A comprehensive study of the heterojunction effect of Sn on TiO2 for UV-visible light via organic compounds and the effect of optical properties, pH, and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency.

A comprehensive study of the heterojunction effect of Sn on TiO₂ for UV irradiation via organic compounds and the effect of optical properties, pH, and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency. | Research Square window.SnipcartSettings = { analytics: { enabled: false } }; (function() { var accessVector = localStorage.getItem('access_vector') || ''; window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; if (accessVector) { window.dataLayer.push({ user: { profile: { profileInfo: { snid: accessVector } } } }); } })(); (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start':new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0],j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src='https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f);})(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-K279D39R'); Browse Preprints In Review Journals COVID-19 Preprints AJE Video Bytes Research Tools Research Promotion AJE Professional Editing AJE Rubriq About Preprint Platform In Review Editorial Policies Our Team Advisory Board Help Center Sign In Submit a Preprint Cite Share Download PDF Article A comprehensive study of the heterojunction effect of Sn on TiO₂ for UV irradiation via organic compounds and the effect of optical properties, pH, and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency. Wagih Sadik, Abdelghaffar Eldemerdash, Adel William Nashed, Amr Ahmed Mostafa, and 1 more This is a preprint; it has not been peer reviewed by a journal. https://doi.org/ 10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v2 This work is licensed under a CC BY 4.0 License Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Abstract Semiconductors have been used for the degradation of a variety of pollutants found in water. Treatment of industrial wastewater, including textile wastewater, using UV irradiation in combination with oxidants or catalysts (TiO₂). In this study, TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites of different ratios will be prepared and characterized, and their use in the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 37 dye in aqueous solution under UV irradiation as a model pollutant will be examined. TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, TEM, EDAX, FTIR, Eg, and XPS using a batch photoreactor. The photocatalytic degradation was investigated utilizing several advanced oxidation processes with SnO₂ contents (0–15 wt %). Adding inorganic antioxidants (H₂O₂, Na₂S₂O₈, and NaIO₄) with a UV/TiO₂-SnO₂ ratio (90:10) for high efficiency. Then the effect of pH, dye concentrations, and different loadings (g/L) of nanocomposite on the photocatalytic activity of the SnO₂-TiO₂ (90:10) nanocomposite was studied. Physical sciences/Chemistry Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences Physical sciences/Materials science Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology Heterojunction Photocatalysis optical properties wastewater treatment UV Full Text Additional Declarations No competing interests reported. Cite Share Download PDF Status: Posted Version 2 posted You are reading this latest preprint version Show more versions Research Square lets you share your work early, gain feedback from the community, and start making changes to your manuscript prior to peer review in a journal. As a division of Research Square Company, we’re committed to making research communication faster, fairer, and more useful. We do this by developing innovative software and high quality services for the global research community. Our growing team is made up of researchers and industry professionals working together to solve the most critical problems facing scientific publishing. Also discoverable on Platform About Our Team In Review Editorial Policies Advisory Board Help Center Resources Author Services Accessibility API Access RSS feed Manage Cookie Preferences © Research Square 2026 | ISSN 2693-5015 (online) Privacy Policy Terms of Service Do Not Sell My Personal Information {"props":{"pageProps":{"initialData":{"identity":"rs-6088607","acceptedTermsAndConditions":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"archivedVersions":[],"articleType":"Article","associatedPublications":[],"authors":[{"id":539263273,"identity":"346b5d5b-a0fc-4282-9d19-bea53d6e5943","order_by":0,"name":"Wagih Sadik","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Wagih","middleName":"","lastName":"Sadik","suffix":""},{"id":539263274,"identity":"5766b67d-d22c-4701-a84d-a35386bad414","order_by":1,"name":"Abdelghaffar Eldemerdash","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Abdelghaffar","middleName":"","lastName":"Eldemerdash","suffix":""},{"id":539263275,"identity":"a468ee1b-4be1-408f-b7ce-3741863089e2","order_by":2,"name":"Adel William Nashed","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Adel","middleName":"William","lastName":"Nashed","suffix":""},{"id":539263276,"identity":"81d3880a-134b-4ab2-9269-6221db15e36f","order_by":3,"name":"Amr Ahmed Mostafa","email":"data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAZAAAAAyAQMAAABI0h/eAAAABlBMVEX///8AAABVwtN+AAAACXBIWXMAAA7EAAAOxAGVKw4bAAAA00lEQVRIiWNgGAWjYBACNgbGxgeJfyTq+0FsogA/A3OzwcMGC8aZDcRqkWxgbxN82FDBuOEAsVoMrh1sY0jcIcFsfCP52YMPFQzy/GIHCGi5ndj2IPGMBJvZjTRzwxlnGAxnzk4gqKXdIIFNgsfsRoKZNG8bQ4LBbQJa7IG2SAC1SBjPSP9GnBaQwySAyMBAIodIW4Bamg0SzkgkSJx5UyY544wEMX5Jf/jwR0VdAn97+jaJDxU28vzSBLQggABYpQSxykGA/wApqkfBKBgFo2AkAQBmwkdEyVHzGAAAAABJRU5ErkJggg==","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":true,"prefix":"","firstName":"Amr","middleName":"Ahmed","lastName":"Mostafa","suffix":""},{"id":539263277,"identity":"a85a8a29-86ac-4bcf-b83c-8bb9700d2e99","order_by":4,"name":"Elsayed Lamie","email":"","orcid":"","institution":"Alexandria University","correspondingAuthor":false,"prefix":"","firstName":"Elsayed","middleName":"","lastName":"Lamie","suffix":""}],"badges":[],"createdAt":"2025-02-23 07:08:19","currentVersionCode":2,"declarations":"","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v2","doiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v2","draftVersion":[],"editorialEvents":[],"editorialNote":"","failedWorkflow":false,"files":[{"id":95228018,"identity":"ec3bd797-8553-4efe-a624-d230781a2441","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:18","extension":"docx","order_by":0,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4691849,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Figures.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/24af882889462fb56d062935.docx"},{"id":95226723,"identity":"68571447-a43d-42b4-a75b-aafaddaf1c08","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:40","extension":"docx","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":5037448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paper33.docx","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/a857b7abc54be44f21cda26f.docx"},{"id":95178775,"identity":"179e4f73-80d6-4504-a13f-f8824ccc5306","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:44","extension":"json","order_by":2,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":6785,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b2c63076c43642a485cf29a2e61461a2.json","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/44bc4284b6a26e277b2269c5.json"},{"id":95178781,"identity":"30409bc4-baf6-45ba-8a2b-50d5d8ac085b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"xml","order_by":3,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":214231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b2c63076c43642a485cf29a2e61461a21enriched.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/8d8bf6a99a0f221c0536ee91.xml"},{"id":95228010,"identity":"d4628778-10af-4642-8dfc-00013fe4887b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:18","extension":"eps","order_by":6,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":599,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage11.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/350bfe7dd2cf3a85152a57a5.eps"},{"id":95226683,"identity":"562578f2-233e-46f3-b7e6-e8212ac6d493","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:38","extension":"eps","order_by":7,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53941,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage12.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/b887b9def767a8ad5f6b0e10.eps"},{"id":95227613,"identity":"f8116e4e-030a-4b20-a794-582b76448bee","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:40","extension":"eps","order_by":9,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":287127,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage14.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/aded1f79537cf297711ff0ad.eps"},{"id":95226467,"identity":"ff3be5eb-dad0-41d7-90b0-42a261417f38","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:11","extension":"eps","order_by":10,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54437,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage15.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/32efd3b3921ccfdc82ee9293.eps"},{"id":95178767,"identity":"f21050f7-3b1e-45c4-a270-d2a2321cd5cc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:44","extension":"eps","order_by":11,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55731,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage16.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/f86b7c4a9eb1c354469c311a.eps"},{"id":95228183,"identity":"5714263a-e3f6-4fb9-b9dd-7f79116daf84","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:27","extension":"eps","order_by":12,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":112414,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage17.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/52082c5676a18b6e5b487dd4.eps"},{"id":95178773,"identity":"5d8cd961-4491-4fa5-8461-85b63d8c11c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:44","extension":"eps","order_by":13,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":710,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage18.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/596295a1eb738237677b5f96.eps"},{"id":95228185,"identity":"2136c69f-72e9-44cb-9b61-397d2939a3ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:27","extension":"eps","order_by":14,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53014,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage19.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/d6a243a3718d2f13832db3d9.eps"},{"id":95178770,"identity":"cb2e1312-9371-4c65-b6b3-ebb4b8e11174","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:44","extension":"eps","order_by":15,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":52316,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage2.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/ae199e8d71bd58a7a4840d8a.eps"},{"id":95178807,"identity":"86f4710a-d5ef-4dc4-b674-7a725d0d2596","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":16,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage20.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/967853ccaff7dc5f27736cd6.eps"},{"id":95178778,"identity":"9010d70b-7f8f-4480-a899-8bd37710521d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:44","extension":"eps","order_by":17,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53942,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage21.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/db2f8058ea9e74d080876e67.eps"},{"id":95178799,"identity":"3266abf8-c458-48b2-9913-1daeadbe86e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"eps","order_by":19,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53109,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage23.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/f6d401bed95667674e68f5db.eps"},{"id":95178819,"identity":"bf134ad5-45fd-41d5-b17d-ea28a2e35cde","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":20,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":295665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage24.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7f3a676d1c860a38841686a5.eps"},{"id":95227234,"identity":"e661c5b6-10ee-4d90-96ac-2c9d9a880704","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:17","extension":"eps","order_by":21,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage25.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/6c994534f1d0e500c72415d8.eps"},{"id":95178811,"identity":"456369eb-9683-4371-bb1f-f45394a3e0ba","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":23,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":186231,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage27.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/bb470fca49c375fd52c1b2b0.eps"},{"id":95312462,"identity":"fdd59502-f041-49be-8516-3d7bee1debf6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-06 15:49:28","extension":"eps","order_by":24,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53206,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage28.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/662503f02a94192e5c12b32a.eps"},{"id":95178766,"identity":"13e339e2-ce8e-4aa5-b529-036b38ea9d9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:44","extension":"eps","order_by":25,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53940,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage29.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/3fb732763cb63e7189844c5a.eps"},{"id":95228104,"identity":"23777235-f675-47db-a523-4dc248196f6b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:23","extension":"eps","order_by":26,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":51788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage3.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/50631a331305287c506d6c8e.eps"},{"id":95227805,"identity":"09b0954c-f7ba-414d-b7b7-f4637cad03b9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:59","extension":"eps","order_by":28,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":82125,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage31.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/d028ffd67f82557b5200f8a6.eps"},{"id":95178794,"identity":"43951872-df12-4bdd-a7a7-e8f9e38bcf87","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"eps","order_by":31,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53900,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage34.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/d056d2c5bdab1ebc1f3c13d4.eps"},{"id":95178826,"identity":"adfb6a1e-eb69-4516-be13-2112f1ac392f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":32,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":212789,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage35.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/20a33d73e6fd48e872297880.eps"},{"id":95178809,"identity":"a0002286-3ef9-437b-bd07-a4ffca865d64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":33,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53207,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage36.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7c53ce2a3797c5027c1df5e1.eps"},{"id":95227615,"identity":"eee9cea9-94e4-4cb9-8029-36bfc07e52c2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:40","extension":"eps","order_by":34,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":55340,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage37.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/6e43fc073b365cd0213fbd46.eps"},{"id":95228037,"identity":"55a5613e-4999-44e6-937e-eaa219a01894","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:19","extension":"eps","order_by":38,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage40.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/3031da87695b088f149af348.eps"},{"id":95228476,"identity":"08bee6f8-bead-4c23-8b4d-d1cfd4cbd1f5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:48","extension":"eps","order_by":39,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53799,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage41.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/ddfad903136df6288c99cb9b.eps"},{"id":95227951,"identity":"d67a22a2-e1b9-4a0e-bfa5-9507c49a87bb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:13","extension":"eps","order_by":40,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":66546,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage42.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7d5e9b85a460a10c5e164f22.eps"},{"id":95228044,"identity":"1a50c7dd-a838-48f0-a80c-921921b81cf7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:19","extension":"eps","order_by":41,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":603,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage43.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/ad0ca1273d9f13b4248e1ec0.eps"},{"id":95178830,"identity":"69abb80c-c607-4d40-8b03-b5b7cab66cb9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":43,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160819,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage45.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/bcd90c72d9ee752222dfcae4.eps"},{"id":95227200,"identity":"813c72dc-a408-47d5-8b48-f1498c3c7682","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:15","extension":"eps","order_by":44,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53788,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage46.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/9f9a7cc4d91308ee5955fc76.eps"},{"id":95229148,"identity":"2b3f3c45-4f5e-4625-a845-040028f84c96","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:34:30","extension":"eps","order_by":45,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53497,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage47.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/4681367ce7ecfd1c88b38120.eps"},{"id":95226737,"identity":"f1bbb061-ea5e-4654-98e5-b088c0902948","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:40","extension":"eps","order_by":47,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56485,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage49.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7487b97c0e2d6f25212dd3b6.eps"},{"id":95178800,"identity":"995c4845-6bc1-4327-82e8-b6544762dbb6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"eps","order_by":49,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":54894,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage50.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/c25f0f9473078d24d1cc0705.eps"},{"id":95178783,"identity":"2004cf9c-ba8a-414b-b772-e5b73721a42d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"eps","order_by":51,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53945,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage52.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/f185f380b23a0289a177c3eb.eps"},{"id":95228392,"identity":"1d01c218-dbd6-4848-82fd-a32353bbca36","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:42","extension":"eps","order_by":52,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53496,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage53.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/0d6f50bca783aa1459be9718.eps"},{"id":95227264,"identity":"b660cd12-8642-4f57-af2d-862c5973841d","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:19","extension":"eps","order_by":53,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56827,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage54.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/41737e3651d388f4c777033c.eps"},{"id":95178825,"identity":"658a62ab-b3e4-4619-b49c-08f1b052ff56","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"eps","order_by":54,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":923,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage55.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/b856d8d45c442d25fe5f43ff.eps"},{"id":95227964,"identity":"8b755fab-a5fb-4db8-98dc-cd137da63bdb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:14","extension":"eps","order_by":56,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":56475,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage57.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/d2bfa180a5939f60f5c867ff.eps"},{"id":95178835,"identity":"0395f0e4-0e4c-4e6f-87fd-129a9945b085","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"eps","order_by":57,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":75683,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage58.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/39b6d66f34df606439fa9d00.eps"},{"id":95227291,"identity":"cda826a4-50aa-4f8b-a6fd-a509cb436ccb","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:21","extension":"eps","order_by":58,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":77548,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage59.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/badd8a4c3953e8f4fdbcea09.eps"},{"id":95178785,"identity":"70b6056f-35a1-4676-81de-f15170d39585","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"eps","order_by":59,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49779,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage6.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/80854ee42c1b250587f28cb2.eps"},{"id":95227890,"identity":"75f71d4d-713b-4e6b-9c87-0c9d1b3a82bf","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:05","extension":"eps","order_by":60,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49539,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage7.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/a0dc2ad976f88ec76b466874.eps"},{"id":95178839,"identity":"72425d15-85bd-4f79-a6d4-d309ff90ec0e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"eps","order_by":61,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage8.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/54fb55ee3774fc36dec85195.eps"},{"id":95178786,"identity":"7a162c52-aae2-40ae-8a3b-91da347c6a21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"eps","order_by":62,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50313,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"drawingimage9.eps","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/cfa4c03e24babe5192c77044.eps"},{"id":95228260,"identity":"f3a40084-79a6-4374-90cb-d37578965d9f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:32","extension":"png","order_by":63,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187221,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/ade3fbe8e70d8c2250358f36.png"},{"id":95178796,"identity":"5fb00419-cc94-4b46-8c90-529a338bb993","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"jpeg","order_by":64,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17434,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage10.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/2039b4ff864fcb84c512c318.jpeg"},{"id":95226978,"identity":"bcbff1b2-6ea9-488b-943b-b61c578ca278","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:57","extension":"jpeg","order_by":65,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13286,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage11.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/4ddb7d86914e4f3850022927.jpeg"},{"id":95227194,"identity":"e4903796-c06b-44b7-a147-4d5a918a555e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:15","extension":"jpeg","order_by":66,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15312,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage12.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/772302278d037386cd6ac80f.jpeg"},{"id":95178791,"identity":"ce9f9644-05c3-469d-8651-e61e8bb09a74","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"png","order_by":67,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":525985,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/f3245171d81f530094d18a92.png"},{"id":95227548,"identity":"b8d14619-3cc5-4864-b38c-1000265335e4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:37","extension":"jpeg","order_by":68,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":168076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage14.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/84b7d07c7975950deb39f360.jpeg"},{"id":95228644,"identity":"a5abe576-63ed-40c1-912a-780a69fb4b7a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:34:01","extension":"png","order_by":69,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":332,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/f394754541b79b7cbe115309.png"},{"id":95178860,"identity":"ba8cbe3b-14ad-4019-bdcb-e304c2263f21","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":70,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":410,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/4fc62aa5d1bb1e344ad60646.png"},{"id":95178843,"identity":"aeece6f8-969e-41c4-85bb-01f2106638fc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":71,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":1153684,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/1773ed0c18b5ab3c47787ffb.png"},{"id":95178880,"identity":"b646254a-045a-4515-9fcb-36526422b518","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":72,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":111461,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7162b04b295f6f909e53d5b7.png"},{"id":95178828,"identity":"6d41f4e3-0f8c-4c49-8a1c-b91ca336d3bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":73,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":336460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage19.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/750371fcec168e11ede8b3cb.jpeg"},{"id":95227751,"identity":"a724cc90-1a0b-462b-93d2-9c592ec18153","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:54","extension":"jpeg","order_by":74,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20767,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage2.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/44d05dd5ac8b0ae7380d345c.jpeg"},{"id":95178790,"identity":"93389bb2-39ba-4231-a1b5-f0c4ebcecd92","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"png","order_by":75,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":123665,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/493df41fd219fe015cccf49b.png"},{"id":95228264,"identity":"7008e353-4b71-45bb-837b-c0faa13fc9ed","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:32","extension":"png","order_by":76,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/e350f8c9a0aa8db26fe5f440.png"},{"id":95178856,"identity":"1b7c6a72-dd88-4b75-859c-8b9c21b87662","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":77,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47126,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage22.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/cb08d20d24eed98d077fe4df.jpeg"},{"id":95178863,"identity":"88e006a0-7508-4b5b-9c19-08de8a44ec24","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":78,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":50828,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage23.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/0e37ff49cc8477aeaf14f240.jpeg"},{"id":95178833,"identity":"05379d29-f1cb-4af4-a6a0-3dbfdae7413b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":79,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":44586,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage24.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/33dc7cb0cd14f530b4173e17.jpeg"},{"id":95178816,"identity":"70c2ab0a-7ff1-4200-b610-f389b9293fc2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":80,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":330643,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage25.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/a16b0b28c18af2cdbdd21aa6.jpeg"},{"id":95227860,"identity":"b6d48574-6c6e-483c-8699-6a4627113fd6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:01","extension":"jpeg","order_by":81,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":319712,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage26.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/ff82847417cd0eca3d1b9080.jpeg"},{"id":95178866,"identity":"8fe4909e-9228-468d-b29f-96e00afbb33a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":82,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":282974,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage27.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/6861933a9f13e04033dfe69f.jpeg"},{"id":95228060,"identity":"3a000d34-a785-4fd7-8ab2-66b2ca2f1ba9","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:20","extension":"jpeg","order_by":83,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":39560,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage28.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/589f294f7c9f70a7e4837d46.jpeg"},{"id":95178806,"identity":"3125ee2e-cee5-47c5-a2ea-b242770220e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":84,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":47460,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage29.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/afee8a09d90de39ec346fc02.jpeg"},{"id":95226927,"identity":"91ada09e-e568-4146-832a-c3194dcf9e4a","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:54","extension":"png","order_by":85,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/87e6d8d463559afb8507ddfe.png"},{"id":95227066,"identity":"5b0f1c2b-37ed-4ca6-8ab6-c41ccf2f0cb2","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:02","extension":"jpeg","order_by":86,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":49067,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage30.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/503034b27aa198e461c1fd20.jpeg"},{"id":95227190,"identity":"928a603f-9a3f-4ea6-9f9b-1a84adb861e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:13","extension":"jpeg","order_by":87,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46468,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage31.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7fffbf25bf1d926e7d6a6101.jpeg"},{"id":95226431,"identity":"39280f17-9657-435d-baf8-cb5e7581e341","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:06","extension":"png","order_by":88,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":22646,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/739694d862b164320fb29fed.png"},{"id":95228972,"identity":"93c9859b-d896-4c79-bb37-6bfd03b150bd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:34:19","extension":"png","order_by":89,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":46999,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/03083d3bc003fd257adbd655.png"},{"id":95226725,"identity":"5b809ad9-6080-49e5-ace8-9e2c229f13bc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:40","extension":"emf","order_by":90,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":679448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage34.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/244f8929628cd8b1342b14b0.emf"},{"id":95228525,"identity":"7820906f-b006-45fe-b5af-493d1b4e3139","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:52","extension":"jpeg","order_by":91,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":271905,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage35.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/85a881d49e1853b719c00deb.jpeg"},{"id":95178885,"identity":"f535a1cd-b846-48f7-b120-37a64883270e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"jpeg","order_by":92,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":368358,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage36.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7ce3ad07285d67a575cc9431.jpeg"},{"id":95178850,"identity":"4546c251-1592-4d4d-b12a-affa2ab6a448","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"jpeg","order_by":93,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":460138,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage37.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/acb5832f2fc136ed8cdcf4f7.jpeg"},{"id":95226497,"identity":"b7d81b4e-a4de-43ca-bdce-0ca08ad50918","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:16","extension":"jpeg","order_by":94,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":464211,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage38.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/e07ac9d2ed83ba44a9e5c721.jpeg"},{"id":95228238,"identity":"ba693438-6dc9-47f7-bb9a-2767d45dc983","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:31","extension":"emf","order_by":95,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":679448,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage34.emf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/4dfba4b28e86faa7404e9fae.emf"},{"id":95178814,"identity":"c830e1af-f34c-4fff-94d0-15d07a6e4167","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":96,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":160995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage5.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/99619f3b1bd6da2f864a09c0.jpeg"},{"id":95227928,"identity":"53ca9b13-8ef4-4875-9965-2070e9907472","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:09","extension":"jpeg","order_by":97,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":187976,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage6.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/0591187982692542595e4645.jpeg"},{"id":95227709,"identity":"6c4d6016-7bbb-4982-8868-6db9780a1763","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:46","extension":"png","order_by":98,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":34486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/acd08928383f50dc9ffeb60b.png"},{"id":95178822,"identity":"2085b5d9-2909-4a02-b4fb-ecd808a09ed3","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"jpeg","order_by":99,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":406076,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage8.jpeg","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/04bd171599b7934efdd485c3.jpeg"},{"id":95178797,"identity":"e86ff48b-8792-4227-8ecf-3077a0428f43","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:45","extension":"png","order_by":100,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":285142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"floatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/bb1e8fc2592566502e095207.png"},{"id":95178818,"identity":"1d88e87a-8a86-4563-933c-dc5412a74473","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"png","order_by":101,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":21862,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage1.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/a56bbe3143c89b81165f8ee3.png"},{"id":95228270,"identity":"88e3565e-d2b9-4483-a046-c226b1d72483","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:32","extension":"png","order_by":102,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":4447,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage10.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/dfb4df3ebef92666cb4d2bd1.png"},{"id":95228456,"identity":"40642ff6-5640-4d81-90f7-dc349a6ea1d6","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:46","extension":"png","order_by":103,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3346,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage11.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/573b5c8d454c8ee58d36b63e.png"},{"id":95178845,"identity":"90cb047d-7d40-4d08-ad09-f04fd1ea96f4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":104,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":3936,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage12.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7bba7688f9b57cf8488c3a30.png"},{"id":95228408,"identity":"d411d17c-05a3-4bfa-9f30-7c455c0545a4","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:43","extension":"png","order_by":105,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":53240,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage13.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/b036a9c678f2f3d53f5dd8e6.png"},{"id":95178838,"identity":"e30b5a00-109e-471e-8c32-e377f5047f5e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":106,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":30486,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage14.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/275a3a0cabe0d1bdfe482272.png"},{"id":95227024,"identity":"6d15ce05-30aa-40e5-be50-640aab67a468","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:00","extension":"png","order_by":107,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":590,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage15.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/1c794e70658e03633dae3aa8.png"},{"id":95178868,"identity":"d52485fa-052f-4d93-9522-a3140be01ba8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":108,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":568,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage16.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/45fa50cdbf6f6e4abcbbcebe.png"},{"id":95178887,"identity":"c2056ccc-b07d-4af7-9b00-ef04936e24fd","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":109,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":162243,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage17.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/c234f2d390aac90121177b44.png"},{"id":95228400,"identity":"ab408cff-7ac9-4a28-b0bf-a06ea0e299fe","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:42","extension":"png","order_by":110,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":103524,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage18.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/45a39a5c0d6002bbe559c9b6.png"},{"id":95226940,"identity":"bc1c410e-8892-44ff-bc50-1852080740b8","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:55","extension":"png","order_by":111,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":74558,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage19.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/069fbac7ca520dab795a8751.png"},{"id":95228244,"identity":"1b3a2cab-827f-4d32-9842-62f76be71d60","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:31","extension":"png","order_by":112,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":17672,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage2.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/c62ffc412de2928e86f93ac8.png"},{"id":95178858,"identity":"007f2d40-df16-4ecd-ad29-97eeedf70b42","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":113,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":63141,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage20.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/babf9015bcba1afe65ed1eba.png"},{"id":95178876,"identity":"b2fde12d-9ba3-4428-a82e-d155483b3e64","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":114,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8433,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage21.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/32b2576dedfc482b9e36b0de.png"},{"id":95178855,"identity":"7ad16bba-7559-4834-85f2-5c4bbb1f8090","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":115,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11473,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage22.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/52554401be1691576782fde3.png"},{"id":95226844,"identity":"fd6d7c86-60ae-4cd9-a610-5b6f9e07ea81","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:47","extension":"png","order_by":116,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11491,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage23.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/38126b9c6be732f5fa7faf05.png"},{"id":95178823,"identity":"3f328d1c-593d-4ead-950c-b6c5b549c481","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:46","extension":"png","order_by":117,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":11045,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage24.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/3f4eb5cf458be4aff36d57c6.png"},{"id":95178841,"identity":"1234edee-5f3d-4f5f-80a5-ecb65e29f55c","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":118,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73803,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage25.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/1ae4453c5f0aaa2cceecf540.png"},{"id":95227251,"identity":"e4638a69-1353-40b3-a9db-3e462b41a95e","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:17","extension":"png","order_by":119,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":70543,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage26.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/22c9c418e8e103399d9fb825.png"},{"id":95226613,"identity":"65f0cddc-e7f8-41c8-9c95-07ca67bf8cfc","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:28","extension":"png","order_by":120,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":73218,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage27.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7b46a1ac8faa8d50aeef4f67.png"},{"id":95226732,"identity":"66bbd58f-0c1f-4d55-b708-3be9e5514557","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:40","extension":"png","order_by":121,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":15254,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage28.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/764773d5a155ddf14e5d68cd.png"},{"id":95227924,"identity":"9f71b438-76c3-4f61-ac15-13e369580786","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:09","extension":"png","order_by":122,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":20556,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage29.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/c3e8d5687f5727a79478a975.png"},{"id":95226739,"identity":"d90546a8-6ba8-4c88-8a0c-f5a7b10ab027","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:31:41","extension":"png","order_by":123,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage3.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/25ceffea78e6bd03f65fe8f7.png"},{"id":95178883,"identity":"034d16e6-75bc-455f-b3eb-f1c9adaf60e0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":124,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19299,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage30.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/eac219745e7b51b7c0d92dce.png"},{"id":95228889,"identity":"09ffcde8-7cfb-4b16-85b8-4f157bdf844f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:34:15","extension":"png","order_by":125,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":19814,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage31.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/bc6fd0244f13f4c672219eb7.png"},{"id":95229165,"identity":"4b3d4308-945d-4de7-b0b2-4a0393c53277","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":126,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":10274,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage32.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/6401cb2be7cfedb001837942.png"},{"id":95228445,"identity":"687cf3a4-6eaa-4e5c-8910-f94688ec7961","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:45","extension":"png","order_by":127,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":8702,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage33.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/a5c7793de6eaa6254a94cc2b.png"},{"id":95228404,"identity":"81d0c962-eecd-42cc-a48a-e069159825ef","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:42","extension":"png","order_by":128,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/59520f33eacb2deb5918e1b2.png"},{"id":95178870,"identity":"d157e1f2-d077-4684-9810-91fb3018ad5b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":129,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":80934,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage35.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/cf617af96a540d23a9358c77.png"},{"id":95227107,"identity":"eed0de05-d004-40a2-b248-6dd4eeb10706","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:06","extension":"png","order_by":130,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":115655,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage36.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/b6e1c4eeff6b8e839e067494.png"},{"id":95228314,"identity":"125735ed-5904-4a2a-af5a-96211ee11154","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:35","extension":"png","order_by":131,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":145995,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage37.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/dee113fb659a738ab2234afd.png"},{"id":95178891,"identity":"f2ecbbee-b503-4ffe-8544-cf25366fc0da","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:49","extension":"png","order_by":132,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":125373,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage38.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/798cebe590c8b305600da0f1.png"},{"id":95227004,"identity":"8a63b557-2878-48a3-bc22-9b1f547fe1c0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:00","extension":"png","order_by":133,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":9142,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage34.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/6de191c4a0f56a565aad7dbe.png"},{"id":95178879,"identity":"53d82e8e-ecda-4321-b9db-19b19d95d8b5","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:48","extension":"png","order_by":134,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":115938,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage5.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/58f345811a14496a57ebd658.png"},{"id":95178862,"identity":"94bf26cb-dcb4-451e-9399-4a7e180fe250","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"png","order_by":135,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":62538,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage6.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/1877bbc4682fadafb1ac57ce.png"},{"id":95228438,"identity":"c71d6c49-2d63-4964-b63b-f17eb8cd110f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:33:45","extension":"png","order_by":136,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":13696,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage7.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/aa2bc07fe318094f7e97c75e.png"},{"id":95229160,"identity":"351140fa-dd45-426f-8ba6-f3395ba0298b","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:34:32","extension":"png","order_by":137,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":125185,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage8.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7893143b0d947ec84147234f.png"},{"id":95227717,"identity":"7cc758ac-1651-4b5e-a62a-a1e1a2ba54e7","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:47","extension":"png","order_by":138,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":29826,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"Onlinefloatimage9.png","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/22a5b9315576547c08a5f373.png"},{"id":95178852,"identity":"6072522c-2ee9-420f-b217-72f9f1e714af","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 08:03:47","extension":"xml","order_by":139,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":212528,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"b2c63076c43642a485cf29a2e61461a21structuring.xml","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/7f6e1f72b8785dfe8094ec7e.xml"},{"id":95227090,"identity":"1bbe55bb-9e7d-4f5b-a085-8a4c22bb206f","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-11-05 16:32:06","extension":"html","order_by":140,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"acdc-reference","size":241268,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"earlyproof.html","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2/4b5346e9c0685cccd321522d.html"},{"id":99280785,"identity":"2e330071-53a5-40b7-bd73-52c94749bca0","added_by":"auto","created_at":"2025-12-31 08:25:06","extension":"pdf","order_by":1,"title":"","display":"","copyAsset":false,"role":"manuscript-pdf","size":1320222,"visible":true,"origin":"","legend":"","description":"","filename":"paper33.pdf","url":"https://assets-eu.researchsquare.com/files/rs-6088607/v2_covered_74076633-5b75-401c-96ce-060f4e325ddd.pdf"}],"financialInterests":"No competing interests reported.","formattedTitle":"A comprehensive study of the heterojunction effect of Sn on TiO₂ for UV irradiation via organic compounds and the effect of optical properties, pH, and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency.","fulltext":[],"fulltextSource":"","fullText":"","funders":[],"hasAdminPriorityOnWorkflow":false,"hasManuscriptDocX":false,"hasOptedInToPreprint":true,"hasPassedJournalQc":"","hasAnyPriority":false,"hideJournal":true,"highlight":"","institution":"","isAcceptedByJournal":false,"isAuthorSuppliedPdf":true,"isDeskRejected":"","isHiddenFromSearch":false,"isInQc":false,"isInWorkflow":false,"isPdf":true,"isPdfUpToDate":true,"isWithdrawnOrRetracted":false,"journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true},"keywords":"Heterojunction, Photocatalysis, optical properties, wastewater treatment, UV","lastPublishedDoi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v2","lastPublishedDoiUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v2","license":{"name":"CC BY 4.0","url":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"},"manuscriptAbstract":"\u003cp\u003eSemiconductors have been used for the degradation of a variety of pollutants found in water. Treatment of industrial wastewater, including textile wastewater, using UV irradiation in combination with oxidants or catalysts (TiO₂). In this study, TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites of different ratios will be prepared and characterized, and their use in the photocatalytic degradation of Acid Red 37 dye in aqueous solution under UV irradiation as a model pollutant will be examined. TiO₂-SnO₂ nanocomposites were characterized using XRD, TEM, EDAX, FTIR, Eg, and XPS using a batch photoreactor. The photocatalytic degradation was investigated utilizing several advanced oxidation processes with SnO₂ contents (0\u0026ndash;15 wt %). Adding inorganic antioxidants (H₂O₂, Na₂S₂O₈, and NaIO₄) with a UV/TiO₂-SnO₂ ratio (90:10) for high efficiency. Then the effect of pH, dye concentrations, and different loadings (g/L) of nanocomposite on the photocatalytic activity of the SnO₂-TiO₂ (90:10) nanocomposite was studied.\u003c/p\u003e","manuscriptTitle":"A comprehensive study of the heterojunction effect of Sn on TiO₂ for UV irradiation via organic compounds and the effect of optical properties, pH, and catalyst loading on photodegradation efficiency.","msid":"","msnumber":"","nonDraftVersions":[{"code":2,"date":"2025-11-05 08:03:39","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v2","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}},{"code":1,"date":"2025-04-09 19:01:54","doi":"10.21203/rs.3.rs-6088607/v1","editorialEvents":[{"type":"communityComments","content":0}],"status":"published","journal":{"display":true,"email":"[email protected]","identity":"researchsquare","isNatureJournal":false,"hasQc":true,"allowDirectSubmit":true,"externalIdentity":"","sideBox":"","snPcode":"","submissionUrl":"/submission","title":"Research Square","twitterHandle":"researchsquare","acdcEnabled":true,"dfaEnabled":false,"editorialSystem":"","reportingPortfolio":"","inReviewEnabled":false,"inReviewRevisionsEnabled":true}}],"origin":"","ownerIdentity":"1c774358-3751-446a-91d5-c29fbf44d811","owner":[],"postedDate":"November 5th, 2025","published":true,"recentEditorialEvents":[],"rejectedJournal":[],"revision":"","amendment":"","status":"posted","subjectAreas":[{"id":57351126,"name":"Physical sciences/Chemistry"},{"id":57351127,"name":"Earth and environmental sciences/Environmental sciences"},{"id":57351128,"name":"Physical sciences/Materials science"},{"id":57351129,"name":"Physical sciences/Nanoscience and technology"}],"tags":[],"updatedAt":"2025-12-31T08:24:08+00:00","versionOfRecord":[],"versionCreatedAt":"2025-11-05 08:03:39","video":"","vorDoi":"","vorDoiUrl":"","workflowStages":[]},"version":"v2","identity":"rs-6088607","journalConfig":"researchsquare"},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/article/[identity]/[[...version]]","query":{"redirect":"/article/rs-6088607","identity":"rs-6088607","version":["v2"]},"buildId":"XKTyCvWXoU3ODBz1xrDgd","isFallback":false,"isExperimentalCompile":false,"dynamicIds":[84888],"gssp":true,"scriptLoader":[]}