Altered intratumoral immune composition after Nivolumab treatment in patients with recurrent glioblastoma

Altered intratumoral immune composition after Nivolumab treatment in patients with recurrent glioblastoma | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Altered intratumoral immune composition after Nivolumab treatment in patients with recurrent glioblastoma Sine Hadrup, Signe Skadborg, Simone Maarup, Arianna Draghi, Annie Borch, and 9 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2976894/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Glioblastoma is an aggressive brain tumor with poor prognosis, and consequently immunotherapy is being explored as a potential treatment option. However, it is unclear whether systemic immunotherapy can reach and modify the tumor microenvironment in the brain. We evaluated immune characteristics in tumor and blood samples from recurrent glioblastoma patients, who received Nivolumab and Bevacizumab. One group received Nivolumab one week prior to surgery, and immune characteristics of the tumor were compared to control patients receiving salvage resection without prior Nivolumab treatment. Nivolumab-bound T-cells could be detected in tumor tissue, along with increasing numbers of both activated and differentiated CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells. An associated upregulation of co-inhibitory receptors on T-cells was observed following Nivolumab treatment. Additionally, tumor-reactivity was detected in tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) from Nivolumab-treated patients, and neoantigen-reactive T-cells could be identified in both TILs and blood, indicating a systemic response towards GBM in a subset of patients. Biological sciences/Cancer/Cancer therapy/Cancer immunotherapy Biological sciences/Immunology/Tumour immunology Biological sciences/Cancer/CNS cancer Cancer immunotherapy Glioblastoma Multiforme T-cells Immune Checkpoint Blockade Neoantigens Full Text Additional Declarations Yes there is potential Competing Interest. Nivolumab was provided by Bristol-Meyer Squibb. Bristol-Meyer Squibb did not exert any influence on the study and did not provide financial support for the study. SRH is the cofounder of PokeAcell and is the coinventor of patents WO2015185067 (Determining antigen recognition through barcoding of MHC multimers) and WO2015188839 (General detection and isolation of specific cells by binding of labeled molecules) for the barcoded MHC technology that is licensed to Immudex. IMS has received grants from or signed contracts with Bristol-Myers Squibb, Adaptimmune, IO Biotech, Lytix biopharma, TILT Biotherapeutics, and Enara Bio; has received consulting fees from MSD, IO Biotech, Novartis, Pierre Fabre, Novo Nordisk, and TILT Biotherapeutics; has received honoraria for lectures, presentations, or educational events from MSD, Novartis, Sanofi Aventis, Pierre Fabre, Bristol-Myers Squibb, IO Biotech, TILT Biotherapeutics, Novo Nordisk, and Takeda; has received support for attending meetings and/or travel from MSD; owns IO Biotech stocks. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-2976894","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":215922308,"identity":"5949f569-51e3-42c0-90fb-d965f9627ef0","order_by":0,"name":"Sine 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