Trans-Pacific Human Migrations via North and South Pacific Gyres

Trans-Pacific Human Migrations via North and South Pacific Gyres | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Research Article Trans-Pacific Human Migrations via North and South Pacific Gyres Kearon Allen This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6883761/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract This paper proposes that the North and South Pacific gyres functioned as maritime corridors facilitating human migration, cultural exchange, and genetic interaction prior to European contact. By examining ocean current systems alongside genetic, botanical, and linguistic evidence, the study presents a transoceanic model that helps explain shared ancestry patterns between Asia and North America, and between Australia and South America. The model offers an expanded view of pre-modern mobility and recognizes the navigational traditions of Indigenous Pacific cultures. Future validation of this model will require expanded analysis of ancient DNA, submerged archaeological evidence, and climate-influenced current modeling. This reframing of oceanic corridors not only broadens historical understanding but also introduces a replicable model for reinterpreting other transoceanic interactions across global maritime regions. Figures Figure 1 Introduction Recent developments in genetics, oceanography, and archaeology call for a reassessment of early human mobility across the Pacific Ocean. This paper hypothesizes that the Pacific gyres—large, consistent systems of oceanic currents—enabled transoceanic travel that contributed to genetic and cultural exchange. Rather than treating the Pacific as an isolating expanse, this model emphasizes its role as a conduit of movement and mutual influence, in alignment with growing interdisciplinary evidence. Background and Literature Review A growing body of research supports the likelihood of trans-Pacific contact prior to the 15th century. A 2020 study in Nature identified shared genetic markers between Polynesians and Indigenous populations in Colombia, suggesting either direct or indirect contact around 1200 CE. The spread of the sweet potato—domesticated in South America but found across Polynesia before European arrival—adds agricultural evidence to this hypothesis. Linguistic links, including the shared term kumara, and oceanographic models of gyre movement further support the possibility of drift or intentional voyaging. Hypothesis and Objectives The central hypothesis is that the Pacific gyres served as functional maritime corridors used by Indigenous navigators for long-distance travel. This study integrates evidence from genetics, oceanography, linguistics, and historical seafaring to assess the plausibility and impact of these transoceanic journeys. Methods As illustrated in Figure 1 (see below), these current systems may have enabled bidirectional human movement between continents and archipelagos, suggesting functional corridors rather than barriers. **Figure 1.** *Global surface ocean currents showing major gyres. Blue arrows represent cold currents, and red arrows represent warm currents. These persistent surface flows may have contributed to prehistoric human movement across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Adapted from NOAA public domain visual resources (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/).* This investigation synthesizes genetic data (mtDNA and Y-DNA), ocean current drift simulations, comparative linguistics, and seafaring ethnography. Botanical dispersal data—particularly regarding the sweet potato—are used to identify correlation with viable current routes and cultural interaction zones. Ocean drift modeling incorporated gyre dynamics sourced from NOAA current archives. Simulated trajectories from coastal departure points in East Asia and Oceania were compared to documented migration timing inferred from mtDNA and Y-DNA divergence patterns. These routes were examined for correlation with known Polynesian seafaring capabilities, and their potential overlap with prevailing wind systems. As illustrated in **Figure 1**, these current systems could have enabled bidirectional movement between continents and island chains. **Figure 1.** *Global surface ocean currents showing major gyres. Blue arrows represent cold currents, and red arrows represent warm currents. These persistent surface flows may have contributed to prehistoric human movement across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Adapted from NOAA public domain visual resources (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/).* Ocean current drift models were examined using NOAA gyre data and cross-referenced with published Pacific surface flow patterns to identify plausible migration arcs. Preliminary Evidence Key lines of evidence include: Figure 1. Global surface ocean currents including North and South Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian gyres. Currents are shown with directionality, illustrating potential prehistoric drift or navigational corridors. Blue lines represent cold currents; red lines represent warm currents. Adapted from NOAA public domain educational materials for academic use. Discussion The confluence of genetic, linguistic, and botanical data suggests a model of transoceanic contact that includes both drift and intentional voyages. These patterns elevate Indigenous Pacific peoples as active agents in shaping early global migration. By revisiting the Pacific as a site of cultural and biological exchange, the discussion shifts toward inclusivity and complexity in prehistoric narratives—without seeking to displace or reprimand any particular framework, but to expand it. Conclusion This model proposes a rethinking of the Pacific Ocean as a historical corridor of human migration and cultural fusion. It encourages a balanced and collaborative approach to reconstructing global prehistory, one that acknowledges the sophisticated knowledge systems of Indigenous maritime cultures. While the evidence supporting trans-Pacific contact is increasingly robust, further validation through underwater archaeology and expanded ancient DNA datasets is essential. Reframing the Pacific as a network of prehistoric exchange challenges long-standing assumptions about isolation, and calls for more inclusive, cross-cultural historical models. This hypothesis, grounded in converging genetic, linguistic, and oceanographic evidence, invites a systematic re-examination of early human dispersal routes that bypass conventional land-bridge theories. Incorporating these maritime corridors into global migration models may help close long-standing gaps between genetic timelines and archaeological records. Declarations Acknowledgments Author Contributions Author: Kearon Allen The author conceived the hypothesis, conducted all research and comparative analysis, compiled supporting data across disciplines, and wrote the manuscript. All intellectual and interpretive work was performed independently by the author. No co-authors or external contributors were involved. Portions of the manuscript were revised for clarity using AI-assisted tools. The author has reviewed and approved all content and takes full responsibility for its accuracy, originality, and scholarly integrity. Data Availability No new datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. All sources referenced are publicly available and cited appropriately within the manuscript. The author expresses sincere gratitude to the scholars, navigators, and knowledge bearers whose work has informed this study. This research draws upon the legacy of Indigenous maritime traditions, linguistic continuity, and transgenerational memory. The contributions of interdisciplinary researchers in genetics, archaeology, oceanography, and cultural history have been foundational to the development of this hypothesis. Their dedication to truth and historical clarity is respectfully acknowledged. References Erlandson, J. M., Braje, T. J., & Gill, K. M. (2015). The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology, 10(3), 351–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2015.1017189 Ioannidis, A. G., Blanco-Portillo, J., Sandoval, K., et al. (2020). Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement. Nature, 583(7817), 572–577. Roullier, C., Benoit, L., McKey, D., & Lebot, V. (2013). Historical collections reveal patterns of diffusion of sweet potato in Oceania. PNAS, 110(6), 2205–2210. Skoglund, P., et al. (2015). Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature, 525, 104–108. NOAA. (n.d.). *Major ocean currents and gyres of the world*. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/ NOAA. (n.d.). *Major ocean currents and gyres of the world*. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/ Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6883761","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Research Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":475673618,"identity":"ba2f0e08-2255-4615-8078-3f80e6eca978","order_by":0,"name":"Kearon Allen","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA70lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYDACduYGIJkA4XwAYjZ2QlqYGRFaGGeAtDCTooWZB0wS0MHfzNj4uIAhTY5/9uFjj21+bZPnY2Zg/PAxB7cWicOMzcYzGHKMJc6lpRvn9t02bGNmYJacuQ2PNYcZ26R5GCoSG87wmEnn9txmBGphY+bFo0X+MGP7b6CW+vkgLZY9t+0JajEA2gL0dU6CAUgLw4/biQS1GAL9Is1jkGa48QxbmmRvw+3kNmbGZrx+kTvefPAzT0WyvNwZ5mMSP/7ctp3f3nzww0d83oc4D0oztoHJBkLqkcEfUhSPglEwCkbBSAEAJrJHhw7PaHcAAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kearon","middleName":"","lastName":"Allen","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-06-13 01:53:05","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6883761/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6883761/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":85469431,"identity":"1ce4a506-80d0-4a34-934b-b1f1763cb266","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-06-26 08:58:19","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"Figure 1","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"figure","size":853741,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"\u003cp\u003eGlobal surface ocean currents including North and South Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian gyres. Currents are shown with directionality, illustrating potential prehistoric drift or navigational corridors. Blue lines represent cold currents; red lines represent warm currents. Adapted from NOAA public domain educational materials for academic use.\u003c/p\u003e","description":"","filename":"1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6883761/v1/2888c4678da63ace7fe7cf61.png"},{"id":87672657,"identity":"06997d2c-7e49-4ff7-a6c0-ff7a20c650f2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-07-27 14:46:40","extension":"pdf","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1115648,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"manuscript.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6883761/v1/013dca6a-e802-4f5c-aa45-b149157d299b.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"Trans-Pacific Human Migrations via North and South Pacific Gyres","fulltext":[{"header":"Introduction","content":"\u003cp\u003eRecent developments in genetics, oceanography, and archaeology call for a reassessment of early human mobility across the Pacific Ocean. This paper hypothesizes that the Pacific gyres\u0026mdash;large, consistent systems of oceanic currents\u0026mdash;enabled transoceanic travel that contributed to genetic and cultural exchange. Rather than treating the Pacific as an isolating expanse, this model emphasizes its role as a conduit of movement and mutual influence, in alignment with growing interdisciplinary evidence.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eBackground and Literature Review\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eA growing body of research supports the likelihood of trans-Pacific contact prior to the 15th century. A 2020 study in Nature identified shared genetic markers between Polynesians and Indigenous populations in Colombia, suggesting either direct or indirect contact around 1200 CE. The spread of the sweet potato\u0026mdash;domesticated in South America but found across Polynesia before European arrival\u0026mdash;adds agricultural evidence to this hypothesis. Linguistic links, including the shared term kumara, and oceanographic models of gyre movement further support the possibility of drift or intentional voyaging.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eHypothesis and Objectives\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe central hypothesis is that the Pacific gyres served as functional maritime corridors used by Indigenous navigators for long-distance travel. This study integrates evidence from genetics, oceanography, linguistics, and historical seafaring to assess the plausibility and impact of these transoceanic journeys.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Methods","content":"\u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in Figure 1 (see below), these current systems may have enabled bidirectional human movement between continents and archipelagos, suggesting functional corridors rather than barriers.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Figure 1.** *Global surface ocean currents showing major gyres. Blue arrows represent cold currents, and red arrows represent warm currents. These persistent surface flows may have contributed to prehistoric human movement across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Adapted from NOAA public domain visual resources (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/).*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis investigation synthesizes genetic data (mtDNA and Y-DNA), ocean current drift simulations, comparative linguistics, and seafaring ethnography. Botanical dispersal data\u0026mdash;particularly regarding the sweet potato\u0026mdash;are used to identify correlation with viable current routes and cultural interaction zones.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOcean drift modeling incorporated gyre dynamics sourced from NOAA current archives. Simulated trajectories from coastal departure points in East Asia and Oceania were compared to documented migration timing inferred from mtDNA and Y-DNA divergence patterns. These routes were examined for correlation with known Polynesian seafaring capabilities, and their potential overlap with prevailing wind systems.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAs illustrated in **Figure 1**, these current systems could have enabled bidirectional movement between continents and island chains.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003e**Figure 1.** *Global surface ocean currents showing major gyres. Blue arrows represent cold currents, and red arrows represent warm currents. These persistent surface flows may have contributed to prehistoric human movement across the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Adapted from NOAA public domain visual resources (https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/).*\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eOcean current drift models were examined using NOAA gyre data and cross-referenced with published Pacific surface flow patterns to identify plausible migration arcs.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003ePreliminary Evidence\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eKey lines of evidence include:\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFigure 1. Global surface ocean currents including North and South Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian gyres. Currents are shown with directionality, illustrating potential prehistoric drift or navigational corridors. Blue lines represent cold currents; red lines represent warm currents. Adapted from NOAA public domain educational materials for academic use.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Discussion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThe confluence of genetic, linguistic, and botanical data suggests a model of transoceanic contact that includes both drift and intentional voyages. These patterns elevate Indigenous Pacific peoples as active agents in shaping early global migration. By revisiting the Pacific as a site of cultural and biological exchange, the discussion shifts toward inclusivity and complexity in prehistoric narratives\u0026mdash;without seeking to displace or reprimand any particular framework, but to expand it.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Conclusion","content":"\u003cp\u003eThis model proposes a rethinking of the Pacific Ocean as a historical corridor of human migration and cultural fusion. It encourages a balanced and collaborative approach to reconstructing global prehistory, one that acknowledges the sophisticated knowledge systems of Indigenous maritime cultures. While the evidence supporting trans-Pacific contact is increasingly robust, further validation through underwater archaeology and expanded ancient DNA datasets is essential.\u003c/p\u003e \u003cp\u003eReframing the Pacific as a network of prehistoric exchange challenges long-standing assumptions about isolation, and calls for more inclusive, cross-cultural historical models. This hypothesis, grounded in converging genetic, linguistic, and oceanographic evidence, invites a systematic re-examination of early human dispersal routes that bypass conventional land-bridge theories. Incorporating these maritime corridors into global migration models may help close long-standing gaps between genetic timelines and archaeological records.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"Declarations","content":"\u003cp\u003eAcknowledgments\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor Contributions\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eAuthor: Kearon Allen\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;The author conceived the hypothesis, conducted all research and comparative analysis, compiled supporting data across disciplines, and wrote the manuscript. All intellectual and interpretive work was performed independently by the author. No co-authors or external contributors were involved.\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;\u003cbr\u003e\u0026nbsp;Portions of the manuscript were revised for clarity using AI-assisted tools. The author has reviewed and approved all content and takes full responsibility for its accuracy, originality, and scholarly integrity.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eData Availability\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eNo new datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study. All sources referenced are publicly available and cited appropriately within the manuscript.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThe author expresses sincere gratitude to the scholars, navigators, and knowledge bearers whose work has informed this study. This research draws upon the legacy of Indigenous maritime traditions, linguistic continuity, and transgenerational memory. The contributions of interdisciplinary researchers in genetics, archaeology, oceanography, and cultural history have been foundational to the development of this hypothesis. Their dedication to truth and historical clarity is respectfully acknowledged.\u003c/p\u003e"},{"header":"References","content":"\u003col\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eErlandson, J. M., Braje, T. J., \u0026amp; Gill, K. M. (2015). The Kelp Highway Hypothesis: Marine Ecology, the Coastal Migration Theory, and the Peopling of the Americas. Journal of Island \u0026amp; Coastal Archaeology, 10(3), 351\u0026ndash;361. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564894.2015.1017189 \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eIoannidis, A. G., Blanco-Portillo, J., Sandoval, K., et al. (2020). Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement. Nature, 583(7817), 572\u0026ndash;577. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eRoullier, C., Benoit, L., McKey, D., \u0026amp; Lebot, V. (2013). Historical collections reveal patterns of diffusion of sweet potato in Oceania. PNAS, 110(6), 2205\u0026ndash;2210. \u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eSkoglund, P., et al. (2015). Genetic evidence for two founding populations of the Americas. Nature, 525, 104\u0026ndash;108.\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNOAA. (n.d.). *Major ocean currents and gyres of the world*. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003cli\u003eNOAA. (n.d.). *Major ocean currents and gyres of the world*. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/tutorial_currents/\u003c/li\u003e\n\u003c/ol\u003e"}],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":true,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":false,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":false,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6883761/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6883761/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eThis paper proposes that the North and South Pacific gyres functioned as maritime corridors facilitating human migration, cultural exchange, and genetic interaction prior to European contact. By examining ocean current systems alongside genetic, botanical, and linguistic evidence, the study presents a transoceanic model that helps explain shared ancestry patterns between Asia and North America, and between Australia and South America. The model offers an expanded view of pre-modern mobility and recognizes the navigational traditions of Indigenous Pacific cultures.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eFuture validation of this model will require expanded analysis of ancient DNA, submerged archaeological evidence, and climate-influenced current modeling.\u003c/p\u003e\n\u003cp\u003eThis reframing of oceanic corridors not only broadens historical understanding but also introduces a replicable model for reinterpreting other transoceanic interactions across global maritime regions.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"Trans-Pacific Human Migrations via North and South Pacific Gyres","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2025-06-26 08:58:15","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6883761/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"52e986ca-b960-41b3-86d7-0c8b44b91c15","owner":[],"postedDate":"June 26th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-07-27T14:38:27+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-06-26 08:58:15","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-6883761","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6883761","identity":"rs-6883761","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"8U1c8b4HqxoKbykW_rLl7","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}