Comparative Pushover Analysis and IDA-Derived Fragility of RC Shear Walls With and Without Openings

Comparative Pushover Analysis and IDA-Derived Fragility of RC Shear Walls With and Without Openings | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article Comparative Pushover Analysis and IDA-Derived Fragility of RC Shear Walls With and Without Openings Kevin Karanja Kuria, Orsolya Kegyes-Brassai This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-8523673/v1 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Abstract Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are primary lateral force-resisting elements in seismic regions; however, architectural openings and height variations reduce stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity, increasing seismic vulnerability and losses. This study evaluates five cantilever RC shear wall configurations: three 3.0 m-high walls (solid, centrally perforated, and staggered openings) and two solid walls with heights of 2.0 m and 4.0 m. Layered-shell models are developed in OpenSees and validated against SAP2000 through comparison of global capacity curves. Nonlinear static pushover analyses are performed to estimate performance points using ASCE/SEI 41, the ATC-40 Capacity Spectrum Method, and the N2 method, and are benchmarked against Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using the scaled LACC North ground-motion record up to 3.0~g. IDA-based drift--spectral acceleration relationships are used to derive lognormal fragility functions for Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, Collapse Prevention, and Failure limit states, which are integrated with seismic hazard and consequence models to estimate expected annual loss and 50-year discounted life-cycle costs. Results show that solid walls achieve the highest stiffness and strength, while centrally perforated walls experience the earliest degradation, with staggered openings exhibiting intermediate behavior. Openings shift fragility curves toward lower intensities, resulting in two- to three-fold increases in seismic losses. The study demonstrates that opening layout governs seismic performance and highlights the value of fragility- and life-cycle-based metrics beyond prescriptive code limits. Physical sciences/Engineering Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences RC shear wall openings pushover analysis ASCE 41 ATC-40 N2 method OpenSees SAP2000 incremental dynamic analysis fragility life-cycle cost Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 1 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-8523673","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":571384487,"identity":"9a8624fa-3c91-4e9e-b000-4b3dc7437fb7","order_by":0,"name":"Kevin Karanja Kuria","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAABEElEQVRIie3Rv0rEMBzA8d8RqEuga47q3Sv8SqGH4J9XSQlkKnLiUmeHLn2ADPcSTq6RDF3qLtxy001dRJAOBQ05Txza01EwXwj8AvmQQAB8vj8Ys0sDcLdBNxCYbD53vycEfyKwJ/shYIfItKxiswQ5X5RPetmBzB5Ksr3t+jNYMD5IItqgUZDHq+aKxxXk2coE6ZpSCadqmMyY5IZCMbEM0Q6ZIpCugRnA5xEy3zpyqcIW496Ro7frDt9HScSItiTPFMsxcQOhKVCuR8m0EpagFIq1mByjTCy5iagWFJvNIGH1490rLcS5CvM0bgtxosL6/qXrL2ZYD9+ya/cFAX7/C3rg/Fdk+CE+n8/37/sAnbxWFCmdaI4AAAAASUVORK5CYII=","orcid":"","institution":"Széchenyi István University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Kevin","middleName":"Karanja","lastName":"Kuria","suffix":""},{"id":571384488,"identity":"ddfbea56-cb2d-4f87-91b6-92c3df7abc1c","order_by":1,"name":"Orsolya Kegyes-Brassai","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Széchenyi István University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Orsolya","middleName":"","lastName":"Kegyes-Brassai","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2026-01-05 17:08:40","currentVersionCode":1,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8523673/v1","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8523673/v1","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":100001181,"identity":"95fb605c-9bb1-4c6c-9353-c306cda26304","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"json","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5004,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"40fec2496da04f029d81b2f80226a5ff.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/d45295248d5c94fab29eec18.json"},{"id":100001184,"identity":"1ef3d3cd-c732-4722-9763-7aeb237bf614","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"png","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1051976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ChatGPTImageJan52026025955PM.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/e10785d4c7d6610bbdb1efc8.png"},{"id":100001192,"identity":"5c8cae19-ba73-459d-b030-0ac9628949a7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"pdf","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":113470,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"CoverLetter.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/a3903ed1b3b737f505b5e503.pdf"},{"id":100001083,"identity":"eb128e03-da78-4161-aa5b-36e4191a341d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:03","extension":"png","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39394,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure9aEAL.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/590c31641e69605117ba3f11.png"},{"id":100001175,"identity":"aa494260-f559-49a2-9b5d-a84595765325","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:09","extension":"png","order_by":4,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34807,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figure9bLCC.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/834c777246ca2ea41e8e6172.png"},{"id":100001114,"identity":"b9874ef7-ca46-46f7-b751-50c3e1da60cb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":5,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":144296,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"capacity.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/32d20dc4b987496ed59e1d60.png"},{"id":100361146,"identity":"03c246dd-e974-4ad3-9bc8-c0f67c3945b4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:44:30","extension":"png","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cfgSWH2.0OP0OSSAP.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/896a6a1d30ea96404bd85960.png"},{"id":100001084,"identity":"7ff4e52d-eea7-4409-8f6d-fd9281c97714","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:03","extension":"png","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":42990,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cfgSWH3.0OP0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/412e02f578008b3a8dc9e20c.png"},{"id":100001150,"identity":"c0f2270b-f9ea-4e2a-9683-d787aec5d4fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":8,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":35623,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cfgSWH3.0OPC.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/6727c4c76bea16c9588a3c61.png"},{"id":100001179,"identity":"2ac26227-4af4-42e2-a851-09d2181c5b2f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"png","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34920,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cfgSWH3.0OPS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/3f3f1b93c3fd8281405bc002.png"},{"id":100360351,"identity":"31debaf6-c215-465a-b4a7-40581834bffb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:38:30","extension":"png","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47044,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"cfgSWH4.0OP0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/86f57fee0c7e795c6535a18e.png"},{"id":100360734,"identity":"e4f3553e-431a-4475-98e1-f75e937966bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:41:30","extension":"png","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30567,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"concretemodel.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/d6cbf0d8d02c0181342494a4.png"},{"id":100001177,"identity":"02e84807-ee3c-47a2-926c-b5b8fc2cf8fb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"png","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":69110,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fragilitySWH2.0OP0OSSAP.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/100debca13825f07faed46a1.png"},{"id":100001103,"identity":"edd30ef6-cc4c-4f01-9d3a-ae782d5fccc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":61011,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fragilitySWH3.0OP0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/a35f32e572e5ac0dbfcd8b37.png"},{"id":100001182,"identity":"c04c7c78-bb1a-4c9e-95bf-9d7d42317ee6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"png","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":60557,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fragilitySWH3.0OPC.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/7fb65624bf784bb7a3ad8880.png"},{"id":100001185,"identity":"a39af4b5-5eb0-496e-90aa-45dbe286b40b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"png","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73333,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fragilitySWH3.0OPS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/88356a44aa31e992df9bdd7a.png"},{"id":100001197,"identity":"3e35ae76-736e-4135-91a5-49322431a021","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:12","extension":"png","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":58662,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"fragilitySWH4.0OP0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/08559ba524c4f015ececc29c.png"},{"id":100001172,"identity":"735f7ed7-5924-42cc-b672-86d18917bca6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:08","extension":"png","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"idaSWH2.0OP0OSSAP.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/a04a873c16c87de1a0ce5ad2.png"},{"id":100001180,"identity":"9ac35d36-3b22-4276-a94a-692b183df8c8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"png","order_by":18,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":32142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"idaSWH3.0OP0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/a8a897989a54654f8885107f.png"},{"id":100360326,"identity":"6bae3122-0d2e-4e02-a032-9862dab178e6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:38:24","extension":"png","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31856,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"idaSWH3.0OPC.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/d63411c0b1e3274080c2eccb.png"},{"id":100360836,"identity":"a8c40d9c-607b-4a50-b94f-7b5c02e9c517","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:44:00","extension":"png","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33557,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"idaSWH3.0OPS.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/00f0327da796ecb5269f161c.png"},{"id":100361100,"identity":"92992de4-4859-4ffb-b5a5-5ccd4f360493","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:44:26","extension":"png","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":33714,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"idaSWH4.0OP0.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/6e58fe9b4caff4c6b6219331.png"},{"id":100001168,"identity":"ebabe836-b006-4b58-9af1-410b747c10a1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:07","extension":"ldf","order_by":22,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49107,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"jabbrvltwaall.ldf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/bb5979f8f22363cf0269cd39.ldf"},{"id":100361097,"identity":"846831a9-17df-4550-b5a9-1af00a9aca8a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:44:26","extension":"ldf","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":268657,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"jabbrvltwaen.ldf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/9d264df82cd2a3583b490b6b.ldf"},{"id":100001085,"identity":"0137ce54-84db-4589-86f8-cc61a043af66","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:03","extension":"sty","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15480,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"jabbrv.sty","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/9e8f37e413ef445567e8f8ba.sty"},{"id":100001106,"identity":"03ca02fc-693d-42c7-a859-5d4d86a5c3a2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":48209,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"laccoriginal.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/d03eae0a971119fbd6cecf11.png"},{"id":100001169,"identity":"a787548a-6053-4090-a7c6-feb93ff5d37c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:07","extension":"png","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50174,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"laccscaled.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/b57458a4be9aa264f3e44dcc.png"},{"id":100001174,"identity":"1e0f5147-bc6b-49f5-b369-304710dfd403","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:08","extension":"png","order_by":27,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":795421,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"layerStack.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/c4b0ce85afa2c58b2f498c24.png"},{"id":100001186,"identity":"b14da8e0-5d91-4858-9355-677bfb6b93a6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"png","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39234,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"lcca.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/d3f5cea16ee6a6db1c20569b.png"},{"id":100360406,"identity":"704dce42-50fc-4630-a38b-f58d1195350c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-16 07:38:39","extension":"bbl","order_by":29,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15765,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"main.bbl","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/650b34339ac92167e124dd5c.bbl"},{"id":100001190,"identity":"e3d9cd14-a27e-4d48-9fd8-25dc0b072381","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"bst","order_by":30,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":36153,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"naturemagdoi.bst","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/b777f368ef19919e7dd7002c.bst"},{"id":100001167,"identity":"883da0ec-b902-4bf3-85ed-63dfd5739e0f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:07","extension":"pdf","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":2478327,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ngfvxjckchmxhmtdvvjjfcqympzcmswq.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/7d768fc0335d27322ed86b2e.pdf"},{"id":100001104,"identity":"c5f16d25-b9e2-4fee-8fc5-cf80d37b7a5a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:06","extension":"png","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":172524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"openseesworkflow.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/b56163369832f8b85c34073d.png"},{"id":100001193,"identity":"cb0941a5-b79f-48fc-803d-892156bae9d1","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"png","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":88739,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ossap.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/f80fc8229e5dcf7a666d5086.png"},{"id":100001194,"identity":"8a4276c3-8819-4f0d-b86a-9f5285ac9509","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"png","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":31555,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"reinforcementconfig.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/f816524dd59e28a70ec4d0b9.png"},{"id":100001176,"identity":"b104d450-e3cc-45c4-801b-36be0c3f600d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:10","extension":"png","order_by":35,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":85469,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"sap2000workflow.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/edfbb48938c0f760b42cbdcb.png"},{"id":100001191,"identity":"06c9476d-0fa5-4565-837b-dee85260706a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"png","order_by":36,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":12772,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"steelmodel.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/7dfff78c399865f2cb6a6fc9.png"},{"id":100001188,"identity":"540f23ab-c2ee-4f9c-b365-f9811f742b99","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:11","extension":"jpg","order_by":37,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":379752,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"stream.jpg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/b390cab13df19fa78bf1c87a.jpg"},{"id":100001166,"identity":"e7da7738-4215-4579-8c47-bac3ee3c6011","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:07","extension":"cls","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5824,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"wlscirep.cls","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/628fbb6e496da8848fd42860.cls"},{"id":100001198,"identity":"9ea5a132-608a-47d4-8600-35e0d575b244","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-01-12 04:39:12","extension":"xml","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":97500,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"40fec2496da04f029d81b2f80226a5ff1structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1/874c19a6fee09fa05f0a3aae.xml"},{"id":108587951,"identity":"42f49829-5b32-4dc4-bd4b-8503b26a227c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2026-05-06 09:12:42","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1630301,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"ngfvxjckchmxhmtdvvjjfcqympzcmswq.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-8523673/v1_covered_ef001a7b-0237-4f50-97c2-abb4f5763d52.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"\u003cp\u003eComparative Pushover Analysis and IDA-Derived Fragility of RC Shear Walls With and Without Openings\u003c/p\u003e","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"RC shear wall, openings, pushover analysis, ASCE 41, ATC-40, N2 method, OpenSees, SAP2000, incremental dynamic analysis, fragility, life-cycle cost","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8523673/v1","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-8523673/v1","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"Reinforced concrete (RC) shear walls are primary lateral force-resisting elements in seismic regions; however, architectural openings and height variations reduce stiffness, strength, and deformation capacity, increasing seismic vulnerability and losses. This study evaluates five cantilever RC shear wall configurations: three 3.0~m-high walls (solid, centrally perforated, and staggered openings) and two solid walls with heights of 2.0~m and 4.0~m. Layered-shell models are developed in OpenSees and validated against SAP2000 through comparison of global capacity curves. Nonlinear static pushover analyses are performed to estimate performance points using ASCE/SEI~41, the ATC-40 Capacity Spectrum Method, and the N2 method, and are benchmarked against Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) using the scaled LACC North ground-motion record up to 3.0~g. IDA-based drift--spectral acceleration relationships are used to derive lognormal fragility functions for Immediate Occupancy, Life Safety, Collapse Prevention, and Failure limit states, which are integrated with seismic hazard and consequence models to estimate expected annual loss and 50-year discounted life-cycle costs. Results show that solid walls achieve the highest stiffness and strength, while centrally perforated walls experience the earliest degradation, with staggered openings exhibiting intermediate behavior. Openings shift fragility curves toward lower intensities, resulting in two- to three-fold increases in seismic losses. The study demonstrates that opening layout governs seismic performance and highlights the value of fragility- and life-cycle-based metrics beyond prescriptive code limits.","manuscriptTitle":"Comparative Pushover Analysis and IDA-Derived Fragility of RC Shear Walls With and Without Openings","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":1,"date":"2026-01-12 04:38:33","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-8523673/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"bdfca6f7-a476-4eb3-9ab7-a6dc07df86c3","owner":[],"postedDate":"January 12th, 2026","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":60958134,"name":"Physical sciences/Engineering"},{"id":60958135,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Natural hazards"},{"id":60958136,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Solid earth sciences"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2026-05-06T09:11:44+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2026-01-12 04:38:33","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v1","identity":"rs-8523673","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-8523673","identity":"rs-8523673","version":["v1"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}