Foliar gas exchange, morphology, and cannabinoid contents of three hemp varieties in southwest Texas

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The study examined how three hemp varieties (Berry Blossom, Painted Lady, and Skipper) differ in foliar physiological and morphological traits and cannabinoid contents in southwest Texas during the 2022 growing season. Across five clear days, the researchers measured diurnal foliar gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water potential, and canopy temperature, and they quantified cannabinoids at peak flowering using high-performance liquid chromatography, while developing allometric equations to predict harder-to-measure variables. They found that high temperatures largely did not affect foliar gas exchange across varieties; Berry Blossom and Skipper had the highest and lowest photosynthesis, Painted Lady showed the most efficient stomatal control, and although Berry Blossom had shallower rooting, there was no detected physiological impact, likely because water stress was absent. THC contents did not differ meaningfully among varieties or responses and remained under 0.3%, and the paper does not explicitly discuss endometriosis or adenomyosis; it was included in the corpus via a keyword match in the upstream search index.

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Abstract

In the US, a high level (≥ 0.3%) of intoxicating Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) threatens farm-scale production of industrial of Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa ), but the linkage between THC and major physiol-morphological traits of hemp is not well-known. This study aims to characterize the variations in physiological and/or morphological parameters and cannabinoid contents of three hemp varieties, i.e., Berry Blossom, Painted Lady, and Skipper. Diurnal foliar gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water potential, and canopy temperature were measured on five clear days in the 2022 growing season, and cannabinoids were measured at peak flowering using high-performance liquid chromatography. Allometric equations were developed to use easily measured biomass or morphological variables to predict variables that are more difficult to measure. The diurnal foliar gas exchange of the three hemp varieties was largely unaffected by the high temperatures of southwest Texas, with Berry Blossom and Skipper showing the highest and lowest photosynthesis, respectively, and Painted Lady having the most efficient stomatal control of gas exchange. Although the rooting depth of Berry Blossom was shallower than that of the two other varieties, there was no evidence showing the effect of rooting habit on the physiology of the studied hemp varieties, which was presumably due to the lack of water stress in our experiment. Nor were there significant differences in the cannabinoid contents in relation to environmental and varietal responses, as the measured THC contents of all three varieties were under 0.3%. Overall, the three hemp varieties showed different behavior strategies in southwest Texas.
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Abstract In the US, a high level (≥ 0.3%) of intoxicating Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) threatens farm-scale production of industrial of Hemp (Cannabis sativa L. ssp. sativa), but the linkage between THC and major physiol-morphological traits of hemp is not well-known. This study aims to characterize the variations in physiological and/or morphological parameters and cannabinoid contents of three hemp varieties, i.e., Berry Blossom, Painted Lady, and Skipper. Diurnal foliar gas exchange, chlorophyll fluorescence, water potential, and canopy temperature were measured on five clear days in the 2022 growing season, and cannabinoids were measured at peak flowering using high-performance liquid chromatography. Allometric equations were developed to use easily measured biomass or morphological variables to predict variables that are more difficult to measure. The diurnal foliar gas exchange of the three hemp varieties was largely unaffected by the high temperatures of southwest Texas, with Berry Blossom and Skipper showing the highest and lowest photosynthesis, respectively, and Painted Lady having the most efficient stomatal control of gas exchange. Although the rooting depth of Berry Blossom was shallower than that of the two other varieties, there was no evidence showing the effect of rooting habit on the physiology of the studied hemp varieties, which was presumably due to the lack of water stress in our experiment. Nor were there significant differences in the cannabinoid contents in relation to environmental and varietal responses, as the measured THC contents of all three varieties were under 0.3%. Overall, the three hemp varieties showed different behavior strategies in southwest Texas. Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest. Footnotes Funding information Earth Genomics Texas, LLC, project M2101558; Green Ocean Sciences, Inc. DBA Ionizations Labs, project 2008522; USDA NIFA Hatch/multistate projects TEX0-1-9574, TEX0-1-9350, and W-4168.

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