrigation, no treatment was as effective as AA in increasing salicylic acid, as GA3 in increasing rutin, as FA in increasing rosmarinic acid, or as BM in increasing chrysin. Under severely restricted irrigation, no treatment surpassed GA3 in terms of rutin and chrysin contents, and none were more effective than BM in terms of rosmarinic and salicylic acid contents. Overall, it was observed that all biostimulants were more effective than the control in enhancing phenolic compounds in rosemary under restricted irrigation conditions, though each biostimulant appeared to contribute by increasing different compounds. For instance, Bacillus megaterium was reported to increase phenolic compounds in spinach [ 96 ], GA3 was found to enhance various phenolic compounds in buckwheat [ 97 ], and the potassium-solubilizing bacterium Bacillus halotolerans (similar to Frateuria aurantia ) was found to increase phenolic compounds in coriander [ 98 ]. These findings support the results of the present study. Among the quantified phenolic compounds in our study, rosmarinic acid and chrysin showed the highest levels. Rosmarinic acid is a major phenolic compound found in high concentrations in approximately 160 plant species, including rosemary. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antidiabetic, antitumor, and neuroprotective effects ([ 99 ]. Polyphenolic compounds—especially flavonoids—are among the most common phytochemicals with numerous health benefits. Chrysin, a phenolic compound found in many plants, has strong neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties [ 100 ]. The ability of GA3 to increase rosmarinic acid and chrysin under drought conditions is therefore of particular interest. Some studies have reported a decrease in phenolic compounds under various deficit irrigation regimes [ 101 , 102 ], while others have found an increase in phenolic content due to limited irrigation [ 103 , 104 ]. The variation in phenolic compound levels under restricted irrigation may depend on environmental and physiological factors. These include plant species, developmental stage, intensity and duration of water limitation, and environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, and soil properties. Mild to moderate water stress may stimulate phenolic compound synthesis by activating plant defense mechanisms, whereas severe and prolonged stress may suppress metabolic activities and reduce the accumulation of these compounds. Therefore, the conflicting findings in the literature may reflect the complex and multifactorial responses of plants to water stress. Conclusion Drought is a stress condition caused by prolonged lack of rainfall, leading to a significant decrease in soil water content and thus restricting plants' access to water. For plants, drought leads to water stress, reduced nutrient intake, slowed growth, decreased photosynthesis rates, cellular damage, and ultimately yield loss. This situation is among the leading abiotic stress conditions that seriously threaten plants health and survival ability. This study demonstrated that among the utilized rhizobacteria, specifically Frateuria aurantia , enhanced plant stress tolerance by increasing mineral uptake, improving biochemical processes, and reducing MDA levels, whereas Bacillus megaterium rhizobacteria showed little to no effect. This study has demonstrated that gibberellic acid foliar application can be the most effective biostimulant, surpassing other biostimulants in significantly enhancing growth parameters, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. It has also shown that the application of ascorbic acid is less effective than gibberellic acid application in reducing drought stress. This study revealed the significant positive effects of Frateuria aurantia bacteria and gibberellic acid on rosemary plants under drought stress. These findings offer a new focal point for plant stress biology and biostimulant research; in particular, they highlight the need to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these plant stimulants, to test them on different plant species, to apply various combinations, and to investigate their effects in different environmental conditions in more detail. From an agricultural perspective, foliar application of gibberellic acid and the use of beneficial rhizobacteria, especially in arid regions, are among the effective methods that can support plant development and reduce yield losses. Therefore, it is important for farmers to consider such biological solutions alongside traditional practices to improve both product quality and sustainable production. Declarations Acknowledgements I would like to thank Mr. Barış Eren and his team from Iğdır University for their contributions in enabling me to use their laboratory facilities. Authors’ contributions MSY The author conducted all stages of the study, including study design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Funding All necessary financial expenses for all stages of the project were provided by MSY. Data availability All data is available within the manuscript. Any other information if required will be made available by the corresponding author on request. Ethics approval and consent to participate that manuscript reporting studies do not involve any human participants, human data, or human tissue. So, it is not applicable. 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Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-9102436","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":628371349,"identity":"13434174-3f94-45d6-8a51-e8980887866d","order_by":0,"name":"Muhammed Said YOLCU","email":"data:image/png;base64,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","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Muhammed","middleName":"Said","lastName":"YOLCU","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-03-12 08:53:21","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9102436/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9102436/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":108045568,"identity":"67a55b7a-a613-435b-a71a-2ba83a3bff85","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 19:25:33","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":33114,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eHPLC chromatogram of the phenolic acid standards\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9102436/v1/7b13e9e20809b336d0146632.png"},{"id":108181289,"identity":"fb7b32ce-fcf2-4af0-8ae1-b31cd54ec715","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 08:58:30","extension":"png","order_by":2,"title":"Figure 2","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":65482,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003ePeak Name, Retention Time, Area, Amount/Area and Amount of some phenolics\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9102436/v1/4b2ae9a962209f672691d4e4.png"},{"id":108045570,"identity":"f3475707-e72c-4fc1-bb84-fa23a518c730","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-28 19:25:33","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"Figure 3","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":402387,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eTriangular Pearson correlation heatmap among all investigated traits in rosemary under drought and biostimulant treatments.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9102436/v1/f1242a556e7e5c3d18ccdded.png"},{"id":108184211,"identity":"699199a1-a798-40ff-9991-53ec218ca82b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-04-30 09:03:36","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1320065,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-9102436/v1/93a7b0e5-f24e-411b-b93c-5753de8f3278.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eComparative Effects of Chemical and PGPR-Based Biostimulants on Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Biochemical Responses of \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis \u003c/em\u003eunder Drought Stress\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRosemary, a fragrant herb from the Lamiaceae family, is characterized by its perennial nature, evergreen foliage, shrubby growth habit, and needle-like leaves. It can reach heights of up to two meters and blooms with petite flowers in shades of pink, white, purple, or blue [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR1\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, commonly known as rosemary, finds its origins in the Mediterranean region. However, due to its adaptive nature, it can be easily cultivated anywhere in the world. This plant is propagated and cultivated through seeds, cuttings, or division of roots [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR3\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e]. Pharmacological studies have identified various beneficial properties of this plant, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antibacterial, contributions to cognitive activities, and anticancer effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR4\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR5\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR6\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e6\u003c/span\u003e]. The main secondary metabolites found in rosemary are known to be phenolic compounds, diterpenes, triterpenes, and volatile oils [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR7\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e7\u003c/span\u003e], among which rosmarinic acid, camphor, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, betulinic acid, carnosic acid, and carnosol are found in significant amounts [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR8\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e8\u003c/span\u003e]. The volatile oil components of rosemary vary depending on the developmental stage and climatic factors. Common components include camphor (5.0\u0026ndash;21%), 1,8-cineole (15\u0026ndash;55%), α-pinene (9.0\u0026ndash;26%), borneol (1.5\u0026ndash;5.0%), camphene (2.5\u0026ndash;12%), β-pinene (2.0\u0026ndash;9.0%), and limonene (1.5\u0026ndash;5.0%) [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR2\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePlants encounter various environmental stresses in their natural habitats or cultivation environments during their growth and development stages, with drought being the most severe among these stresses. An average of 80% to 95% of a living plant consists of varying amounts of water, which plays an essential role in almost all metabolic activities of plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR9\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e9\u003c/span\u003e]. Drought can occur in nature due to unpredictable reasons. Among these reasons are irregular and insufficient rainfall, evaporation of soil water due to temperature, soil structure, and the inability of water to reach the plant based on factors such as heavy metals and salt present in the soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR10\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e10\u003c/span\u003e]. Under drought stress conditions, changes occur in the morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes of plants, leading to reductions in yield and quality values. Morphologically, this involves reductions in leaf area, number, and color, as well as decreases in root and shoot length and weights. Physiologically, it includes the cessation of photosynthesis, changes in cell membrane permeability, decreased stomatal density, and increased oxidative stress. Biochemically, various changes are observed, such as a decrease in chlorophyll content, alterations in proline, ABA (Absisic Acid), lipid peroxidation, and increased antioxidant activities [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR11\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e11\u003c/span\u003e]. Plant responses to drought depend on factors such as plant species, growth and development stage, age, and the duration and severity of drought.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn order to mitigate the damage caused by various abiotic stress conditions to plants and crop production, Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), hormones, osmotic pressure regulators, minerals, vitamins, and similar biostimulants are primarily used, and positive results are obtained. In recent years, bacteria resistant to heavy metals have been widely used for phytoremediation purposes in soils contaminated with various heavy metals, yielding positive outcomes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR12\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e12\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR13\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e13\u003c/span\u003e]. Different applications of PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria) on plants under drought, salinity, and heavy metal stress have been reported to increase both relative and absolute water content, reduce leaf transpiration, prevent the uptake of heavy metal ions from the soil while enhancing mineral intake, regulate ion flow, lower soil pH to impede metal uptake, reduce ion leakage to prevent cellular damage, activate the defense system by increasing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants, and assist plants in overcoming stress by producing various enzymes and hormones [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR14\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e14\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR15\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e15\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR16\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e16\u003c/span\u003e]. [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR17\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e17\u003c/span\u003e], investigated the effects of limited irrigation stress on purslane (\u003cem\u003ePortulaca oleracea\u003c/em\u003e L.) and evaluated the efficacy of PGPR (Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria; \u003cem\u003eBacillus circulans\u003c/em\u003e) and mycorrhizal fungi (a mixture of \u003cem\u003eGlomus mosseae\u003c/em\u003e-NRC31 and \u003cem\u003eGlomus fasciculata\u003c/em\u003e-NRC15) in mitigating this stress. The results of the study indicated that the combined application of PGPR and mycorrhiza was the most effective treatment in alleviating water stress. It has been reported that applications of PGPR, mycorrhizae, and various beneficial bacteria enhance direct mineral and water uptake in plants grown under drought conditions, trigger hormonal regulation, and indirectly stimulate the plant\u0026rsquo;s immune response to drought stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR18\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e18\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR19\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e19\u003c/span\u003e]. In sugarcane seedlings inoculated with \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e, lower levels of free radical accumulation and increased proline content were observed under drought stress, suggesting that \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e enhances plant tolerance to drought [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR20\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e20\u003c/span\u003e]. Among different rhizobacterial treatments applied to wheat cultivars, \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e was reported to be the most effective in promoting growth, yield, and nutrient uptake in wheat genotypes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR21\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e21\u003c/span\u003e]. In tomatoes treated with \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e, drought tolerance was associated with the activation of defense- and stress-related genes. Additionally, an increase in calcium levels, which supports cellular responses, and the stimulation of metabolite production (such as pinitol, arginine, glutamine, etc.) known to confer drought protection, were reported [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR22\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e22\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePotassium, as a macronutrient, plays vital roles in plant growth and development. It contributes to cell expansion, maintains turgor pressure, supports osmoregulation, facilitates stomatal opening and closing, and activates more than 60 enzymes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR23\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e23\u003c/span\u003e]. Under drought conditions, potassium is critically important for sustaining photosynthesis, protecting chloroplasts from oxidative damage, preventing disturbances in carbohydrate metabolism, regulating stomatal behavior, and maintaining water balance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e]. It has been reported that plants under drought stress exhibit an increased intrinsic demand for potassium [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR24\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e24\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR25\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e25\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, potassium supplementation has been shown to mitigate the adverse effects of drought stress on crop yield [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR26\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e26\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR27\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e27\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR28\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e28\u003c/span\u003e]. \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e is known to solubilize potassium and absorption in the soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Therefore, in the present study, \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e was utilized due to its potential to enhance potassium solubilization and availability for plant uptake, which may indirectly contribute to alleviating drought stress.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid (AsA) is a non-enzymatic antioxidant commonly found in plants. It serves as a crucial vitamin involved in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) and regulating numerous biochemical processes under both normal and stressful conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR30\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e30\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR31\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e31\u003c/span\u003e]. Applied to leaves, AsA is reported to increase the AsA levels in the plant and is utilized in the production of essential molecules involved in tolerating cadmium stress. It is also noted to enhance physiological and biochemical processes in many plants subjected to cadmium application [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR32\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e32\u003c/span\u003e]. Exogenous application of ascorbic acid (AsA) has been reported to enhance endogenous AsA levels in plants and strengthen the antioxidant defense system, thereby contributing to the alleviation of abiotic stress effects [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, since AsA is biologically essential for human nutrition, its application can lead to the production of crops with improved nutritional quality and enhanced food safety [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR34\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e34\u003c/span\u003e]. Gibberellic acid (GA3), produced by plants, plays a role in signaling transmission and shoot elongation, along with phytohormones responsible for regulating various metabolic events in processes such as the initiation of flowering, water uptake, seed germination, fruit development, and dormancy breaking [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR35\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e35\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR36\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e36\u003c/span\u003e]. Additionally, it has been determined that GA3, when applied to plants grown under abiotic stress conditions such as limited water, salt, and heavy metals, contributes to the continuation of plant growth and development, activation of immune systems, and reduction of the adverse effects of stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR37\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e37\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR38\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e38\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt is well known that drought stress applications have been conducted on various plant species, and that numerous biostimulant treatments\u0026mdash;such as rhizobacterial species, ascorbic acid, and gibberellic acid\u0026mdash;have been used in previous studies to mitigate the effects of drought. However, studies comparing different biostimulants in terms of their optimal average doses and application methods (such as foliar vs. soil application) are relatively scarce. The novelty of this study lies in the comparison between rhizobacterial treatments\u0026mdash;applied using the most effective method, soil drenching\u0026mdash;and foliar applications of ascorbic acid and gibberellic acid, which are known to be most effective when sprayed on leaves. The selection of these particular biostimulants was based on numerous studies demonstrating their ability to reduce the harmful effects of drought in a multifaceted, effective, and sustainable manner. Drought was chosen as the main stress factor in this research due to its status as one of the most critical environmental stresses limiting plant production. In this study, an open-field experiment with potted rosemary plants was carried out in Van-Erciş to determine how different concentrations and application methods of \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e rhizobacteria, gibberellic acid, and ascorbic acid influence growth, physiological, and biochemical parameters under drought stress\u0026mdash;a global challenge. This research aims to contribute to the understanding of how different biostimulants, applied via different methods, help mitigate drought stress based on growth performance and physiological and biochemical indicators, and to identify which biostimulant stands out in which specific parameter.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Material and Methods","content":"\u003cdiv id=\"Sec3\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePlant Material, Treatments and Experimental Design\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis L.\u003c/em\u003e cuttings were obtained from \u0026ldquo;Uludağ Agro\u0026rdquo; (Bursa, T\u0026uuml;rkiye) with permission from the supplier. The plant material was identified by the Mersin Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Forestry. The experiment was conducted as a pot trial in an open field (39.036999, 43.360442) in Erciş, Van, T\u0026uuml;rkiye, on private land owned by the author. Plant samples were prepared according to standard herbarium techniques and are being preserved; a voucher specimen will be deposited in the Herbarium of Van Flora Application and Research Center. During the course of the study, the average temperature was recorded as 23.1\u0026deg;C, and the relative humidity was 31.3%. Rosemary cuttings were treated with 4500 ppm of IBA (Indole-3-butyric acid) and transferred to vials prepared from a mixture of peat (80%) and perlite (20%). The daily water requirements for rooting the rosemary cuttings were checked, and they were left outdoors for 15 days. Homogeneous mixtures were prepared by adding screened garden soil (2/3) and Klassman TS1 brand peat (1/3) to pots with a volume of 2000 ml. Rosemary seedlings with well-established roots were transplanted into the pots. The water holding capacity of the pots was determined to be an average of 500 ml, and all pots were saturated with water. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized factorial design with two factors and three replications per treatment combination. The first factor was irrigation level, which included three different water regimes simulating drought conditions: 180 ml (control \u0026ndash; no stress), 120 ml (moderate drought), and 60 ml (severe drought). The second factor consisted of biostimulant treatments aimed at mitigating drought and other abiotic stresses. These treatments included \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e (1\u0026times;10⁵ cfu ml⁻\u0026sup1;), \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e (1\u0026times;10⁵ cfu ml⁻\u0026sup1;), ascorbic acid (100 mg/l), and gibberellic acid (100 mg/l). All treatments were combined in a full factorial structure, and each combination was applied to three replicate pots, resulting in a total of 48 experimental units. This design enabled the assessment of both the main effects of drought and biostimulants, as well as their interactions.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo induce drought stress, different irrigation levels were applied: 180 ml (control), 120 ml, and 60 ml. The study aimed to protect the plant from drought and other adverse effects of abiotic stress using some beneficial bacteria known to be effective, including \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e (1x10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e cfu ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e (1x10\u003csup\u003e5\u003c/sup\u003e cfu ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e), ascorbic acid (100 mg/l), and gibberellic acid (100 mg/l). A total of 100 mg of ascorbic acid and 100 mg of gibberellic acid were each separately dissolved in one liter of distilled water and shaken until a homogeneous solution was obtained. The solutions were then transferred into spray bottles and prepared for application. Before starting the applications, a solution with a concentration of 3 g/l was prepared from NPK (Nitrogen-Phosphorus-Potassium) composite fertilizer (15% N\u0026mdash;30% P\u0026mdash;15% K) for basic fertilization and applied to each pot at an average of 180 ml. Before starting the stress applications, concentrated BM (\u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e) and FA (\u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e) solutions, diluted to 20 ml/l, were applied to pots other than the control group at three-day intervals, three times, with a total of 180 ml. The microorganisms used belong to the trademarks SYMBION N (\u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e) and SYMBION K (\u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e). The applied concentrations were prepared according to the recommendation given by the trademark. Ascorbic acid and gibberellic acid were applied to pots, excluding the control group, by foliar spraying at an average of 10 ml per plant. Following the completion of biostimulant treatments, drought stress applications were initiated according to the designated irrigation levels. These water treatments were maintained throughout the experiment, and the study was terminated when visible drought stress symptoms appeared on the plants. The total duration of the experiment, from the transplantation of rooted rosemary cuttings into pots to the final measurements, was 48 days. Immediately after the termination of the experiment, measurements of growth parameters and other analyses were initiated A summary of all treatment combinations and factor levels is presented in Table \u003cspan refid=\"Tab1\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab1\" border=\"1\"\u003e\n \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 1\u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eApplication factories\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003c/caption\u003e\n \u003ccolgroup cols=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/colgroup\u003e\n \u003cthead\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAbiotic stress factory (restricted irrigation)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAntistress factory (biostimulants)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/th\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/thead\u003e\n \u003ctbody\u003e\n \u003ctr\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD0 (180 ml=control)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD1 (120 ml\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;1/3 restricted water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eD2 (60 ml\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;2/3 restricted water)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eControl (C)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e (BM) (drinking)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurentia\u003c/em\u003e (FA) (drinking)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eGibberellic acid (GA3) (foliar spray)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAscorbic acid (AA) (foliar spray)\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003c/td\u003e\n \u003c/tr\u003e\n \u003c/tbody\u003e\n \u003c/table\u003e\n \u003c/div\u003e\n \u003cp\u003e\u003cbr\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eAgronomic Parameters\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe subterranean and aerial sections of the plants were isolated, and their lengths were gauged in centimeters using a ruler. Following a thorough rinse of the roots with tap water to cleanse them of soil, the fresh weight of both the seedlings and the roots was accurately determined using precision scales, with the results recorded in grams. Subsequently, the components belonging to the roots and stems were arranged on distinct drying sheets and subjected to a drying process within an oven maintained at 72\u0026deg;C for a duration of 72 hours. Upon completion of this drying phase, the dry mass of each component was assessed and documented in grams.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMDA (Malondialdehyde)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the research, the quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA), a final by-product of lipid peroxidation, was carried out following the methodologies described by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR39\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e39\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR40\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e40\u003c/span\u003e]. A sample of 0.5 g of fresh leaf tissue from the plant was processed by homogenization in 10 ml of 0.1% trichloroacetic acid (TCA). The homogenized mixture was then subjected to centrifugation at 15,000 rpm for 5 minutes. From the supernatant obtained, 1ml was extracted and mixed with 4 ml of 20% TCA containing 0.5% thiobarbituric acid (TBA). This mixture was incubated in a water bath maintained at 95\u0026deg;C for 30 minutes, followed by rapid cooling in an ice bath and subsequent centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes. The absorbance levels of the resulting supernatant were measured at wavelengths of 532 and 600 nm to determine the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA).\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTotal Phenolic Substance Concentration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe quantification of total phenolic content was conducted using a modified version of the Folin-Ciocalteu spectrophotometric method, as adapted by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR41\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e41\u003c/span\u003e]. The Folin-Ciocalteu reagent was diluted in a 1:3 volume ratio. To prepare the saturated sodium carbonate (35%) solution, 87.5 grams of sodium carbonate were dissolved in distilled water to a final volume of 250 ml, left to stand overnight, and then filtered. A stock solution of gallic acid (500 \u0026micro;g ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e) was created by dissolving 50 mg of gallic acid in 100 ml of distilled water. To produce the gallic acid working solution, nine different solutions were made from the 500 \u0026micro;g ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e gallic acid stock solution in 5 ml volumetric flasks, with concentrations varying from 0\u0026ndash;55 \u0026micro;g ml\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e. From each of these solutions, 1 ml was taken and combined with 1 ml of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. After a 5-minute wait, 2 ml of sodium carbonate solution was added, followed by vigorous shaking, and the mixture was then diluted with 2 ml of water. This mixture was kept in the dark for 30 minutes before the absorbance was measured at a wavelength of 700 nm using a spectrometer. The calibration curve was generated by plotting the absorbance readings against the different gallic acid concentrations, achieving a correlation coefficient (r\u003csup\u003e2\u003c/sup\u003e) of 97.47.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eTotal Flavonoid Substance Concentration\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe assessment of total flavonoid content was conducted using the protocol established by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR42\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e42\u003c/span\u003e]. To each 2 ml of the extract, 2 ml of 2% aluminum chloride (AlCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e) solution was added, and the mixture was then kept in darkness at ambient temperature for one hour. The concentration of flavonoids in the extracts was determined spectrophotometrically at a wavelength of 415 nm, with two replicates carried out for each sample. The results were expressed in milligrams of Quercetin Equivalent (QE) per 100 grams of sample, based on a calibration curve derived from standard quercetin measurements.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec8\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eTotal Antioxidant Activity\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eTo evaluate the total antioxidant capacity, 2 grams of leaf material were accurately weighed and mixed with 4 ml of methanol. This mixture was then processed in a homogenizer, followed by centrifugation at 10,000 rpm for 10 minutes, after which the supernatant was collected. Subsequently, a solution of 2,4,6-tripyridyl-s-triazine (TPTZ) at a concentration of 10 mmol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e was prepared in 300 mM acetate buffer (pH 3.6) and 40 mM hydrochloric acid (HCl). The FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) reagent was then formulated by combining the TPTZ solution with a 20 mmol L\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e solution of FeCl\u003csub\u003e3\u003c/sub\u003e.6H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO in a 10:1:1 ratio. For the analysis using ABTS (2,2\u0026apos;-Azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid), 2850 \u0026micro;L of the FRAP reagent was diluted 50-fold with ethanol. Then, 150 \u0026micro;L of the leaf extract was added to this dilution and allowed to stand at room temperature for 30 minutes. The absorbance of the formed ferric tripyridyltriazine complex was measured at 593 nm using a spectrophotometer. The antioxidant activity was quantified and reported in milligrams of Trolox equivalents per gram of sample, following the method described by [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR43\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e43\u003c/span\u003e]. The calibration curve for Trolox was prepared over a range of 0-500 ppm.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003ePhotosynthetic Pigments (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophylls content and total carotenoids content)\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eIn the analysis of photosynthetic pigments determined according to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR44\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e44\u003c/span\u003e], 0.2 g (200 mg) fresh plant sample was extracted with 10 mL 80% acetone and centrifuged at 4600 rpm for 15 minutes. The absorbance values of the aliquots taken after centrifugation at 663, 645, and 470 nm wavelengths were determined in a spectrophotometer (PG T60 UV-VIS) and recorded. Calculations were made with the help of the formulas given below:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003echlorophyll a (\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;11.75 \u0026times; A662\u0026ndash;2.350 \u0026times; A645;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003echlorophyll b (\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW)\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;18.61 \u0026times; A645\u0026ndash;3.960 \u0026times; A662;\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etotal chlorophyll (\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) = chlorophyll a\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;chlorophyll b\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003etotal carotenoid (\u0026micro;g g\u003csup\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/sup\u003e FW) = (1000 \u0026times; A470\u0026ndash;2.270 \u0026times; chlorophyll a) \u0026ndash; (81.4 \u0026times; chlorophyll b/227);\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;absorbance value, FW\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;fresh weight\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003ch3\u003eMineral Contents\u003c/h3\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAfter grinding the dried leaf samples, 1 gram of each was taken and placed in Erlenmeyer flasks. Subsequently, 2 ml of nitric acid was added, and the mixture was allowed to stand for approximately 24 hours. Then, 2 ml of perchloric acid was added, and the flask was placed on a hotplate for the combustion process. The leaf samples were kept on the hotplate until the organic matter in the leaves turned into inorganic substances through the action of acids. Afterward, the liquid in the Erlenmeyer flasks was filtered through filter papers into collection containers. Subsequently, distilled water was added to each flask until the volume reached 50 ml. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) was used for the analysis of K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu elements, while Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) was employed for phosphorus (P) analysis. In ICP-OES, the sample was excited by an argon plasma heated to approximately 10,000 K through electromagnetic induction. The plasma was generated by applying radio frequency (RF) energy to argon gas within induction coils. Due to the intense heat, the sample was ionized, and the emitted light from the excited elements was detected at their characteristic wavelengths and used for their identification. In AAS, radiation emitted from a hollow cathode lamp specific to the element of interest was passed through the existing flame and measured by a segmented solid-state detector. The sample to be analyzed was introduced into the flame, and if the corresponding element was present, the radiation from the lamp was absorbed.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec11\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003ePhenolic Components\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eAfter the dry leaf samples were ground and sieved, 2.5 g was taken and placed in a conical flask. 40 ml methanol and 20 ml chloroform were added. It was kept covered in a dark environment at 20 \u003csup\u003eo\u003c/sup\u003eC for 4 days. It was then filtered using filter papers. The filtered samples were placed in an oven at 40\u0026deg;C for 48 hours to ensure complete evaporation of methanol and chloroform from the extract. The dried residue was then reconstituted in 5 ml of deionized water (dd-H\u003csub\u003e2\u003c/sub\u003eO). Following the specified procedure, the samples were then centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 10 minutes. Post-centrifugation, they were preserved in a freezer at a temperature of -20\u0026deg;C for subsequent analyses. Before conducting High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and spectrophotometric assessments, the plant extracts were passed through an HPLC-grade filter (0.2\u0026ndash;25 mm, Millipore). The Agilent 1100 HPLC system (Agilent Technologies, Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) equipped with four Ecom pumps (Prague, Czech Republic) and a UV detector (Hewlett-Packard 1100 model) was used for identifying specific compounds within the extracts. Chromatographic separation occurred on an ACE 5-C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm), which was maintained at 40\u0026deg;C.\u003c/p\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eThe flow rate was established at 1.2 mL/min, utilizing a mobile phase that began with 0.05% TFA in deionized water (Bottle A) and Acetonitrile (Bottle B), maintaining an A/B ratio of 75/25 for the entire duration of the analysis. The total duration of the analysis was set to 20 minutes. Quantitative results were expressed in milligrams of phenolic acid per gram of dry leaf material and were reported as the average of three replicates. The chromatogram obtained from the HPLC device is presented in Fig. \u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e, and the obtained values are given in Fig. 2. Peaks observed in the chromatogram, other than the 10 phenolic compounds identified by the HPLC device, could not be evaluated due to the inability to identify them in the laboratory.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e\n\u003cdiv id=\"Sec12\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e\n \u003ch2\u003eStatistical Analysis\u003c/h2\u003e\n \u003cp\u003eStatistical analyses of the data obtained were performed using the COSTAT (version 6.03) package program, and multiple comparison tests were performed according to the Least Significant Difference (LSDa\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05) test.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Results","content":"\u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"BlockQuote\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe drought treatments and drought \u0026times; biostimulant interaction application were found to have a statistically significant effect on all evaluated growth parameters. The biostimulant treatments alone had a significant effect on all growth parameters except for seedling fresh weight and root dry weight. The highest average root length was observed in GA3 treatments with a value of 16.83 cm, while the highest average seedling length was also recorded in GA3 treatments at 16.77 cm. The highest average root fresh weight was obtained from AA (3.26 g) and GA3 (2.99 g) treatments, which were statistically in the same group. The highest average seedling dry weight was measured in GA3 treatments with a value of 1.58 g (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e). Drought treatments negatively affected the growth parameters of rosemary plants. Biostimulant applications partially alleviated these effects. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e2\u003c/span\u003e, gibberellic acid was most effective in improving root length, seedling length, and seedling dry weight, while ascorbic acid had the greatest effect on root fresh weight.\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab2\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 2\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on growth parameters in rosemary plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"8\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSL (cm)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRFW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSFW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSDW (g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiostimulants (B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrought (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e20.5ab\u003c/p\u003e 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\u003cp\u003e1.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.66\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.87\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.051\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u0026times;D (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.05\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRL: Root Length, SL: Seedling Length, RFW: Root Fresh Weight, SFW: Seedling Fresh Weight,\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eRDW: Root Dry Weight, SDW: Seedling Dry Weight\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, drought stress treatments had a statistically significant effect on all analyzed mineral elements except copper. Biostimulant applications significantly affected all minerals except phosphorus and copper. The interaction between drought stress and biostimulant treatments had a statistically significant effect on all mineral elements except calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. The highest average potassium content was recorded in GA3 treatments at 16.37 g/kg. The highest average calcium (14.63 g/kg), magnesium (2.89 g/kg), and manganese (72.95 mg/kg) contents were determined in FA treatments. The highest average iron (391.47 mg/kg) and zinc (61.32 mg/kg) contents were observed in the control group (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). Biostimulant applications reduced iron and zinc uptake in rosemary compared to the control. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, gibberellic acid increased potassium uptake under drought stress, with a 27.19% increase relative to the control. As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e increased the uptake of calcium, magnesium, and manganese under drought stress, with increases of 11.50%, 8.64%, and 2.70%, respectively, compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab3\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 3\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on macro-micro nutritional elements in rosemary plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eK\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCa\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eP\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e(g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMg (g/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFe (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eMn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eZn (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\" morerows=\"1\" rowspan=\"2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCu (mg/kg)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiostimulants (B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrought (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.82abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e362.42b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e72.8cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.84cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.62abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.3d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e279.44cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e46.58gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e89.98a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.44bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.48bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e532.56a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e93.69ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e47.15cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.8a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.87C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.12AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.89\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.66AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e391.47A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e71.03A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e61.32A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.62\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.23a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e236.24f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e51.08fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e35.36hgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.61abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.35bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.86\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.70\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e361.06b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.26def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e42.25de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.71bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.82bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.35\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e193.52g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e57.29efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.64fgh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.25c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.46B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.34A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e4.74\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e2.58AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e263.61C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e55.88B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e37.41CD\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e12.86\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.93ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.76\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.88\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd 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colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e72.95A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e48.01B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.22\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.4\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.39\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.5\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.95\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u0026times;D (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e25.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.79\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.97\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.32\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.81\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the biostimulant applications had a statistically significant effect on all evaluated biochemical parameters. The effects of drought stress and the drought\u0026ndash;biostimulant interaction were statistically significant for all biochemical parameters except total phenolics. According to Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, the highest average values of chlorophyll a (18.66 \u0026micro;g/g FW), chlorophyll b (10.94 \u0026micro;g/g FW), total chlorophylls (29.60 \u0026micro;g/g FW), and MDA (6.19 nmol/g) were obtained from the control group. The highest average total phenolic content was recorded in AA treatments at 258.83 mg GA 100 g⁻\u0026sup1;. The highest average total flavonoid content (78.52 mg QE 100 g⁻\u0026sup1;) and total antioxidant activity (121.45 mg TE g⁻\u0026sup1;) were observed in GA3 treatments. The highest average total carotenoid content was found in FA treatments, with a value of 3.76 \u0026micro;g/g FW (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). As shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e, gibberellic acid applications increased total flavonoid content and total antioxidant activity by 37.97% and 37.83%, respectively, compared to the control. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels were lowest in \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e applications, with a 61.61% reduction compared to the control. \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e also showed the highest increase in total carotenoid content, with an increase of 11.24%. Biostimulant applications did not increase chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, or total chlorophyll levels compared to the control.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab4\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 4\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on biochemical parameters in rosemary plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"10\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eBiostimulants (B)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eDrought (D)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Phenolics (mg GA 100 g\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Flavonoids (mg QE 100 g\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Antioxidant Activity (mg TE g\u003c/b\u003e\u003csup\u003e\u003cb\u003e\u0026minus;\u0026thinsp;1\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/sup\u003e\u003cb\u003e)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorophyll a (\u0026micro;g/g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eChlorophyll b (\u0026micro;g/g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Chlorophylls (\u0026micro;g/g\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eFW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eTotal Carotenoids (\u0026micro;g/g FW)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003eMDA (nmol/g)\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e263.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e88.70ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.59cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.09a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.73a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e34.81a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.05ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.84a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e252.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.3h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e79.16fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.94bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.42bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e22.36bcd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.81ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16b-e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.50\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e50.74fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e82.59fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.96ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.67a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e31.63a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.29c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.58a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e257.03A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e56.91C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e88.11C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.66A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e10.94A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e29.60A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.38AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e6.19A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e262.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e59.54def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e96.03e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.04def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.07def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.11def\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.65b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.16cde\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e255.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e53.52fg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e91.03ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.95abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.17c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd 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\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.23b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.95b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.59a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.03de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e234.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e68.33c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e102.28de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.14d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.43c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e19.57cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.63b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.45a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e238.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e62.31d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.34b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.44efg\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.34de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e15.78f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.05b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e235.78C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e70.03B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e99.99B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.43B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e5.67B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e20.10B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.76A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e3.83C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.04\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.93\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.68\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.78\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.69\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.49\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u0026times;D (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e24.34\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e6.72\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.67\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.8\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.91\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.62\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.01\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e5.63\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.98\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e14.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.58\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003ctfoot\u003e \u003ctr\u003e\u003ctd colspan=\"10\"\u003eGA: Gallic Acid, QE: Quercetin Equivalent, TE: Trolox Equivalent, FW: Fresh Weight\u003c/td\u003e\u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tfoot\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAs shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, drought treatments had a statistically significant effect on all analyzed phenolic compounds. Biostimulant applications in rosemary significantly affected all phenolic compounds except salicylic acid. The interaction between drought and biostimulant treatments had a statistically significant effect on rutin, rosmarinic acid, salicylic acid, and chrysin. As presented in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e, the highest average catechin hydrate content (1.34 mg/g) was recorded in the control treatments, while the highest average contents of vanillin (0.3 mg/g), rutin (0.87 mg/g), rosmarinic acid (18.03 mg/g), and chrysin (166.35 mg/g) were observed in the GA₃ treatments. The highest average resveratrol content (0.23 mg/g) was found in the AA treatments, whereas the highest average cinnamic acid content (0.22 mg/g) was detected in the BM treatments. The highest average quercetin content (0.50 mg/g) was obtained from the FA treatments, and the highest average naringin content (0.31 mg/g) was recorded in both the BM and FA treatments, which were statistically in the same group. GA₃ treatments resulted in increases in vanillin (150%), rutin (4.82%), rosmarinic acid (5.31%), and chrysin (24.02%) contents compared to the control. Ascorbic acid treatments led to a 130% increase in resveratrol content compared to the control, while \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e treatments caused a 22.22% increase in cinnamic acid. Increases in quercetin (8.70%) were observed with \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e treatments, and naringin content increased by 121.43% with both BM and FA treatments compared to the control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab5\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e5\u003c/span\u003e).\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"gridtable\"\u003e\u003ctable float=\"Yes\" id=\"Tab5\" border=\"1\"\u003e \u003ccaption language=\"En\"\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionNumber\"\u003eTable 5\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv class=\"CaptionContent\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eEffects of different drought doses and biostimulants applications on phenolic compounds in rosemary plant\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e \u003c/caption\u003e \u003ccolgroup cols=\"14\"\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c1\" colnum=\"1\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c2\" colnum=\"2\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c3\" colnum=\"3\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c4\" colnum=\"4\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c5\" colnum=\"5\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c6\" colnum=\"6\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c7\" colnum=\"7\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c8\" colnum=\"8\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c9\" colnum=\"9\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c10\" colnum=\"10\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c11\" colnum=\"11\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c12\" colnum=\"12\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c13\" colnum=\"13\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cdiv align=\"left\" class=\"colspec\" colname=\"c14\" colnum=\"14\"\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003cthead\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c2\" namest=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eApplications\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCate\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003echine hydrate (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eVan\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eilin (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRutin (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eNarin\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003egin (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eRosma\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003erinic acid (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eSalicyl\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eic acid (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eResve\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eratrol (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eQuer\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ecetin (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCinamic acid (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eChry\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003esin (mg/g)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBiostimulants (B)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eDrought (D)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c10\" namest=\"c9\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c12\" namest=\"c11\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c13\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003cth align=\"left\" colname=\"c14\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/th\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/thead\u003e \u003ctbody\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.73\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.02ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.77a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71abc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e129.16f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.03\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.62de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.89ef\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e122.49gh\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e18.71ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.61bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e150.79d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.34A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.12D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.83AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.14B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e17.12A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.53\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.10D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.46AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.18BC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e134.14C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eAA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.07\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.58e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e9.85f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.09d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.08\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e127.97f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.83bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e13.6d\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.78ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.42\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.06\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e120.3h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.95ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.00\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.2c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.7bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e148.5e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.41D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.09E\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.79AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.09C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e13.22C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.52\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.23A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.42BC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.19B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e132.26D\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eGA3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.54\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.30\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.24a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.58bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e124.91g\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.84bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.31c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.34c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.26\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e107.71i\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.22\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.05a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.55c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.71bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.16\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.43\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.23\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e266.42a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.33A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.3A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.87A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.30A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e18.03A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.54\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.14B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.36C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.16C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e166.35A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eBM\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.89b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.31\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.47de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e121.13h\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.82bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.27\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.69de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.44c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.12\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.19\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e174.24c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.64de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.36\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e21.23a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.77ab\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.40\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.09\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e40.82k\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.21C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.16C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.78AB\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.31A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e15.46B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.56\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.12C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.40BC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.22A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e112.07E\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\" morerows=\"2\" rowspan=\"3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eFA\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eControl\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.74cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e17.42bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.03a\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.15\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e181.08b\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD1/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.52\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.57\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.72cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.38\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.33c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.63bc\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.48\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.20\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e85.52j\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD2/3\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.85\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.17\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.76cd\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.18\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.81f\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.41c\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.10\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.44\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.21\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e149.88de\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003emean\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.27B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.29B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.74B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.31A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e14.85B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e1.69\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.12C\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.50A\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e0.18BC\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e\u003cb\u003e138.83B\u003c/b\u003e\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.027\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.096\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.018\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.009\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.067\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.028\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eD (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.021\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.072\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.014\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.99\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.13\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.007\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.052\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.022\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.14\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eB\u0026times;D (LSD\u0026thinsp;=\u0026thinsp;0.05)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.28\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e3.83\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e0.51\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003ens\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e4.41\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003ctr\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c1\"\u003e \u003cp\u003eCV (%)\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c2\"\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c3\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e2.6\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c4\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e10.02\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c5\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e12.47\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c6\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.37\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c7\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e8.45\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c8\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e11.46\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c9\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e7.1\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c11\" namest=\"c10\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.33\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colname=\"c12\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e16.24\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003ctd align=\"left\" colspan=\"2\" nameend=\"c14\" namest=\"c13\"\u003e \u003cp\u003e1.11\u003c/p\u003e \u003c/td\u003e \u003c/tr\u003e \u003c/tbody\u003e \u003c/colgroup\u003e \u003c/table\u003e\u003c/div\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003cdiv id=\"Sec14\" class=\"Section2\"\u003e \u003ch2\u003eCorrelation Heatmap Among All Traits\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eA Pearson correlation analysis was performed to elucidate the relationships among growth parameters, mineral nutrient contents, chlorophyll pigments, biochemical properties, and phenolic compounds of rosemary. The clustered triangular heatmap (Fig.\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Fig2\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e1\u003c/span\u003e) shows a wide range of correlations among measured traits under different drought and biostimulant treatments. Strong positive correlations were observed among chlorophyll-related traits, including chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophylls (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u0026ndash;0.96), suggesting coordinated regulation of photosynthetic pigments under water-limited conditions. Total flavonoids were also positively correlated with total antioxidant activity (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.79), indicating that flavonoid accumulation substantially contributed to the antioxidant defense system. Phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid and chrysin showed moderate to strong correlations with several biochemical traits, reflecting their important roles in drought-induced secondary metabolism. Weak or negative correlations were detected between morphological traits (e.g., seedling/root length) and some phenolic components, suggesting that growth reduction under stress is accompanied by metabolic shifts toward bioactive compound synthesis rather than biomass production. Overall, the correlation pattern indicates that, under drought stress, rosemary tends to maintain photosynthetic pigment integrity, promote phenolic metabolism, and enhance antioxidant capacity. These associations also demonstrate that biostimulant treatments modulate multiple physiological and biochemical mechanisms simultaneously.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003c/p\u003e \u003c/div\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was determined that the drought stress applied had a negative impact on all growth parameters of rosemary (\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.). The declines in growth are presumed to result from the suppressive effects of drought conditions on various physiological processes in the plant. As stated in the literature, drought or water deficiency leads to the loss of cell turgor pressure and disruption of mitotic activities, thereby inhibiting cell division and elongation; this directly limits plant development and yield potential [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR45\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e45\u003c/span\u003e]. These mechanisms explain the reductions observed in both aboveground (stem, leaf) and belowground (root) growth of rosemary in our study. The suppression of cell expansion and growth due to low turgor pressure led to significant decreases in key morphological traits. Thus, the findings suggest that the growth impairment observed under drought stress in rosemary may be attributed to turgor loss and interruption of cellular growth processes.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn this study, it was also determined that the application of gibberellic acid (GA3) to rosemary (\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.) resulted in the greatest increases in seedling height, root length, and seedling dry weight compared to other biostimulants. The findings highlight the growth-promoting effects of GA3 on these parameters. According to the literature, gibberellins stimulate cell division and elongation in plants, support root and stem development, and regulate metabolic pathways and gene expression [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR47\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e47\u003c/span\u003e]. In light of this information, the increases observed in seedling height and root length following GA3 application in rosemary can be attributed to the hormone's growth-promoting effects at the cellular level. Moreover, the enhanced root development likely supported improved water and nutrient uptake, which contributed to the observed increase in seedling dry weight. These results are consistent with previous studies on other plant species, which reported that GA3 promotes growth under drought conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR46\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e46\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR48\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e48\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was also found that ascorbic acid application led to the highest increase in root fresh weight in rosemary (\u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e L.) among the tested biostimulants. This finding aligns with the known growth-promoting effects of ascorbic acid under abiotic stress conditions. The literature indicates that ascorbic acid enhances plant growth by increasing photosynthesis, transpiration, and oxidative defense capacity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR50\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e50\u003c/span\u003e]. Furthermore, foliar-applied ascorbic acid is reported to activate the antioxidant system and osmoprotectant metabolism under drought stress, thereby mitigating its adverse effects on growth [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR51\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e51\u003c/span\u003e]. The increase in root fresh weight observed in our study may be associated with the protective effects of ascorbic acid at the cellular level in the root zone and its support for metabolic processes. Similar findings have been reported in studies on various plant species, in which ascorbic acid application increased root fresh weight under drought conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR52\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e52\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR53\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e53\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, it was observed that iron uptake in the plant was at its highest level under drought conditions. This increase was found to be consistent with previous studies. Indeed, RNA-seq analyses conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on iron metabolism have shown increased iron accumulation in \u003cem\u003eSorghum bicolor\u003c/em\u003e. This increase has been associated with the upregulation of ferritin and vacuolar Fe transporter genes under drought stress. The study demonstrated that physiological changes caused by suppressed photosynthesis under drought conditions disrupt iron homeostasis, leading the plant to enhance iron uptake and safely store iron as a defense mechanism [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR54\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e54\u003c/span\u003e]. In contrast, the biostimulants applied in our study did not appear to influence iron uptake in \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e. This suggests that iron absorption in rosemary is more closely regulated by intrinsic mechanisms rather than external interventions.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe correlation analysis presented in Figure X offers valuable insight into the coordinated physiological, biochemical and metabolic responses of \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e under drought stress and biostimulant application. The strong positive associations observed among chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophylls (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.90\u0026ndash;0.96) align with previous findings that maintenance of photosynthetic pigments is a key strategy in drought tolerance e.g., Long‑Term Correlation between Water Deficit and Quality Parameters of Almond Trees [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR55\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e55\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, the significant positive correlation between total flavonoids and total antioxidant activity (r\u0026thinsp;\u0026asymp;\u0026thinsp;0.79) matches the well-documented role of flavonoids as antioxidants under abiotic stress conditions. For instance, [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR56\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e56\u003c/span\u003e], reported increased flavonoid biosynthesis gene expression and accumulation of phenolic/flavonoid compounds under drought in hybrid poplar, which paralleled enhanced antioxidant capacity. Moreover, the moderate to strong correlations between specific phenolics (e.g., rosmarinic acid, chrysin) and biochemical traits reflect the dynamic adjustment of secondary metabolism under stress, as supported by recent integrative metabolome studies. Unveiling Stage‑Specific Flavonoid Dynamics Underlying Drought Tolerance in Sweet Potato (\u003cem\u003eIpomoea batat\u003c/em\u003eas L.) was found flavonoids constituted over 23\u0026ndash;30% of altered metabolites under drought, with strong coordination between phenolic accumulation and antioxidative pathways [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR57\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e57\u003c/span\u003e]\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eImportantly, the weak or negative correlations between morphological/growth parameters (e.g., seedling length, root length) and certain phenolic or antioxidant traits suggest a physiological trade-off: as biomass accumulation slows under drought, resources may shift toward protective metabolism rather than growth. This adaptive reallocation is consistent with the conceptual framework that drought induces metabolic prioritization for survival rather than growth. In sum, the correlation pattern underscores a multi-level adaptation in rosemary: (1) sustained chlorophyll integrity, (2) enhanced antioxidant/flavonoid metabolism, and (3) coordinated trait regulation rather than isolated responses. The modulation of these trait networks by biostimulant treatments further suggests that applied treatments may \u0026ldquo;rewire\u0026rdquo; correlation structures, promoting desirable trait-linkages for stress resilience. Future work should investigate whether these correlation networks are consistent across genotypes or treatments, and whether specific trait clusters (e.g., phenolics\u0026thinsp;+\u0026thinsp;antioxidants) can serve as reliable biomarkers for breeding drought-resilient rosemary.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIn our study, zinc accumulation was found to be highest in the control treatments, and biostimulants did not significantly affect zinc uptake under drought conditions. It is thought that the effects of the applied biostimulants are not as influential as the plant\u0026rsquo;s internal regulatory mechanisms. The importance of zinc under drought conditions and the potential to enhance its uptake by plants is supported by previous research. Zinc plays a critical role during drought stress by promoting the synthesis of protective compounds such as glycine betaine, supporting amino acid production, maintaining osmotic balance, and acting as an essential micronutrient that strengthens plant resilience under water-limited conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR58\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e58\u003c/span\u003e] Plants have been reported to increase zinc uptake under drought through strategies similar to those used for iron, such as acidifying the rhizosphere and secreting compounds like organic acids that enhance zinc solubility, thereby supporting zinc uptake and improving drought tolerance [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR59\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e59\u003c/span\u003e] Our findings also indicate that gibberellic acid (GA3) was the most effective biostimulant in enhancing potassium uptake under drought conditions. Previous studies have reported that foliar applications of GA₃ significantly increase potassium content in various plant species, which supports our results [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR60\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e60\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR61\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e61\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR62\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e62\u003c/span\u003e]. It is suggested that applied GA3 may have enhanced potassium uptake by promoting root development and stimulating gene expression.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eNutrient deficiencies associated with limited water stress and/or soil water scarcity, due to their osmotic effects, can impair the availability, uptake, transport, and metabolism of nutrients [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR63\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e63\u003c/span\u003e], which may lead to reductions in macro- and micronutrient content in plants subjected to drought stress. In our study, it was observed that the bacterium \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e increased potassium uptake compared to the control, although the average levels remained lower than those observed with GA3 applications (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab3\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e3\u003c/span\u003e). \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e, known as a potassium-solubilizing bacterium, facilitates the solubilization and uptake of potassium from the soil [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR29\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e29\u003c/span\u003e]. Moreover, \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e was found to be the most effective biostimulant in enhancing calcium and magnesium uptake in rosemary. Studies conducted on different plant species have also reported that \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e increases magnesium and calcium uptake compared to controls [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR64\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e64\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR65\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e65\u003c/span\u003e]. It is proposed that \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e may enhance the solubility and uptake of mineral elements such as calcium, magnesium, and manganese by increasing microbial activity in the rhizosphere. Through biological mechanisms that promote root development and facilitate nutrient transport, this bacterium appears to have the potential to optimize mineral nutrient uptake in \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e, even under drought conditions. Indeed, many studies on various beneficial bacteria have shown their contributions to macro- and micronutrient uptake in plants grown under drought stress [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR66\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e66\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR67\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e67\u003c/span\u003e].\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eMalondialdehyde (MDA) content is considered a marker for evaluating increased lipid peroxidation and/or damage to the plasmalemma and organelle membranes under environmental stress conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR68\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e68\u003c/span\u003e]. A parallel increase in MDA levels was observed with the increasing severity of drought. In our findings, the highest MDA level was recorded in the control treatment, which is consistent with previous literature. Studies conducted on different plant species under drought stress conditions have also demonstrated increased MDA levels, supporting our findings [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR69\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e69\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, treatments with potassium-solubilizing bacteria such as \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e, which minimized MDA accumulation, were reported in similar studies to contribute to reduced MDA levels under various environmental stress conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR72\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e72\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR73\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e73\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR74\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e74\u003c/span\u003e]. Studies conducted on different medicinal plants under drought stress have shown that various potassium-solubilizing bacteria reduce MDA levels compared to control groups [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e]. The effectiveness of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPRs) in reducing MDA levels under drought stress may be attributed to their ability to enhance non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants and promote the production of secondary metabolites with antioxidant activity, including phenolic compounds. Consequently, lipid peroxidation may be indirectly reduced.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003ePrevious studies on various plant species under drought stress have shown that chlorophyll content decreases with water limitation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR70\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e70\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR71\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e71\u003c/span\u003e]. However, our findings indicate that under moderate water deficit (one-third reduction), the contents of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll decreased, while under severe water deficit (two-thirds reduction), these contents increased (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). According to [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR77\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e77\u003c/span\u003e], this may be related to the rapid changes in the expression of genes associated with photosynthesis in response to environmental stresses such as drought and salinity, where gene activation or suppression allows some plants to increase or decrease photosynthesis under stress conditions. This supports the notion that plants may exhibit varying responses under drought and salinity stress. Indeed, previous studies have confirmed similar results. For instance, in Coriandrum sativum, drought was found to increase chlorophyll pigments [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e], and it was observed that pigment density increases in plants under drought stress as a compensatory mechanism aiding in photosynthetic recovery [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR79\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e79\u003c/span\u003e]. Among the biostimulants applied, foliar application of ascorbic acid was found to increase the contents of chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll compared to the control (Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e). Studies reporting that ascorbic acid enhances chlorophyll pigments under drought stress support our results [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR78\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e78\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR80\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e80\u003c/span\u003e]. A decrease in total carotenoids was observed in parallel with the reduction in available water, while biostimulant applications resulted in similar carotenoid levels. \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e treatment stood out among these. \u003cem\u003eF. aurantia\u003c/em\u003e enhances potassium uptake by solubilizing insoluble potassium in the soil. Since potassium supports the activity of enzymes involved in carotenoid synthesis, it may indirectly contribute to increased carotenoid production in plants.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003e According to our findings, the biostimulant that most effectively induced total phenolic compound production in the plant was ascorbic acid. Although it belonged to the same statistical group as the control treatment, its effect was slightly greater than that of the control. Gibberellic acid, \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e, and \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e applications did not significantly enhance total phenolic compounds compared to the control, resulting in lower production. Foliar application of ascorbic acid has been shown to increase total phenolic compound content in various studies involving different plant species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR81\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e81\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR82\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e82\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR83\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e83\u003c/span\u003e]. Similarly, foliar application of ascorbic acid under drought stress conditions was reported to increase total phenolic content in various plant species [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR33\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e33\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR84\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e84\u003c/span\u003e]. These literature findings support our results. Among non-enzymatic antioxidants are compounds such as ascorbic acid, carotenoids, phenols, flavonoids, essential oils, glutathione, and compatible solutes like proline. Plants synthesize a wide range of secondary metabolites\u0026mdash;including phenolic compounds and essential oils\u0026mdash;as defense mechanisms against oxidative damage caused by reactive oxygen species (ROS) and both abiotic and biotic stress factors. PGPR applications have been reported to increase physiological and biochemical antioxidants under drought stress conditions [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR85\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e85\u003c/span\u003e]. Several studies have demonstrated that following PGPR applications under drought stress, there is an increase in non-enzymatic secondary metabolites [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR75\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e75\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR76\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e76\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR86\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e86\u003c/span\u003e]. In our study, GA3 application yielded the highest results in terms of total flavonoids. This increase in flavonoids under drought conditions contributed to protecting the plant against free radicals and mitigating harmful stress effects, as shown in Table\u0026nbsp;\u003cspan refid=\"Tab4\" class=\"InternalRef\"\u003e4\u003c/span\u003e. In the absence of drought, GA3 treatment alone did not significantly increase flavonoid content compared to the control, but with increasing drought severity, total flavonoid content was observed to rise. Research on various plant species has demonstrated that foliar application of GA3 increases total flavonoid content compared to control plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR87\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e87\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR88\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e88\u003c/span\u003e]. Likewise, GA3 application under drought conditions was found to enhance total flavonoid content in different plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e]. Secondary metabolites include a wide array of compounds such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids, with flavonoids playing a protective role against both biotic and abiotic stressors. The synthesis of these compounds can be influenced by exogenous GA3 application [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR90\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e90\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR91\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e91\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings are in agreement with our results.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eUnder drought stress, a decrease in total antioxidant activity was observed in control treatments, whereas an increase was recorded in all biostimulant applications. Among them, gibberellic acid (slightly more than \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e) and \u003cem\u003eB. megaterium\u003c/em\u003e were the most effective in enhancing total antioxidant activity. All biostimulants applied appeared to be effective in strengthening the plant's defense mechanism and protecting it from drought. Literature data also support our findings, showing that foliar-applied gibberellic acid increases antioxidant activity in drought-stressed plants [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR49\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e49\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR89\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e89\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR92\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e92\u003c/span\u003e] and that foliar application of \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e similarly enhances antioxidant activity [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR93\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e93\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR94\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e94\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR95\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e95\u003c/span\u003e]. The increase in total antioxidant activity observed following foliar application of gibberellic acid and \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e under drought stress in our study suggests that these treatments may have activated the plant\u0026rsquo;s defense system by enhancing both enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant components.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eIt was observed that under moderately restricted irrigation (1/3 reduction), all examined phenolic compounds decreased compared to the control (non-restricted irrigation), whereas under severely restricted irrigation (2/3 reduction), these phenolic compounds increased compared to the moderately restricted treatment. This suggests that under mild drought, the plant's defense mechanism may have weakened, while under severe drought, the plant may have enhanced its tolerance by increasing the phenolic compounds involved in its defense system. In the catechin hydrate component, ascorbic acid treatments yielded the lowest values among all treatments at all irrigation levels. In all normal irrigation treatments (non-restricted), the highest values for rutin (1.02 mg/g) and rosmarinic acid (21.77 mg/g) were recorded in the control group without biostimulant application, while the highest values for salicylic acid (2.03 mg/g) and chrysin (181.08 mg/g) were found in the \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e (FA) treatment. Under moderately restricted irrigation (1/3 reduction), the highest salicylic acid value (1.78 mg/g) was observed in the ascorbic acid (AA) treatment, the highest rutin value (0.84 mg/g) in the gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment, the highest rosmarinic acid value (16.33 mg/g) in the FA treatment, and the highest chrysin value (174.24 mg/g) in the \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e (BM) treatment. Under severely restricted irrigation (2/3 reduction), the highest rutin (1.05 mg/g) and chrysin (266.42 mg/g) values were found in GA3 treatments, while the highest rosmarinic acid (21.23 mg/g) and salicylic acid (1.77 mg/g) values were observed in the BM treatment.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eThese results indicate that under normal irrigation, none of the treatments outperformed the control group in terms of rutin and rosmarinic acid content. Under moderately restricted irrigation, no treatment was as effective as AA in increasing salicylic acid, as GA3 in increasing rutin, as FA in increasing rosmarinic acid, or as BM in increasing chrysin. Under severely restricted irrigation, no treatment surpassed GA3 in terms of rutin and chrysin contents, and none were more effective than BM in terms of rosmarinic and salicylic acid contents. Overall, it was observed that all biostimulants were more effective than the control in enhancing phenolic compounds in rosemary under restricted irrigation conditions, though each biostimulant appeared to contribute by increasing different compounds. For instance, \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e was reported to increase phenolic compounds in spinach [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR96\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e96\u003c/span\u003e], GA3 was found to enhance various phenolic compounds in buckwheat [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR97\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e97\u003c/span\u003e], and the potassium-solubilizing bacterium \u003cem\u003eBacillus halotolerans\u003c/em\u003e (similar to \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e) was found to increase phenolic compounds in coriander [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR98\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e98\u003c/span\u003e]. These findings support the results of the present study.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eAmong the quantified phenolic compounds in our study, rosmarinic acid and chrysin showed the highest levels. Rosmarinic acid is a major phenolic compound found in high concentrations in approximately 160 plant species, including rosemary. Numerous in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated its pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antidiabetic, antitumor, and neuroprotective effects ([\u003cspan citationid=\"CR99\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e99\u003c/span\u003e]. Polyphenolic compounds\u0026mdash;especially flavonoids\u0026mdash;are among the most common phytochemicals with numerous health benefits. Chrysin, a phenolic compound found in many plants, has strong neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory properties [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR100\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e100\u003c/span\u003e]. The ability of GA3 to increase rosmarinic acid and chrysin under drought conditions is therefore of particular interest. Some studies have reported a decrease in phenolic compounds under various deficit irrigation regimes [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR101\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e101\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR102\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e102\u003c/span\u003e], while others have found an increase in phenolic content due to limited irrigation [\u003cspan citationid=\"CR103\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e103\u003c/span\u003e, \u003cspan citationid=\"CR104\" class=\"CitationRef\"\u003e104\u003c/span\u003e]. The variation in phenolic compound levels under restricted irrigation may depend on environmental and physiological factors. These include plant species, developmental stage, intensity and duration of water limitation, and environmental factors such as light intensity, temperature, and soil properties. Mild to moderate water stress may stimulate phenolic compound synthesis by activating plant defense mechanisms, whereas severe and prolonged stress may suppress metabolic activities and reduce the accumulation of these compounds. Therefore, the conflicting findings in the literature may reflect the complex and multifactorial responses of plants to water stress.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eDrought is a stress condition caused by prolonged lack of rainfall, leading to a significant decrease in soil water content and thus restricting plants' access to water. For plants, drought leads to water stress, reduced nutrient intake, slowed growth, decreased photosynthesis rates, cellular damage, and ultimately yield loss. This situation is among the leading abiotic stress conditions that seriously threaten plants health and survival ability. This study demonstrated that among the utilized rhizobacteria, specifically \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e, enhanced plant stress tolerance by increasing mineral uptake, improving biochemical processes, and reducing MDA levels, whereas \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e rhizobacteria showed little to no effect. This study has demonstrated that gibberellic acid foliar application can be the most effective biostimulant, surpassing other biostimulants in significantly enhancing growth parameters, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. It has also shown that the application of ascorbic acid is less effective than gibberellic acid application in reducing drought stress. This study revealed the significant positive effects of \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e bacteria and gibberellic acid on rosemary plants under drought stress. These findings offer a new focal point for plant stress biology and biostimulant research; in particular, they highlight the need to elucidate the mechanisms of action of these plant stimulants, to test them on different plant species, to apply various combinations, and to investigate their effects in different environmental conditions in more detail. From an agricultural perspective, foliar application of gibberellic acid and the use of beneficial rhizobacteria, especially in arid regions, are among the effective methods that can support plant development and reduce yield losses. Therefore, it is important for farmers to consider such biological solutions alongside traditional practices to improve both product quality and sustainable production.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAcknowledgements\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eI would like to thank Mr. Barış Eren and his team from Iğdır University for their contributions in enabling me to use their laboratory facilities.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eAuthors\u0026rsquo; contributions\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eMSY The author conducted all stages of the study, including study design, data collection, analysis, and manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eFunding\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll necessary financial expenses for all stages of the project were provided by MSY.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eData availability\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAll data is available within the manuscript. Any other information if required will be made available by the corresponding author on request.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eEthics approval and consent to participate\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ethat manuscript reporting studies do not involve any human participants, human data, or human tissue. So, it is not applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eConsent for publication\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNot applicable.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e\u003cstrong\u003eCompeting interests\u003c/strong\u003e\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe authors declare no competing interests.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eal-Sereiti MR, Abu-Amer KM, Sen P. Pharmacology of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis Linn.) and its therapeutic potentials. Indian J Exp Biol. 1999;37(2):124\u0026ndash;30.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eBegum A, Sandhya S, Shaffath Ali S, Vinod KR, Reddy S, Banji D. An in-depth review on the medicinal flora Rosmarinus officinalis (Lamiaceae). Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. 2013;12(1):61\u0026ndash;73.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e \u003cli\u003e\u003cspan\u003eNieto G, Ros G, Castillo J. 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Scientia Hortic-Amsterdam. 2017;224:280\u0026ndash;5.\u003c/span\u003e\u003c/li\u003e\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":false,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-plant-biology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pbio","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Plant Biology](http://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbio/default.aspx","title":"BMC Plant Biology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Growth regulators, Mineral uptake, Phenolic compounds, PGPR, Restricted irrigation, Rosemary","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9102436/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-9102436/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003ch2\u003eBackground\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003e \u003cem\u003eRosmarinus officinalis\u003c/em\u003e is a medicinal and aromatic plant valued for its high levels of phenolics, flavonoids, and essential oils. However, drought stress can negatively affect plant growth, nutrient uptake, and the accumulation of bioactive compounds. Biostimulants are increasingly used to mitigate the adverse effects of water deficiency and improve plant performance. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different drought levels and selected biostimulants on growth, mineral nutrition, physiological characteristics, and phytochemical composition of rosemary.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eResults\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eRestricted irrigation significantly reduced growth parameters, mineral uptake (except Fe and Zn), and most biochemical traits, while chlorophyll content remained largely unchanged. Drought stress also decreased the accumulation of several phenolic compounds. Biostimulant applications alleviated many of these negative effects. Gibberellic acid was the most effective treatment, significantly increasing seedling and root length, dry weight, potassium uptake, total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and phenolic compounds such as vanillin, rutin, rosmarinic acid, and chrysin. Ascorbic acid improved root fresh weight, total phenolics, and resveratrol content. \u003cem\u003eFrateuria aurantia\u003c/em\u003e enhanced total carotenoids, quercetin, and Ca, Mg, and Mn uptake, and produced the greatest reduction in MDA levels. In contrast, \u003cem\u003eBacillus megaterium\u003c/em\u003e showed relatively limited effects, mainly increasing cinnamic acid content.\u003c/p\u003e\u003ch2\u003eConclusions\u003c/h2\u003e \u003cp\u003eThe findings indicate that biostimulants can mitigate drought-induced stress in rosemary. In particular, gibberellic acid and ascorbic acid were highly effective in improving plant growth, physiological performance, and phytochemical quality under water-limited conditions. Overall, biostimulant applications represent a promising strategy to enhance rosemary productivity and bioactive compound accumulation under drought stress.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Effects of Chemical and PGPR-Based Biostimulants on Growth, Mineral Uptake, and Biochemical Responses of Rosmarinus officinalis under Drought Stress","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-04-28 19:25:13","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-9102436/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0},{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-06T11:17:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T17:00:46+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T16:51:47+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T23:30:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"322436836788309840797606191278993339664","date":"2026-04-23T00:57:37+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"28535795869815228428203883415668587225","date":"2026-04-21T09:28:26+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-21T01:41:30+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"227348836316147501096155414913406310076","date":"2026-04-20T11:30:19+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T11:05:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"202647097519640137527402710455072187077","date":"2026-04-20T09:53:58+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"90183921860590981106039766417519114090","date":"2026-04-20T09:49:09+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"13168207904144215679831039073971423563","date":"2026-04-20T09:41:11+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewerAgreed","content":"69329692015109492514178519034740765234","date":"2026-04-20T09:37:10+00:00","index":"hide","fulltext":""},{"type":"reviewersInvited","content":"","date":"2026-04-20T09:10:03+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorAssigned","content":"","date":"2026-03-18T02:43:23+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"checksComplete","content":"","date":"2026-03-17T16:08:49+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"submitted","content":"BMC Plant Biology","date":"2026-03-17T12:13:31+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"bmc-plant-biology","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":false,"externalIdentity":"pbio","sideBox":"Learn more about [BMC Plant Biology](http://bmcplantbiol.biomedcentral.com/)","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"https://www.editorialmanager.com/pbio/default.aspx","title":"BMC Plant Biology","twitterHandle":"BMC_series","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"em","reportingPortfolio":"BMC Series","inReviewEnabled":true,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"80e8032a-0c4c-4dc2-a804-eaf5e9e375dd","owner":[],"postedDate":"April 28th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[{"type":"decision","content":"Revision requested","date":"2026-05-06T11:17:20+00:00","index":"","fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T17:00:46+00:00","index":38,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-05-01T16:51:47+00:00","index":37,"fulltext":""},{"type":"editorInvitedReview","content":"","date":"2026-04-30T23:30:10+00:00","index":36,"fulltext":""}],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"in-revision","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T11:25:28+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-04-28 19:25:13","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-9102436","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-9102436","identity":"rs-9102436","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}